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Daniel L, Counoupas C, Bhattacharyya ND, Triccas JA, Britton WJ, Feng CG. L-selectin-dependent and -independent homing of naïve lymphocytes through the lung draining lymph node support T cell response to pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011460. [PMID: 37405965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruiting large numbers of naïve lymphocytes to lymph nodes is critical for mounting an effective adaptive immune response. While most naïve lymphocytes utilize homing molecule L-selectin to enter lymph nodes, some circulating cells can traffic to the lung-draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) through lymphatics via the intermediate organ, lung. However, whether this alternative trafficking mechanism operates in infection and contributes to T cell priming are unknown. We report that in pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice, homing of circulating lymphocytes to the mLN is significantly less efficient than to non-draining lymph node. CD62L blockade only partially reduced the homing of naïve T lymphocytes, consistent with L-selectin-independent routing of naïve lymphocytes to the site. We further demonstrated that lymphatic vessels in infected mLN expanded significantly and inhibiting lymphangiogenesis with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 kinase inhibitor reduced the recruitment of intravenously injected naïve lymphocytes to the mLN. Finally, mycobacterium-specific T cells entering via the L-selectin-independent route were readily activated in the mLN. Our study suggests that both L-selectin-dependent and -independent pathways contribute to naïve lymphocyte entry into mLN during M. tuberculosis infection and the latter pathway may represent an important mechanism for orchestrating host defence in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Daniel
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Tveita A, Murphy SL, Holter JC, Kildal AB, Michelsen AE, Lerum TV, Kaarbø M, Heggelund L, Holten AR, Finbråten AK, Müller KE, Mathiessen A, Bøe S, Fevang B, Granerud BK, Tonby K, Lind A, Dudman SG, Henriksen KN, Müller F, Skjønsberg OH, Trøseid M, Barratt-Due A, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Dahl TB, Ueland T. High Circulating Levels of the Homeostatic Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 Predict Mortality and Disease Severity in COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:2150-2160. [PMID: 35876699 PMCID: PMC9384496 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation is a major factor in the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 have been implicated as mediators of tissue inflammation, but data on their regulation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is limited. We thus investigated the levels of these chemokines in COVID-19 patients. METHODS Serial blood samples were obtained from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (n = 414). Circulating CCL19 and CCL21 levels during hospitalization and 3-month follow-up were analyzed. In vitro assays and analysis of RNAseq data from public repositories were performed to further explore possible regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS A consistent increase in circulating levels of CCL19 and CCL21 was observed, with high levels correlating with disease severity measures, including respiratory failure, need for intensive care, and 60-day all-cause mortality. High levels of CCL21 at admission were associated with persisting impairment of pulmonary function at the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight CCL19 and CCL21 as markers of immune dysregulation in COVID-19. This may reflect aberrant regulation triggered by tissue inflammation, as observed in other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Determination of the source and regulation of these chemokines and their effects on lung tissue is warranted to further clarify their role in COVID-19. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT04321616 and NCT04381819.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Tveita
- Correspondence: Anders Tveita, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 1346 Gjettum, Norway ()
| | | | | | - Anders Benjamin Kildal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tøri Vigeland Lerum
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway,Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aleksander Rygh Holten
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karl Erik Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | | | - Simen Bøe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hammerfest County Hospital, Hammerfest, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beathe Kiland Granerud
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Lind
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Gjeruldsen Dudman
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katerina Nezvalova Henriksen
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Hospital Pharmacies, South-Eastern Norway Enterprise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Müller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Henning Skjønsberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Barratt-Due
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Ritter K, Rousseau J, Hölscher C. Interleukin-27 in Tuberculosis: A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing? Front Immunol 2022; 12:810602. [PMID: 35116036 PMCID: PMC8803639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In tuberculosis (TB), protective inflammatory immune responses and the pathological sequelae of chronic inflammation significantly depend on a timely balance of cytokine expression. In contrast to other anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-27 has fundamental effects in experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection: the absence of IL-27-mediated signalling promotes a better control of mycobacterial growth on the one hand side but also leads to a chronic hyperinflammation and immunopathology later during infection. Hence, in the context of novel host-directed therapeutic approaches and vaccination strategies for the management of TB, the timely restricted blockade of IL-27 signalling may represent an advanced treatment option. In contrast, administration of IL-27 itself may allow to treat the immunopathological consequences of chronic TB. In both cases, a better knowledge of the cell type-specific and kinetic effects of IL-27 after Mtb infection is essential. This review summarizes IL-27-mediated mechanisms affecting protection and immunopathology in TB and discusses possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, Borstel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Hölscher,
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4
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Up-Regulates Sialyl Lewis X Expression in the Lung Epithelium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010099. [PMID: 33406734 PMCID: PMC7823657 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans display increasingly recognized roles in pathological contexts, however, their impact in the host-pathogen interplay in many infectious diseases remains largely unknown. This is the case for tuberculosis (TB), one of the ten most fatal diseases worldwide, caused by infection of the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have recently reported that perturbing the core-2 O-glycans biosynthetic pathway increases the host susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection, by disrupting the neutrophil homeostasis and enhancing lung pathology. In the present study, we show an increased expression of the sialylated glycan structure Sialyl-Lewis X (SLeX) in the lung epithelium upon M. tuberculosis infection. This increase in SLeX glycan epitope is accompanied by an altered lung tissue transcriptomic signature, with up-regulation of genes codifying enzymes that are involved in the SLeX core-2 O-glycans biosynthetic pathway. This study provides novel insights into previously unappreciated molecular mechanisms involving glycosylation, which modulate the host response to M. tuberculosis infection, possibly contributing to shape TB disease outcome.
