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Kovalik ME, Dacanay MA, Crowley SD, Hall G. Swollen Feet: Considering the Paradoxical Roles of Interleukins in Nephrotic Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:738. [PMID: 38672094 PMCID: PMC11048099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are a family of 40 bioactive peptides that act through cell surface receptors to induce a variety of intracellular responses. While interleukins are most commonly associated with destructive, pro-inflammatory signaling in cells, some also play a role in promoting cellular resilience and survival. This review will highlight recent evidence of the cytoprotective actions of the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)- and common gamma chain receptor (IL-Rγc)-signaling cytokines in nephrotic syndrome (NS). NS results from the injury or loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e., podocytes). Although the causes of podocyte dysfunction vary, it is clear that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in regulating the propagation, duration and severity of disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling through IL-1R and IL-Rγc have been shown to exert anti-apoptotic effects in podocytes through the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/AKT pathway, highlighting the potential utility of IL-1R- and IL-Rγc-signaling interleukins for the treatment of podocytopathy in NS. The paradoxical role of interleukins as drivers and mitigators of podocyte injury is complex and ill-defined. Emerging evidence of the cytoprotective role of some interleukins in NS highlights the urgent need for a nuanced understanding of their pro-survival benefits and reveals their potential as podocyte-sparing therapeutics for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Kovalik
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Monique A. Dacanay
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
| | - Gentzon Hall
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Hall G. Interleukin-15 in kidney disease and therapeutics. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:174-180. [PMID: 38164877 PMCID: PMC10893218 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of common gamma chain receptor cytokines with well described anti-inflammatory, pro-survival and pro-proliferative signaling properties. The cytoprotective role of IL-15 in the kidney is now coming into focus with recent reports of its beneficial actions in various forms of kidney disease. This review will summarize what is currently known about IL-15 signaling in the kidney and highlight recent evidence of its beneficial effects on kidney physiology. RECENT FINDINGS IL-15 and its heterotrimeric receptor are expressed throughout the kidney. Like all IL-2 family cytokines, IL-15 can activate signaling through the Janus Kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer of activated T-cells (STAT), phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/AKT and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways and recent evidence suggests that STAT5B is an essential transcriptional mediator of prosurvival signaling in glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e. podocytes). IL-15 has also been shown to suppress pro-apoptotic signaling in models of acute kidney injury and pro-fibrotic signaling in models of chronic kidney disease. SUMMARY The cytoprotective properties of IL-15 suggest that it may have potential as a nonimmunosuppresive therapeutic for kidney disease. A novel class of IL-15 immunotherapies has emerged for the treatment cancer and some have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials. These well tolerated IL-15 agonists could possibly be repurposed for the treatment of kidney disease and warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentzon Hall
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Gaur P, Mkrtichyan M, Verma V, Jafarzadeh N, Hattar M, Gupta S, Khleif SN. PI3K Isoforms in CD8 + T Cell Development and Function. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:217-234. [PMID: 36243846 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are an essential part of the immune system and play a vital role in defending against tumors and infections. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), especially class I, is involved in numerous interrelated signaling pathways which control CD8+ T cell development, maturation, migration, activation, and differentiation. While CD8+ T lymphocytes express all class I PI3K isoforms (PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ), isoform-specific functions, especially for PI3Kα and PI3Kβ have not been fully elucidated. A few studies suggest the important role of p110δ and p110γ in CD8+ T cell activation, signaling, chemotaxis and function and several clinical trials are currently testing the effect of isoform-specific inhibitors in various types of cancers, including Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Peripheral T cell Lymphoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), head & neck cancer, and breast cancer. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the roles of various PI3K isoforms and downstream signaling pathways in regulating CD8+ T cell fate, including cell proliferation, migration, and memory generation. We also discuss certain clinical trials employing PI3K inhibitors for cancer therapy, their limitations, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mikayel Mkrtichyan
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vivek Verma
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nazli Jafarzadeh
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mariana Hattar
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seema Gupta
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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4
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Wang P, Leung J, Lam A, Lee S, Calabrese DR, Hays SR, Golden JA, Kukreja J, Singer JP, Wolters PJ, Tang Q, Greenland JR. Lung transplant recipients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have impaired alloreactive immune responses. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 41:641-653. [PMID: 34924263 PMCID: PMC9038662 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere dysfunction is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and worse outcomes following lung transplantation. Telomere dysfunction may impair immunity by upregulating p53 and arresting proliferation, but its influence on allograft-specific immune responses is unknown. We hypothesized that subjects undergoing lung transplantation for IPF would have impaired T cell proliferation to donor antigens. METHODS We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 IPF lung transplant recipients and 12 age-matched non-IPF subjects, before and 2 years after transplantation, as well as PBMC from 9 non-transplant controls. We quantified T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion to donor antigens. Associations between PBMC telomere length, measured by quantitative PCR, and T cell proliferation to alloantigens were evaluated with generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS IPF subjects demonstrated impaired CD8+ T cell proliferation to donor antigens pre-transplant (p < 0.05). IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 cytokine stimulation restored T cell proliferation, while p53 upregulation blocked proliferation. IPF subjects had shorter PBMC telomere lengths than non-IPF subjects (p < 0.001), and short PBMC telomere length was associated with impaired CD8+ T cell proliferation to alloantigens (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS IPF as an indication for lung transplant is associated with short PBMC telomere length and impaired T cell responses to donor antigens. However, the rescue of proliferation following cytokine exposure suggests that alloimmune anergy could be overcome. Telomere length may inform immunosuppression strategies for IPF recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joey Leung
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alice Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Seoyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel R Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Medical Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven R Hays
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffery A Golden
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jasleen Kukreja
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan P Singer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John R Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Medical Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California.
