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Khantakova JN, Sennikov SV. T-helper cells flexibility: the possibility of reprogramming T cells fate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284178. [PMID: 38022605 PMCID: PMC10646684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various disciplines cooperate to find novel approaches to cure impaired body functions by repairing, replacing, or regenerating cells, tissues, or organs. The possibility that a stable differentiated cell can reprogram itself opens the door to new therapeutic strategies against a multitude of diseases caused by the loss or dysfunction of essential, irreparable, and specific cells. One approach to cell therapy is to induce reprogramming of adult cells into other functionally active cells. Understanding the factors that cause or contribute to T cell plasticity is not only of clinical importance but also expands the knowledge of the factors that induce cells to differentiate and improves the understanding of normal developmental biology. The present review focuses on the advances in the conversion of peripheral CD4+ T cells, the conditions of their reprogramming, and the methods proposed to control such cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Khantakova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Tsubata T. Siglec cis-ligands and their roles in the immune system. Glycobiology 2023; 33:532-544. [PMID: 37154567 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins are a family of membrane molecules primarily expressed in immune cells. Most of them are inhibitory receptors containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. On the cell surface, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins are mostly bound by sialylated glycans on membrane molecules expressed in the same cell (cis-ligands). Although ligands of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins are not efficiently identified by conventional methods such as immunoprecipitation, in situ labeling including proximity labeling is useful in identifying both cis-ligands and the sialylated ligands expressed by other cells (trans-ligands) of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. Interaction of the inhibitory sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins with cis-ligands including both those with and without signaling function modulates the inhibitory activity of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins by multiple different ways. This interaction also modulates signaling function of the cis-ligands. So far, little is known about the role of the interaction between sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins and the cis-ligands. Nonetheless, recent studies showed that the inhibitory activity of CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is regulated by endogenous ligands, most likely cis-ligands, differentially in resting B cells and those in which B-cell antigen receptor is ligated. This differential regulation plays a role in quality control of signaling-competent B cells and also partial restoration of B-cell antigen receptor signaling in immunodeficient B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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3
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Yang C, Li R, Su LC, Lan YY, Wang YQ, Xu WD, Huang AF. SHP2: its association and roles in systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01760-w. [PMID: 37351631 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Src homology 2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) family. To date, relationship between SHP2 and SLE pathogenesis is not elucidated. METHOD We measured plasma levels of SHP2 in 328 SLE patients, 78 RA patients, 80 SS patients and 79 healthy controls by ELISA, and discussed association of SHP2 in SLE patients, potential of plasma SHP2 as a SLE biomarker. Moreover, histological and serological changes were evaluated by flow cytometry, HE/Masson examination, immunofluorescence test in pristane-induced lupus mice after SHP2 inhibitor injection to reveal role of SHP2 in lupus development. RESULTS Results indicated that SHP2 plasma levels were upregulated in SLE patients and correlated with some clinical, laboratory characteristics such as proteinuria, pyuria, and may be a potential biomarker for SLE. After SHP2 inhibitor treatment, hepatosplenomegaly and histological severity of the kidney in lupus mice were improved. SHP2 inhibitor reversed DCs, Th1, and Th17 cells differentiation and downregulated inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and autoantibodies (ANA, anti-dsDNA) production in pristane-lupus mice. CONCLUSION In summary, SHP2 correlated with SLE pathogenesis and promoted the development of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin-Chong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, 2 Wufengshan Road, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - You-Yu Lan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - You-Qiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 1 Xianglin Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Taylor J, Bulek A, Gannon I, Robson M, Kokalaki E, Grothier T, McKenzie C, El-Kholy M, Stavrou M, Traynor-White C, Lim WC, Panagiotou P, Srivastava S, Baldan V, Sillibourne J, Ferrari M, Pule M, Thomas S. Exploration of T cell immune responses by expression of a dominant-negative SHP1 and SHP2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119350. [PMID: 37334382 PMCID: PMC10272835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SHP1 and SHP2 are SH2 domain-containing proteins which have inhibitory phosphatase activity when recruited to phosphorylated ITIMs and ITSMs on inhibitory immune receptors. Consequently, SHP1 and SHP2 are key proteins in the transmission of inhibitory signals within T cells, constituting an important point of convergence for diverse inhibitory receptors. Therefore, SHP1 and SHP2 inhibition may represent a strategy for preventing immunosuppression of T cells mediated by cancers hence improving immunotherapies directed against these malignancies. Both SHP1 and SHP2 contain dual SH2 domains responsible for localization to the endodomain of inhibitory receptors and a protein tyrosine phosphatase domain which dephosphorylates and thus inhibits key mediators of T cell activation. We explored the interaction of the isolated SH2 domains of SHP1 and SHP2 to inhibitory motifs from PD1 and identified strong binding of both SH2 domains from SHP2 and more moderate binding in the case of SHP1. We next explored whether a truncated form of SHP1/2 comprising only of SH2 domains (dSHP1/2) could act in a dominant negative fashion by preventing docking of the wild type proteins. When co-expressed with CARs we found that dSHP2 but not dSHP1 could alleviate immunosuppression mediated by PD1. We next explored the capacity of dSHP2 to bind with other inhibitory receptors and observed several potential interactions. In vivo we observed that the expression of PDL1 on tumor cells impaired the ability of CAR T cells to mediate tumor rejection and this effect was partially reversed by the co-expression of dSHP2 albeit at the cost of reduced CAR T cell proliferation. Modulation of SHP1 and SHP2 activity in engineered T cells through the expression of these truncated variants may enhance T cell activity and hence efficacy in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Taylor
