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Brindle A, Bainbridge C, Kumar MR, Todryk S, Padget K. The Bisdioxopiperazine ICRF-193 Attenuates LPS-induced IL-1β Secretion by Macrophages. Inflammation 2024; 47:84-98. [PMID: 37656316 PMCID: PMC10798930 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting pathological secretion of Interleukin-1β has shown beneficial effects in disease models and in the clinic and thus there is interest in finding inhibitors that can reduce its release from macrophages in response to their activation by foreign pathogens. We used an in vitro human macrophage model to investigate whether ICRF-193, a Topoisomerase II inhibitor could modulate IL1B mRNA expression and IL-1β secretion. These macrophage-like cells readily secrete IL-1β in response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon exposure to a non-toxic dose of ICRF-193, IL-1β secretion was diminished by ~ 40%; however, level of transcription of IL1B was unaffected. We show that there was no Topoisomerase 2B (TOP2B) binding to several IL1B gene sites, which may explain why ICRF-193 does not alter IL1B mRNA levels. Hence, we show for the first time that ICRF-193 can reduce IL-1β secretion. Its low cost and the development of water-soluble prodrugs of ICRF-193 warrants its further investigation in the modulation of pathological secretion of this cytokine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. (165 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Brindle
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Callum Bainbridge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Muganti R Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen Todryk
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Kay Padget
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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2
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Bacakova L, Novotna K, Hadraba D, Musilkova J, Slepicka P, Beran M. Influence of Biomimetically Mineralized Collagen Scaffolds on Bone Cell Proliferation and Immune Activation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030602. [PMID: 35160591 PMCID: PMC8838484 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen, as the main component of connective tissue, is frequently used in various tissue engineering applications. In this study, porous sponge-like collagen scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying and were then mineralized in a simulated body fluid. The mechanical stability was similar in both types of scaffolds, but the mineralized scaffolds (MCS) contained significantly more calcium, magnesium and phosphorus than the unmineralized scaffolds (UCS). Although the MCS contained a lower percentage (~32.5%) of pores suitable for cell ingrowth (113–357 μm in diameter) than the UCS (~70%), the number of human-osteoblast-like MG-63 cells on days 1, 3 and 7 after seeding was higher on MCS than on UCS, and the cells penetrated deeper into the MCS. The cell growth in extracts prepared by eluting the scaffolds for 7 days in a cell culture medium was also markedly higher in the MCS extracts, as indicated by real-time monitoring in the sensory xCELLigence system for 7 days. From this point of view, MCS are more promising for bone tissue engineering than UCS. However, MCS evoked a more pronounced inflammatory response than UCS, as indicated by the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells in cultures on these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bacakova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (D.H.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-2-9644-3743
| | - Katarina Novotna
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Hadraba
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Jana Musilkova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (K.N.); (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Petr Slepicka
- Department of Solid State Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Milos Beran
- Food Research Institute Prague, Radiova 7, 102 31 Prague 10, Czech Republic;
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3
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Sinha SK, Miikeda A, Fouladian Z, Mehrabian M, Edillor C, Shih D, Zhou Z, Paul MK, Charugundla S, Davis RC, Rajavashisth TB, Lusis AJ. Local M-CSF (Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor) Expression Regulates Macrophage Proliferation and Apoptosis in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:220-233. [PMID: 33086870 PMCID: PMC7769919 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that deficiency of M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor; or CSF1 [colony stimulating factor 1]) dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. We characterize the underlying mechanism and investigate the relevant sources of CSF1 in lesions. Approach and Results: We quantitatively assessed the effects of CSF1 deficiency on macrophage proliferation and apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions. Staining of aortic lesions with markers of proliferation, Ki-67 and bromodeoxyuridine, revealed around 40% reduction in CSF1 heterozygous (Csf1+/-) as compared with WT (wild type; Csf1+/+) mice. Similarly, staining with a marker of apoptosis, activated caspase-3, revealed a 3-fold increase in apoptotic cells in Csf1+/- mice. Next, we determined the cellular sources of CSF1 contributing to lesion development. Cell-specific deletions of Csf1 in smooth muscle cells using SM22α-Cre (smooth muscle protein 22-alpha-Cre) reduced lesions by about 40%, and in endothelial cells, deletions with Cdh5-Cre (VE-cadherin-Cre) reduced lesions by about 30%. Macrophage-specific deletion with LysM-Cre (lysozyme M-Cre), on the other hand, did not significantly reduce lesions size. Transplantation of Csf1 null (Csf1-/-) mice bone marrow into Csf1+/+ mice reduced lesions by about 35%, suggesting that CSF1 from hematopoietic cells other than macrophages contributes to atherosclerosis. None of the cell-specific knockouts affected circulating CSF1 levels, and only the smooth muscle cell deletions had any effect on the percentage monocytes in the circulation. Also, Csf1+/- mice did not exhibit significant differences in Ly6Chigh/Ly6Clow monocytes as compared with Csf1+/+. CONCLUSIONS CSF1 contributes to both macrophage proliferation and survival in lesions. Local CSF1 production by smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell rather than circulating CSF1 is the primary driver of macrophage expansion in atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/deficiency