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5
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Salimi-Jeda A, Badrzadeh F, Esghaei M, Abdoli A. The role of telomerase and viruses interaction in cancer development, and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100323. [PMID: 33530025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an enzyme that is critically involved in elongating and maintaining telomeres length to control cell life span and replicative potential. Telomerase activity is continuously expressed in human germ-line cells and most cancer cells, whereas it is suppressed in most somatic cells. In normal cells, by reducing telomerase activity and progressively shortening the telomeres, the cells progress to the senescence or apoptosis process. However, in cancer cells, telomere lengths remain constant due to telomerase's reactivation, and cells continue to proliferate and inhibit apoptosis, and ultimately lead to cancer development and human death due to metastasis. Studies demonstrated that several DNA and RNA oncoviruses could interact with telomerase by integrating their genome sequence within the host cell telomeres specifically. Through the activation of the hTERT promoter and lengthening the telomere, these cells contributes to cancer development. Since oncoviruses can activate telomerase and increase hTERT expression, there are several therapeutic strategies based on targeting the telomerase of cancer cells like telomerase-targeted peptide vaccines, hTERT-targeting dendritic cells (DCs), hTERT-targeting gene therapy, and hTERT-targeting CRISPR/Cas9 system that can overcome tumor-mediated toleration mechanisms and specifically apoptosis in cancer cells. This study reviews available data on the molecular structure of telomerase and the role of oncoviruses and telomerase interaction in cancer development and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches to conquest the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Faculti of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical sciences, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Watkinson F, Nayar SK, Rani A, Sakellariou CA, Elhage O, Papaevangelou E, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. IL-15 Upregulates Telomerase Expression and Potently Increases Proliferative Capacity of NK, NKT-Like, and CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594620. [PMID: 33537030 PMCID: PMC7848219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that has been shown to expand CD8 T cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations, and therefore has potential for potentiating adoptive immune cell therapy for cancer. Previously, IL-15 has been shown to induce proliferation of CD8 memory T cells through activation of telomerase. Here, we investigated whether telomerase is also activated during the IL-15 mediated proliferation of NK and NKT-like (CD56+CD3+) cells. We also examined the extent that each of the three signaling pathways known to be stimulated by IL-2/IL-15 (JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT Ras-RAF/MAPK) were activated and involved in the telomerase expression in the three cell types NK, NKT, or CD8 T cells. To assess cell proliferation and doubling, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated NK, NKT-like or CD8 T cells were incubated with varying concentrations of IL-15 or IL-2 for 7 days. CD8 T, NK, and NKT cell expansion was determined by fluorophore-conjugated antibody staining and flow cytometry. Cell doubling was investigated using carboxyfluorescein-succinimidyl-ester (CFSE). Telomerase expression was investigated by staining cells with anti-telomerase reverse transcriptase (anti-TERT). Telomerase activity in CD56+ and CD8 T cells was also measured via Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP). Analysis of cellular expansion, proliferation and TERT expression concluded that IL-15 increased cellular growth of NK, NKT, and CD8 T cells more effectively than IL-2 using low or high doses. IL-15, increased TERT expression in NK and NKT cells by up to 2.5 fold, the same increase seen in CD8 T cells. IL-2 had effects on TERT expression only at high doses (100–1000 ng/ml). Proteome profiling identified that IL-15 activated selected signaling proteins in the three pathways (JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT, Ras-MAPK) known to mediate IL-2/IL-15 signaling, more strongly than IL-2. Evaluation by signaling pathway inhibitors revealed that JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways are important in IL-15’s ability to upregulate TERT expression in NK and NKT cells, whereas all three pathways were involved in CD8 T cell TERT expression. In conclusion, this study shows that IL-15 potently stimulates TERT upregulation in NK and NKT cells in addition to CD8 T cells and is therefore a valuable tool for adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Watkinson
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Krishan Nayar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aradhana Rani
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina A Sakellariou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oussama Elhage
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Urology Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Efthymia Papaevangelou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Urology Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Galustian
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Quinn KM, Kartikasari AER, Cooke RE, Koldej RM, Ritchie DS, Plebanski M. Impact of age-, cancer-, and treatment-driven inflammation on T cell function and immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:953-965. [PMID: 32678927 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0520-466r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancers are predominantly diagnosed in older individuals and chronic inflammation has a major impact on the overall health and immune function of older cancer patients. Chronic inflammation is a feature of aging, it can accelerate disease in many cancers and it is often exacerbated during conventional treatments for cancer. This review will provide an overview of the factors that lead to increased inflammation in older individuals and/or individuals with cancer, as well as those that result from conventional treatments for cancer, using ovarian cancer (OC) and multiple myeloma (MM) as key examples. We will also consider the impact of chronic inflammation on immune function, with a particular focus on T cells as they are key targets for novel cancer immunotherapies. Overall, this review aims to highlight specific pathways for potential interventions that may be able to mitigate the impact of chronic inflammation in older cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Quinn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Rachel E Cooke
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Translational Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel M Koldej
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Translational Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Translational Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Morris SR, Chen B, Mudd JC, Panigrahi S, Shive CL, Sieg SF, Cameron CM, Zidar DA, Funderburg NT, Younes SA, Rodriguez B, Gianella S, Lederman MM, Freeman ML. Inflammescent CX3CR1+CD57+CD8+ T cells are generated and expanded by IL-15. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132963. [PMID: 32369455 PMCID: PMC7346586 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with an increase in the proportion of activated CD8+ memory T cells (Tmem) that express CX3CR1, but how these cells are generated and maintained in vivo is unclear. We demonstrate that increased CX3CR1 expression on CD8+ Tmem in people living with HIV (PLWH) is dependent on coinfection with human CMV, and CX3CR1+CD8+ Tmem are enriched for a putatively immunosenescent CD57+CD28- phenotype. The cytokine IL-15 promotes the phenotype, survival, and proliferation of CX3CR1+CD57+CD8+ Tmem in vitro, whereas T cell receptor stimulation leads to their death. IL-15-driven survival is dependent on STAT5 and Bcl-2 activity, and IL-15-induced proliferation requires STAT5 and mTORC1. Thus, we identify mechanistic pathways that could explain how "inflammescent" CX3CR1+CD57+ CD8+ Tmem dominate the overall memory T cell pool in CMV-seropositive PLWH and that support reevaluation of immune senescence as a nonproliferative dead end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Morris
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonnie Chen
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph C. Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carey L. Shive
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott F. Sieg
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cheryl M. Cameron
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David A. Zidar
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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9
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Morris SR, Chen B, Mudd JC, Panigrahi S, Shive CL, Sieg SF, Cameron CM, Zidar DA, Funderburg NT, Younes SA, Rodriguez B, Gianella S, Lederman MM, Freeman ML. Inflammescent CX3CR1+CD57+CD8+ T cells are generated and expanded by IL-15. JCI Insight 2020. [PMID: 32369455 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.l32963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with an increase in the proportion of activated CD8+ memory T cells (Tmem) that express CX3CR1, but how these cells are generated and maintained in vivo is unclear. We demonstrate that increased CX3CR1 expression on CD8+ Tmem in people living with HIV (PLWH) is dependent on coinfection with human CMV, and CX3CR1+CD8+ Tmem are enriched for a putatively immunosenescent CD57+CD28- phenotype. The cytokine IL-15 promotes the phenotype, survival, and proliferation of CX3CR1+CD57+CD8+ Tmem in vitro, whereas T cell receptor stimulation leads to their death. IL-15-driven survival is dependent on STAT5 and Bcl-2 activity, and IL-15-induced proliferation requires STAT5 and mTORC1. Thus, we identify mechanistic pathways that could explain how "inflammescent" CX3CR1+CD57+ CD8+ Tmem dominate the overall memory T cell pool in CMV-seropositive PLWH and that support reevaluation of immune senescence as a nonproliferative dead end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Morris
