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Napolitano F, Giudice V, Selleri C, Montuori N. Plasminogen System in the Pathophysiology of Sepsis: Upcoming Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12376. [PMID: 37569751 PMCID: PMC10418678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hemostatic disturbances and impaired fibrinolysis occur in sepsis. In the most serious cases, the dysregulation of fibrinolysis contributes to septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and death. Therefore, an analysis of circulating concentrations of pro- and anti-fibrinolytic mediators could be a winning strategy in both the diagnosis and the treatment of sepsis. However, the optimal cutoff value, the timing of the measurements, and their combination with coagulation indicators should be further investigated. The purpose of this review is to summarize all relevant publications regarding the role of the main components of the plasminogen activation system (PAS) in the pathophysiology of sepsis. In addition, the clinical value of PAS-associated biomarkers in the diagnosis and the outcomes of patients with septic syndrome will be explored. In particular, experimental and clinical trials performed in emergency departments highlight the validity of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a predictive and prognostic biomarker in patients with sepsis. The measurements of PAI-I may also be useful, as its increase is an early manifestation of sepsis and may precede the development of thrombocytopenia. The upcoming years will undoubtedly see progress in the use of PAS-associated laboratory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy
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2
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Ma Y, Kemp SS, Yang X, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Cellular mechanisms underlying the impairment of macrophage efferocytosis. Immunol Lett 2023; 254:41-53. [PMID: 36740099 PMCID: PMC9992097 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phagocytosis and clearance of dying cells by macrophages, a process termed efferocytosis, is essential for both maintaining homeostasis and promoting tissue repair after infection or sterile injury. If not removed in a timely manner, uncleared cells can undergo secondary necrosis, and necrotic cells lose membrane integrity, release toxic intracellular components, and potentially induce inflammation or autoimmune diseases. Efferocytosis also initiates the repair process by producing a wide range of pro-reparative factors. Accumulating evidence has revealed that macrophage efferocytosis defects are involved in the development and progression of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The underlying mechanisms of efferocytosis impairment are complex, disease-dependent, and incompletely understood. In this review, we will first summarize the current knowledge about the normal signaling and metabolic processes of macrophage efferocytosis and its importance in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair. We then will focus on analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying efferocytotic abnormality (impairment) in disease or injury conditions. Next, we will discuss the potential molecular targets for enhanced efferocytosis in animal models of disease. To provide a balanced view, we will also discuss some deleterious effects of efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Scott S Kemp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mack H Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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3
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Afroz R, Kumarapperuma H, Nguyen QVN, Mohamed R, Little PJ, Kamato D. Lipopolysaccharide acting via toll-like receptor 4 transactivates the TGF-β receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:121. [PMID: 35122536 PMCID: PMC8817999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen‑associated molecular patterns, which allow the detection of microbial infection by host cells. Bacterial-derived toxin lipopolysaccharide activates TLR4 and leads to the activation of the Smad2 transcription factor. The phosphorylation of the Smad2 transcription factor is the result of the activation of the transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Therefore, we sought to investigate LPS via TLR4-mediated Smad2 carboxy terminal phosphorylation dependent on the transactivation of the TGFBR1. The in vitro model used human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells to assess the implications of TLR4 transactivation of the TGFBR1 in vascular pathophysiology. We show that LPS-mediated Smad2 carboxy terminal phosphorylation is inhibited in the presence of TGFBR1 inhibitor, SB431542. Treatment with MyD88 and TRIF pathway antagonists does not affect LPS-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 carboxy terminal; however, LPS-mediated Smad2 phosphorylation was inhibited in the presence of MMP inhibitor, GM6001, and unaffected in the presence of ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or ROS/NOX inhibitor DPI. LPS via transactivation of the TGFBR1 stimulates PAI-1 mRNA expression. TLRs are first in line to respond to exogenous invading substances and endogenous molecules; our findings characterise a novel signalling pathway in the context of cell biology. Identifying TLR transactivation of the TGFBR1 may provide future insight into the detrimental implications of pathogens in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Quang V N Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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4
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Kim SJ, Hwangbo Y, Park CK. Modulation of the inflammatory environment by spermatozoa through regulation of transforming growth factor beta in porcine uterine epithelial cells. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100484. [PMID: 33601292 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the changes in the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), plasminogen activators (PAs), and interleukin (IL) caused by sperm, as well as the regulatory mechanism of PA activity through TGF-β, in porcine uterine epithelial cells. The cells were isolated from the uterine horn of pig and co-incubated with Percoll-separated boar sperm (45% or 90%), or TGF-β for 24 h. The mRNA expression of TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, 2 and 3) and their receptors (TGF-β R1 and R2), PAs (urokinase-type, uPA; tissue-type, tPA; uPA receptor, uPAR; type 1 PA inhibitor, PAI-1), IL-6 and IL-8 was analyzed using real-time PCR. Supernatant was used to measure PA activity. Co-incubation with sperm from the 90% Percoll layer increased TGF-β1 mRNA, whereas TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 were decreased (P < 0.05). However, both TGF-βRs were not changed by the presence of the spermatozoa. Expression of tPA, PAI-1, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA was down-regulated by 90% Percoll-separated sperm (P < 0.05), and sperm from 45% Percoll increased uPA expression (P < 0.05). TGF-β decreased tPA and IL-8 mRNA expression, and increased uPAR and PAI-1 mRNA (P < 0.05). The suppressive effect of TGF-β on PA activity was blocked by Smad2/3 and JNK1/2 signaling inhibitors (P < 0.05). In conclusion, sperm separated in 90% in porcine uterus could suppressed inflammation via modulation of TGF-β and down-regulation of PAs and ILs. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism of inflammation by sperm in the porcine uterus could be associated with interactions between numerous cytokines including TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwangbo
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Keun Park
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Kwak SY, Park S, Kim H, Lee SJ, Jang WS, Kim MJ, Lee S, Jang WI, Kim AR, Kim EH, Shim S, Jang H. Atorvastatin Inhibits Endothelial PAI-1-Mediated Monocyte Migration and Alleviates Radiation-Induced Enteropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041828. [PMID: 33673196 PMCID: PMC7917640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal injury is observed in cancer patients after radiotherapy and in individuals exposed to radiation after a nuclear accident. Radiation disrupts normal vascular homeostasis in the gastrointestinal system by inducing endothelial damage and senescence. Despite advances in medical technology, the toxicity of radiation to healthy tissue remains an issue. To address this issue, we investigated the effect of atorvastatin, a commonly prescribed hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, on radiation-induced enteropathy and inflammatory responses. We selected atorvastatin based on its pleiotropic anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. We found that atorvastatin mitigated radiation-induced endothelial damage by regulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mouse model. PAI-1 secreted by HUVECs contributed to endothelial dysfunction and trans-endothelial monocyte migration after radiation exposure. We observed that PAI-1 production and secretion was inhibited by atorvastatin in irradiated HUVECs and radiation-induced enteropathy mouse model. More specifically, atorvastatin inhibited PAI-1 production following radiation through the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Together, our findings suggest that atorvastatin alleviates radiation-induced enteropathy and supports the investigation of atorvastatin as a radio-mitigator in patients receiving radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sehwan Shim
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-3399-5873 (S.S.); +82-2-970-1302 (H.J.)
| | - Hyosun Jang
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-3399-5873 (S.S.); +82-2-970-1302 (H.J.)