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Bulek
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Gannon
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Robson
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Grothier
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Callum McKenzie
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Stavrou
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wen Chean Lim
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Vania Baldan
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mathieu Ferrari
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pule
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Thomas
- Research and Development, Autolus Ltd, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Voisinne G, Locard-Paulet M, Froment C, Maturin E, Menoita MG, Girard L, Mellado V, Burlet-Schiltz O, Malissen B, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Roncagalli R. Kinetic proofreading through the multi-step activation of the ZAP70 kinase underlies early T cell ligand discrimination. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1355-1364. [PMID: 36045187 PMCID: PMC9477740 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells recognize a few high-affinity antigens among a vast array of lower affinity antigens. According to the kinetic proofreading model, antigen discrimination properties could be explained by the gradual amplification of small differences in binding affinities as the signal is transduced downstream of the T cell receptor. Which early molecular events are affected by ligand affinity, and how, has not been fully resolved. Here, we used time-resolved high-throughput proteomic analyses to identify and quantify the phosphorylation events and protein-protein interactions encoding T cell ligand discrimination in antigen-experienced T cells. Although low-affinity ligands induced phosphorylation of the Cd3 chains of the T cell receptor and the interaction of Cd3 with the Zap70 kinase as strongly as high-affinity ligands, they failed to activate Zap70 to the same extent. As a result, formation of the signalosome of the Lat adaptor was severely impaired with low- compared with high-affinity ligands, whereas formation of the signalosome of the Cd6 receptor was affected only partially. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of molecular events associated with T cell ligand discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Locard-Paulet
- Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR, Toulouse, France
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carine Froment
- Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Maturin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Marisa Goncalves Menoita
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Valentin Mellado
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR, Toulouse, France.
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Cammann C, Israel N, Frentzel S, Jeron A, Topfstedt E, Schüler T, Simeoni L, Zenker M, Fehling HJ, Schraven B, Bruder D, Seifert U. T cell-specific constitutive active SHP2 enhances T cell memory formation and reduces T cell activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958616. [PMID: 35983034 PMCID: PMC9379337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR), a complex signaling network orchestrated by protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulates the transmission of the extracellular signal to the nucleus. The role of the PTPs Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1, Ptpn6) and Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2, Ptpn11) have been studied in various cell types including T cells. Whereas SHP1 acts as an essential negative regulator of the proximal steps in T cell signalling, the role of SHP2 in T cell activation is still a matter of debate. Here, we analyzed the role of the constitutively active SHP2-D61Y-mutant in T cell activation using knock-in mice expressing the mutant form Ptpn11D61Y in T cells. We observed reduced numbers of CD8+ and increased numbers of CD4+ T cells in the bone marrow and spleen of young and aged SHP2-D61Y-mutant mice as well as in Influenza A Virus (IAV)-infected mice compared to controls. In addition, we found elevated frequencies of effector memory CD8+ T cells and an upregulation of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-receptor on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Functional analysis of SHP2-D61Y-mutated T cells revealed an induction of late apoptosis/necrosis, a reduced proliferation and altered signaling upon TCR stimulation. However, the ability of D61Y-mutant mice to clear viral infection was not affected. In conclusion, our data indicate an important regulatory role of SHP2 in T cell function, where the effect is determined by the kinetics of SHP2 phosphatase activity and differs in the presence of the permanently active and the temporally regulated phosphatase. Due to interaction of SHP2 with the PD-1-receptor targeting the protein-tyrosine phosphatase might be a valuable tool to enhance T cell activities in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute for Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Israel
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute for Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Frentzel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Ottovon-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Ottovon-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eylin Topfstedt
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute for Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Luca Simeoni
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Ottovon-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute for Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ulrike Seifert,
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7
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Tang X, Qi C, Zhou H, Liu Y. Critical roles of PTPN family members regulated by non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:972906. [PMID: 35957898 PMCID: PMC9360549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic in vivo, the phosphorylation state of proteins is controlled by the opposing roles of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPs), both of which perform critical roles in signal transduction. Of these, intracellular non-receptor PTPs (PTPNs), which belong to the largest class I cysteine PTP family, are essential for the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including but not limited to hematopoiesis, inflammatory response, immune system, and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, a substantial amount of PTPNs have been identified to hold crucial roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and inhibitors of PTPNs have promising applications due to striking efficacy in antitumor therapy. Hence, the aim of this review is to summarize the role played by PTPNs, including PTPN1/PTP1B, PTPN2/TC-PTP, PTPN3/PTP-H1, PTPN4/PTPMEG, PTPN6/SHP-1, PTPN9/PTPMEG2, PTPN11/SHP-2, PTPN12/PTP-PEST, PTPN13/PTPL1, PTPN14/PEZ, PTPN18/PTP-HSCF, PTPN22/LYP, and PTPN23/HD-PTP, in human cancer and immunotherapy and to comprehensively describe the molecular pathways in which they are implicated. Given the specific roles of PTPNs, identifying potential regulators of PTPNs is significant for understanding the mechanisms of antitumor therapy. Consequently, this work also provides a review on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating PTPNs in tumorigenesis and progression, which may help us to find effective therapeutic agents for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Chumei Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dazhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