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonnie Chen
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carey L Shive
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cheryl M Cameron
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David A Zidar
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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10
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Patrick M, Weng NP. Expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cell differentiation, activation, aging and diseases. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103989. [PMID: 31558266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are essential for chromosomal integrity. Telomere shortening during cell division restricts cellular proliferative capacity and leads to cellular senescence when critically shortened telomere lengths are reached. Similar to hematopoietic stem cells, T cells can upregulate telomerase activity to compensate for telomere loss incurred during proliferation in response to engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) or exposure to homeostatic cytokines. However, this compensation for telomere loss by telomerase in T cells is imperfect or limited, as shortening of T cell telomeres is observed in human aging and during in vitro longterm culture. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cells and changes of telomerase expression during development, activation, differentiation, aging and disease conditions. In conclusion, we discuss how controlled enhancement of telomerase activity could be a potential strategy to improve T cell function in the elderly and in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patrick
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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11
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Zole E, Ranka R. Mitochondrial DNA copy number and telomere length in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in comparison with whole blood in three different age groups. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 83:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Brazvan B, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Velaei K, Mehdipour A, Aliyari Serej Z, Ebrahimi A, Ghorbani M, Cheraghi O, Nozad Charoudeh H. Telomerase activity and telomere on stem progeny senescence. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:9-17. [PMID: 29547744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The end of linear chromosomes is formed of a special nucleoprotein heterochromatin structure with repetitive TTAGGG sequences called telomere. Telomere length is regulated by a special enzyme called telomerase, a specific DNA polymerase that adds new telomeric sequences to the chromosome ends. Telomerase consists of two parts; the central protein part and the accessory part which is a RNA component transported by the central part. Regulation of telomere length by this enzyme is a multi-stage process. Telomere length elongation is strongly influenced by the level of telomerase and has a strong correlation with the activity of telomerase enzyme. Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression plays an important role in maintaining telomere length and high proliferative property of cells. Except a low activity of telomerase enzyme in hematopoietic and few types of stem cells, most of somatic cells didn't showed telomerase activity. Moreover, cytokines are secretory proteins that control many aspects of hematopoiesis, especially immune responses and inflammation. Also, the induction of hTERT gene expression by cytokines is organized through the PI3K/AKT and NF/kB signaling pathways. In this review we have tried to talk about effects of immune cell cytokines on telomerase expression/telomere length and the induction of telomerase expression by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balal Brazvan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kobra Velaei
- Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehdipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Aliyari Serej
- Applied Cell Sciences Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayyub Ebrahimi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Halic Uuniversity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Omid Cheraghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Moro-García MA, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Alonso-Arias R. Influence of Inflammation in the Process of T Lymphocyte Differentiation: Proliferative, Metabolic, and Oxidative Changes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 29545794 PMCID: PMC5839096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes, from their first encounter with their specific antigen as naïve cell until the last stages of their differentiation, in a replicative state of senescence, go through a series of phases. In several of these stages, T lymphocytes are subjected to exponential growth in successive encounters with the same antigen. This entire process occurs throughout the life of a human individual and, earlier, in patients with chronic infections/pathologies through inflammatory mediators, first acutely and later in a chronic form. This process plays a fundamental role in amplifying the activating signals on T lymphocytes and directing their clonal proliferation. The mechanisms that control cell growth are high levels of telomerase activity and maintenance of telomeric length that are far superior to other cell types, as well as metabolic adaptation and redox control. Large numbers of highly differentiated memory cells are accumulated in the immunological niches where they will contribute in a significant way to increase the levels of inflammatory mediators that will perpetuate the new state at the systemic level. These levels of inflammation greatly influence the process of T lymphocyte differentiation from naïve T lymphocyte, even before, until the arrival of exhaustion or cell death. The changes observed during lymphocyte differentiation are correlated with changes in cellular metabolism and these in turn are influenced by the inflammatory state of the environment where the cell is located. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a dual action in the population of T lymphocytes. Exposure to high levels of ROS decreases the capacity of activation and T lymphocyte proliferation; however, intermediate levels of oxidation are necessary for the lymphocyte activation, differentiation, and effector functions. In conclusion, we can affirm that the inflammatory levels in the environment greatly influence the differentiation and activity of T lymphocyte populations. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in these processes. The elucidation of these mechanisms would be of great help in the advance of improvements in pathologies with a large inflammatory base such as rheumatoid arthritis, intestinal inflammatory diseases, several infectious diseases and even, cancerous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Moro-García
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan C Mayo
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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14
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HIV-DNA content in different CD4+ T-cell subsets correlates with CD4+ cell : CD8+ cell ratio or length of efficient treatment. AIDS 2017; 31:1387-1392. [PMID: 28426533 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV establishes a latent infection at different degrees within naïve (TN) or central (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) CD4 T cell. Studying patients in whom HIV production was suppressed by combined antiretroviral therapy, our main aim was to find which factors are related or can influence intracellular viral reservoir in different CD4 T-cell subsets. METHODS We enrolled 32 HIV patients successfully treated for more than 2 years, with a CD4 T-cell count more than 500 cells/μl and plasma viremia undetectable from at least 1 year. Proviral HIV-DNA, the amount of cells expressing signal-joint T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles and telomere length were quantified by droplet digital PCR in highly purified, sorted CD4 T-cell subsets; plasma IL-7 and IL-15 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS HIV-DNA was significantly lower in TN cells compared with TCM or to TEM. Conversely, TN cells contained more signal-joint T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles compared with TCM or to TEM; no appreciable changes were observed in telomere length. HIV-DNA content was significantly higher in TN and TCM cells, but not in TEM, from patients with shorter time of treatment, or in those with lower CD4 : CD8 ratio. CONCLUSION Length of treatment or recovery of CD4 : CD8 ratio significantly influences viral reservoir in both TN and TCM. Measuring HIV-DNA in purified lymphocyte populations allows a better monitoring of HIV reservoir and could be useful for designing future eradication strategies.
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15