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6
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Yang P, Gao R, Zhou W, Han A. Protective impacts of circular RNA VMA21 on lipopolysaccharide-engendered WI-38 cells injury via mediating microRNA-142-3p. Biofactors 2020; 46:381-390. [PMID: 31793712 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CircRNA derived from vacuolar ATPase assembly factor (circVMA21) is a newly-researched circRNA, which is reported to adjust the degeneration of intervertebral disc. But, function of circVMA21 in infantile pneumonia is yet to be explored. The research surveyed the role of circVMA21 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-caused WI-38 cell inflammatory injury. LPS (10 μg/ml, 12 hr) was exploited to arouse WI-38 cell inflammatory injury. Subsequently, the mediatory impacts of microRNA (miR)-142-3p and circVMA21 in LPS-evoked cell injury were detected after transfection with the inhibited or overexpressed vectors. In above processes, cell behaviors of cell viability, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory factors were monitored. NF-κB and JNK pathways were elucidated to showcase the feasible molecular mechanisms. Results displayed that LPS engendered WI-38 cell inflammatory injury was alleviated as well as activated NF-κB and JNK pathways was interdicted by miR-142-3p suppression. Importantly, restrained miR-142-3p expression was discovered in WI-38 cells after overexpressing circVMA21. Moreover, overexpressed circVMA21 exerted the similar functions as miR-142-3p suppression in LPS-triggered WI-38 cell injury. But, the influence was clearly reversed by miR-142-3p overexpression. Hindered NF-κB and JNK pathways caused by overexpressed circVMA21 was also crippled by miR-142-3p overexpression. The research discolsed that circVMA21 protected WI-38 cells to resist LPS-triggered inflammatory injury via miR-142-3p-NF-κB/JNK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Wenwen Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Anbang Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
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7
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The Basic Science and Molecular Mechanisms of Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2019; 56:1-25. [PMID: 29227309 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Zimmermann KK, Spassov SG, Strosing KM, Ihle PM, Engelstaedter H, Hoetzel A, Faller S. Hydrogen Sulfide Exerts Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects in Acute Lung Injury. Inflammation 2018; 41:249-259. [PMID: 29098482 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by septic stimuli is still a major problem in critical care patients. We have shown previously that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mediates anti-inflammatory and lung protective effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6N mice were instilled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intranasally in the absence or presence of inhaled H2S for 6 h. LPS instillation led to alveolar wall thickening, an elevated ALI score, increased neutrophil transmigration, and elevated interleukin-1β cytokine release into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In contrast, H2S inhalation prevented lung injury and inflammation despite LPS treatment. Moreover, H2S inhalation significantly inhibited protein expression of cystathionine-β-synthetase, heat shock protein 70, phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase, NADPH oxidase 2, and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-challenged animals. In conclusion, H2S prevents LPS-induced ALI by inhibition of pro-inflammatory and oxidative responses via the concerted attenuation of stress protein, MAP kinase, and ROS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia K Zimmermann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sashko G Spassov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karl M Strosing
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul M Ihle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helen Engelstaedter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoetzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Faller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Lee KL, Chen WL, Chen RJ, Lai KS, Chung CL. Lipoteichoic acid upregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in parapneumonic effusions. Respirology 2017; 23:89-95. [PMID: 28836366 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Parapneumonic effusion (PPE) is commonly caused by Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and often presents with pleural loculation, which is characterized by overproduction of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a surface adhesion molecule of GPB, binds to the pleural mesothelium and triggers inflammation. However, the effects of LTA on PAI-1 expression in PPE and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Thirty consecutive patients with PPE were enrolled, including uncomplicated culture negative (CN, n = 11), Gram-negative bacteria (GNB, n = 7) and GPB (n = 12) groups stratified by pleural fluid characteristics and bacteriology, and the effusion PAI-1 levels were measured. In addition, human pleural mesothelial cells (PMC) were treated with LTA and the expression of PAI-1 and activation of signalling pathways were assayed. RESULTS The median levels of PAI-1 were significantly higher in GPB (160.5 ng/mL) and GNB (117.0 ng/mL) groups than in the uncomplicated CN (58.0 ng/mL) group. In human PMC, LTA markedly upregulated PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression and enhanced elaboration of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Furthermore, LTA increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, induced activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)/c-Jun nuclear translocation and activated PAI-1 promoter activity. Pretreatment with TLR2 siRNA significantly inhibited LTA-induced JNK phosphorylation and PAI-1 protein expression. CONCLUSION Culture-positive PPE, especially that caused by GPB, has a significantly higher level of PAI-1 than uncomplicated CN PPE. LTA upregulates PAI-1 expression through activation of TLR2/JNK/activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathway in human PMC. Better understanding of the modulation of PAI-1 synthesis by LTA in PPE may provide potential therapies for infected pleural effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ling Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kevin S Lai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Chung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Khan MA, Farahvash A, Douda DN, Licht JC, Grasemann H, Sweezey N, Palaniyar N. JNK Activation Turns on LPS- and Gram-Negative Bacteria-Induced NADPH Oxidase-Dependent Suicidal NETosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3409. [PMID: 28611461 PMCID: PMC5469795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils cast neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to ensnare microbial pathogens. Nevertheless, the molecular rheostats that regulate NETosis in response to bacteria are not clearly established. We hypothesized that stress-activated protein kinase or c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (SAPK/JNK) is a molecular switch that turns on NETosis in response to increasing concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and Gram-negative bacteria. Here we show that Escherichia coli LPS (0111:B4; 10–25 μg/ml), but not phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), activates JNK in human neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. JNK inhibitors SP600125 and TCSJNK6o, and a TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 suppress reactive oxygen species production and NETosis in LPS-, but not PMA-treated neutrophils. Diphenyleneiodonium suppresses LPS-induced NETosis, confirming that endotoxin induces NADPH oxidase-dependent NETosis. Immunoblots, Sytox Green assays, and confocal microscopy of cleaved caspase-3 and nuclear morphology show that JNK inhibition does not induce apoptosis in LPS-stimulated neutrophils. JNK inhibition also suppresses NETosis induced by two typical Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, we propose that neutrophils use a TLR4-dependent, JNK-mediated molecular sensing mechanism to initiate NADPH oxidase-dependent suicidal NETosis in response to increasing concentrations of LPS, and Gram-negative bacteria. The LPS-TLR4-JNK activation axis determines the fate of these cells: to be or not to be NETotic neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraj A Khan
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armin Farahvash
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David N Douda
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johann-Christoph Licht
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Sweezey
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Elkhidir HS, Richards JB, Cromar KR, Bell CS, Price RE, Atkins CL, Spencer CY, Malik F, Alexander AL, Cockerill KJ, Haque IU, Johnston RA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 does not contribute to the pulmonary pathology induced by acute exposure to ozone. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/18/e12983. [PMID: 27670409 PMCID: PMC5037925 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, the major physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is increased in the lung following inhalation of ozone (O3), a gaseous air pollutant. PAI-1 regulates expression of interleukin (IL)-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, which are cytokines that promote lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and/or airway hyperresponsiveness following acute exposure to O3 Given these observations, we hypothesized that PAI-1 contributes to the severity of the aforementioned sequelae by regulating expression of IL-6, KC, and MIP-2 following acute exposure to O3 To test our hypothesis, wild-type mice and mice genetically deficient in PAI-1 (PAI-1-deficient mice) were acutely exposed to either filtered room air or O3 (2 ppm) for 3 h. Four and/or twenty-four hours following cessation of exposure, indices of lung injury [bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein and epithelial cells], pulmonary inflammation (BALF IL-6, KC, MIP-2, macrophages, and neutrophils), and airway responsiveness to aerosolized acetyl-β-methylcholine chloride (respiratory system resistance) were measured in wild-type and PAI-1-deficient mice. O3 significantly increased indices of lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and airway responsiveness in wild-type and PAI-1-deficient mice. With the exception of MIP-2, which was significantly lower in PAI-1-deficient as compared to wild-type mice 24 h following cessation of exposure to O3, no other genotype-related differences occurred subsequent to O3 exposure. Thus, following acute exposure to O3, PAI-1 neither regulates pulmonary expression of IL-6 and KC nor functionally contributes to any of the pulmonary pathological sequelae that arise from the noxious effects of inhaled O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza S Elkhidir
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeremy B Richards
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kevin R Cromar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Cynthia S Bell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Roger E Price
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Constance L Atkins
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Chantal Y Spencer
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Farhan Malik
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy L Alexander
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine J Cockerill
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ikram U Haque
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Johnston
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Cannon AR, Morris NL, Hammer AM, Curtis B, Remick DG, Yeligar SM, Poole L, Burnham EL, Wyatt TA, Molina PE, So-Armah K, Cisneros T, Wang G, Lang CH, Mandrekar P, Kovacs EJ, Choudhry MA. Alcohol and inflammatory responses: Highlights of the 2015 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol 2016; 54:73-7. [PMID: 27522326 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
On September 27, 2015 the 20th annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held as a satellite symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Leukocyte Biology in Raleigh, NC. The 2015 meeting focused broadly on adverse effects of alcohol and alcohol-use disorders in multiple organ systems. Divided into two plenary sessions, AIRIG opened with the topic of pulmonary inflammation as a result of alcohol consumption, which was followed by alcohol's effect on multiple organs, including the brain and liver. With presentations showing the diverse range of underlying pathology and mechanisms associated with multiple organs as a result of alcohol consumption, AIRIG emphasized the importance of continued alcohol research, as its detrimental consequences are not limited to one or even two organs, but rather extend to the entire host as a whole.