| | - Yongshuo Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
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8
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Uddin J, Tomar S, Sharma A, Waggoner L, Ganesan V, Marella S, Yang Y, Noah T, Vanoni S, Patterson A, Zeng C, Foster PS, Newberry R, Bishu S, Kao JY, Rosen MJ, Denson L, King PD, Hoebe K, Divanovic S, Munitz A, Hogan SP. PIR-B Regulates CD4 + IL17a + T-Cell Survival and Restricts T-Cell-Dependent Intestinal Inflammatory Responses. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1479-1502. [PMID: 34242819 PMCID: PMC8531983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD4+ T cells are regulated by activating and inhibitory cues, and dysregulation of these proper regulatory inputs predisposes these cells to aberrant inflammation and exacerbation of disease. We investigated the role of the inhibitory receptor paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B) in the regulation of the CD4+ T-cell inflammatory response and exacerbation of the colitic phenotype. METHODS We used Il10-/- spontaneous and CD4+CD45RBhi T-cell transfer models of colitis with PIR-B-deficient (Pirb-/-) mice. Flow cytometry, Western blot, and RNA sequencing analysis was performed on wild-type and Pirb-/- CD4+ T cells. In silico analyses were performed on RNA sequencing data set of ileal biopsy samples from pediatric CD and non-inflammatory bowel disease patients and sorted human memory CD4+ T cells. RESULTS We identified PIR-B expression on memory CD4+ interleukin (IL)17a+ cells. We show that PIR-B regulates CD4+ T-helper 17 cell (Th17)-dependent chronic intestinal inflammatory responses and the development of colitis. Mechanistically, we show that the PIR-B- Src-homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1/2 axis tempers mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-dependent caspase-3/7 apoptosis, resulting in CD4+ IL17a+ cell survival. In silico analyses showed enrichment of transcriptional signatures for Th17 cells (RORC, RORA, and IL17A) and tissue resident memory (HOBIT, IL7R, and BLIMP1) networks in PIR-B+ murine CD4+ T cells and human CD4+ T cells that express the human homologue leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3 (LILRB3). High levels of LILRB3 expression were associated strongly with mucosal injury and a proinflammatory Th17 signature, and this signature was restricted to a treatment-naïve, severe pediatric CD population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show an intrinsic role for PIR-B/LILRB3 in the regulation of CD4+ IL17a+ T-cell pathogenic memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazib Uddin
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Graduate Program in Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sunil Tomar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Varsha Ganesan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sahiti Marella
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yanfen Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Taeko Noah
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Chang Zeng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul S Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rodney Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Y Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lee Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, Ohio; Janssen, Inc, Janssen R@D, Discovery, Innate Immunology Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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9
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Zhang Y, Rajput A, Jin N, Wang J. Mechanisms of Immunosuppression in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123850. [PMID: 33419310 PMCID: PMC7766388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary More emerging studies are exploring immunotherapy for solid cancers, including colorectal cancer. Besides, checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -based immune cell therapy have being examined in clinical trials for colorectal cancer patients. However, immunosuppression that leads to the blockage of normal immunosurveillance often leads to cancer development and relapse. In this study, we systematically reviewed the mechanism of immunosuppression, specifically in colorectal cancer, from different perspectives, including the natural or induced immunosuppressive cells, cell surface protein, cytokines/chemokines, transcriptional factors, metabolic alteration, phosphatase, and tissue hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. We also discussed the progress of immunotherapies in clinical trials/studies for colorectal cancer and highlighted how different strategies for cancer therapy targeted the immunosuppression reviewed above. Our review provides some timely implications for restoring immunosurveillance to improve treatment efficacy in colorectal cancer (CRC). Abstract CRC is the third most diagnosed cancer in the US with the second-highest mortality rate. A multi-modality approach with surgery/chemotherapy is used in patients with early stages of colon cancer. Radiation therapy is added to the armamentarium in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. While some patients with metastatic CRC are cured, the majority remain incurable and receive palliative chemotherapy as the standard of care. Recently, immune checkpoint blockade has emerged as a promising treatment for many solid tumors, including CRC with microsatellite instability. However, it has not been effective for microsatellite stable CRC. Here, main mechanisms of immunosuppression in CRC will be discussed, aiming to provide some insights for restoring immunosurveillance to improve treatment efficacy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Ashwani Rajput
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, National Capital Region, Sibley Memorial Hospital, 5255 Loughboro Road NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Ning Jin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (J.W.); Tel.: +1-614-293-6529 (N.J.); +1-614-293-7733 (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (J.W.); Tel.: +1-614-293-6529 (N.J.); +1-614-293-7733 (J.W.)