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Lim WA, June CH. The Principles of Engineering Immune Cells to Treat Cancer. Cell 2017; 168:724-740. [PMID: 28187291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have proven that engineered immune cells can serve as a powerful new class of cancer therapeutics. Clinical experience has helped to define the major challenges that must be met to make engineered T cells a reliable, safe, and effective platform that can be deployed against a broad range of tumors. The emergence of synthetic biology approaches for cellular engineering is providing us with a broadly expanded set of tools for programming immune cells. We discuss how these tools could be used to design the next generation of smart T cell precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell A Lim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine, and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Brazvan B, Farahzadi R, Mohammadi SM, Montazer Saheb S, Shanehbandi D, Schmied L, Soleimani Rad J, Darabi M, Nozad Charoudeh H. Key Immune Cell Cytokines Affects the Telomere Activity of Cord Blood Cells In vitro. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:153-61. [PMID: 27478776 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Telomere is a nucleoprotein complex at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes and its length is regulated by telomerase. The number of DNA repeat sequence (TTAGGG)n is reduced with each cell division in differentiated cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SCF (Stem Cell Factor), Flt3 (Fms- Like tyrosine kinase-3), Interleukin-2, 7 and 15 on telomere length and hTERT gene expression in mononuclear and umbilical cord blood stem cells (CD34+ cells) during development to lymphoid cells. METHODS The mononuclear cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood by Ficoll-Paque density gradient. Then cells were cultured for 21 days in the presence of different cytokines. Telomere length and hTERT gene expression were evaluated in freshly isolated cells, 7, 14 and 21 days of culture by real-time PCR. The same condition had been done for CD34+ cells but telomere length and hTERT gene expression were measured at initial and day 21 of the experiment. RESULTS Highest hTERT gene expression and maximum telomere length were measured at day14 of MNCs in the presence of IL-7 and IL-15. Also, there was a significant correlation between telomere length and telomerase gene expression in MNCs at 14 days in a combination of IL-7 and IL-15 (r = 0.998, p =0.04). In contrast, IL-2 showed no distinct effect on telomere length and hTERT gene expression in cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, IL-7 and IL-15 increased telomere length and hTERT gene expression at 14 day of the experiment. In conclusion, it seems likely that cells maintain naïve phenotype due to prolonged exposure of IL-7 and IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balal Brazvan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyede Momeneh Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laurent Schmied
- Immunotherapy Laboratories, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Setoguchi R. IL-15 boosts the function and migration of human terminally differentiated CD8+T cells by inducing a unique gene signature. Int Immunol 2016; 28:293-305. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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18
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Mongini PKA, Gupta R, Boyle E, Nieto J, Lee H, Stein J, Bandovic J, Stankovic T, Barrientos J, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai K, Chu CC, Chiorazzi N. TLR-9 and IL-15 Synergy Promotes the In Vitro Clonal Expansion of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:901-23. [PMID: 26136429 PMCID: PMC4505957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical progression of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) reflects the clone's Ag receptor (BCR) and involves stroma-dependent B-CLL growth within lymphoid tissue. Uniformly elevated expression of TLR-9, occasional MYD88 mutations, and BCR specificity for DNA or Ags physically linked to DNA together suggest that TLR-9 signaling is important in driving B-CLL growth in patients. Nevertheless, reports of apoptosis after B-CLL exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) raised questions about a central role for TLR-9. Because normal memory B cells proliferate vigorously to ODN+IL-15, a cytokine found in stromal cells of bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, we examined whether this was true for B-CLL cells. Through a CFSE-based assay for quantitatively monitoring in vitro clonal proliferation/survival, we show that IL-15 precludes TLR-9-induced apoptosis and permits significant B-CLL clonal expansion regardless of the clone's BCR mutation status. A robust response to ODN+IL-15 was positively linked to presence of chromosomal anomalies (trisomy-12 or ataxia telangiectasia mutated anomaly + del13q14) and negatively linked to a very high proportion of CD38(+) cells within the blood-derived B-CLL population. Furthermore, a clone's intrinsic potential for in vitro growth correlated directly with doubling time in blood, in the case of B-CLL with Ig H chain V region-unmutated BCR and <30% CD38(+) cells in blood. Finally, in vitro high-proliferator status was statistically linked to diminished patient survival. These findings, together with immunohistochemical evidence of apoptotic cells and IL-15-producing cells proximal to B-CLL pseudofollicles in patient spleens, suggest that collaborative ODN and IL-15 signaling may promote in vivo B-CLL growth.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K A Mongini
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549;
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Erin Boyle
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jennifer Nieto
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Joanna Stein
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jela Bandovic
- Department of Pathology, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Kanti Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Charles C Chu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
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19
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Nayar S, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. Extending the lifespan and efficacies of immune cells used in adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapies-A review. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002720. [PMID: 26155387 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells used in adoptive cell-transfer immunotherapies against cancer include dendritic cells (DCs), natural-killer cells, and CD8+ T-cells. These cells may have limited efficacy due to their lifespan, activity, and immunosuppressive effects of tumor cells. Therefore, increasing longevity and activity of these cells may boost their efficacy. Four cytokines that can extend immune effector-cell longevity are IL-2, IL-7, IL-21, and IL-15. This review will discuss current knowledge on effector-cell lifespans and the mechanisms by which IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 can extend effector-cell longevity. We will also discuss how lifespan and efficacy of these cells can be regulated to allow optimal clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Nayar
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Christine Galustian
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
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20
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Lin Y, Damjanovic A, Metter EJ, Nguyen H, Truong T, Najarro K, Morris C, Longo DL, Zhan M, Ferrucci L, Hodes RJ, Weng NP. Age-associated telomere attrition of lymphocytes in vivo is co-ordinated with changes in telomerase activity, composition of lymphocyte subsets and health conditions. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:367-77. [PMID: 25317735 PMCID: PMC5421624 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are essential in maintaining chromosome integrity and in controlling cellular replication. Attrition of telomere length in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with age is well documented from cross-sectional studies. But the actual in vivo changes in telomere lengths and its relationship with the contributing factors within the individuals with age have not been fully addressed. In the present paper, we report a longitudinal analysis of telomere length in the PBMCs, lymphocytes and monocytes of 216 human subjects aged from 20-90 years assessed at 0-, 5- and 12-year follow-up. For the 5- and 12-year follow-up, telomere length in the PBMCs decreased in 34% and 46%, exhibited no detectable change in 56% and 47% and increased in 10% and 7% of the subjects respectively. The rate of telomere change was distinct for T-cells, B-cells and monocytes for any given subject. Telomerase activity declined with age in the resting T-cells and B-cells and the activated T-cells. Finally, a significant portion of telomere attrition in T-cells with age was explained by a decline in the telomerase activity, decreased naïve cells and the change in physiological conditions such as elevated blood glucose and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. These findings show that changes in the telomere length of the PBMCs with age in vivo occur at different rates in different individuals and cell types and reveal that changes in the telomere length in the T-cells with age is influenced by the telomerase activity, naïve T-cell percentage and changes in health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Amanda Damjanovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - E. Jeffrey Metter
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224,U.S.A
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Thai Truong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Kevin Najarro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Christa Morris
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Ming Zhan
- Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224,U.S.A
| | - Richard J. Hodes
- National Institute on Aging and Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
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21
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Abstract
Recent clinical success has underscored the potential for immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of engineered T lymphocytes to mediate dramatic, potent, and durable clinical responses. This success has led to the broader evaluation of engineered T-lymphocyte-based adoptive cell therapy to treat a broad range of malignancies. In this review, we summarize concepts, successes, and challenges for the broader development of this promising field, focusing principally on lessons gleaned from immunological principles and clinical thought. We present ACT in the context of integrating T-cell and tumor biology and the broader systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Neonatal natural killer cell function: relevance to antiviral immune defense. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:427696. [PMID: 24066005 PMCID: PMC3770027 DOI: 10.1155/2013/427696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonates are particularly susceptible to various pathogens compared to adults, which is attributed in part to their immature innate and adaptive immunity. Natural killer cells provide first-line innate immune reactions against virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. This review updates phenotypic and functional deficiencies of neonatal cells compared to their adult counterparts and their clinical implications.