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059
| | - Aika Miikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zachary Fouladian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chantle Edillor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Diana Shih
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Manash K Paul
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sarada Charugundla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Richard C. Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tripathi B. Rajavashisth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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4
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Neamatallah T, Jabbar S, Tate R, Schroeder J, Shweash M, Alexander J, Plevin R. Whole Genome Microarray Analysis of DUSP4-Deletion Reveals A Novel Role for MAP Kinase Phosphatase-2 (MKP-2) in Macrophage Gene Expression and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143434. [PMID: 31336892 PMCID: PMC6679025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-2 (MKP-2) is a type 1 nuclear dual specific phosphatase (DUSP-4). It plays an important role in macrophage inflammatory responses through the negative regulation of Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. However, information on the effect of MKP-2 on other aspect of macrophage function is limited. Methods: We investigated the impact of MKP-2 in the regulation of several genes that are involved in function while using comparative whole genome microarray analysis in macrophages from MKP-2 wild type (wt) and knock out (ko) mice. Results: Our data showed that the lack of MKP-2 caused a significant down-regulation of colony-stimulating factor-2 (Csf2) and monocyte to macrophage-associated differentiation (Mmd) genes, suggesting a role of MKP-2 in macrophage development. When treated with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), Mmd and Csf2 mRNA levels increased but significantly reduced in ko cells in comparison to wt counterparts. This effect of MKP-2 deletion on macrophage function was also observed by cell counting and DNA measurements. On the signalling level, M-CSF stimulation induced extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) phosphorylation, which was significantly enhanced in the absence of MKP-2. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK reduced both Csf2 and Mmd genes in both wild type and ko cultures, which suggested that enhanced ERK activation in ko cultures may not explain effects on gene expression. Interestingly other functional markers were also shown to be reduced in ko macrophages in comparison to wt mice; the expression of CD115, which is a receptor for M-CSF, and CD34, a stem/progenitor cell marker, suggesting global regulation of gene expression by MKP-2. Conclusions: Transcriptome profiling reveals that MKP-2 regulates macrophage development showing candidate targets from monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and macrophage proliferation. However, it is unclear whether effects upon ERK signalling are able to explain the effects of DUSP-4 deletion on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shilan Jabbar
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Rothwelle Tate
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Juliane Schroeder
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Muhannad Shweash
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - James Alexander
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Robin Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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5
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Flores RE, Brown AK, Taus L, Khoury J, Glover F, Kami K, Sarangarajan R, Walshe TE, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Shelton LM, Chinopoulos C, Seyfried TN. Mycoplasma infection and hypoxia initiate succinate accumulation and release in the VM-M3 cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:975-983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Shah SA, Ishinaga H, Takeuchi K. Clarithromycin inhibits TNF-α-induced MUC5AC mucin gene expression via the MKP-1-p38MAPK-dependent pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:60-66. [PMID: 28550735 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clarithromycin is a 14-membered macrolide antibiotic. Low-dose, long-term macrolide therapy is effective in patients with chronic airway diseases, such as diffuse panbronchitis, chronic bronchitis, and chronic sinusitis. However, the mechanism underlying this clinical efficacy remains unclear. The dual specificity phosphatase MKP-1 (MAPK phosphatase-1), also called DUSP (dual specificity phosphatase-1), was initially identified as an in vitro ERK-specific phosphatase, but depending on the cell type, it can also dephosphorylate other members of the MAPK family, such as p38 and JNK, and thus suppress downstream signaling of these kinases. It was recently reported that MKP-1 appears to mediate the effects of several anti-inflammatory drugs, including glucocorticoids, but the role of MKP-1 on mucin gene expression in the presence of macrolides in the human airway remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the MKP-1 protein is induced by clarithromycin and that clarithromycin suppresses TNF-α-induced MUC5AC mucin gene expression in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner in human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells. Our study thus provides new insights into the role of MKP-1 in mediating the effects of macrolides and may help in the development of new therapeutic strategies against mucin overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Ahmad Shah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishinaga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Takeuchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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7
