1
|
Astragaloside IV Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Uterine Leiomyomas by Targeting IDO1. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184424. [PMID: 36139584 PMCID: PMC9496999 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is increasingly becoming a success strategy for oncology treatment. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase1 (IDO1) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme involved in immunological escape mechanisms, which is considered as a potential target for tumor therapy. However, the clinical efficacy of IDO1 inhibitors is not promising. Therefore, there is an urgent to investigate the mechanism between chemical drugs with antitumor effects and IDO1-mediated immunosuppression. The Chinese medicine AS-IV exerts antitumor effects with many advantages, including fewer toxic side effects and immunomodulatory effects. We noted the lack of studies of AS-IV on benign tumors. Therefore, our study demonstrates the Inhibitory effect of AS-IV on ULMs and elucidates the underlying mechanism. Abstract Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a chemical found in traditional Chinese medicine called Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge that has antitumor properties. However, the roles and mechanisms of AS-IV in uterine leiomyomas (ULMs) are unclear. The immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is involved in tumor formation. IDO1 is a new and reliable prognostic indicator for several cancers. In this work, AS-IV was applied to ULM cells in various concentrations. CCK-8, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were used to examine the proliferation and apoptosis of ULM cells caused by AS-IV. After lentiviral vector transduction with IDO1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), the knockdown and overexpression of IDO1 were stable in ULM cells. To verify the antitumor effect of AS-IV in vivo, we established a rat model of uterine leiomyoma. HE staining, Masson staining, and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe pathological changes in the uterus, and the levels of serum sex hormones were measured by radio immune assay (RIA). The levels of CD3+T, CD4+T, and CD25+ Foxp3+Treg in rat peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine protein expression. We found that AS-IV dramatically increased the apoptotic rate of ULM cells and reduced viability in a time- and dosage-dependent manner. After sh-IDO1 lentiviral transfection, we discovered that knocking down IDO1 reversed the effects of AS-IV on ULM cell proliferation and autophagy. We also found that AS-IV can effectively inhibit the growth of ULMs in vivo. AS-IV may promote apoptosis and autophagy in ULMs by activating PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling through inhibition of IDO1. These findings imply that AS-IV exerts antifibroid effects, and the underlying mechanism may be IDO1, which is involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Egilmez NK, Harden JL, Rowswell-Turner RB. Chemoimmunotherapy as long-term maintenance therapy for cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:563-565. [PMID: 22754788 PMCID: PMC3382905 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic immune regulatory mechanisms can mediate premature termination of therapy-induced antitumor T-effector cell responses. Administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) prior to intratumoral IL-12 and GM-CSF delivery blocked post-treatment T-suppressor cell rebound via elimination of the pre-existing T-suppressor cell pool, allowed repeated activation of antitumor cytotoxic T-cells and resulted in the cure of advanced spontaneous tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen KG, Vrabel MR, Mantooth SM, Hopkins JJ, Wagner ES, Gabaldon TA, Zaharoff DA. Localized Interleukin-12 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575597. [PMID: 33178203 PMCID: PMC7593768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models has yet to be replicated in humans. Early clinical trials in the mid-1990's showed that systemic delivery of IL-12 incurred dose-limiting toxicities. Nevertheless, IL-12's pleiotropic activity, i.e., its ability to engage multiple effector mechanisms and reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression, continues to entice cancer researchers. The development of strategies which maximize IL-12 delivery to the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure are of increasing interest. Diverse IL-12 delivery systems, from immunocytokine fusions to polymeric nanoparticles, have demonstrated robust antitumor immunity with reduced adverse events in preclinical studies. Several localized IL-12 delivery approaches have recently reached the clinical stage with several more at the precipice of translation. Taken together, localized delivery systems are supporting an IL-12 renaissance which may finally allow this potent cytokine to fulfill its considerable clinical potential. This review begins with a brief historical account of cytokine monotherapies and describes how IL-12 went from promising new cure to ostracized black sheep following multiple on-study deaths. The bulk of this comprehensive review focuses on developments in diverse localized delivery strategies for IL-12-based cancer immunotherapies. Advantages and limitations of different delivery technologies are highlighted. Finally, perspectives on how IL-12-based immunotherapies may be utilized for widespread clinical application in the very near future are offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khue G Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Maura R Vrabel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Siena M Mantooth
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jared J Hopkins
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ethan S Wagner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Taylor A Gabaldon