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23
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Wang H, Brown J, Gao S, Liang S, Jotwani R, Zhou H, Suttles J, Scott DA, Lamont RJ. The role of JAK-3 in regulating TLR-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1164-74. [PMID: 23797672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of JAK-3 in TLR-mediated innate immune responses is poorly understood, although the suppressive function of JAK3 inhibition in adaptive immune response has been well studied. In this study, we found that JAK3 inhibition enhanced TLR-mediated immune responses by differentially regulating pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells. Specifically, JAK3 inhibition by pharmacological inhibitors or specific small interfering RNA or JAK3 gene knockout resulted in an increase in TLR-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines while concurrently decreasing the production of IL-10. Inhibition of JAK3 suppressed phosphorylation of PI3K downstream effectors including Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and CREB. Constitutive activation of Akt or inhibition of GSK3β abrogated the capability of JAK3 inhibition to enhance proinflammatory cytokines and suppress IL-10 production. In contrast, inhibition of PI3K enhanced this regulatory ability of JAK3 in LPS-stimulated monocytes. At the transcriptional level, JAK3 knockout lead to the increased phosphorylation of STATs that could be attenuated by neutralization of de novo inflammatory cytokines. JAK3 inhibition exhibited a GSK3 activity-dependent ability to enhance phosphorylation levels and DNA binding of NF-κB p65. Moreover, JAK3 inhibition correlated with an increased CD4(+) T cell response. Additionally, higher neutrophil infiltration, IL-17 expression, and intestinal epithelium erosion were observed in JAK3 knockout mice. These findings demonstrate the negative regulatory function of JAK3 and elucidate the signaling pathway by which JAK3 differentially regulates TLR-mediated inflammatory cytokine production in innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Wang
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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24
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Moro-García MA, Alonso-Arias R, López-Larrea C. Molecular mechanisms involved in the aging of the T-cell immune response. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:589-602. [PMID: 23730199 PMCID: PMC3492799 DOI: 10.2174/138920212803759749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes play a central role in the effector and regulatory mechanisms of the adaptive immune response. Upon exiting the thymus they begin to undergo a series of phenotypic and functional changes that continue throughout the lifetime and being most pronounced in the elderly. The reason postulated for this is that the dynamic processes of repeated interaction with cognate antigens lead to multiple division cycles involving a high degree of cell differentiation, senescence, restriction of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and cell cycle arrest. This cell cycle arrest is associated with the loss of telomere sequences from the ends of chromosomes. Telomere length is reduced at each cell cycle, and critically short telomeres recruit components of the DNA repair machinery and trigger replicative senescence or apoptosis. Repetitively stimulated T-cells become refractory to telomerase induction, suffer telomere erosion and enter replicative senescence. The latter is characterized by the accumulation of highly differentiated T-cells with new acquired functional capabilities, which can be caused by aberrant expression of genes normally suppressed by epigenetic mechanisms in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Age-dependent demethylation and overexpression of genes normally suppressed by DNA methylation have been demonstrated in senescent subsets of T-lymphocytes. Thus, T-cells, principally CD4+CD28null T-cells, aberrantly express genes, including those of the KIR gene family and cytotoxic proteins such as perforin, and overexpress CD70, IFN-γ, LFA-1 and others. In summary, owing to a lifetime of exposure to and proliferation against a variety of pathogens, highly differentiated T-cells suffer molecular modifications that alter their cellular homeostasis mechanisms.
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Ratts RB, Weng NP. Homeostasis of lymphocytes and monocytes in frequent blood donors. Front Immunol 2012; 3:271. [PMID: 22936935 PMCID: PMC3424600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated decline of immune function is believed to be mainly due to alterations of immune cells. However, longitudinal changes of human immune cells with age have not yet been adequately addressed. To test the hypothesis that regeneration of lymphocytes and monocytes is robust throughout most of adult life until advanced age, we examined six leukapheresis donors (3 young and 3 middle-aged/old) who donated approximately 10% of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) every other month over 3–5 years. We found the number of both lymphocytes and monocytes were quite stable in the blood of all six donors. As expected, young donors had more T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), CD31{}+ cells (CD4 only) and longer telomeres in T cells than did the middle-aged donors. Interestingly, more variation in TREC number, Vβ usages, and telomere lengths were observed in young donors during the 3–5 years course of donation whereas the middle-aged/old donors showed a rather striking stability in these measurements. This may reflect a more prominent role of thymic output in T cell regeneration in young than in middle-aged/old donors. Together, these findings provide an in vivo glimpse into the homeostasis of lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood at different ages, and support the notion that regeneration of lymphocytes and monocytes is robust throughout adult life up to the early 70s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Ratts
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Barsov EV. Immortalization of human and rhesus macaque primary antigen-specific T cells by retrovirally transduced telomerase reverse transcriptase. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; Chapter 7:Unit 7.21B. [PMID: 22048804 PMCID: PMC3226752 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0721bs95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human and rhesus macaque primary antigen-specific T cells derived from infected or immunized individuals or animals are a valuable material with which to study cellular immune responses against pathogens and tumors. Antigen-specific T cells can be expanded in vitro but have a finite proliferative life span. After a limited period in culture, primary T cells undergo replicative senescence and stop dividing. This restricts their applicability to short-term experiments and complicates their use in adoptive immunotherapy. The proliferative life span of primary human and rhesus macaque T cells can be considerably extended by ectopically expressed human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Antigen-specific T cells transduced with TERT-expressing retroviral vectors can proliferate and expand in culture for long periods of time while maintaining their primary T cell characteristics, including antigen-specific responses. Thus, TERT-immortalized T cells are an important and valuable resource for studying T cell-mediated immune responses and, potentially, for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
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27
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Abstract
Telomeres are noncoding DNA regions at the end of the chromosomes that are crucial for genome stability. Since telomere length decreases with cell division, they can be used as a signature of cell proliferation history. T-cell reconstitution in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) subjects, recipients of T-cell-depleted, allogeneic-related bone marrow cells, is due to the development and maturation of donor T-cell precursors in the infant's vestigial thymus and to homeostatic proliferation of mature T cells in the peripheral organs. Since T-cell function, thymic output, and T-cell clonal diversity are maintained long term in these patients, we investigated whether donor T-cell engraftment resulted in increased telomere shortening. Our study of seven SCID patients, following successful bone marrow transplantation, demonstrates that the patients' peripheral T cells did not exhibit greater than normal telomere shortening.