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Lloberas J, Valverde-Estrella L, Tur J, Vico T, Celada A. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Mitogen Kinase Phosphatase 1: A Critical Interplay in Macrophage Biology. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:28. [PMID: 27446931 PMCID: PMC4923182 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are necessary in multiple processes during the immune response or inflammation. This review emphasizes the critical role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and mitogen kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in the functional activities of macrophages. While the phosphorylation of MAPKs is required for macrophage activation or proliferation, MKP-1 dephosphorylates these kinases, thus playing a balancing role in the control of macrophage behavior. MKP-1 is a nuclear-localized dual-specificity phosphatase whose expression is regulated at multiple levels, including at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. The regulatory role of MKP-1 in the interplay between MAPK phosphorylation/dephosphorylation makes this molecule a critical regulator of macrophage biology and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lloberas
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Valverde-Estrella
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Tur
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Vico
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Celada
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Serrat N, Sebastian C, Pereira-Lopes S, Valverde-Estrella L, Lloberas J, Celada A. The Response of Secondary Genes to Lipopolysaccharides in Macrophages Depends on Histone Deacetylase and Phosphorylation of C/EBPβ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:418-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Rastogi R, Jiang Z, Ahmad N, Rosati R, Liu Y, Beuret L, Monks R, Charron J, Birnbaum MJ, Samavati L. Rapamycin induces mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression through activation of protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase pathways. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33966-33977. [PMID: 24126911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), also known as dual specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP-1), plays a crucial role in the deactivation of MAPKs. Several drugs with immune-suppressive properties modulate MKP-1 expression as part of their mechanism of action. We investigated the effect of mTOR inhibition through rapamycin and a dual mTOR inhibitor (AZD2014) on MKP-1 expression. Low dose rapamycin led to a rapid activation of both AKT and ERK pathways with a subsequent increase in MKP-1 expression. Rapamycin treatment led to phosphorylation of CREB, transcription factor 1 (ATF1), and ATF2, three transcription factors that bind to the cyclic AMP-responsive elements on the Mkp-1 promoter. Inhibition of either the MEK/ERK or the AKT pathway attenuated rapamycin-mediated MKP-1 induction. AZD2014 did not activate AKT but activated the ERK pathway, leading to a moderate MKP-1 induction. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) derived from wild-type (WT) mice or mice deficient in AKT1 and AKT2 isoforms or BMDM from targeted deficiency in MEK1 and MEK2, we show that rapamycin treatment led to an increased MKP1 expression in BMDM from WT but failed to do so in BMDMs lacking the AKT1 isoform or MEK1 and MEK2. Importantly, rapamycin pretreatment inhibited LPS-mediated p38 activation and decreased nitric oxide and IL-6 production. Our work provides a conceptual framework for the observed immune modulatory effect of mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rastogi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Rita Rosati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Yusen Liu
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Laurent Beuret
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU-Q, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Robert Monks
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU-Q, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lobelia Samavati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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10
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Karlson TDL, Kong YY, Hardy CL, Xiang SD, Plebanski M. The signalling imprints of nanoparticle uptake by bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Methods 2013; 60:275-83. [PMID: 23459257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) possess remarkable adjuvant and carrier capacity, therefore are used in the development of various vaccine formulations. Our previous studies demonstrated that inert non-toxic 40-50 nm polystyrene NP (PS-NP) can promote strong CD8 T cell and antibody responses to the antigen, in the absence of observable inflammatory responses. Furthermore, instillation of PS-NP inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation by induction of an immunological imprint via modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function without inducing oxidative stress in the lungs in mice. This is in contrast to many studies which show that a variety of ambient and man-made NP promote lung immunopathology, raising concerns generally about the safe use of NPs in biomedicine. Most NPs are capable of inducing inflammatory pathways in DC largely mediated by signalling via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK). Herein, we investigate whether PS-NPs also activate ERK in DC in vitro. Our data show that PS-NP do not induce ERK activation in two different types of bone marrow derived (BM) DC cultures (expanded with GM-CSF or with GM-CSF together with IL-4). The absence of such signalling was not due to lack of PS-NP uptake by BM-DC as confirmed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The process of NP uptake by DC usually initiates ERK signalling, suggesting an unusual uptake pathway may be engaged by PS-NPs. Indeed, data herein showns that uptake of PS-NP by BM-DC was substantially inhibited by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not cytochalasin D (CCD), suggesting an uptake pathway utilising caveole for PS-NP. Together these data show that BM-DC take up PS-NP via a caveole-dependent pathway which does not trigger ERK signalling which may explain their efficient uptake by DC, without the concomitant activation of conventional inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya De L Karlson