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat K. Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nanni P, De Giovanni C, Burocchi A, Nicoletti G, Landuzzi L, Palladini A, Ianzano ML, Arioli I, Colombo MP, Lollini PL. OX40 triggering concomitant to IL12-engineered cell vaccine hampers the immunoprevention of HER2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1465164. [PMID: 30221061 PMCID: PMC6136865 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1465164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of combining an OX40 agonistic antibody (aOX40) with a cell vaccine targeting HER2/neu, called "Triplex". Such HER2/neu cell vaccine included two biological adjuvants (interleukin 12 (IL12) and allogeneic histocompatibility antigens) and was previously found able to prevent autochthonous HER2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis. Timing of aOX40 administration, concomitantly or after cell vaccination, gave opposite results. Unexpectedly, vaccine efficacy was hampered by concomitant OX40 triggering. Such decreased immunoprevention was likely due to a reduced induction of anti-HER2/neu antibodies and to a higher level of Treg activation. On the contrary, aOX40 administration after the completion of vaccination slightly but significantly increased immunopreventive vaccine efficacy, and led to increased production of GM-CSF and IL10. In conclusion, OX40 triggering can either impair or ameliorate immunoprevention of HER2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis depending on the schedule of aOX40 administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Nanni
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla De Giovanni
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Giordano Nicoletti
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Palladini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucia Ianzano
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivano Arioli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roy S, Bag AK, Singh RK, Talmadge JE, Batra SK, Datta K. Multifaceted Role of Neuropilins in the Immune System: Potential Targets for Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1228. [PMID: 29067024 PMCID: PMC5641316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are non-tyrosine kinase cell surface glycoproteins expressed in all vertebrates and widely conserved across species. The two isoforms, such as neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and neuropilin-2 (NRP2), mainly act as coreceptors for class III Semaphorins and for members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of molecules and are widely known for their role in a wide array of physiological processes, such as cardiovascular, neuronal development and patterning, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, as well as various clinical disorders. Intriguingly, additional roles for NRPs occur with myeloid and lymphoid cells, in normal physiological as well as different pathological conditions, including cancer, immunological disorders, and bone diseases. However, little is known concerning the molecular pathways that govern these functions. In addition, NRP1 expression has been characterized in different immune cellular phenotypes including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cell subsets, especially regulatory T cell populations. By contrast, the functions of NRP2 in immune cells are less well known. In this review, we briefly summarize the genomic organization, structure, and binding partners of the NRPs and extensively discuss the recent advances in their role and function in different immune cell subsets and their clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Arup K Bag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The critical contribution of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells (Treg) to immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment is well-established. Whereas the mechanisms that drive the generation and accumulation of Treg in tumors have been an active area of study, the information on their origin and population dynamics remains limited. In this review, we discuss the ontogeny of tumor-associated Treg in light of the recently identified lineage markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Harden JL, Anderson CD, Egilmez NK. Tolerogenic Phenotype of IFN-γ-Induced IDO+ Dendritic Cells Is Maintained via an Autocrine IDO-Kynurenine/AhR-IDO Loop. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:962-70. [PMID: 27316681 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that IL-12-driven antitumor activity is short-circuited by a rapid switch in dendritic cell (DC) function from immunogenic to tolerogenic activity. This process was dependent on IFN-γ and the tolerogenic phenotype was conferred by IDO. Extended monitoring of IDO(+) DC in the tumor-draining lymph nodes of IL-12 plus GM-CSF-treated tumor-bearing mice revealed that whereas IFN-γ induction was transient, IDO expression in DC was maintained long-term. An in vitro system modeling the IFN-γ-mediated change in DC function was developed to dissect the molecular basis of persistent IDO expression in post-IL-12 DC. Stimulation of DC with IFN-γ and CD40L resulted in rapid induction of IDO1 and IDO2 transcription and recapitulated the in vivo switch from immunogenic to tolerogenic activity. Long-term maintenance of IDO expression was found to be independent of exogenous and autocrine IFN-γ, or the secondary cytokines TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6. In contrast, both IDO enzymatic activity and IFN-γ-induced AhR expression were required for continued IDO transcription in vitro and in vivo. Addition of the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine to DC cultures in which IDO activity was blocked restored long-term IDO expression in wild-type DC but not in AhR-deficient DC, establishing the central role of the kynurenine-AhR pathway in maintaining IDO expression in tolerogenic DC. These findings shed further light on the cellular and molecular biology of the post-IL-12 regulatory rebound and provide insight into how feedback inhibitory mechanisms dominate in the long-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Jamie L Harden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Charles D Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Radice E, Bellone G, Miranda V. Enhancement of the Immunostimulatory Functions of Ex Vivo-Generated Dendritic Cells from Early-Stage Colon Cancer Patients by Consecutive Exposure to Low Doses of Sequential-Kinetic-Activated IL-4 and IL-12. A Preliminary Study. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:327-38. [PMID: 26310379 PMCID: PMC4562983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), specialized antigen-presenting cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity, play a crucial role in determining specific immune response to tumors. Because of their potent immunoregulatory capacities, DCs have been exploited in anticancer vaccination, with limited success thus far. This pilot study compared low-dose interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-12 prepared by sequential kinetic activation (SKA) with standard doses of the same recombinant human cytokines on functional activity of ex vivo–generated monocyte-derived (Mo) DCs from colon carcinoma patients and normal subjects. MoDCs were exposed to medium alone, SKA-IL-4 (0.5 fg/ml), or SKA-IL-12 (2 fg/ml), alone or consecutively combined, in parallel with rhIL-4 (50 ng/ml) and rhIL-12 (1 ng/ml). Primary allogeneic one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was the end point to assess in vitro T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to MoDCs, and secreted IL-12p70 and interferon-γ in MLR supernatants measured by ELISA to assay for T-helper 1–promoting MoDC phenotype. No single agent enhanced the compromised allostimulatory activity of MoDCs from colon cancer patients, unlike healthy donors. However, MoDCs from nonmetastatic colon cancer patients, after sequential exposure to SKA-IL-4 (48 hours) and SKA-IL-12 (24 hours), displayed increased T-cell stimulatory capacity by MLR and acquired driving T-helper 1 polarization activity, although less markedly than the effects induced by recombinant human cytokines or found in normal subjects. These results point to an immunomodulatory capacity of low-dose SKA-IL-4 and SKA-IL-12 and encourage further investigation to provide clues for the rational development of new and more effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Radice
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Graziella Bellone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Via Genova 3, 10126 Turin, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Miranda
- Clinical Research Unit, GUNA S.p.a., Via Palmanova, 71, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Virtuoso LP, Anderson CD, Egilmez NK. Regulatory Rebound in IL-12-Treated Tumors Is Driven by Uncommitted Peripheral Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1293-300. [PMID: 26085681 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 promotes a rapid reversal of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. However, the adjuvant activity of IL-12 is short-lived due to regulatory T cell (Treg) reinfiltration. Quantitative analysis of Treg kinetics in IL-12-treated tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes revealed a transient loss followed by a rapid 4-fold expansion of tumor Treg between days 3 and 10. Subset-specific analysis demonstrated that the posttreatment rebound was driven by the CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) neuropilin-1(low) peripheral Treg (pTreg), resulting in a 3-5-fold increase in the pTreg to CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) neuropilin-1(high) thymic Treg ratio by day 10. The expanding pTreg displayed hypermethylation of the CpG islands in Treg-specific demethylated region, CTLA-4 exon 2, and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR exon 5, were phenotypically unstable, and exhibited diminished suppressive function consistent with an uncommitted in vitro-induced Treg-like phenotype. In vitro culture of posttherapy Treg populations under Th1-promoting conditions resulted in higher levels of IFN-γ production by pTreg compared with thymic Treg, confirming their transitional state. Blockade of selected molecular mechanisms that are known to promote Treg expansion identified IDO-positive dendritic cells as the primary mediator of post-IL-12 pTreg expansion. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Lauren P Virtuoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Charles D Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Radice E, Miranda V, Bellone G. Low-doses of sequential-kinetic-activated interferon-γ enhance the ex vivo cytotoxicity of peripheral blood natural killer cells from patients with early-stage colorectal cancer. A preliminary study. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 19:66-73. [PMID: 24369312 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune-system lymphocytes capable of killing tumor cells. They secrete cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, which participate in shaping the initial inflammatory and downstream adaptive immune responses. Its potent immunoregulatory action means that IFN-γ might be beneficial in cases of tumor rejection, but its severe side-effects limit clinical applications. This pilot study compared low-dose IFN-γ prepared by sequential-kinetic-activation (SKA), with standard-dose recombinant (r) IFN-γ, in terms of ex-vivo cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood (PB)-NK cells from colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. This was tested against the NK-sensitive K562 cell line and the less-sensitive human CRC Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines. Twenty primitive non-metastatic CRC patients, five metastatic CRC patients, and thirteen healthy donors were enrolled. PB lymphocytes (PBL) were exposed to medium alone, SKA-IFN-γ (0.25fg/ml) or rIFN-γ (1ng/ml). NK-cell cytolytic activity was examined via short-term (51)Cr-release. Pretreatment of PBL from non-metastatic patients with SKA-IFN-γ caused a significant increase in NK-cell cytotoxicity, compared to those from normal donors, although less markedly than pretreatment with rIFN-γ against all three cell lines. In contrast, PBL from metastatic CRC patients displayed significantly decreased NK-cell activity and responsiveness to both rIFN-γ and SKA-IFN-γ treatments. These results demonstrate in principle the immunomodulatory capacity of low-dose SKA-IFN-γ, and might open the door to the possibility of generating a novel, safe, and feasible approach to enhancing NK-cell antitumor activity in early-stage CRC patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hannesdóttir L, Tymoszuk P, Parajuli N, Wasmer MH, Philipp S, Daschil N, Datta S, Koller JB, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Müller-Holzner E, Wiegers GJ, Sexl V, Villunger A, Doppler W. Lapatinib and doxorubicin enhance the Stat1-dependent antitumor immune response. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2718-29. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lára Hannesdóttir
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Nirmala Parajuli
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Marie-Helene Wasmer
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sonja Philipp
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Nina Daschil
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sebak Datta
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Johann-Benedikt Koller
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Christoph H. Tripp
- Department of Dermatology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
- Oncotyrol - Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Gerrit Jan Wiegers
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Veterinary University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Wolfgang Doppler
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Intratumoral delivery of low doses of anti-CD40 mAb combined with monophosphoryl lipid a induces local and systemic antitumor effects in immunocompetent and T cell-deficient mice. J Immunother 2013; 36:29-40. [PMID: 23211623 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182780f61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody was combined with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a nontoxic derivative of lipopolysaccharide and agonist of toll-like receptor-4, to assess the immunomodulatory and antitumor synergy between the 2 agents in mice. Anti-CD40 was capable of priming macrophages to subsequent ex vivo activation by MPL in immunocompetent and T-cell-depleted mice. Intraperitoneal injections of anti-CD40+MPL induced additive to synergistic suppression of poorly immunogenic B16-F10 melanoma growing subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. When anti-CD40+MPL were injected directly into the subcutaneous tumor, the combination treatment was more effective, even with a 25-fold reduction in dose. Low-dose intratumoral treatment also slowed the growth of a secondary tumor growing simultaneously at a distant, untreated site. Antitumor effects were also induced in severe combined immunodeficiency mice and in T-cell-depleted C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, our results show that the antitumor effects of anti-CD40 are enhanced by subsequent treatment with MPL, even in T-cell-deficient hosts. These preclinical data suggest that an anti-CD40+MPL combined regimen is appropriate for clinical testing in human patients, including cancer patients who may be immunosuppressed from prior chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Harden JL, Egilmez NK. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and dendritic cell tolerogenicity. Immunol Invest 2013; 41:738-64. [PMID: 23017144 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.676122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a potent immune-suppressive enzyme, in dendritic cells (DCs). Specific attention is given to differential up-regulation of IDO in distinct DC subsets, its function in immune homeostasis/autoimmunity, infection and cancer; and the associated immunological outcomes. The review will conclude with a discussion of the poorly defined mechanisms that mediate the long-term maintenance of IDO-expression in response to inflammatory stimuli and how selective modulation of IDO activity may be used in the treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Harden