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Lv J, Tao N, Wu H, Liu X, Xu X, Xu Y, Qin Z. Selective expansion and enhanced anti-tumor effect of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells by retrovirus-mediated IL-15 expression. Protein Cell 2011; 2:585-99. [PMID: 21822803 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated that CD4(+) T cells play an important role in anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, adoptive transfer of these cells may have great potential for anti-cancer therapy. However, due to the difficulty to generate sufficient tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells, the use of CD4(+) T cells in tumor therapy is limited. It has been found that IL-15 transfection enhances the proliferation and anti-tumor activity of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells, but the effect of IL-15 transfection on CD4(+) T cells remains unknown. Here, the effects of retrovirus-mediated IL-15 expression in Ova-specific CD4(+) T cells from Do11.10 mice were evaluated and it was discovered that IL-15 transfected CD4(+) T cells expressed both soluble and membrane-bound IL-15. Retrovirus-mediated IL-15 expression led to a selective expansion of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells by inhibiting their apoptosis. In vivo IL-15 transfected CD4(+) T cells were more effective in suppressing tumor growth than control retroviral vector transfected ones. To ensure the safety of the method, the employment of thymidine kinase gene made it possible to eliminate these transgenic CD4(+) T cells following ganciclovir treatment. Together, we show that IL-15 transfection induced a selective expansion of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells ex vivo and enhanced their tumor-suppression effects in vivo. This has an important significance for improving the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Lv
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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Barsov EV. Telomerase and primary T cells: biology and immortalization for adoptive immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:407-21. [PMID: 21395382 PMCID: PMC3120014 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized repeats, present at the end of chromosomes, whose loss during cell division is followed by growth arrest, a central mechanism of replicative senescence in human cells. Telomere length in stem cells is maintained by telomerase, a specialized reverse transcriptase, whose function is to restore shortening telomeres. Unlike most somatic cell types, human T lymphocytes are capable of briefly reactivating telomerase expression at the time of stimulation. Telomerase expression in T lymphocytes is modulated by a variety of external stimuli and by viral infections. However, telomerase reactivation in stimulated, proliferating human T lymphocytes is limited and cannot prevent the ultimate onset of senescence. Ectopic telomerase expression can rescue human and macaque antigen-specific T cells from senescence. Primary T cells have been engineered with telomerase to have substantially extended replicative lifespans without the loss of primary cell functions or malignant transformation. 'Immortal' antigen-specific T-cell lines and clones overexpressing telomerase are an invaluable source of well-characterized quasi-primary T cells for research of T-cell biology and are potentially useful for immunotherapy of cancer and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Barsov
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Kohlmeier JE, Connor LM, Roberts AD, Cookenham T, Martin K, Woodland DL. Nonmalignant clonal expansions of memory CD8+ T cells that arise with age vary in their capacity to mount recall responses to infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3456-62. [PMID: 20720204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune responsiveness declines with age in part due to the development of CD8(+) T cell clonal expansions (TCEs) that can dominate the peripheral T cell pool. Although some TCEs arise due to persistent Ag stimulation from chronic infections, others arise in the apparent absence of chronic infection. We have recently shown that this latter class of TCEs can arise over time from the memory CD8(+) T cell pool established by an acute viral infection. Unlike TCEs driven by chronic infections, these age-related TCEs do not display the phenotypic and in vitro functional characteristics of exhausted cells. However, the rate at which these age-related TCEs develop from the memory CD8(+) T cell pool, as well as their ability to mount a recall response to secondary pathogen challenge in vivo, is not known. In this study, we analyzed large cohorts of mice over time for the development of TCE following Sendai virus infection and found a progressive increase in the appearance of TCEs, such that most mice showed evidence of TCE within the memory T cell pool by 2 y postinfection. Using a dual adoptive transfer approach to address the recall potential of virus-specific TCEs, we also demonstrate that most TCEs examined are poorly responsive to a secondary infection. Therefore, we provide evidence that the development of TCE is a common occurrence due to the progressive dysregulation of the virus-specific memory T cell pool with age, but many TCEs are profoundly defective in their ability to mediate recall responses.
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Liu JP, Chen SM, Cong YS, Nicholls C, Zhou SF, Tao ZZ, Li H. Regulation of telomerase activity by apparently opposing elements. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:245-56. [PMID: 20362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, undergo frequent remodeling events that are important in cell development, proliferation and differentiation, and neoplastic immortalization. It is not known how the cellular environment influences telomere remodeling, stability, and lengthening or shortening. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that maintains and lengthens telomeres in the majority of cancers. Recent studies indicate that a number of factors, including hormones, cytokines, ligands of nuclear receptor, vitamins and herbal extracts have significantly influence telomerase activity and, in some instances, the remodeling of telomeres. This review summarizes the advances in understanding of the positive and negative regulation by extracellular factors of telomerase activity in cancer, stem cells and other systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Liu
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Dolcetti R, De Rossi A. Telomere/telomerase interplay in virus-driven and virus-independent lymphomagenesis: pathogenic and clinical implications. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:233-53. [PMID: 20549676 DOI: 10.1002/med.20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex critically involved in extending and maintaining telomeres. Unlike the majority of somatic cells, in which hTERT and telomerase activity are generally silent, normal lymphocytes show transient physiological hTERT expression and telomerase activity according to their differentiation/activation status. During lymphomagenesis, induction of persistent telomerase expression and activity may occur before or after telomere shortening, as a consequence of the different mechanisms through which transforming factors/agents may activate telomerase. Available data indicate that the timing of telomerase activation may allow the distinction of two different lymphomagenetic models: (i) an early activation of telomerase via exogenous regulators of hTERT, along with an increased lymphocyte growth and a subsequent selection of cells with increased transforming potential may characterize several virus-related lymphoid malignancies; (ii) a progressive shortening of telomeres, leading to genetic instability which favors a subsequent activation of telomerase via endogenous regulators may occur in most virus-unrelated lymphoid tumors. These models may have clinically relevant implications, particularly for the tailoring of therapeutic strategies targeting telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, CRO-IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
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33
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Avigan D, Tzachanis D. Cancer vaccines in hematologic malignancies: advances, challenges and therapeutic potential. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:451-4. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Induction/engineering, detection, selection, and expansion of clinical-grade human antigen-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cell clones for adoptive immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:705215. [PMID: 20224660 PMCID: PMC2836183 DOI: 10.1155/2010/705215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of effector antigen-specific immune cells is becoming a promising treatment option in allogeneic transplantation, infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Within this context, the important role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is objective of intensive studies directed to their in vivo and ex vivo induction, detection, selection, expansion, and therapeutic effectiveness. Additional questions that are being addressed by the scientific community are related to the establishment and maintenance of their longevity and memory state as well as to defining critical conditions underlying their transitions between discrete, but functionally different subtypes. In this article we review and comment latest approaches and techniques used for preparing large amounts of antigen-specific CTLs, suitable for clinical use.
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35
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Henson SM, Akbar AN. Memory T-Cell Homeostasis and Senescence during Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:189-97. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Identification of human idiotype-specific T cells in lymphoma and myeloma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 344:193-210. [PMID: 20549471 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Idiotype protein, among the first identified tumor-specific antigens, has been found to stimulate both humoral and cellular responses in lymphoma and myeloma patients. With the increasing use of B cell depletion treatments such as rituximab in clinic, the cellular response mediated by idiotype-specific T cells has become increasingly important as an adjunct therapy for lymphoma and myeloma. Here, we review the idiotype protein as a tumor antigen and the characteristics of the T cell response elicited idiotype vaccination. We also analyze the T cell epitopes that have been identified in idiotype protein and introduce our new findings of additional T cell epitopes derived from the Ig light chain. Finally, we propose new directions in the generation of idiotype-specific T cells for tumor therapy.