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10
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The PD-1 expression balance between effector and regulatory T cells predicts the clinical efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapies. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1346-1358. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Niogret C, Birchmeier W, Guarda G. SHP-2 in Lymphocytes' Cytokine and Inhibitory Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2468. [PMID: 31708921 PMCID: PMC6823243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Somewhat counterintuitively, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 (SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2) is crucial for the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) downstream of various growth factor receptors, thereby exerting essential developmental functions. This phosphatase also deploys proto-oncogenic functions and specific inhibitors have recently been developed. With respect to the immune system, the role of SHP-2 in the signaling of cytokines relevant for myelopoiesis and myeloid malignancies has been intensively studied. The function of this phosphatase downstream of cytokines important for lymphocytes is less understood, though multiple lines of evidence suggest its importance. In addition, SHP-2 has been proposed to mediate the suppressive effects of inhibitory receptors (IRs) that sustain a dysfunctional state in anticancer T cells. Molecules involved in IR signaling are of potential pharmaceutical interest as blockade of these inhibitory circuits leads to remarkable clinical benefit. Here, we discuss the dichotomy in the functions ascribed to SHP-2 downstream of cytokine receptors and IRs, with a focus on T and NK lymphocytes. Further, we highlight the importance of broadening our understanding of SHP-2′s relevance in lymphocytes, an essential step to inform on side effects and unanticipated benefits of its therapeutic blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Guarda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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12
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Garg M, Wahid M, Khan F. Regulation of peripheral and central immunity: Understanding the role of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 & SHP-2. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151847. [PMID: 31561841 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a potent post-translational regulatory mechanism necessary for maintaining normal physiological functioning of immune cells and it is under the stringent control of antagonizing actions of Protein tyrosine phosphatases and kinases. Two such important Non-Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and SHP-2, have been found to be expressed in immune cells and reported to be key regulators of immune cell development, functions, and differentiation by modulating the duration and amplitude of the downstream cascade transduced via receptors. They also have been conceded as the immune checkpoints & therapeutic targets and hence, it is important to understand their significance intricately. This review compares the roles of these two important cytoplasmic PTPs, SHP1 & SHP-2 in the regulation of peripheral as well as central immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India.
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India.
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13
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Rota G, Niogret C, Dang AT, Barros CR, Fonta NP, Alfei F, Morgado L, Zehn D, Birchmeier W, Vivier E, Guarda G. Shp-2 Is Dispensable for Establishing T Cell Exhaustion and for PD-1 Signaling In Vivo. Cell Rep 2019; 23:39-49. [PMID: 29617671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic infection and cancer, T cells acquire a dysfunctional state characterized by the expression of inhibitory receptors. In vitro studies implicated the phosphatase Shp-2 downstream of these receptors, including PD-1. However, whether Shp-2 is responsible in vivo for such dysfunctional responses remains elusive. To address this, we generated T cell-specific Shp-2-deficient mice. These mice did not show differences in controlling chronic viral infections. In this context, Shp-2-deleted CD8+ T lymphocytes expanded moderately better but were less polyfunctional than control cells. Mice with Shp-2-deficient T cells also showed no significant improvement in controlling immunogenic tumors and responded similarly to controls to α-PD-1 treatment. We therefore showed that Shp-2 is dispensable in T cells for globally establishing exhaustion and for PD-1 signaling in vivo. These results reveal the existence of redundant mechanisms downstream of inhibitory receptors and represent the foundation for defining these relevant molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anh Thu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Pierre Fonta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonor Morgado
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France; Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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14
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Ogando J, Sáez ME, Santos J, Nuevo-Tapioles C, Gut M, Esteve-Codina A, Heath S, González-Pérez A, Cuezva JM, Lacalle RA, Mañes S. PD-1 signaling affects cristae morphology and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in human CD8 + T lymphocytes. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:151. [PMID: 31196176 PMCID: PMC6567413 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor to its ligands (PD-L1/2) transduces inhibitory signals that promote exhaustion of activated T cells. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway is widely used for cancer treatment, yet the inhibitory signals transduced by PD-1 in T cells remain elusive. METHODS Expression profiles of human CD8+ T cells in resting, activated (CD3 + CD28) and PD-1-stimulated cells (CD3 + CD28 + PD-L1-Fc) conditions were evaluated by RNA-seq. Bioinformatic analyses were used to identify signaling pathways differentially regulated in PD-1-stimulated cells. Metabolic analyses were performed with SeaHorse technology, and mitochondrial ultrastructure was determined by transmission electron microscopy. PD-1-regulated mitochondrial genes were silenced using short-hairpin RNA in primary cells. Blue native gel electrophoresis was used to determine respiratory supercomplex assembly. RESULTS PD-1 engagement in human CD8+ T cells triggers a specific, progressive genetic program different from that found in resting cells. Gene ontology identified metabolic processes, including glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as the main pathways targeted by PD-1. We observed severe functional and structural alterations in the mitochondria of PD-1-stimulated cells, including a reduction in the number and length of mitochondrial cristae. These cristae alterations were associated with reduced expression of CHCHD3 and CHCHD10, two proteins that form part of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS). Although PD-1-stimulated cells showed severe cristae alterations, assembly of respiratory supercomplexes was unexpectedly greater in these cells than in activated T cells. CHCHD3 silencing in primary CD8+ T cells recapitulated some effects induced by PD-1 stimulation, including reduced mitochondrial polarization and interferon-γ production following T cell activation with anti-CD3 and -CD28 activating antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mitochondria are the main targets of PD-1 inhibitory activity. PD-1 reprograms CD8+ T cell metabolism for efficient use of fatty acid oxidation; this mitochondrial phenotype might explain the long-lived phenotype of PD-1-engaged T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ogando
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Santos
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuevo-Tapioles
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona and Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona and Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Heath
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona and Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José M Cuezva
- Centro de Biología Molecular-Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Lacalle