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates LPS-induced TLR4/MD-2 pathway activation and inflammation in alveolar macrophages. Inflammation 2015; 38:384-93. [PMID: 25342286 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) are the main lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding receptors that respond to inflammatory stimuli and mediate NF-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in macrophages. We have previously shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) deletion increased lung injury induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS through downregulation of TLR4 negative regulators. However, the mechanisms by which PAI-1 regulates lung inflammation are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between PAI-1 and TLR4 signaling pathways in LPS-induced NR8383 cells inflammatory reaction. The results showed that the levels of PAI-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β protein were increased remarkably in NR8383 cell supernatants after LPS stimulation. PAI-1 gene knockdown reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels in cell supernatants and inhibited the NF-κB p65 protein expression in NR8383 cells. The upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, MD-2, and myeloid differentiation protein (MyD88) induced by LPS were attenuated after PAI-1 gene knockdown. Conversely, overexpression of PAI-1 in NR8383 cells not only resulted in additional mRNA and protein production of PAI-1, TLR4, MD-2, and MyD88, it also aggravated the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In conclusion, PAI-1 contributes to the regulation of LPS-induced inflammatory response in NR8383 cells, likely by affecting the TLR4-MD-2/NF-κB signaling transduction pathway.
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Gonsalves CS, Li C, Malik P, Tahara SM, Kalra VK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α-mediated transcription of miR-301a and miR-454 and their host gene SKA2 regulates endothelin-1 and PAI-1 expression in sickle cell disease. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00275. [PMID: 26460070 PMCID: PMC4672349 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) play important roles in pulmonary hypertension (PH) in sickle cell disease (SCD). Our previous studies show higher levels of placenta growth factor (PlGF) in SCD correlate with increased plasma levels of ET-1, PAI-1, and other physiological markers of PH. PlGF-mediated ET-1 and PAI-1 expression occurs via activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). However, relatively little is understood regarding post-transcriptional regulation of PlGF-mediated expression of ET-1 and PAI-1. Herein, we show PlGF treatment of endothelial cells reduced levels of miR-301a and miR-454 from basal levels. In addition, both miRNAs targeted the 3'-UTRs of ET-1 and PAI-1 mRNAs. These results were corroborated in the mouse model of SCD [Berkeley sickle mice (BK-SS)] and in SCD subjects. Plasma levels of miR-454 in SCD subjects were significantly lower compared with unaffected controls, which correlated with higher plasma levels of both ET-1 and PAI-1. Moreover, lung tissues from BK-SS mice showed significantly reduced levels of pre-miR-301a and concomitantly higher levels of ET-1 and PAI-1. Furthermore, we show that miR-301a/miR-454 located in the spindle and kinetochore-associated protein-2 (SKA2) transcription unit was co-transcriptionally regulated by both HIF-1α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) as demonstrated by SKA2 promoter mutational analysis and ChIP. Finally we show that fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist, increased the expression of miR-301a/miR-454 and SKA2 in human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC) cells; the former were responsible for reduced expression of ET-1 and PAI-1. Our studies provide a potential therapeutic approach whereby fenofibrate-induced miR-301a/miR-454 expression can ameliorate PH and lung fibrosis by reduction in ET-1 and PAI-1 levels in SCD.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/pathology
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/biosynthesis
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Fenofibrate/administration & dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/biosynthesis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- PPAR alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Placenta Growth Factor
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/biosynthesis
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Pregnancy Proteins/genetics
- Pregnancy Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn S Gonsalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Punam Malik
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, U.S.A
| | - Stanley M Tahara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Vijay K Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A.
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15
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Agirbasli M, Eren M, Yasar S, Delil K, Goktay F, Oner ET, Vaughan DE. Functionally stable plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in a family with cardiovascular disease and vitiligo. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 38:50-6. [PMID: 24197654 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-013-1021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common skin condition with a complex pathophysiology characterized by the lack of pigmentation due to melanocyte degeneration. In this study, we investigated PAI-1 antigen (Ag) and activity levels in a 34 year old male with extensive vascular disease, alopecia areata and vitiligo. Fasting PAI-1 Ag and activity levels were measured at 9 a.m. in the subject and family members. Both PAI-1 Ag (67 ± 38 vs. 18.6 ± 6.5 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and specific activity (15.8 ± 10.0 vs. 7.6 ± 6.0 IU/pmol, P < 0.04) levels of PAI-1 were moderately elevated in subjects compared to the controls. PAI-1 kinetic studies demonstrated a markedly enhanced stability of plasma PAI-1 activity in the family members. Specific activity at 16 h was significantly higher than expected activity levels (0.078 ± 0.072 vs. 0.001 ± 0.001 IU/ng/ml, P < 0.001). While the exact mechanism of increased stability of PAI-1 activity in vitiligo is not known, it is likely due to post-translational modifications or increased binding affinity for a stabilizing cofactor. In conclusion, enhanced stability of PAI-1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of vascular disease and associated melanocyte degeneration. Systemic or local treatment with PAI-1 inhibitors may offer a potential treatment alternative to the near orphan status for vitiligo drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Agirbasli
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University Hospital, Yeşilbahar Sok 68/14 Palmiye Apt., Goztepe Kadikoy, 34726, Istanbul, Turkey,
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16
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Functional stability of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:858293. [PMID: 25386620 PMCID: PMC4214104 DOI: 10.1155/2014/858293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of plasminogen activators, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), and a major regulator of the fibrinolytic system. PAI-1 plays a pivotal role in acute thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and myocardial infarction (MI). The biological effects of PAI-1 extend far beyond thrombosis including its critical role in fibrotic disorders, atherosclerosis, renal and pulmonary fibrosis, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. The conversion of PAI-1 from the active to the latent conformation appears to be unique among serpins in that it occurs spontaneously at a relatively rapid rate. Latency transition is believed to represent a regulatory mechanism, reducing the risk of thrombosis from a prolonged antifibrinolytic action of PAI-1. Thus, relying solely on plasma concentrations of PAI-1 without assessing its function may be misleading in interpreting the role of PAI-1 in many complex diseases. Environmental conditions, interaction with other proteins, mutations, and glycosylation are the main factors that have a significant impact on the stability of the PAI-1 structure. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge on PAI-1 especially importance of PAI-1 level and stability and highlights the potential use of PAI-1 inhibitors for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Kim JE, Lee S, Lee AY, Seo HW, Chae C, Cho MH. Intratracheal exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes induces a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-like phenotype in C57BL/6J mice. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:613-23. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.963186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Eren M, Boe AE, Klyachko EA, Vaughan DE. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in senescence and aging. Semin Thromb Hemost 2014; 40:645-51. [PMID: 25173500 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1387883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The average age of the US population continues to increase. Age is the most important determinant of disease and disability in humans, but the fundamental mechanisms of aging remain largely unknown. Many age-related diseases are associated with an impaired fibrinolytic system. Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels are reported in age-associated clinical conditions including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity and inflammation. PAI-1 levels are also elevated in animal models of aging. While the association of PAI-1 with physiological aging is well documented, it is only recently that its critical role in the regulation of aging and senescence has become evident. PAI-1 is synthesized and secreted in senescent cells and contributes directly to the development of senescence by acting downstream of p53 and upstream of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deficiency of PAI-1 was shown to be protective against senescence and the aging-like phenotypes in kl/kl and N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester-treated wild-type mice. Further investigation into PAI-1's role in senescence and aging will likely contribute to the prevention and treatment of aging-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Eren