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Towards curative cancer immunotherapy: overcoming posttherapy tumor escape. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:124187. [PMID: 22778760 PMCID: PMC3386616 DOI: 10.1155/2012/124187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the evolvement of cancer immunotherapy as an increasingly effective therapeutic modality, evidenced by the approval of two immune-based products by the FDA, that is, the cancer vaccine Provenge (sipuleucel-T) for prostate cancer and the antagonist antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) ipilimumab for advanced melanoma. In addition, the clinical evaluations of a variety of promising immunotherapy drugs are well under way. Benefiting from more efficacious immunotherapeutic agents and treatment strategies, a number of recent clinical studies have achieved unprecedented therapeutic outcomes in some patients with certain types of cancers. Despite these advances, however, the efficacy of most cancer immunotherapies currently under clinical development has been modest. A recurring scenario is that therapeutic maneuvers initially led to measurable antitumor immune responses in cancer patients but ultimately failed to improve patient outcomes. It is increasingly recognized that tumor cells can antagonize therapy-induced immune attacks through a variety of counterregulation mechanisms, which represent a fundamental barrier to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Herein we summarize the findings from some recent preclinical and clinical studies, focusing on how tumor cells advance their survival and expansion by hijacking therapy-induced immune effector mechanisms that would otherwise mediate their destruction.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ghosh AK, Basu S. Tumor macrophages as a target for Capsaicin mediated immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2012; 324:91-7. [PMID: 22579786 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment contributes to a large extent for failure of immunological destruction of antigenic tumors. Most solid tumors adapt to the microenvironment and escape the host immune system. The dramatic and systemic effectiveness of neuro-immune ligand Capsaicin (CP) in regression of established solid tumors led us to investigate its immunomodulatory role in tumor microenvironment. In this report we demonstrate that CP induced tumor cell apoptosis leads to increased sensitization of the surrounding stroma manifested by enhanced antigen presentation by stromal macrophages and its destruction by tumor specific T-cells. Further, CP injection alters the tumor microenvironment with regards to tumor-infiltrating Treg cells as well as the cytokine milieu at the tumor site. Our data collectively demonstrates that injection of CP sets in motion, a cascade of several independent innate and adaptive immunological events initiated at the tumor environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amiya K Ghosh
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, MC1601, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rowswell-Turner RB, Harden JL, Nair RE, Gu T, Kilinc MO, Egilmez NK. Chronic chemoimmunotherapy achieves cure of spontaneous murine mammary tumors via persistent blockade of posttherapy counter-regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4109-18. [PMID: 21908736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF induces local and systemic antitumor CD8(+) T cell activation and tumor kill. However, the effector response is transient and is rapidly countered by CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T suppressor cell expansion. To determine whether depletion of the pre-existing T suppressor cell pool prior to treatment could diminish posttherapy regulatory cell resurgence, FVBneuN mice bearing advanced spontaneous mammary tumors were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) 1 d before IL-12/GM-CSF therapy. Administration of CY mediated a significant delay in the post-IL-12/GM-CSF T suppressor cell rebound, resulting in a 7-fold increase in the CD8(+) CTL/T suppressor cell ratio, a 3-fold enhancement of CTL cytotoxicity, and an extension of the effector window from 3 to 7 d. In long-term therapy studies, chronic chemoimmunotherapy promoted a dramatic enhancement of tumor regression, resulting in complete cure in 44% of the mice receiving CY plus IL-12/GM-CSF. Tumor eradication in the chronic therapy setting was associated with the ability to repeatedly rescue and maintain cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell activity. These findings demonstrated that chronic administration of CY in conjunction with immune therapy enhances the initial induction of antitumor T effector cells and, more importantly, sustains their cytotoxic activity over the long-term via persistent blockade of homeostatic counter-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael B Rowswell-Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214,USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harden JL, Gu T, Kilinc MO, Rowswell-Turner RB, Virtuoso LP, Egilmez NK. Dichotomous effects of IFN-γ on dendritic cell function determine the extent of IL-12-driven antitumor T cell immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:126-32. [PMID: 21632715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustained intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF can overcome tumor immune suppression and promote T cell-dependent eradication of established disease in murine tumor models. However, the antitumor effector response is transient and rapidly followed by a T suppressor cell rebound. The mechanisms that control the switch from an effector to a regulatory response in this model have not been defined. Because dendritic cells (DC) can mediate both effector and suppressor T cell priming, DC activity was monitored in the tumors and the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) of IL-12/GM-CSF-treated mice. The studies demonstrated that therapy promoted the recruitment of immunogenic DC (iDC) to tumors with subsequent migration to the TDLN within 24-48 h of treatment. Longer-term monitoring revealed that iDC converted to an IDO-positive tolerogenic phenotype in the TDLN between days 2 and 7. Specifically, day 7 DC lost the ability to prime CD8(+) T cells but preferentially induced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. The functional switch was reversible, as inhibition of IDO with 1-methyl tryptophan restored immunogenic function to tolerogenic DC. All posttherapy immunological activity was strictly associated with conventional myeloid DC, and no functional changes were observed in the plasmacytoid DC