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Niogret C, Miah SMS, Rota G, Fonta NP, Wang H, Held W, Birchmeier W, Sexl V, Yang W, Vivier E, Ho PC, Brossay L, Guarda G. Shp-2 is critical for ERK and metabolic engagement downstream of IL-15 receptor in NK cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1444. [PMID: 30926899 PMCID: PMC6441079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase Shp-2 was implicated in NK cell development and functions due to its interaction with NK inhibitory receptors, but its exact role in NK cells is still unclear. Here we show, using mice conditionally deficient for Shp-2 in the NK lineage, that NK cell development and responsiveness are largely unaffected. Instead, we find that Shp-2 serves mainly to enforce NK cell responses to activation by IL-15 and IL-2. Shp-2-deficient NK cells have reduced proliferation and survival when treated with high dose IL-15 or IL-2. Mechanistically, Shp-2 deficiency hampers acute IL-15 stimulation-induced raise in glycolytic and respiration rates, and causes a dramatic defect in ERK activation. Moreover, inhibition of the ERK and mTOR cascades largely phenocopies the defect observed in the absence of Shp-2. Together, our data reveal a critical function of Shp-2 as a molecular nexus bridging acute IL-15 signaling with downstream metabolic burst and NK cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - S M Shahjahan Miah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas P Fonta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronica Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385, Marseille, France.,Innate Pharma Research Labs., Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13276, Marseille, France
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland. .,Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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16
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Pike KA, Tremblay ML. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Regulators of CD4 T Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2504. [PMID: 30429852 PMCID: PMC6220082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play a critical role in co-ordinating the signaling networks that maintain lymphocyte homeostasis and direct lymphocyte activation. By dephosphorylating tyrosine residues, PTPs have been shown to modulate enzyme activity and both mediate and disrupt protein-protein interactions. Through these molecular mechanisms, PTPs ultimately impact lymphocyte responses to environmental cues such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as antigenic stimulation. Mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation have been shown to be exacerbated in the absence of PTPs such as PTPN2 and PTPN22. This increase in disease severity is due in part to hyper-activation of lymphocytes in the absence of PTP activity. In accordance, human PTPs have been linked to intestinal inflammation. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified several PTPs within risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therapeutically targeting PTP substrates and their associated signaling pathways, such as those implicated in CD4+ T cell responses, has demonstrated clinical efficacy. The current review focuses on the role of PTPs in controlling CD4+ T cell activity in the intestinal mucosa and how disruption of PTP activity in CD4+ T cells can contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Pike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Inception Sciences Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Liu W, Guo W, Shen L, Chen Z, Luo Q, Luo X, Feng G, Shu Y, Gu Y, Xu Q, Sun Y. T lymphocyte SHP2-deficiency triggers anti-tumor immunity to inhibit colitis-associated cancer in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7586-7597. [PMID: 27935860 PMCID: PMC5352345 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonresolving inflammation is involved in the initiation and progression process of tumorigenesis. Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is known to inhibit acute inflammation but its role in chronic inflammation-associated cancer remains unclear. The role of SHP2 in T cells in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and azoxymethane-DSS-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis was examined using SHP2CD4−/− conditional knockout mice. SHP2 deficiency in T cells aggravated colitis with increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-17A. In contrast, the SHP2CD4−/− mice developed much fewer and smaller tumors than wild type mice with higher level of IFN-γ and enhanced cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor and peritumoral areas. At the molecular level, STAT1 was hyper-phosphorylated in T cells lacking SHP2, which may account for the increased Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ secretion. IFN-γ neutralization or IFN-γ receptor knockout but not IL-17A neutralization, abrogated the anti-tumor effect of SHP2 knockout with lowered levels of perforin 1, FasL and granzyme B. Finally, the expression of granzyme B was negatively correlated with the malignancy of colon cancer in human patients. In conclusion, these findings suggest a new strategy to treat colitis-associated cancer via targeting SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - GenSheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yanhong Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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18
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Okoye I, Namdar A, Xu L, Crux N, Elahi S. Atorvastatin downregulates co-inhibitory receptor expression by targeting Ras-activated mTOR signalling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98215-98232. [PMID: 29228684 PMCID: PMC5716724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T cell function in the steady state is mediated by co-inhibitory receptors or immune checkpoints such as PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3 and LAG-3. Persistent antigen stimulation, during chronic viral infections and cancer, results in sustained expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors and subsequently poor effector T cell function. Immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies against PD-1, PDL-1 and CTLA-4 has been implemented as an immunotherapy strategy- resulting in restoration of T cell function and reduction of viral load or tumour growth. Immunomodulatory roles of commonly used cholesterol-lowering medications, atorvastatin and other statins, are widely documented. We have previously shown that atorvastatin can inhibit HIV-1 infection and replication. Here, for the very first time we discovered that atorvastatin also regulates activated T cell function by mediating downregulation of multiple co-inhibitory receptors, which corresponded with increased IL-2 production by stimulated T cells. In addition, we found that atorvastatin treatment reduces expression of mTOR and downstream T cell effector genes. We demonstrate a novel mechanism showing that atorvastatin inhibition of Ras-activated MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways, and subsequent mTOR signalling promotes gross downregulation of co-inhibitory receptors. Thus, our results suggest that statins may hold particular promise in reinvigorating T cell function in chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Okoye
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Lai Xu
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Nicole Crux
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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19
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Betapudi V, Shukla M, Alluri R, Merkulov S, McCrae KR. Novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis. FASEB J 2016; 30:3515-3526. [PMID: 27402674 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKa) induces endothelial apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis and have suggested that this occurs through inhibition of Src family kinases. This study assessed the role of tyrosine-protein kinase Lck (p56/Lck) in this pathway. We analyzed early events leading to apoptosis of human endothelial cells exposed to HKa. The role of p56/Lck was investigated using short interfering (si) RNA knockdown and lentivirus expression in assays of endothelial tube formation, sprouting of neovessels from murine aorta, and angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs. HKa stimulated expression and phosphorylation of p56/Lck. siRNA knockdown of p56/Lck promoted endothelial proliferation and blocked HKa-induced apoptosis and activation of p53, Bax, and Bak. Lentivirus expression of p56/Lck in endothelial cells induced apoptosis and blocked tube formation. Expression of p56/Lck in murine aortic rings blocked sprouting angiogenesis. Lentivirus expressing p56/Lck blocked angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs, while p56/Lck short hairpin RNA inhibited the antiangiogenic effect of HKa. Scrambled siRNAs and empty lentiviral vectors were used in all experiments. Apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells and inhibition of angiogenesis by HKa requires p56/Lck. This suggests a novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis.-Betapudi, V., Shukla, M., Alluri, R., Merkulov, S., McCrae, K. R. Novel role for p56/Lck in regulation of endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkaiah Betapudi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and