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amanda E Boe
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ekaterina A Klyachko
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Raeven P, Drechsler S, Weixelbaumer KM, Bastelica D, Peiretti F, Klotz A, Jafarmadar M, Redl H, Bahrami S, Alessi MC, Declerck PJ, Osuchowski MF. Systemic inhibition and liver-specific over-expression of PAI-1 failed to improve survival in all-inclusive populations or homogenous cohorts of CLP mice. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:958-69. [PMID: 24655755 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in abdominal sepsis remains elusive. OBJECTIVES To study the influence of inhibition and over-expression of PAI-1 upon survival in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis. METHODS (i) Mice underwent moderate CLP and received 10 mg kg(-1) of either monoclonal anti-PAI-1 (MA-MP6H6) or control (MA-Control) antibody intravenously at 0, 18 or 30 h post-CLP. The 30-h treatment group was additionally stratified into mice predicted to survive (P-SUR) or die (P-DIE) based on IL 6 measured at 24 h post-CLP. (ii) PAI-1 expression was induced with pLIVE.PAI-1 plasmid administered 72 h pre-CLP. Blood was sampled for 5 days and survival was monitored for 28 days. RESULTS MA-MP6H6 effectively neutralized active PAI-1 and fully restored fibrinolysis while PAI-1 over-expression was liver-specific and correlated with PAI-1 increase in the blood. Without stratification, MA-MP6H6 co-/post-treatment conferred no survival benefit. Prospective stratification (IL-6 cut-off: 14 ng mL(-1) ) suggested increased mortality by MA-MP6H6 treatment in P-SUR that reached 30% difference (vs. MA-Control; P < 0.05) after a retrospective cut-off readjustment to 3.3 ng mL(-1) for better P-SUR homogeneity. Subsequent prospective anti-PAI-1 treatment in P-SUR mice with 3.3 ng mL(-1) cut-off demonstrated a negative but statistically insignificant effect: mortality was higher by 17% after MA-MP6H6 vs. MA-Control. Over-expression of PAI 1 did not alter post-CLP survival. Neither PAI-1 inhibition nor over-expression meaningfully modified inflammatory response and/or organ function. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of fibrinolysis in early abdominal sepsis was not beneficial and it may prove detrimental in subjects with the lowest risk of death, while preemptive PAI-1 up-regulation at the current magnitude was not protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Raeven
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the Trauma Research Center of the AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Kutsukake M, Matsutani T, Tamura K, Matsuda A, Kobayashi M, Tachikawa E, Uchida E. Pioglitazone attenuates lung injury by modulating adipose inflammation. J Surg Res 2014; 189:295-303. [PMID: 24713471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone modulates adipocyte differentiation and enhances adiponectin promoter activity to increase plasma adiponectin levels. We investigated the effects of pioglitazone on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced visceral-adipose-tissue inflammation and lung injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-wk-old male mice were assigned to three groups: (1) a sham-operated control group, (2) a CLP group, and (3) a pioglitazone-treated CLP group. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 d. Serum, lung, and visceral adipose tissue were collected 24 h after surgery. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels in peritoneal lavage fluid were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and TNF-α and interleukin 6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in visceral adipose tissue were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling method was used to evaluate tissue damage. RESULTS TNF-α levels in peritoneal lavage fluid were significantly higher in the CLP group than in the sham group. TNF-α levels in the pioglitazone-treated CLP group were significantly lower than those in the CLP group. TNF-α and interleukin 6 mRNA expression levels of visceral adipose tissue were significantly higher in the CLP group than in the sham group. Pioglitazone treatment decreased the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines compared with the respective values in the CLP group. Histopathologic analysis of lung tissue revealed significantly increased numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling-positive cells in the CLP group compared with the sham group. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone effectively prevents lung injury caused by CLP-induced sepsis by maintaining the anti-inflammatory status of visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kutsukake
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsutani
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Tamura
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Matsuda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tachikawa
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Uchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Na HS, Lim EJ, Jeong SY, Ryu MH, Park MH, Chung J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis in human gingival fibroblast. J Microbiol 2014; 52:154-60. [PMID: 24500480 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis, inflammatory responses are mediated by a wide variety of genes. In our previous screening study, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) mRNA binding protein expression was increased in gingiva from periodontitis patients. In this study, we further investigated the signaling pathway involved in PAI-1 expression induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (Pg LPS) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). When HGFs were treated with Pg LPS, both PAI-1 mRNA expression and PAI-1 protein were induced in a dose-dependent manner. Pg LPS induced NF-κB activation and the expressions of PAI-1 mRNA and protein were suppressed by pretreating with a NF-κB inhibitor. Pg LPS also induced ERK, p38, and JNK activation, and Pg LPS-induced PAI-1 expression was inhibited by ERK/p38/JNK inhibitor pretreatment. In conclusion, Pg LPS induced PAI-1 expression through NF-κB and MAP kinases activation in HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 626-810, Republic of Korea
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22
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Harslund J, Frees D, Leifsson PS, Offenberg H, Rømer MU, Brünner N, Olsen JE. The role of Serpine-1 and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type-1 in early host responses to Staphylococcus aureus intracutaneous infection of mice. Pathog Dis 2013; 68:96-104. [PMID: 23776165 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections in animal and humans. In the current study, we hypothesized that early host responses to S. aureus infection leading to the recruitment of neutrophils and control of the bacterium at the site of infection depend on the expression of Serpine-1 and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type-1, two important endogenous proteinase inhibitors that possess regulatory properties on a variety of pathophysiological conditions. Using a mouse model of skin infection and single-gene and double-gene knockout mice, however, our observations showed that Serpine-1 and Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease type-1 did not impact the number of bacteria accumulating at the site of infection. Double-gene knockout mice further had the same volume of accumulating host cells at the site of infection, while single Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease type-1 knockout mice showed a decreased number of cells. Follow-up studies demonstrated changes in Serpine-1, Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease type-1 and IL-6 plasma levels following challenge. In addition, double-gene knockout mice did not differ from wild-type mice in white blood cell, granulocyte and leucocyte counts, while single-gene genotypes differed in these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Harslund