subset throughout treatment. Importantly, the initial recruitment and activation of iDC as well as the subsequent switch to tolerogenic activity were both driven by IFN-γ, revealing the dichotomous role of this cytokine in regulating IL-12-mediated antitumor T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Harden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Egilmez NK, Harden JL, Virtuoso LP, Schwendener RA, Kilinc MO. Nitric oxide short-circuits interleukin-12-mediated tumor regression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:839-45. [PMID: 21387108 PMCID: PMC11028488 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) can promote tumor regression via activation of multiple lymphocytic and myelocytic effectors. Whereas the cytotoxic mechanisms employed by T/NK/NKT cells in IL-12-mediated tumor kill are well defined, the antitumor role of macrophage-produced cytotoxic metabolites has been more controversial. To this end, we investigated the specific role of nitric oxide (NO), a major macrophage effector molecule, in post-IL-12 tumor regression. Analysis of tumors following a single intratumoral injection of slow-release IL-12 microspheres showed an IFNγ-dependent sevenfold increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression within 48 h. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor-resident leukocytes and in vivo depletion studies identified CD11b(+) F4/80(+) Gr1(lo) macrophages as the primary source of iNOS. Blocking of post-therapy iNOS activity with N-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) dramatically enhanced tumor suppression revealing the inhibitory effect of NO on IL-12-driven antitumor immunity. Superior tumor regression in mice receiving combination treatment was associated with enhanced survival and proliferation of activated tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cells (Tem). These findings demonstrate that macrophage-produced NO negatively regulates the antitumor activity of IL-12 via its detrimental effects on CD8+ T cells and identify L-NAME as a potent adjuvant in IL-12 therapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat K. Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Jamie L. Harden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Lauren P. Virtuoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | | | - Mehmet O. Kilinc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alshaker HA, Qinna NA, Qadan F, Bustami M, Matalka KZ. Eriobotrya japonica hydrophilic extract modulates cytokines in normal tissues, in the tumor of Meth-A-fibrosarcoma bearing mice, and enhances their survival time. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:9. [PMID: 21294856 PMCID: PMC3045389 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokines play a key role in the immune response to developing tumors, and therefore modulating their levels and actions provides innovative strategies for enhancing the activity of antigen presenting cells and polarizing towards T helper 1 type response within tumor microenvironment. One of these approaches could be the employment of plant extracts that have cytokine immunomodulation capabilities. Previously, we have shown that the Eriobotrya japonica hydrophilic extract (EJHE) induces proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. Methods The present study explored the in vivo immunomodulatory effect on interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) evoked by two water-extracts prepared from EJ leaves in the tissues of normal and Meth-A-fibrosarcoma bearing mice. Results Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 10 μg of EJHE and EJHE-water residue (WR), prepared from butanol extraction, increased significantly IFN-γ production in the spleen (p < 0.01) and lung (p < 0.03) tissues at 6-48 hours and suppressed significantly TGF-β1 production levels (p < 0.001) in the spleen for as long as 48 hours. The latter responses, however, were not seen in Meth-A fibrosarcoma-bearing mice. On the contrary, triple i.p. injections, 24 hours apart; of 10 μg EJHE increased significantly IFN-γ production in the spleen (p < 0.02) while only EJHE-WR increased significantly IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-17 (p < 0.03 - 0.005) production within the tumor microenvironment of Meth-A fibrosarcoma. In addition, the present work revealed a significant prolongation of survival time (median survival time 72 days vs. 27 days of control, p < 0.007) of mice inoculated i.p. with Meth-A cells followed by three times/week for eight weeks of i.p. administration of EJHE-WR. The latter prolonged survival effect was not seen with EJHE. Conclusions The therapeutic value of EJHE-WR as an anticancer agent merits further investigation of understanding the effect of immunomodulators' constituents on the cellular components of the tissue microenvironment. This can lead to the development of improved strategies for cancer treatment and thus opening up a new frontier for future studies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tumor-resident CD8+ T-cell: the critical catalyst in IL-12-mediated reversal of tumor immune suppression. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:399-405. [PMID: 20872283 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-resident T cells display a functionally impaired effector/memory (Tem) phenotype. Sustained intratumoral administration of IL-12, on the other hand, can restore cytolytic function to pre-existing CD8+ Tem, resulting in effective tumor kill. Whereas cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are generally assumed to mediate tumor regression via direct tumor cytotoxicity, recent work revealed that activated CD8+ Tem mobilize a systemic, multi-component effector cascade that includes both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Here we summarize these mechanisms, review how tumor-resident CD8+ Tem orchestrate this cascade and discuss the potential clinical implications of these findings.