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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11
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Serrat N, Pereira-Lopes S, Comalada M, Lloberas J, Celada A. Deacetylation of C/EBPβ is required for IL-4-induced arginase-1 expression in murine macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:3028-37. [PMID: 22865229 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The amount of arginine available at inflammatory loci is a limiting factor for the growth of several cells of the immune system. IL-4-induced activation of macrophages produced arginase-1, which converts arginine into ornithine, a precursor of polyamines and proline. Trichostatin A (TSA), a pan-inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), inhibited IL-4-induced arginase-1 expression. TSA showed promoter-specific effects on the IL-4-responsive genes. While TSA inhibited the expression of arginase-1, fizz1, and mrc1, other genes, such as ym,1 mgl1, and mgl2, were not affected. The inhibition of arginase-1 occurred at the transcriptional level with the inhibition of polymerase II binding to the promoter. IL-4 induced STAT6 phosphorylation and binding to DNA. These activities were not affected by TSA treatment. However, TSA inhibited C/EBPβ DNA binding. This inhibitor induced acetylation on lysine residues 215-216, which are critical for DNA binding. Finally, using macrophages from STAT6 KO mice we showed that STAT6 is required for the DNA binding of C/EBPβ. These results demonstrate that the acetylation/deacetylation balance strongly influences the expression of arginase-1, a gene of alternative activation of macrophages. These findings also provide a molecular mechanism to explain the control of gene expression through deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Serrat
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Comalada M, Lloberas J, Celada A. MKP-1: A critical phosphatase in the biology of macrophages controlling the switch between proliferation and activation. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1938-48. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Comalada
- Macrophage Biology Group; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona; Spain
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13
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Larangé A, Antonios D, Pallardy M, Kerdine-Römer S. Glucocorticoids inhibit dendritic cell maturation induced by Toll-like receptor 7 and Toll-like receptor 8. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:105-17. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Roth Flach RJ, Bennett AM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 - a potential therapeutic target in metabolic disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 14:1323-32. [PMID: 21058921 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.528395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Metabolic disease, which is associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease, is a worldwide epidemic. There continues to be a tremendous effort towards the development of therapies to curtail obesity and its associated pathophysiological sequelae. MAPKs have been implicated in metabolic disease suggesting that these enzymes, and those that regulate them, can potentially serve as therapeutic targets to combat this disease. The MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) mediates the dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAPKs in insulin-responsive tissues. Therefore, the actions of MKP-1 may play an important role in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The functional effects of MKP-1 in MAPK regulation with emphasis on its role in physiological and pathophysiological signaling functions that have been elucidated through the use of mouse genetics. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will learn that MAPK inactivation through the effects of MKP-1 is essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. We will convey the idea that MKP-1 acts as a critical signaling node in MAPK-mediated regulation of cell signaling and metabolism. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Pharmacological inactivation of MKP-1 may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of obesity and possibly other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Roth Flach
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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15
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Zhu QY, Liu Q, Chen JX, Lan K, Ge BX. MicroRNA-101 targets MAPK phosphatase-1 to regulate the activation of MAPKs in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7435-42. [PMID: 21068409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is an archetypical member of the dual-specificity phosphatase family that deactivates MAPKs. Induction of MKP-1 has been implicated in attenuating the LPS- or peptidoglycan-induced biosynthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, but the role of noncoding RNA in the expression of the MKP-1 is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that MKP-1 is a direct target of microRNA-101 (miR-101). Transfection of miR-101 attenuates induction of MKP-1 by LPS as well as prolonged activation of p38 and JNK/stress-activated protein kinase, whereas inhibition of miR-101 enhances the expression of MKP-1 and shortens p38 and JNK activation. We also found that expression of miR-101 is induced by multiple TLR ligands, including LPS, peptidoglycan, or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and that inhibition of PI3K/Akt by LY294002 or Akt RNA interference blocks the induction of miR-101 by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Moreover, treatment of cells with dexamethasone, a widely used anti-inflammatory agent, markedly inhibits miR-101 expression and enhances the expression of MKP-1 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Together, these results indicate that miR-101 regulates the innate immune responses of macrophages to LPS through targeting MKP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Zhu