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Schuliga M, Westall G, Xia Y, Stewart AG. The plasminogen activation system: new targets in lung inflammation and remodeling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:386-93. [PMID: 23735578 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system (PAS) and the plasmin it forms have dual roles in chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease. Whilst plasmin-mediated airspace fibrinolysis is beneficial, interstitial plasmin contributes to lung dysfunction because of its pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling activities. Recent studies highlight the potential of fibrinolytic agents, including small molecule inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), as treatments for chronic respiratory disease. Current data also suggest that interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator is an important mediator of lung inflammation and remodeling. However, further preclinical characterization of uPA as a drug target for lung disease is required. Here we review the concept of selectively targeting the contributions of PAS to treat chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Jeon H, Kim JH, Kim JH, Lee WH, Lee MS, Suk K. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 regulates microglial motility and phagocytic activity. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:149. [PMID: 22747686 PMCID: PMC3418576 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor of urokinase type plasminogen activators (uPA) and tissue type plasminogen activators (tPA), which mediate fibrinolysis. PAI-1 is also involved in the innate immunity by regulating cell migration and phagocytosis. However, little is known about the role of PAI-1 in the central nervous system. Methods In this study, we identified PAI-1 in the culture medium of mouse mixed glial cells by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Secretion of PAI-1 from glial cultures was detected by ELISA and western blotting analysis. Cell migration was evaluated by in vitro scratch-wound healing assay or Boyden chamber assay and an in vivo stab wound injury model. Phagocytic activity was measured by uptake of zymosan particles. Results The levels of PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression were increased by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in both microglia and astrocytes. PAI-1 promoted the migration of microglial cells in culture via the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 1/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 axis. PAI-1 also increased microglial migration in vivo when injected into mouse brain. PAI-1-mediated microglial migration was independent of protease inhibition, because an R346A mutant of PAI-1 with impaired PA inhibitory activity also promoted microglial migration. Moreover, PAI-1 was able to modulate microglial phagocytic activity. PAI-1 inhibited microglial engulfment of zymosan particles in a vitronectin- and Toll-like receptor 2/6-dependent manner. Conclusion Our results indicate that glia-derived PAI-1 may regulate microglial migration and phagocytosis in an autocrine or paracrine manner. This may have important implications in the regulation of brain microglial activities in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 101 Dong-In, Daegu, Joong-gu, 700-422, South Korea
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Ma CA, Wang HY, Temmerman S, Zhao Y, Wu L, Hornung RL, Wara D, Jain A. Dendritic cells from humans with hypomorphic mutations in IKBKG/NEMO have impaired mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Hum Mutat 2012; 32:318-24. [PMID: 21309033 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin to the zinc-finger domain of IKBKG/NEMO (also known as IKKγ) is necessary for full activation of NF-κB. Impairments of this biochemical mechanism explain the deleterious effects of hypomorphic NEMO mutations on NF-κB signaling function in humans suffering from X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency. Nevertheless, the biological function of the NEMO zinc-finger domain in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is poorly understood. Here we show that dendritic cells from patients with EDI caused by a C-terminal E391X deletion of the zinc finger of NEMO exhibit impaired MAPK activation in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Interestingly, DCs from patients with a C417R missense mutation within the zinc finger domain of NEMO in which ubiquitination of NEMO is preserved are also defective in JNK and ERK activity following LPS stimulation. Our findings indicate that the structural integrity of the NEMO ZF domain is more important than its polyubiquitination for full activation of the MAPK. Furthermore, phosphorylation and polyubiquitination of upstream TAK1 were significantly reduced in the E391X zinc-finger deleted patients, indicating that the NEMO zinc finger may play an important role in assembling the proximal signaling complex for MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi A Ma
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kager LM, van der Windt GJW, Wieland CW, Florquin S, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type I may contribute to transient, non-specific changes in immunity in the subacute phase of murine tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:748-55. [PMID: 22484384 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, is a devastating infectious disease causing many deaths worldwide. Non-specific host defense mechanisms such as the coagulation and fibrinolytic system may give insight in possible new therapeutic targets. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), an important regulator of inflammation and fibrinolysis, might be of interest as tuberculosis patients have elevated plasma levels of PAI-1. In this study we set out to investigate the role of PAI-1 during tuberculosis in vivo. Wildtype (WT) and PAI-1 deficient (PAI-1⁻/⁻) mice were intranasally infected with M. tuberculosis H37rv and sacrificed after 2, 5 and 29 weeks. Five weeks post-infection, bacterial loads in lungs of PAI-1⁻/⁻ mice were significantly higher compared to WT mice, while no differences were seen 2 and 29 weeks post-infection. At two weeks post-infection increased influx of macrophages and lymphocytes was observed. PAI-1 deficiency was associated with a reduced cytokine response in the lungs; however, upon stimulation with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), PAI-1⁻/⁻ splenocytes released increased levels of IFN-γ compared to WT. No clear differences were found between PAI-1⁻/⁻ and WT mice at 29 weeks after infection. In conclusion, these data suggest that PAI-1 contributes to transient, non-specific changes in immunity during the early phase of murine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M Kager
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam-CINIMA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sepsis-Induced Adipokine Change with regard to Insulin Resistance. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:972368. [PMID: 22272381 PMCID: PMC3261472 DOI: 10.1155/2012/972368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Assessment of white adipose tissue has changed in recent years, with WAT now being considered as an active endocrine organ, secreting a large number of bioactive mediators, so-called adipokines. Besides other functions, these adipokines are involved in inflammatory response thereby exhibiting predominantly proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties and contribute to insulin resistance. Methods. Comprehensive review of the literature of the role of adipokines relevant to critical care medicine using PubMed search. Results. Adiponectin—the prototype of an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing adipokine—is diminished in sepsis, while resistin—a protein with proinflammatory properties—is elevated. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, and tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha mediate insulin resistance and are elevated in sepsis, while retinol-binding protein-4 concentrations are significantly reduced in sepsis. Chemerin displays potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-resistance properties, while monocyte chemotactic protein-1—increased in sepsis—contributes to macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Conclusions. The expression of adipokines in humans is altered as well in obese as in septic patients with elevated levels of proinflammatory adipokines. Changes in adipokine levels in acute sepsis could contribute to insulin resistance. Consequently, in critically ill patients, these alterations underline a possible contribution of adipokines in the development of hyperglycemia.
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 deficiency exaggerates LPS-induced acute lung injury through enhancing Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011; 22:480-6. [PMID: 21577093 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328346ef56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) did not affect lung injury induced by gram-positive bacteria pneumococcal pneumonia but worsened lung injury induced by gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella. The exact mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we examined the signaling pathway of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with/without PAI-1 in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. PAI-1 knockout mice (n=60) and wild-type mice (n=60) were exposed to LPS intratracheal instillation. Different groups of mice were then sacrificed at 0 and 8 h after LPS instillation. PAI-1-/- mice showed increased excess lung water and elevated cytokines production and release. In addition, expression of TLR4 was up-regulated and the phosphorylation activation of extracellular regulating kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were also increased in PAI-1 knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Inversely, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) were both significantly reduced in PAI-1-/-mice after LPS challenge. PAI-1 deletion increased lung injury induced by LPS through up-regulation of TLR4, ERK and C-JNK and down-regulation of TLR4 negative regulators.