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gu T, Rowswell-Turner RB, Kilinc MO, Egilmez NK. Central role of IFNgamma-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase axis in regulation of interleukin-12-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2009; 70:129-38. [PMID: 20028855 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sustained intratumoral delivery of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces tumor regression via restoration of tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cell cytotoxicity and subsequent repriming of a secondary CD8+ T-effector cell response in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). However, treatment-induced T-effector activity is transient and is accompanied with a CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cell rebound. Molecular and cellular changes in posttherapy tumor microenvironment and TDLN were monitored to elucidate the mechanism of counterregulation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a 5-fold enhancement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in the tumor and the TDLN after treatment. IDO induction required IFNgamma and persisted for up to 7 days. Administration of the IDO inhibitor D-1-methyl tryptophan concurrent with treatment resulted in a dramatic enhancement of tumor regression. Enhanced efficacy was associated with a diminished T-suppressor cell rebound, revealing a link between IDO activity and posttherapy regulation. Further analysis established that abrogation of the regulatory counterresponse resulted in a 10-fold increase in the intratumoral CD8+ T-cell to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-cell ratio. The ratio of proliferating CD8+ T-effector to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cells was prognostic for efficacy of tumor suppression in individual mice. IFNgamma-dependent IDO induction and T-suppressor cell expansion were primarily driven by IL-12. These findings show a critical role for IDO in the regulation of IL-12-mediated antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kilinc MO, Gu T, Harden JL, Virtuoso LP, Egilmez NK. Central role of tumor-associated CD8+ T effector/memory cells in restoring systemic antitumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4217-25. [PMID: 19299720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sustained delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF to tumors induces the activation of tumor-resident CD8(+) T effector/memory cells (Tem) followed by cytotoxic CD8(+) T effector cell expansion. To determine whether the secondary effectors expanded from tumor-associated Tem or were primed de novo, activation kinetics of tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) CD8(+) T cells were analyzed. Treatment promoted a 4-fold increase in the numbers of TDLN CD8(+) T cells displaying a CD69(+)CCR5(+)CD62L(-) periphery-homing effector phenotype by day 4 posttherapy. Pulse labeling of tumor and TDLN T cells with BrdU confirmed that proliferation occurred exclusively within the draining lymph nodes between days 1 and 4 with subsequent migration of primed CD8(+) T effectors to tumors on day 7. Day 4 CD8(+) T effector cells preferentially homed to and lysed experimental, but not control, tumors, establishing tumor specificity. To determine whether the secondary CD8(+) T effector cell response was dependent on activation of tumor-resident CD8(+) Tem, mice that were selectively depleted of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells were treated and monitored for T effector priming. In the absence of tumor-resident CD8(+) Tem, T effector cell expansion was completely abrogated in the TDLN, revealing that restoration of CD8(+) Tem function was critical to the induction of secondary T effectors. T cell priming failed to occur in IFN-gamma or perforin knockout mice, demonstrating that the requirement for Tem activation was associated with induction of Tem cytotoxicity. These data confirm that intratumoral IL-12 plus GM-CSF induces de novo priming of tumor-specific CD8(+) T effector cells in the TDLN and establish the critical role of preexisting intratumoral CD8(+) Tem in driving this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet O Kilinc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14214, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Welters MJP, Piersma SJ, van der Burg SH. T-regulatory cells in tumour-specific vaccination strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1365-79. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Gu T, Kilinc MO, Egilmez NK. Transient activation of tumor-associated T-effector/memory cells promotes tumor eradication via NK-cell recruitment: minimal role for long-term T-cell immunity in cure of metastatic disease. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:997-1005. [PMID: 18049819 PMCID: PMC11030151 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Local delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF to advanced primary tumors results in T- and NK-cell-dependent cure of disseminated disease in a murine spontaneous lung metastasis model. Post-therapy functional dynamics of cytotoxic T- and NK-cells were analyzed in primary and metastatic tumors to determine the specific roles of each subset in tumor eradication. Time-dependent depletion of CD8+ T and NK-cells demonstrated that CD8+ T-cells were critical to eradication of metastatic tumors within 3 days of treatment, but not later. In contrast, NK-cells were found to be essential to tumor regression for at least 10 days after cytokine delivery. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte populations in post-therapy primary tumors demonstrated that treatment resulted in the activation of tumor-associated CD8+ T-cells within 24 h as determined by IFNgamma and perforin production. T-cell activity peaked between days 1 and 3 and subsided rapidly thereafter. Activation was not accompanied with an increase in cell numbers suggesting that treatment mobilized pre-existing T-effector/memory cells without inducing proliferation. In contrast, therapy resulted in a > or = 3-fold enhancement of both the quantity and the cytotoxic activity of NK-cells in primary and metastatic tumors on day 3 post-therapy. NK-cell activity was also transient and subsided to pre-therapy levels by day 5. Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells prior to treatment completely abrogated NK-cell infiltration into primary and metastatic tumors demonstrating the strict dependence of NK-cell recruitment on pre-existing T-effector/memory cells. Treatment failed to induce significant NK-cell infiltration in IFNgamma-knockout mice establishing the central role of IFNgamma in NK-cell chemotaxis to tumors. These data show that transient activation of tumor-associated T-effector/memory and NK-cells, but not long-term CD8+ T-cell responses, are critical to suppression of metastatic disease in this model; and reveal a novel role for preexisting adaptive T-cell immunity in the recruitment of innate effectors to tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Suny, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Mehmet O. Kilinc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Suny, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Nejat K. Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Suny, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Simpson-Abelson M, Bankert RB. Targeting the TCR signaling checkpoint: a therapeutic strategy to reactivate memory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:477-90. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.4.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
27
|
Leon K, Garcia K, Carneiro J, Lage A. How regulatory CD25+CD4+ T cells impinge on tumor immunobiology: the differential response of tumors to therapies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5659-68. [PMID: 17947637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to get a better insight on the impact of regulatory CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells in tumor-immunobiology, a simple mathematical model was previously formulated and studied. This model predicts the existence of two alternative modes of uncontrolled tumor growth, which differ on their coupling with the immune system, providing a plausible explanation to the observation that the development of some tumors expand regulatory T cells whereas others do not. We report now the study of how these two tumor classes respond to different therapies, namely vaccination, immune suppression, surgery, and their different combinations. We show 1) how the timing and the dose applied in each particular treatment determine whether the tumor will be rejected, with or without concomitant autoimmunity, or whether it will continue progressing with slower or faster pace; 2) that both regulatory T cell-dependent and independent tumors are equally sensitive to vaccination, although the former are more sensitive to T cell depletion treatments and are unresponsive to partial surgery alone; 3) that surgery, suppression, and vaccination treatments, can synergistically improve their individual effects, when properly combined. Particularly, we predict rational combinations helping to overcome the limitation of these individual treatments on the late stage of tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalet Leon
- Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana, Cuba.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Leon K, Garcia K, Carneiro J, Lage A. How regulatory CD25+CD4+T cells impinge on tumor immunobiology? On the existence of two alternative dynamical classes of tumors. J Theor Biol 2007; 247:122-37. [PMID: 17412365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to get a better insight on the impact of regulatory CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells in tumor immunobiology, a simple mathematical model was formulated and studied. This model is an extension of a previous model for the dynamics of autoreactive regulatory cells and effector cells that interact upon their co-localized activation at the antigen presenting cells (APCs). It assumes that tumor growth stimulates the activation and migration to the adjacent lymph node of fresh APCs loaded with tumor antigens. These APCs stimulate the growth of both effector and regulatory T cells, which may then migrate to the tumor site and induce tumor cell destruction. Our results predict the existence of two alternative dynamic modes of unbounded tumor growth. In the first mode, the tumor induces the expansion of effector T cells that outcompete regulatory T cells, but nevertheless fail to control the tumor. In the second mode, the tumor induces a balanced expansion of both effector and regulatory T cells, which prevents the tumor from being destroyed by the immune cells. Tumors characterized by a high specific growth rate, low immunogenicity, and that are relatively resistant to T cell destructive functions, will grow in the first mode; conversely, tumors that have a slow specific growth rate, that are immunogenic, and/or that are more sensitive to destruction by T cells will grow in the second mode. Overall, this result provides a simple explanation to the fact that the development of some tumors expands regulatory T cells while others do not, predicting how some key dynamical properties of the tumor determine either one or the other type of behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalet Leon
- Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Habana, Cuba.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|