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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16
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Imaizumi S, Grijalva V, Priceman S, Wu L, Su F, Farias-Eisner R, Hama S, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 deficiency decreases atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E null mice by reducing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:66-75. [PMID: 20619710 PMCID: PMC3037189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously reported that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression is necessary for oxidized phospholipids to induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion by human aortic endothelial cells. We also reported that inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases including MKP-1 ameliorated atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to further investigate the specific role of MKP-1 in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated MKP-1(-/-)/apoE(-/-) double-knockout mice. At 24weeks of age, the size, macrophage and dendritic cell content of atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic root were significantly lower ( approximately -41% for lesions and macrophages, and approximately -78% for dendritic cells) in MKP-1(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice when compared with apoE(-/-) mice. Total cholesterol (-18.4%, p=0.045) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-20.0%, p=0.052) levels were decreased in MKP-1(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice. Serum from MKP-1(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice contained significantly lower levels of MCP-1 and possessed significantly reduced capability to induce monocyte migration in vitro. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages isolated from MKP-1(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice produced significantly lower levels of MCP-1 when compared to peritoneal macrophages from apoE(-/-) mice. Furthermore, MKP-1(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice had significantly reduced serum hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) levels, which have been reported to induce MCP-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that MKP-1 deficiency significantly decreases atherosclerotic lesion development in mice, in part, by affecting MCP-1 levels in the circulation and MCP-1 production by macrophages. MKP-1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Saul Priceman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Robin Farias-Eisner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Susan Hama
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Alan M. Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
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Casals-Casas C, Alvarez E, Serra M, de la Torre C, Farrera C, Sánchez-Tilló E, Caelles C, Lloberas J, Celada A. CREB and AP-1 activation regulates MKP-1 induction by LPS or M-CSF and their kinetics correlate with macrophage activation versus proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1902-13. [PMID: 19585511 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is a protein phosphatase that plays a crucial role in innate immunity. This phosphatase inactivates ERK1/2, which are involved in two opposite functional activities of the macrophage, namely proliferation and activation. Here we found that although macrophage proliferation and activation induce MKP-1 with different kinetics, gene expression is mediated by the proximal promoter sequences localized between -380 and -180 bp. Mutagenesis experiments of the proximal element determined that CRE/AP-1 is required for LPS- or M-CSF-induced activation of the MKP-1 gene. Moreover, the results from gel shift analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that c-Jun and CREB bind to the CRE/AP-1 box. The distinct kinetics shown by M-CSF and LPS correlates with the induction of JNK and c-jun, as well as the requirement for Raf-1. The signal transduction pathways that activate the induction of MKP-1 correlate kinetically with induction by M-CSF and LPS.
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18
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Chi H, Bennett AM, Flavell RA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1): a critical regulator of innate immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060601137415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Okamura K, Yamashita S, Ando H, Horibata Y, Aoyama C, Takagishi K, Izumi T, Vance DE, Sugimoto H. Identification of nuclear localization and nuclear export signals in Ets2, and the transcriptional regulation of Ets2 and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α in tetradecanoyl-13-acetate or macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulated RAW264 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Säfholm A, Tuomela J, Rosenkvist J, Dejmek J, Härkönen P, Andersson T. The Wnt-5a-derived hexapeptide Foxy-5 inhibits breast cancer metastasis in vivo by targeting cell motility. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6556-63. [PMID: 18927296 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An inherent problem in breast cancer treatment is that current therapeutic approaches fail to specifically target the dissemination of breast cancer cells from the primary tumor. Clinical findings show that the loss of Wnt-5a protein expression in the primary breast tumor predicts a faster tumor spread, and in vitro analyses reveal that it does so by inhibiting tumor cell migration. Therefore, we hypothesized that the reconstitution of Wnt-5a signaling could be a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit breast cancer metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used in vitro techniques to show that 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells responded to the reconstitution of Wnt-5a signaling using our novel Wnt-5a mimicking hexapeptide, Foxy-5, in the same way as human breast cancer cells. Therefore, we could subsequently study its effect in vivo on the metastatic spread of cancer following the inoculation of 4T1 cells into mice. RESULTS In vitro analyses revealed that both recombinant Wnt-5a and the Wnt-5a-derived Foxy-5 peptide impaired migration and invasion without affecting apoptosis or proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer cells. The in vivo experiments show that i.p. injections of Foxy-5 inhibited metastasis of inoculated 4T1 breast cancer cells from the mammary fat pad to the lungs and liver by 70% to 90%. CONCLUSIONS These data provide proof of principle that the reconstitution of Wnt-5a signaling in breast cancer cells is a novel approach to impair breast tumor metastasis by targeting cell motility. In combination with existing therapies, this approach represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Säfholm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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21
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Abstract
Innate immune responses mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern-recognition receptors, play a critical role in the defense against microbial pathogens. However, excessive TLR-mediated responses result in sepsis, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation. To prevent deleterious activation of TLRs, cells have evolved multiple mechanisms that inhibit innate immune reactions. Stimulation of TLRs induces the expression of the gene encoding the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a nuclear-localized dual-specificity phosphatase that preferentially dephosphorylates p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in the attenuation of TLR-triggered production of proinflammatory cytokines. MKP-1 is posttranslationally modified by multiple mechanisms, including phosphorylation. A study now demonstrates that MKP-1 is also acetylated on a key lysine residue following stimulation of TLRs. Acetylation of MKP-1 promotes the interaction of MKP-1 with its substrate p38 MAPK, which results in dephosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the inhibition of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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22
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Cho IJ, Woo NR, Kim SG. The identification of C/EBPbeta as a transcription factor necessary for the induction of MAPK phosphatase-1 by toll-like receptor-4 ligand. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 479:88-96. [PMID: 18761321 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which contributes to inflammatory responses. The activities of MAPKs are counter-balanced by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). Because the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of mkp-1 has not been completely established, this study investigated the effect of toll-like receptor-4 ligand (TLR4L, lipopolysaccharide) on CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBP beta)-dependent induction of MKP-1 in Raw264.7 cells. TLR4L treatment induced MKP-1 through gene transcription. Other TLRLs also transactivated mkp-1. Gel-shift, immunoblot and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified the activation of C/EBPbeta by TLR4L. Consistently, C/EBP beta transfection promoted mkp-1 transactivation, which was reversed by its dominant-negative mutant (AC/EBP). Experiments using chemical inhibitors or dominant-negative mutants of MAPKs indicated that both C/EBP beta activation and MKP-1 induction depend on the activation of MAPKs. TLR4L activation of C/EBP beta also contributed to the induction of dusp-2,dusp-4,dusp-8 and dusp-16. These results identify C/EBP beta as a transcription factor necessary for the induction of MKP-1 by TLRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Je Cho
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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IFN-{gamma}-mediated inhibition of MAPK phosphatase expression results in prolonged MAPK activity in response to M-CSF and inhibition of proliferation. Blood 2008; 112:3274-82. [PMID: 18682602 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-123604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have the capacity to proliferate in response to specific growth factors, such as macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). In the presence of several cytokines and activating factors, macrophages undergo growth arrest, become activated, and participate in the development of an immune response. We have previously observed that activation of extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK-1/2) is required for macrophage proliferation in response to growth factors. A short and early pattern of ERK activity correlated with the proliferative response. In contrast, slightly prolonged patterns of activity of these kinases were induced by signals that lead to macrophage activation and growth arrest. IFN-gamma is the main endogenous Th1-type macrophage activator. Here we report that stimulation with IFN-gamma prolongs the pattern of ERK activity induced by M-CSF in macrophages. These effects correlate with IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of the expression of several members of the MAPK phosphatase family, namely MKP-1, -2, and -4. Moreover, inhibition of MKP-1 expression using siRNA technology or synthetic inhibitors also led to elongated ERK activity and significant blockage of M-CSF-dependent proliferation. These data suggest that subtle changes in the time course of activity of members of the MAPK family contribute to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-gamma in macrophages.