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Kager LM, Wiersinga WJ, Roelofs JJTH, Meijers JCM, Levi M, Van't Veer C, van der Poll T. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type I contributes to protective immunity during experimental Gram-negative sepsis (melioidosis). J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2020-8. [PMID: 21848642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is a frequent cause of sepsis in Southeast Asia caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Patients with melioidosis have elevated circulating levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), an important regulator of inflammation and fibrinolysis. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of PAI-1 during melioidosis. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1-/1(-/-) ) mice were intranasally infected with B. pseudomallei. Mice were killed after 24, 48 or 72 h. Lungs, liver and blood were harvested for measurement of bacterial loads, cytokines, clinical chemistry, histopathology, and coagulation parameters. Additionally, survival studies were performed. RESULTS PAI-1(-/-) mice demonstrated enhanced susceptibility to B. pseudomallei infection, as shown by a strongly increased mortality rate (100% vs. 58% among WT mice, P < 0.001), associated with enhanced bacterial loads in lungs, liver, and blood. Additionally, PAI-1(-/-) mice showed elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in lungs and plasma, accompanied by enhanced local and systemic coagulation activation (thrombin-antithrombin complexes and D-dimer), increased hepatocellular injury (plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), and renal failure (plasma creatinine and urea). CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 has a protective role during severe Gram-negative sepsis caused by B. pseudomallei by limiting bacterial growth, inflammation, and coagulation, and probably, as a consequence thereof, distant organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kager
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type I gene deficient mice show reduced influx of neutrophils in ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care Res Pract 2011; 2011:217896. [PMID: 21789277 PMCID: PMC3140778 DOI: 10.1155/2011/217896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is associated with inhibition of the fibrinolytic system secondary to increased production of plasminogen activator inhibitor- (PAI-)1. To determine the role of PAI-1 on pulmonary coagulopathy and inflammation during mechanical ventilation, PAI-1 gene-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates were anesthetized (control), or anesthetized, tracheotomized and subsequently ventilated for 5 hours with either low tidal volumes (LVT) or high tidal volumes (HVT). VILI was assessed by pulmonary coagulopathy, lung wet-to-dry ratios, total protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, neutrophil influx, histopathology, and pulmonary and plasma cytokine levels. Ventilation resulted in pulmonary coagulopathy and inflammation, with more injury following ventilation with HVT as compared to LVT. In PAI-1 gene-deficient mice, the influx of neutrophils in the pulmonary compartment was attenuated, while increased levels of pulmonary cytokines were found. Other endpoints of VILI were not different between PAI-1 gene-deficient and wild-type mice. These data indicate that a defect fibrinolytic response attenuates recruitment of neutrophils in VILI.
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Kelleher ZT, Potts EN, Brahmajothi MV, Foster MW, Auten RL, Foster WM, Marshall HE. NOS2 regulation of LPS-induced airway inflammation via S-nitrosylation of NF-{kappa}B p65. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L327-33. [PMID: 21724860 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00463.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression is increased in the airway epithelium in acute inflammatory disorders although the physiological impact remains unclear. We have previously shown that NOS2 inhibits NF-κB (p50-p65) activation in respiratory epithelial cells by inducing S-nitrosylation of the p65 monomer (SNO-p65). In addition, we have demonstrated that mouse lung SNO-p65 levels are acutely depleted in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of lung injury and that augmenting SNO-p65 levels before LPS treatment results in decreased airway epithelial NF-κB activation, airway inflammation, and lung injury. We now show that aerosolized LPS induces NOS2 expression in the respiratory epithelium concomitant with an increase in lung SNO-p65 levels and a decrease in airway NF-κB activity. Genetic deletion of NOS2 results in an absence of SNO-p65 formation, persistent NF-κB activity in the respiratory epithelium, and prolonged airway inflammation. These results indicate that a primary function of LPS-induced NOS2 expression in the respiratory epithelium is to modulate the inflammatory response through deactivation of NF-κB via S-nitrosylation of p65, thereby counteracting the initial stimulus-coupled denitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Kelleher
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Arndt PG, Strahan B, Wang Y, Long C, Horiuchi K, Walcheck B. Leukocyte ADAM17 regulates acute pulmonary inflammation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19938. [PMID: 21603616 PMCID: PMC3095620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protease ADAM17 regulates the release and density of various leukocyte cell surface proteins that modulate inflammation, including L-selectin, TNF-α, and IL-6R. At this time, its in vivo substrates and role in pulmonary inflammation have not been directly examined. Using conditional ADAM17 knock-out mice, we investigated leukocyte ADAM17 in acute lung inflammation. Alveolar TNF-α levels were significantly reduced (>95%) in ADAM17-null mice following LPS administration, as was the shedding of L-selectin, a neutrophil-expressed adhesion molecule. Alveolar IL-6R levels, however, were reduced by only ≈25% in ADAM17-null mice, indicating that ADAM17 is not its primary sheddase in our model. Neutrophil infiltration into the alveolar compartment is a key event in the pathophysiology of acute airway inflammation. Following LPS inhalation, alveolar neutrophil levels and lung inflammation in ADAM17-null mice were overall reduced when compared to control mice. Interestingly, however, neutrophil recruitment to the alveolar compartment occurred earlier in ADAM17-null mice after exposure to LPS. This decrease in alveolar neutrophil recruitment in ADAM17-null mice was accompanied by significantly diminished alveolar levels of the neutrophil-tropic chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL5. Altogether, our study suggests that leukocyte ADAM17 promotes inflammation in the lung, and thus this sheddase may be a potential target in the design of pharmacologic therapies for acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Arndt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian Strahan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yue Wang
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chunmei Long
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Biphasic regulation of tissue plasminogen activator activity in ischemic rat brain and in cultured neural cells: essential role of astrocyte-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:423-33. [PMID: 21193004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In brain, the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its endogenous inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have been implicated in the regulation of various neurophysiological and pathological responses. In this study, we investigated the differential role of neurons and astrocytes in the regulation of tPA/PAI-1 activity in ischemic brain. The activity of tPA peaked transiently and then decreased in cortex and striatum along with delayed induction of PAI-1 in the inflammatory stage after MCAO/reperfusion injury. In cultured primary cells, glutamate stimulation increased tPA activity in neurons but not in other cells such as microglia and astrocytes. With LPS stimulation, a model of neuroinflammatory insults, robust PAI-1 induction was observed in astrocytes but not in neurons and microglia. The upregulation of PAI-1 by LPS in astrocytes was also verified by RT-PCR analysis as well as PAI-1 promoter reporter assay. Lastly, we checked the effects of hypoxia on tPA/PAI-1 activity. Hypoxia increased tPA release from neurons without effects on microglia, while the activity of tPA in astrocyte was decreased consistent with increased PAI-1 activity in astrocyte. Taken together, the results from the present study suggest that neurons are the major source of tPA and that the glutamate-induced stimulated release is mainly governed by neurons in the acute phase. In contrast, the massive up-regulation of PAI-1 in astrocytes during subchronic and chronic inflammatory conditions, leads to decreased tPA activity in the later stages of MCAO. Differential regulation of tPA and PAI-1 in neurons, astrocytes and microglia suggest more attention is required to understand the role of local tPA activity in the vicinity of individual cell types.