| | - Meenal Shukla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ravi Alluri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sergei Merkulov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith R McCrae
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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20
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Xia LX, Hua W, Jin Y, Tian BP, Qiu ZW, Zhang C, Che LQ, Zhou HB, Wu YF, Huang HQ, Lan F, Ke YH, Lee JJ, Li W, Ying SM, Chen ZH, Shen HH. Eosinophil differentiation in the bone marrow is promoted by protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2175. [PMID: 27054330 PMCID: PMC4855658 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SHP2 participates in multiple signaling events by mediating T-cell development and function, and regulates cytokine-dependent granulopoiesis. To explore whether and how SHP2 can regulate bone-marrow eosinophil differentiation, we investigate the contribution of SHP2 in the bone-marrow eosinophil development in allergic mice. Blockade of SHP2 function by SHP2 inhibitor PHPS-1 or conditional shp2 knockdown by adenovirus-inhibited bone-marrow-derived eosinophil differentiation in vitro, with no detectable effects on the apoptosis of eosinophils. Furthermore, SHP2 induced eosinophil differentiation via regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Myeloid shp2 conditional knockout mice (LysMcreshp2flox/flox) failed to induce eosinophilia as well as airway hyper-responsiveness. The SHP2 inhibitor PHPS-1 also alleviated eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness, accompanied by significantly reduced levels of systemic eosinophils and eosinophil lineage-committed progenitors in allergic mice. We demonstrate that inhibition of eosinophil development is SHP2-dependent and SHP2 is sufficient to promote eosinophil formation in vivo. Our data reveal SHP2 as a critical regulator of eosinophil differentiation, and inhibition of SHP2 specifically in myeloid cells alleviates allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-x Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - W Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - B-p Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Z-w Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - L-q Che
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - H-b Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Y-f Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - H-q Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - F Lan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Y-h Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - J J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Hematology and Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale 85259, Arizona
| | - W Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - S-m Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Z-h Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - H-h Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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21
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SHP2 sails from physiology to pathology. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:509-25. [PMID: 26341048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the two past decades, mutations of the PTPN11 gene, encoding the ubiquitous protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2), have been identified as the causal factor of several developmental diseases (Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML), and metachondromatosis), and malignancies (juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia). SHP2 plays essential physiological functions in organism development and homeostasis maintenance by regulating fundamental intracellular signaling pathways in response to a wide range of growth factors and hormones, notably the pleiotropic Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Analysis of the biochemical impacts of PTPN11 mutations first identified both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, as well as more subtle defects, highlighting the major pathophysiological consequences of SHP2 dysregulation. Then, functional genetic studies provided insights into the molecular dysregulations that link SHP2 mutants to the development of specific traits of the diseases, paving the way for the design of specific therapies for affected patients. In this review, we first provide an overview of SHP2's structure and regulation, then describe its molecular roles, notably its functions in modulating the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and its physiological roles in organism development and homeostasis. In the second part, we describe the different PTPN11 mutation-associated pathologies and their clinical manifestations, with particular focus on the biochemical and signaling outcomes of NS and NS-ML-associated mutations, and on the recent advances regarding the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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22
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Kanwal Z, Wiegertjes GF, Veneman WJ, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Comparative studies of Toll-like receptor signalling using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:35-52. [PMID: 24560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish model systems for infectious disease are increasingly used for the functional analysis of molecular pattern recognition processes. These studies benefit from the high conservation level of all innate immune factors in vertebrates. Zebrafish studies are strategically well positioned for this because of the ease of comparisons with studies in other fish species of which the immune system also has been intensively studied, but that are currently still less amendable to detailed genetic or microscopic studies. In this paper we focus on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling factors, which currently are the best characterized in mammalian systems. We review the knowledge on TLR signalling in the context of recent advances in zebrafish studies and discuss possibilities for future approaches that can complement studies in cell cultures and rodent models. A focus in these comparisons is the role of negative control mechanisms in immune responses that appear very important in a whole organism to keep adverse systemic responses in check. We also pay much attention to comparisons with studies in common carp that is highly related to zebrafish and that because of its large body mass can complement immune studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Veneman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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23
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The phosphatase JKAP/DUSP22 inhibits T-cell receptor signalling and autoimmunity by inactivating Lck. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3618. [PMID: 24714587 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
JNK pathway-associated phosphatase (JKAP, also known as DUSP22 or JSP-1) is a JNK activator. The in vivo role of JKAP in immune regulation remains unclear. Here we report that JKAP directly inactivates Lck by dephosphorylating tyrosine-394 residue during T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling. JKAP-knockout T cells display enhanced cell proliferation and cytokine production. JKAP-knockout mice show enhanced T-cell-mediated immune responses and are more susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, the recipient mice that are adoptively transferred with JKAP-knockout T cells show exacerbated EAE symptoms. Aged JKAP-knockout mice spontaneously develop inflammation and autoimmunity. Thus, our results indicate that JKAP is an important phosphatase that inactivates Lck in the TCR signalling turn-off stage, leading to suppression of T-cell-mediated immunity and autoimmunity.