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37
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Nguyen H, Weng NP. IL-21 preferentially enhances IL-15-mediated homeostatic proliferation of human CD28+ CD8 memory T cells throughout the adult age span. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:43-9. [PMID: 19797296 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An age-related decline in human immune response is marked by the accumulation of CD28(-) CD8 T cells, which is attributed to repeated antigenic stimulation and to homeostatic proliferation mediated by cytokines such as IL-15. However, the identity of the cytokines that are responsible for the maintenance of CD28 expression is less known. Here, we report the role of IL-21 in the regulation of IL-15-mediated growth and CD28 expression of CD8 memory T cells of young and old donors. We showed that IL-21 drives more IL-15-stimulated cells to enter cell division and to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, IL-21 preferentially enhanced IL-15-induced proliferation of CD28(+) CD8 memory T cells over their CD28(-) counterparts, as CD28(+) cells expressed higher levels of IL-15R and IL-21R and greater pSTAT5 upon IL-15 and IL-21 stimulation. In addition, IL-21 reduced IL-15-induced CD28 down-regulation in CD8 memory T cells. Finally, the ability of proliferation and survival in response to homeostatic cytokines IL-15 and IL-21 of CD28(+) CD8 memory T cells was well-maintained with age. Together, these findings suggest that IL-21 enhances IL-15-mediated proliferation of CD8 memory T cells, particularly CD28(+) memory T cells, and also serves as an antagonist to the IL-15-induced increase of CD28(-) CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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38
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Lin SJ, Yan DC, Lee YC, Kuo ML. Role of interleukin-15 in umbilical cord blood transplantation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:518-31. [PMID: 19065354 DOI: 10.1080/08830180802317940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its easier accessibility and less severe graft-versus-host disease, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly used as an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Naiveté of UCB lymphocytes, however, results in delayed immune reconstitution and infection-related mortality in transplant recipients. This article reviews UCB immunology and addresses the potential therapeutic role of interleukin (IL)-15, a pleiotropic gamma chain signaling cytokine, in modulating immune reconstitution, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), graft-versus-leukemia effect, and infection susceptibility during the post-UCB transplant period. Cytokine immunotherapy using IL-15 simultaneously modulates several immune compartments, thus holds promise for facilitating post-transplant recovery and augmenting antitumor effect without aggravating GVHD in the setting of UCB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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39
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Lança V, Zee RY, Rivera A, Romero JR. Quantitative telomerase activity in circulating human leukocytes: utility of real-time telomeric repeats amplification protocol (RQ-TRAP) in a clinical/epidemiological setting. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:870-3. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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40
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Immune reconstitution and implications for immunotherapy following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2008; 21:579-96. [PMID: 18790456 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of a fully functional immune system is a slow and often incomplete process following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. While innate immunity reconstitutes quickly, adaptive B- and especially T-cell lymphopoeisis may be compromised for years following transplantation. In large part, these immune system deficits are due to the decrease, or even absence, of thymopoiesis following transplantation. Thereby, T-cell reconstitution initially relies upon expansion of mature donor T cells; a proliferation driven by high cytokine levels and the presence of allo-reactive antigens. This peripheral mechanism of T-cell generation may have important clinical consequences. By expanding tumouricidal T cells, it may provide a venue to enhance T-cellular immunotherapy following transplantation. Alternatively, decreased thymic function may impair long-term anti-tumour immunity and increase the likelihood of graft-versus-host disease.
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41
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Telomerase activity of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells: constitutive up-regulation in controllers and selective increase by blockade of PD ligand 1 in progressors. Blood 2008; 112:3679-87. [PMID: 18728248 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-135442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustion of virus-specific T cells may play an important role in the pathophysiology of chronic viral infections. Here, we analyzed telomere length and telomerase activity in HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from progressors or controllers to determine underlying molecular pathways of T-cell exhaustion and senescence. Telomere lengths of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from progressors were significantly shorter compared with autologous cytomegalovirus (CMV)/Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ T cells or bulk CD8+ T cells, while telomere lengths from controllers significantly exceeded those of autologous bulk CD8+ T cells and reached a similar level as HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells collected during primary HIV-1 infection. Telomere length stabilization in controllers corresponded to high levels of constitutive telomerase activity, which was associated with preservation of cytotoxic and proliferative properties. Conversely, limited constitutive telomerase activity was observed in HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from progressors, although an increase in both telomere length and telomerase activity was achieved in antigenic-peptide-stimulated cells from progressors after blocking the PD-1/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway. Collectively, these data suggest a causal role of telomere shortening for the functional deficiencies of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic progressive infection, while high constitutive telomerase activities appears to contribute to maintenance of polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 controllers.
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42
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Yang Y, An J, Weng NP. Telomerase is involved in IL-7-mediated differential survival of naive and memory CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3775-81. [PMID: 18322183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-7 plays an essential role in T cell maintenance and survival. The survival effect of IL-7 is thought to be mediated through regulation of Bcl2 family proteins. After a comparative analysis of IL-7-induced growth and cell death of human naive and memory CD4(+) T cells, we observed that more memory CD4(+) T cells underwent cell division and proceeded to apoptosis than naive cells in response to IL-7. However, IL-7-induced expressions of Bcl2 family members (Bcl2, Bcl-x(L), Bax, and Bad) were similar between naive and memory cells. Instead, we found that IL-7 induced higher levels of telomerase activity in naive cells than in memory cells, and the levels of IL-7-induced telomerase activity had a significant inverse correlation with cell death in CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we showed that reducing expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase activity significantly increased cell death of IL-7-cultured CD4(+) T cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that telomerase is involved in IL-7-mediated differential survival of naive and memory CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Yang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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43
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Weng NP. Telomere and adaptive immunity. Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 129:60-6. [PMID: 18199471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response relies on the ability of lymphocytes to undergo periodic massive expansion. It is an enigma how lymphocytes are able to undergo this seemingly unlimited number of cell divisions. Telomeres and telomerase play a critical role in regulation of the replicative lifespan of cells, providing a potential mechanism which lymphocytes may employ. Here I will review the recent progress of the role of telomeres and telomerase in lymphocyte differentiation, function, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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44
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Williams KM, Hakim FT, Gress RE. T cell immune reconstitution following lymphodepletion. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:318-30. [PMID: 18023361 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell reconstitution following lymphopenia from chemotherapy or stem cell transplant is often slow and incompetent, contributing to the development of infectious diseases, relapse, and graft-versus-host disease. This is due to the fact that de novo T cell production is impaired following cytoreductive regimens. T cells can be generated from two pathways: (1) thymus derived through active thymopoiesis and (2) peripherally expanded clones through homeostatic proliferation. During recovery from lymphopenia, the thymic pathway is commonly compromised in adults and T cells rely upon peripheral expansion to restore T cell numbers. This homeostatic proliferation exploits the high cytokine levels following lymphopenia to rapidly generate T cells in the periphery. Moreover, this early peripheral expansion of T cells can also be driven by exogenous antigen. This results in loss of T cell repertoire diversity and may predispose to auto- or allo-immunity. Alternatively, the high homeostatic proliferation following lymphopenia may facilitate expansion of anti-tumor immunity. Murine and human studies have provided insight into the cytokine and cellular regulators of these two pathways of T cell generation and the disparate portraits of T cell immunity created through robust thymopoiesis or peripheral expansion following lymphopenia. This insight has permitted the manipulation of the immune system to maximize anti-tumor immunity through lymphopenia and led to an appreciation of mechanisms that underlie graft versus host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Williams