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Patel N, Sundaram N, Yang M, Madigan C, Kalra VK, Malik P. Placenta growth factor (PlGF), a novel inducer of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in sickle cell disease (SCD). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16713-22. [PMID: 20351105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by a prothrombotic state. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is known to modulate fibrinolysis, lung injury/fibrosis, and angiogenesis. However, its role in SCD is less understood, and the molecular mechanisms underlying increased PAI-1 are unknown. Herein, we show a novel link between PAI-1 and sickle erythropoiesis. Plasma PAI-1 levels were high in SCD patients at steady state and in two humanized sickle mouse models, with increased PAI-1 immunolabeling in sickle mouse lung, bronchial epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Placenta growth factor (PlGF), released at high levels by sickle erythroblasts, induced PAI-1 expression in primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and monocytes through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), NADPH oxidase, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Analysis of the human PAI-1 promoter revealed this induction was mediated by hypoxia-response element (HRE)-1, HRE-2, and distal activator protein (AP-1) sites. We also identify the involvement of c-Jun, c-Jun/c-Fos, and JunD, but not JunB, in binding with AP-1 sites of the PAI-1 promoter upon PlGF induction. Consistent with these findings, levels of PAI-1 were low in PlGF knock-out mice and sickle-PlGF knock-out mice; overexpression of PlGF in normal mice increased circulating PAI-1. In conclusion, we identify a novel mechanism of PAI-1 elevation in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Young SK, Arndt PG. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary mononuclear cell recruitment via CCL2. Exp Lung Res 2010; 35:682-700. [PMID: 19895322 DOI: 10.3109/01902140902853168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to the initial recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes are recruited to the lung after an injurious insult. Previously the authors have shown that inhibition of either p38 or c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) decreased pulmonary neutrophil recruitment in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As the signaling pathways regulating the influx of mononuclear cells to the lung are poorly understood, the authors undertook the present study to examine the roles of p38 and JNK. In a model of LPS-induced lung inflammation, systemic inhibition of JNK, but not p38, decreased the recruitment of mononuclear cells to the lung. Levels of CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) were decreased in the setting of JNK inhibition, with LPS-induced pulmonary mononuclear cell recruitment in CCL2-deficient mice similar to that found with JNK inhibition. The decrease in LPS-induced CCL2 levels in the lung seen with JNK inhibition, however, was independent of neutrophil recruitment, as systemic depletion of neutrophils had no effect on pulmonary CCL2 levels after LPS exposure. In sum, these results suggest that JNK, but not p38, regulates LPS-induced mononuclear cell recruitment to the lung, that this occurs through a CCL2-dependent pathway, and that LPS-induced pulmonary CCL2 expression is dependent on JNK but independent of pulmonary neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Young
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Yeh MC, Mukaro V, Hii CS, Ferrante A. Regulation of neutrophil-mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus and chemotaxis by c-jun NH2 terminal kinase. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:925-32. [PMID: 20097850 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0609399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of JNK in neutrophil chemotaxis and killing of microbial pathogens remains unclear. Using a recently described cell-permeable peptide inhibitor of the JNK pathway, based on the JBD of JIP-1, coupled to the protein transduction domain of HIV-TAT (TAT-JIP), in association with control peptides, we demonstrate that the JNK pathway plays a major role in regulating human neutrophil chemotaxis and killing of microbial pathogens. Serum-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus elicited JNK activation and c-jun phosphorylation. The activation of the JNK pathway and bactericidal activity were inhibited by the TAT-JIP peptide. The stimulation of oxygen radical generation by S. aureus was dependent on the JNK signaling pathway, as was the phagocytosis of serum-opsonized bacteria. Chemotaxis to activated serum complement but not random migration was inhibited by the TAT-JIP peptide. The findings demonstrate a major role for the JNK signaling pathway in neutrophil-mediated defense against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Yeh
- Department of Immunopathology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Xu X, Wang H, Wang Z, Xiao W. PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1 PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY PROCESS INDUCED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACTION OR LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:795-805. [DOI: 10.3109/01902140902912519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li LF, Huang CC, Lin HC, Tsai YH, Quinn DA, Liao SK. Unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin reduce high-stretch ventilation augmented lung injury: a prospective, controlled animal experiment. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R108. [PMID: 19580651 PMCID: PMC2750150 DOI: 10.1186/cc7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulation of coagulation and local fibrinolysis found in patients with acute lung injury often results in the need for the support of mechanical ventilation. High-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation can increase lung damage and suppression of fibrinolytic activity, but the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that subcutaneous injections of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin would decrease neutrophil infiltration, lung edema, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in mice exposed to high-tidal-volume ventilation. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice, weighing 20 to 25 g, were exposed to either high-tidal-volume (30 ml/kg) or low-tidal-volume (6 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 1 to 5 hours after 200 IU/kg or 400 IU/kg unfractionated heparin and 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg enoxaparin administration. Nonventilated mice served as a control group. Evan blue dye, lung wet- to dry-weight ratio, histopathologic grading of epithelium, myeloperoxidase, and gene expression of PAI-1 were measured. The expression of PAI-1 was studied by immunohistochemistry. Results High-tidal-volume ventilation induced increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of PAI-1 protein, and positive staining of PAI-1 in epithelium in a dose-dependent manner. Lung injury induced by high-tidal-volume ventilation was attenuated with PAI-1-deficient mice and pharmacologic inhibition of PAI-1 activity by low-dose unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin. Conclusions We conclude that high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation increased microvascular permeability, neutrophil influx, lung PAI-1 mRNA expression, production of active PAI-1. The deleterious effects were attenuated by low-dose unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin treatment. Understanding the protective mechanism of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin related to the reduction of PAI-1 may afford further knowledge of the effects of mechanical forces in the lung and development of possible therapeutic strategies involved in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Chung CL, Sheu JR, Liu HE, Chang SC, Chou YC, Chen WL, Chou DS, Hsiao G. Dynasore, a Dynamin Inhibitor, Induces PAI-1 Expression in MeT-5A Human Pleural Mesothelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 40:692-700. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0087oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, also called efferocytosis, is an essential feature of immune responses and critical for the resolution of inflammation. Plasma and tissue levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, are elevated in inflammatory conditions, including sepsis and acute lung injury, in which activated neutrophils accumulate in tissues and contribute to organ dysfunction. In this study, we explored the potential involvement of PAI-1 in modulating neutrophil efferocytosis. We found enhanced phagocytosis of viable PAI-1 deficient (PAI-1(-/-)) and of wild-type neutrophils treated with anti-PAI-1 antibodies. PAI-1 levels were decreased on the surface of apoptotic neutrophils and the enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic wild-type neutrophils or of viable PAI-1(-/-) neutrophils was diminished by preincubation with PAI-1. The increased phagocytosis associated with PAI-1 deficiency or blockade depended on both the lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and its ligand, calreticulin (CRT), because the LRP-mediated increase in phagocytosis of viable neutrophils induced by blockade of CD 47 was abrogated by PAI-1. CRT levels are increased on viable PAI-1(-/-) neutrophils. While CRT colocalizes with PAI-1 on viable neutrophils, markedly diminished colocalization of PAI-1 and CRT was present on apoptotic neutrophils. Our data therefore indicate that PAI-1 serves as a novel "don't eat me" signal for viable and apoptotic neutrophils.