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24
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Wang X, Liu Y. Regulation of innate immune response by MAP kinase phosphatase-1. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1372-82. [PMID: 17512700 PMCID: PMC2203964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are signal transduction pathways that play pivotal regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1, an archetypal member of the MKP family, is essential for the dephosphorylation/deactivation of MAP kinases p38 and JNK. Earlier studies conducted using cultured immortalized macrophages provided compelling evidence indicating that MKP-1 deactivates p38 and JNK, thereby limiting pro-inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis in innate immune cells exposed to microbial components. Recent studies employing MKP-1 knockout mice have confirmed the central function of MKP-1 in the feedback control of p38 and JNK activity as well as the crucial physiological function of MKP-1 as a negative regulator of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo. MKP-1 was shown to be a major feedback regulator of the innate immune response and to play a critical role in preventing septic shock and multi-organ dysfunction during pathogenic infection. In this review, we will update the studies on the biochemical properties and the regulation of MKP-1, and summarize our understanding on the physiological function of this key phosphatase in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxi Wang
- Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Research Institute, Columbus Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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25
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Casals C, Barrachina M, Serra M, Lloberas J, Celada A. Lipopolysaccharide up-regulates MHC class II expression on dendritic cells through an AP-1 enhancer without affecting the levels of CIITA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6307-15. [PMID: 17475859 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of MHC class II genes is strictly tissue specific. In a limited number of cells, the expression of these genes is inducible by cytokines and only in dendritic and B cells is expression constitutive. LPS blocks the cytokine-dependent induction of these genes, but enhances their expression in dendritic and the B cell line A20. We have observed that LPS increased surface expression by raising I-A protein and mRNA levels. LPS does not enhance the expression of the transactivator CIITA. In transient transfection experiments, LPS induced the expression of the I-Abeta promoter, which contains an AP-1 box located between 1722 and 1729 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Mutation of this box abrogated the effect of LPS. The AP-1 box still responded to LPS when we moved it to -611 bp or even when it was in the opposite direction. LPS induced a complex that bound to the AP-1 box. However, in dendritic cells, the complex comprised c-jun and c-fos while in A20 cells only c-jun. This was confirmed by chromatin immune precipitation assays and the distinct induction of c-jun and c-fos mRNAs. Therefore, our results indicate that LPS exerts a novel regulatory mechanism in the control of MHC class II gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Casals
- Macrophage Biology Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Sánchez-Tilló E, Comalada M, Xaus J, Farrera C, Valledor AF, Caelles C, Lloberas J, Celada A. JNK1 Is Required for the Induction of Mkp1 Expression in Macrophages during Proliferation and Lipopolysaccharide-dependent Activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12566-73. [PMID: 17337450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609662200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages proliferate in the presence of their growth factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), in a process that is dependent on early and short ERK activation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces macrophage activation, stops proliferation, and delays ERK phosphorylation, thereby triggering an inflammatory response. Proliferating or activating responses are balanced by the kinetics of ERK phosphorylation, the inactivation of which correlates with Mkp1 induction. Here we show that the transcriptional induction of this phosphatase by M-CSF or LPS depends on JNK but not on the other MAPKs, ERK and p38. The lack of Mkp1 induction caused by JNK inhibition prolonged ERK-1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. The two JNK genes, jnk1 and jnk2, are constitutively expressed in macrophages. However, only the JNK1 isoform was phosphorylated and, as determined in single knock-out mice, was necessary for Mkp1 induction by M-CSF or LPS. JNK1 was also required for pro-inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6) and LPS-induced NO production. This requirement is independent of Mkp1 expression, as shown in Mkp1 knock-out mice. Our results demonstrate a critical role for JNK1 in the regulation of Mkp1 induction and in LPS-dependent macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sánchez-Tilló
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Sànchez-Tilló E, Wojciechowska M, Comalada M, Farrera C, Lloberas J, Celada A. Cyclophilin A is required for M-CSF-dependent macrophage proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2515-24. [PMID: 16909430 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressor sanglifehrin A (SfA) is a member of a family of immunophilin cyclophilin A-binding molecules and does not inhibit calcineurin activity. Sanglifehrin A inhibits M-CSF-dependent macrophage proliferation by arresting the G1 phase of the cell cycle but does not affect cell viability. This immunosuppressor exerts its action on proliferation by inactivating cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity. Moreover, c-myc expression is also repressed. In the early steps of M-CSF signaling, SfA inhibits the phosphorylation of Raf-1 and the external regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, which are required for proliferation. The effects of SfA are not related to a block of the proteosome activity. These data show that immunophilin contributes to M-CSF-dependent proliferation through activation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway and the regulation of Cdk activities, which is required for cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sànchez-Tilló
- Macrophage Biology Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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