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Damjanovic AK, Yang Y, Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Nguyen H, Laskowski B, Zou Y, Beversdorf DQ, Weng NP. Accelerated telomere erosion is associated with a declining immune function of caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4249-54. [PMID: 17785865 PMCID: PMC2262924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients endure chronic stress associated with a decline of immune function. To assess the psychological and immunological changes of caregivers, we compared depressive symptoms, PBMC composition, in vitro activation-induced proliferation and cytokine production, and telomere length and telomerase activity of 82 individuals (41 caregivers and 41 age- and gender-matched controls). We found depressive symptoms were significantly higher in caregivers than in controls (p < 0.001). Correspondingly, caregivers had significantly lower T cell proliferation but higher production of immune-regulatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-10) than controls in response to stimulation in vitro. We examined the impact of these changes on cellular replicative lifespan and found that caregivers had significantly shorter telomere lengths in PBMC than controls (6.2 and 6.4 kb, respectively, p < 0.05) with similar shortening in isolated T cells and monocytes and that this telomere attrition in caregivers was not due to an increase of shorter telomere possessing T cell subsets in PBMC. Finally, we showed that basal telomerase activity in PBMC and T cells was significantly higher in caregivers than in controls (p < 0.0001), pointing to an unsuccessful attempt of cells to compensate the excessive loss of telomeres in caregivers. These findings demonstrate that chronic stress is associated with altered T cell function and accelerated immune cell aging as suggested by excessive telomere loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Damjanovic
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Yinhua Yang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Ronald Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Nan-ping Weng, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224; E-mail address: or Dr. Ronald Glaser, College of Medicine, 333 West 10th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; E-mail address:
| | - Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Bryon Laskowski
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yixiao Zou
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Nan-ping Weng, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224; E-mail address: or Dr. Ronald Glaser, College of Medicine, 333 West 10th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; E-mail address:
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46
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Akbar AN, Vukmanovic-Stejic M. Telomerase in T lymphocytes: use it and lose it? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6689-94. [PMID: 17513711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme telomerase counteracts telomere loss in proliferating cells and extends their capacity for replication. The importance of telomerase is highlighted by the award of the 2006 Albert Lasker Prize for Basic Medical Research for its discovery. Malignant cells subvert telomerase induction to their advantage, and up-regulation of this enzyme confers these populations with unlimited proliferative potential with obvious detrimental consequences. However this enzyme is also essential for the lifelong maintenance of normal cell populations that have a high rate of turnover. Thymic involution in early adulthood dictates that memory T cell populations have to be maintained by continuous proliferation. This highlights the inherent paradox that telomerase down-regulation in T cells may protect against malignancy yet also lead to replicative exhaustion of repeatedly activated memory T cells. In this article, we review the data on telomerase regulation in T lymphocytes and the implications this has for the maintenance of T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne N Akbar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The transfusion of T cells, also called adoptive T cell therapy, is an effective treatment for viral infections and has induced regression of cancer in early-stage clinical trials. However, recent advances in cellular immunology and tumor biology are guiding new approaches to adoptive T cell therapy. For example, use of engineered T cells is being tested as a strategy to improve the functions of effector and memory T cells, and manipulation of the host to overcome immunotoxic effects in the tumor microenvironment has led to promising results in early-stage clinical trials. Challenges that face the field and must be addressed before adoptive T cell therapy can be translated into routine clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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48
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Hsu C, Jones SA, Cohen CJ, Zheng Z, Kerstann K, Zhou J, Robbins PF, Peng PD, Shen X, Gomes TJ, Dunbar CE, Munroe DJ, Stewart C, Cornetta K, Wangsa D, Ried T, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Cytokine-independent growth and clonal expansion of a primary human CD8+ T-cell clone following retroviral transduction with the IL-15 gene. Blood 2007; 109:5168-77. [PMID: 17353346 PMCID: PMC1890824 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-029173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies arising from retrovirally transduced hematopoietic stem cells have been reported in animal models and human gene therapy trials. Whether mature lymphocytes are susceptible to insertional mutagenesis is unknown. We have characterized a primary human CD8(+) T-cell clone, which exhibited logarithmic ex vivo growth in the absence of exogenous cytokine support for more than 1 year after transduction with a murine leukemia virus-based vector encoding the T-cell growth factor IL-15. Phenotypically, the clone was CD28(-), CD45RA(-), CD45RO(+), and CD62L(-), a profile consistent with effector memory T lymphocytes. After gene transfer with tumor-antigen-specific T-cell receptors, the clone secreted IFN-gamma upon encountering tumor targets, providing further evidence that they derived from mature lymphocytes. Gene-expression analyses revealed no evidence of insertional activation of genes flanking the retroviral insertion sites. The clone exhibited constitutive telomerase activity, and the presence of autocrine loop was suggested by impaired cell proliferation following knockdown of IL-15R alpha expression. The generation of this cell line suggests that nonphysiologic expression of IL-15 can result in the long-term in vitro growth of mature human T lymphocytes. The cytokine-independent growth of this line was a rare event that has not been observed in other IL-15 vector transduction experiments or with any other integrating vector system. It does not appear that the retroviral vector integration sites played a role in the continuous growth of this cell clone, but this remains under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Hsu
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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49
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Chiu WK, Fann M, Weng NP. Generation and growth of CD28nullCD8+ memory T cells mediated by IL-15 and its induced cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7802-10. [PMID: 17114451 PMCID: PMC2262925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of CD28(null)CD8+ T cells and the defects of these cells in response to antigenic stimulation are the hallmarks of age-associated decline of T cell function. However, the mechanism of these age-associated changes is not fully understood. In this study, we report an analysis of the growth of human CD28(null) and CD28+CD8+ memory T cells in response to homeostatic cytokine IL-15 in vitro. We showed that 1) there was no proliferative defect of CD28(null)CD8+ memory T cells in response to IL-15 compared with their CD28+ counterparts; 2) stable loss of CD28 expression occurred in those actively dividing CD28+CD8+ memory T cells responding to IL-15; 3) the loss of CD28 was in part mediated by TNF-alpha that was induced by IL-15; and 4) CCL4 (MIP-1beta), also induced by IL-15, had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of CD28(null) cells, which in turn down-regulated their expression of CCL4 receptor CCR5. Together, these findings demonstrate that CD28(null)CD8+ memory T cells proliferate normally in response to IL-15 and that IL-15 and its induced cytokines regulate the generation and growth of CD28(null)CD8+ T cells, suggesting a possible role of IL-15 in the increase in CD28(null)CD8+ T cells that occurs with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Nan-ping Weng, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Box 21, Baltimore, MD 21224. E-mail address:
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50
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Shen X, Zhou J, Hathcock KS, Robbins P, Powell DJ, Rosenberg SA, Hodes RJ. Persistence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in adoptive immunotherapy correlates with telomere length. J Immunother 2007; 30:123-9. [PMID: 17198091 PMCID: PMC2151201 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211321.07654.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transfer of autologous tumor-specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in adoptive immunotherapy can mediate the regression of tumor in patients with metastatic melanoma. In this procedure, TILs from resected tumors are expanded in vitro, then administered to patients and further stimulated to proliferate in vivo by the administration of high dose IL-2. After in vitro expansion, TILs are often dominated by a few specific clonotypes, and recently it was reported that the persistence in vivo of one or more of these clonotypes correlated with positive therapeutic response. We and others have previously shown that repeated in vitro stimulation and clonal expansion of normal human T lymphocytes results in progressive decrease in telomerase activity and shortening of telomeres, ultimately resulting in replicative senescence. In the studies reported here, we therefore compared telomerase activity and telomere length in persistent and nonpersistent TIL clonotypes before transfer in vivo, and found a correlation between telomere length and clonal persistence. We also observed that TILs proliferate extensively in vivo in the days after transfer, but fail to induce substantial telomerase activity, and undergo rapid decreases in telomere length within days after transfer. Thus, in vivo loss of telomeres by clonotypes that have the shortest telomeres at the time of administration may drive these clones to replicative senescence, whereas cells with longer telomeres are able to persist and mediate antitumor effects. These findings are relevant both to predicting effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy and in deriving strategies for improving effectiveness by sustaining telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Shen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juhua Zhou
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karen S. Hathcock
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel J. Powell
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard J. Hodes
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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