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Captopril decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in rats with ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1880-5. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31817c911d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mong PY, Petrulio C, Kaufman HL, Wang Q. Activation of Rho kinase by TNF-alpha is required for JNK activation in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:550-8. [PMID: 18097057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha induces complex signaling events in endothelial cells (ECs), leading to inflammatory gene transcription and junctional permeability increases. This study examined the activation of RhoA and Rho kinase induced by TNF-alpha in primary human pulmonary microvascular ECs and its role in regulating EC responses to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha induced a time-dependent activation of RhoA and Rho kinase in these ECs. TNF-alpha also induced activation of JNK that peaked at 15 min and lasted for at least 3 h. Inhibition of Rho kinase using a specific pharmacological inhibitor, Y27632, prevented TNF-alpha-induced early and late JNK activation. Inhibition of RhoA protein expression using small-interfering RNA, however, did not prevent TNF-alpha-induced Rho kinase activation or JNK activation. Studies using MAPK kinase 4 (MKK4) small-interfering RNA showed that MKK4 was not required for TNF-alpha-induced early JNK activation and that Rho kinase modulated early JNK activation through MKK4-independent mechanisms. Rho kinase, however, modulated TNF-alpha-induced late JNK activation mainly through MKK4-dependent mechanisms. Activation of Rho kinase was required for JNK-dependent IL-6 secretion induced by TNF-alpha. Moreover, inhibition of Rho kinase prevented TNF-alpha-induced cytoskeletal changes and permeability increases. Inhibition of JNK activation, however, did not prevent TNF-alpha-induced cytoskeletal changes, suggesting that Rho kinase did not modulate cytoskeletal changes through JNK activation. Therefore, Rho kinase plays important roles in EC responses to TNF-alpha by regulating permeability increases and JNK-dependent IL-6 production during pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllus Y Mong
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Poggi M, Paulmyer-Lacroix O, Verdier M, Peiretti F, Bastelica D, Boucraut J, Lijnen HR, Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC. Chronic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) overexpression dampens CD25+ lymphocyte recruitment after lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia in mouse lung. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2467-75. [PMID: 17848179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) level rises during sepsis and confers a worse prognosis. PAI-1 participation to sepsis has been poorly documented and was mainly associated with fibrin deposits. Beside fibrin deposits, increased tissue PAI-1 expression may contribute to the poor outcome of endotoxemia through other mechanisms. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS During lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, the role of PAI-1 in the early phase of inflammation was examined in the lungs of transgenic mice that either overexpress or lack the PAI-1 gene (PAI-1Tg or PAI-1(-/-)). RESULTS Analysis of leukocytes revealed that neutrophil and macrophage infiltrations did not differ for PAI-1Tg and wild-type (WT) mice. Remarkably, CD25+ lymphocyte infiltration was totally blunted in PAI-1Tg lungs and inversely correlated with fibrin depositions. In parallel, mRNA levels of the regulatory T cell (Treg) markers FoxP3, CTLA-4, and GITR were significantly lower in PAI-1Tg than in WT lungs after LPS challenge. These data are supported by opposite results in PAI-1(-/-) lungs. The systemic compartments (spleen and peripheral blood) showed no decrease in CD25+, CD4+ CD25+ lymphocytes, and Treg markers in PAI-1Tg mice after LPS injection compared with WT mice. In addition, plasma and lung concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) were significantly higher in PAI-1Tg mice than WT mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that chronic tissue PAI-1 overexpression influences the early phase of the inflammatory response during endotoxemia through the control of T lymphocyte traffic.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Chemokine CCL3/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endotoxemia/chemically induced
- Endotoxemia/complications
- Endotoxemia/immunology
- Endotoxemia/metabolism
- Endotoxemia/pathology
- Fibrin/metabolism
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/analysis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/immunology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Serpin E2
- Serpins/deficiency
- Serpins/genetics
- Serpins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poggi
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Tsuruta Y, Park YJ, Siegal GP, Liu G, Abraham E. Involvement of Vitronectin in Lipopolysaccaride-Induced Acute Lung Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7079-86. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Arndt PG, Young SK, Poch KR, Nick JA, Falk S, Schrier RW, Worthen GS. Systemic inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme limits lipopolysaccharide-induced lung neutrophil recruitment through both bradykinin and angiotensin II-regulated pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7233-41. [PMID: 17082641 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of neutrophils to the lung is a sentinel event in acute lung inflammation. Identifying mechanisms that regulate neutrophil recruitment to the lung may result in strategies to limit lung damage and improve clinical outcomes. Recently, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to regulate neutrophil influx in acute inflammatory models of cardiac, neurologic, and gastrointestinal disease. As a role for the RAS in LPS-induced acute lung inflammation has not been described, we undertook this study to examine the possibility that the RAS regulates neutrophil recruitment to the lung after LPS exposure. Pretreatment of mice with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril, but not the anti-hypertensive hydralazine, decreased pulmonary neutrophil recruitment after exposure to LPS. We hypothesize that inhibition of LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation to the lung with enalapril occurred through both an increase in bradykinin, and a decrease in angiotensin II (ATII), mediated signaling. Bradykinin receptor blockade reversed the inhibitory effect of enalapril on neutrophil recruitment. Similarly, pretreatment with bradykinin receptor agonists inhibited IL-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis and LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment to the lung. Inhibition of ATII-mediated signaling, with the ATII receptor 1a inhibitor losartan, decreased LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment, and this was suggested to occur through decreased PAI-1 levels. LPS-induced PAI-1 levels were diminished in animals pretreated with losartan and in those deficient for the ATII receptor 1a. Taken together, these results suggest that ACE regulates LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment via modulation of both bradykinin- and ATII-mediated pathways, each regulating neutrophil recruitment by separate, but distinct, mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Arndt
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Renckens R, Roelofs JJTH, Bonta PI, Florquin S, de Vries CJM, Levi M, Carmeliet P, van't Veer C, van der Poll T. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is protective during severe Gram-negative pneumonia. Blood 2006; 109:1593-601. [PMID: 17032919 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-025197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) levels are consistently elevated in patients with severe pneumonia and sepsis and highly predictive for an unfavorable outcome. In addition, pneumonia is associated with strongly elevated PAI-1 levels in the pulmonary compartment. However, whether PAI-1 causally affects antibacterial host defense in vivo remains unknown. We report here that pneumonia caused by the common respiratory pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with local production of PAI-1 in the lungs of wild-type mice. PAI-1 deficiency impaired host defense as reflected by enhanced lethality and increased bacterial growth and dissemination in mice with a targeted deletion of the PAI-1 gene. Conversely, transgenic overexpression of PAI-1 in the lung using a replication-defective adenoviral vector markedly improved host defense against Klebsiella pneumonia and sepsis. PAI-1 deficiency reduced accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs during pneumonia, whereas PAI-1 overexpression in healthy lungs resulted in neutrophil influx, suggesting that PAI-1 protects the host against Klebsiella pneumonia by promoting neutrophil recruitment to the pulmonary compartment. These data demonstrate for the first time that PAI-1 is essential for host defense against severe Gram-negative pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarijn Renckens
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Inflammation is an important manifestation of respiratory disease in domestic animals. The respiratory system is mucosal in nature and has specific defense mechanisms used to control invasion by microbes and environmental elements. Inflammation can be beneficial or detrimental to the host. This article broadly discusses the primary mediators and mechanisms of inflammation within the respiratory tract of domestic animals. The role of cells, chemokines, cytokines and mediators in both acute and chronic inflammation are addressed. The pathogenesis of the initial insult determines the type of inflammation that will be induced, whether it is acute, chronic or allergic in origin. Maintenance of the microenvironment of cytokines and chemokines is critical for pulmonary homeostasis. Uncontrolled inflammation in the respiratory tract can be life threatening to the animal. The understanding of the mechanisms of inflammation, whether due to microbes or through inappropriate immune activation such as those occurring with allergies, is required to develop successful intervention strategies and control respiratory disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Thacker
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA.
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Bergheim I, Guo L, Davis MA, Duveau I, Arteel GE. Critical role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:592-600. [PMID: 16221737 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.095042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an acute phase protein known to correlate with hepatic fibrosis. However, whether or not PAI-1 plays a causal role in this disease process had not been directly tested. Therefore, wild-type or PAI-1 knockout (PAI-1(-/-)) mice underwent bile duct ligation. Mice were sacrificed either 3 or 14 days after surgery for assessment of early (i.e., inflammation) and late (i.e., fibrosis) changes caused by bile duct ligation. Liver injury was determined by histopathology and plasma enzymes. Accumulation of extracellular matrix was evaluated by Sirius red staining and by measuring hydroxyproline content. Hepatic expression of PAI-1 was increased approximately 9-fold by bile duct ligation in wild-type mice. Furthermore, early liver injury and inflammation due to bile duct ligation was significantly blunted in PAI-1(-/-) mice in comparison with wild-type mice. Although PAI-1(-/-) mice were significantly protected against the accumulation of extracellular matrix caused by bile duct ligation, increases in expression of indices of stellate cell activation and collagen synthesis caused by bile duct ligation were not attenuated. Protection did, however, correlate with an elevation in hepatic activities of plasminogen activator and matrix metalloprotease activities. In contrast, the increase in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 protein, a major inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases, caused by bile duct ligation was not altered in PAI-1(-/-) mice compared with the wild-type strain. The increase in hepatic activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator was also accompanied by more activation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met. Taken together, these data suggest that PAI-1 plays a causal role in mediating fibrosis during cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Bergheim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, KY 40292, USA
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