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24
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Loss of SHP-2 activity in CD4+ T cells promotes melanoma progression and metastasis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2845. [PMID: 24088816 PMCID: PMC3789150 DOI: 10.1038/srep02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) has been reported to have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing roles in tumorigenesis. However, the role of SHP-2 in tumor immunity remains unclear. Here we observed progressively lower levels of phosphorylated SHP-2 in tumor-associated CD4+ T cells during melanoma development in a murine model. Similarly, the levels of phosphorylated SHP-2 in the CD4+ T cells of human melanoma specimens revealed a decrease paralleling cancer development. The CD4+ T cell-specific deletion of SHP-2 promoted melanoma metastasis in mice. Furthermore, SHP-2 deficiency in CD4+ T cells resulted in the increased release of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, and the enhanced accumulation of tumor-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor-bearing mice. An IL-6-neutralizing antibody reduced MDSC accumulation and inhibited tumor growth in CD4+ T-cell-specific SHP-2-knockout mice. Our results suggest that SHP-2 in CD4+ T cells plays an important role in preventing melanoma progression and metastasis.
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25
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Qin XJ, Zhang GS, Zhang X, Qiu ZW, Wang PL, Li YW, Li W, Xie QM, Ke YH, Lee JJ, Shen HH. Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 regulates TGF-β1 production in airway epithelia and asthmatic airway remodeling in mice. Allergy 2012; 67:1547-56. [PMID: 23057634 DOI: 10.1111/all.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 produced in airway epithelia has been suggested as a contributor to the airway remodeling observed in asthma patients. The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a demonstrable modulator of TGF-β1 production and thus a potential regulator of airway remodeling. OBJECTIVES To define the signal event by which SHP2 regulates asthmatic responses in airway epithelial cells by using a mouse model of experimental OVA-induced airway remodeling. METHODS The airways of Shp2(flox/flox) mice were infected with recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing a Cre recombinase-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein as part of allergen provocation studies using mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and repeatedly challenged with OVA. Several endpoint pathologies were assessed, including airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), lung inflammatory score, peribronchial collagen deposition, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) hyperplasia. In vitro studies using airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were used to investigate the role of SHP2 in the regulation of pulmonary remodeling events, including the expression of collagen, α-SMA, and TGF-β1. RESULTS Chronic OVA challenges in wild-type mice resulted in airway remodeling and lung dysfunction (e.g., increased inflammatory scores, collagen deposition (fibrosis), smooth muscle hyperplasia, and a significant increase in AHR). These endpoint pathology metrics were each significantly attenuated by conditional shp2 gene knockdown in airway epithelia. In vitro studies using BEAS-2B cells also demonstrated that the level of TGF-β1 production by these cells correlated with the extent of shp2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS SHP2 activities in airway epithelial cells appear to modulate TGF-β1 production and, in turn, regulate allergic airway remodeling following allergen provocation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Our findings identify SHP2 as a previously underappreciated contributor to the airway remodeling and lung dysfunction associated with allergen challenge. As such, SHP2 represents a potentially novel therapeutic target for the treatment of asthmatics. CAPSULE SUMMARY Airway epithelial protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 appears to modulate TGF-β1 activities as part of one or more cellular pathways leading to regulating the airway remodeling and lung dysfunction occurring in mouse models of allergic respiratory inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.-J. Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - G.-S. Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; Program in Molecular Cell Biology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - Z.-W. Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - P.-L. Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - Y.-W. Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; Program in Molecular Cell Biology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - W. Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; Second Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - Q.-M. Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of SFDA of China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - Y.-H. Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology; Program in Molecular Cell Biology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou; China
| | - J. J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale; AZ; USA
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26
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Rhee I, Veillette A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:439-47. [PMID: 22513334 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation must be tightly regulated to ensure sufficient immunity to pathogens and prevent autoimmunity. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) serve critical roles in this regulation by controlling the functions of key receptors and intracellular signaling molecules in lymphocytes. In some cases, PTPs inhibit lymphocyte activation, whereas in others they promote it. Here we discuss recent progress in elucidating the roles and mechanisms of action of PTPs in lymphocyte activation. We also review the accumulating evidence that genetic alterations in PTPs are involved in human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmoo Rhee
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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27
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Liu X, Qu CK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 (PTPN11) in Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:195239. [PMID: 21799948 PMCID: PMC3135119 DOI: 10.1155/2011/195239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SHP-2 (PTPN11), a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase, is critical for hematopoietic cell development and function owing to its essential role in growth factor/cytokine signaling. More importantly, germline and somatic mutations in this phosphatase are associated with Noonan syndrome, Leopard syndrome, and childhood hematologic malignancies. The molecular mechanisms by which SHP-2 mutations induce these diseases are not fully understood, as the biochemical bases of SHP-2 functions still remain elusive. Further understanding SHP-2 signaling activities and identification of its interacting proteins/substrates will shed light on the pathogenesis of PTPN11-associated hematologic malignancies, which, in turn, may lead to novel therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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28
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Neumann K, Oellerich T, Heine I, Urlaub H, Engelke M. Fc gamma receptor IIb modulates the molecular Grb2 interaction network in activated B cells. Cell Signal 2011; 23:893-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins play a critical role for many T-cell functions. The opposing actions of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) determine the level of tyrosine phosphorylation at any time. It is well accepted that PTKs are essential during T-cell signaling; however, the role and importance of PTPs are much less known and appreciated. Both transmembrane and cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatases have been identified in T cells and shown to regulate T-cell responses. This review focuses on the roles of the two cytoplasmic PTPs, the Src-homology 2 domain (SH2)-containing SHP-1 and SHP-2, in T-cell signaling, development, differentiation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and The Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA.
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30
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Salmond RJ, McNeill L, Holmes N, Alexander DR. CD4+ T cell hyper-responsiveness in CD45 transgenic mice is independent of isoform. Int Immunol 2008; 20:819-27. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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31
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Stoker AW. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: functional inferences from mouse models and human diseases. FEBS J 2008; 275:816-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Hoff H, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 regulates differentiation and apoptosis of individual primary T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1072-86. [PMID: 17330819 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although phosphatases are key players of intracellular processes, not much is known about the phosphatase SHP-2 during T cell differentiation. Here we show that ectopic over-expression of SHP-2 in primary T helper cells directly reduced the frequency of individual lymphocytes expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines after antigen-specific stimulation by a mechanism impairing activation of protein kinase C. In addition we demonstrate that SHP-2 mediates enhanced migration upon CXCR4 signaling in a G-protein-dependent manner. Most strikingly, SHP-2 mediated a dramatic increase in apoptosis by highly enhanced activation of caspases. Co-immunoprecipitations of SHP-2 and c-Cbl from primary T helper cells demonstrated that SHP-2 strongly interacts with the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl, indicating that c-Cbl could mediate the negative signals of SHP-2. Our results show that SHP-2 signal transduction regulates central checkpoints of T cell differentiation by the activation of distinct signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hoff
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Tyrosyl phosphorylation plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways regulating innate and acquired immunity. Although tyrosyl phosphorylation is a reversible process, we know much more about the functions of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) than about protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a large and diverse superfamily of PTPs, which can be subdivided into receptor-like (RPTPs) and nonreceptor (NRPTPs). The role of the RPTP CD45 in immune cell signaling is well known, but those of most other PTPs remain poorly understood. Here, we review the mechanism of action, regulation, and physiological functions of NRPTPs in immune cell signaling. Such an analysis indicates that PTPs are as important as PTKs in regulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily I Pao
- Cancer Biology Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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34
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Li QJ, Chau J, Ebert PJR, Sylvester G, Min H, Liu G, Braich R, Manoharan M, Soutschek J, Skare P, Klein LO, Davis MM, Chen CZ. miR-181a is an intrinsic modulator of T cell sensitivity and selection. Cell 2007; 129:147-61. [PMID: 17382377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 913] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell sensitivity to antigen is intrinsically regulated during maturation to ensure proper development of immunity and tolerance, but how this is accomplished remains elusive. Here we show that increasing miR-181a expression in mature T cells augments the sensitivity to peptide antigens, while inhibiting miR-181a expression in the immature T cells reduces sensitivity and impairs both positive and negative selection. Moreover, quantitative regulation of T cell sensitivity by miR-181a enables mature T cells to recognize antagonists-the inhibitory peptide antigens-as agonists. These effects are in part achieved by the downregulation of multiple phosphatases, which leads to elevated steady-state levels of phosphorylated intermediates and a reduction of the T cell receptor signaling threshold. Importantly, higher miR-181a expression correlates with greater T cell sensitivity in immature T cells, suggesting that miR-181a acts as an intrinsic antigen sensitivity "rheostat" during T cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytochromes c/chemistry
- Cytochromes c/immunology
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Moths
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Peptides/immunology
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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35
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Salmond RJ, Alexander DR. SHP2 forecast for the immune system: fog gradually clearing. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:154-60. [PMID: 16458607 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (also referred to as SHP-2) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and has been shown to be essential for embryonic development, haematopoiesis and signalling downstream of a variety of growth factors. Dysregulation of SHP2 function or expression has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases involving haematopoietic cell lineages. New findings also demonstrate the involvement of SHP2 in the regulation of immune responses through its effects on cytokine and inhibitory receptor signalling pathways, and novel transgenic models are providing valuable insights into the role of SHP2 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Salmond
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK, CB2 4AT.
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