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5
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Fonseca KL, Maceiras AR, Matos R, Simoes-Costa L, Sousa J, Cá B, Barros L, Fernandes AI, Mereiter S, Reis R, Gomes J, Tapia G, Rodríguez-Martínez P, Martín-Céspedes M, Vashakidze S, Gogishvili S, Nikolaishvili K, Appelberg R, Gärtner F, Rodrigues PNS, Vilaplana C, Reis CA, Magalhães A, Saraiva M. Deficiency in the glycosyltransferase Gcnt1 increases susceptibility to tuberculosis through a mechanism involving neutrophils. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:836-848. [PMID: 32203062 PMCID: PMC7434595 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of immunity and disease by glycans is increasingly recognized. However, how host glycosylation shapes and is shaped by tuberculosis remains poorly understood. We show that deficiency in the glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 1 (Gcnt1), a key enzyme for core-2 O-glycans biosynthesis, drives susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The increased susceptibility of Gcnt1 deficient mice was characterized by extensive lung immune pathology, mechanistically related to neutrophils. Uninfected Gcnt1 deficient mice presented bone marrow, blood and lung neutrophilia, which further increased with infection. Blood neutrophilia required Gcnt1 deficiency in the hematopoietic compartment, relating with enhanced granulopoiesis, but normal cellular egress from the bone marrow. Interestingly, for the blood neutrophilia to translate into susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection, Gnct1 deficiency in the stroma was also necessary. Complete Gcnt1 deficiency associated with increased lung expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL2. Lastly, we demonstrate that the transcript levels of various glycosyltransferase-encoding genes were altered in whole blood of active tuberculosis patients and that sialyl Lewis x, a glycan widely present in human neutrophils, was detected in the lung of tuberculosis patients. Our findings reveal a previously unappreciated link between Gcnt1, neutrophilia and susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection, uncovering new players balancing the immune response in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori L. Fonseca
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.418346.c0000 0001 2191 3202Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciência para o Desenvolvimento (PGCD), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Maceiras
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Matos
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Simoes-Costa
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Cá
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Barros
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Fernandes
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Reis
- CDP-Centro de Diagnóstico Pneumológico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- grid.411438.b0000 0004 1767 6330UAB—Pathology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Rodríguez-Martínez
- grid.411438.b0000 0004 1767 6330UAB—Pathology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Martín-Céspedes
- grid.411438.b0000 0004 1767 6330UAB—Pathology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergo Vashakidze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTLD), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Shota Gogishvili
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTLD), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Keti Nikolaishvili
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTLD), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Rui Appelberg
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro N. S. Rodrigues
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- UAB—Experimental Tuberculosis Unit. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias. Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso A. Reis
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226FMUP—Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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The increased protection and pathology in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected IL-27R-alpha-deficient mice is supported by IL-17A and is associated with the IL-17A-induced expansion of multifunctional T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1168-1180. [PMID: 29728641 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, mice lacking the IL-27R exhibit lower bacterial burdens but develop an immunopathological sequelae in comparison to wild-type mice. We here show that this phenotype correlates with an enhanced recruitment of antigen-specific CCR6+ CD4+ T cells and an increased frequency of IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells. By comparing the outcome of Mtb infection in C57BL/6, IL-27R-deficient and IL-27R/IL-17A-double deficient mice, we observed that both the increased protection and elevated immunopathology are supported by IL-17A. Whereas IL-17A neither impacts the development of Tr1 cells nor the expression of PD1 and KLRG1 on T cells in IL-27R-deficient mice during infection, it regulates the presence of multifunctional T-cells in the lungs, co-expressing IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF. Eventually, IL-17A supports Cxcl9, Cxcl10 and Cxcl13 expression and the granulomatous response in the lungs of infected IL-27R-deficient mice. Taken together, IL-17A contributes to protection in Mtb-infected IL-27R-deficient mice probably through a chemokine-mediated recruitment and strategic positioning of multifunctional T cells in granulomas. As IL-27 limits optimal antimycobacterial protection by inhibiting IL-17A production, blocking of IL-27R-mediated signaling may represent a strategy for improving vaccination and host-directed therapy in tuberculosis. However, because IL-27 also prevents IL-17A-mediated immunopathology, such intervention has to be tightly controlled.
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Agbayani G, Gurnani K, Zafer A, Sad S, Krishnan L. Lack of functional selectin-ligand interactions enhances innate immune resistance to systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:355-368. [PMID: 29345354 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a1216-499r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectin-ligand interactions are important for leukocyte homing and functionality. The roles of selectin-ligand interactions in modulating immunity to intracellular infections are not completely understood. Mice lacking the expression of fucosyltransferase-IV and -VII (Fucosyltransferase-IV and -VII double knockout, FtDKO) exhibit deficient functionality of selectin-ligand interactions. We addressed the kinetics of infection and immunity to Listeria monocytogenes (LM), an intracellular pathogen, in FtDKO mice. These mice exhibited enhanced ability to clear infection and increased survival to a lethal dose of LM infection relative to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J controls. This was associated with increased levels of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) in the blood and/or infected organs. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow (BM) cells from FtDKO mice to WT mice resulted in enhanced neutrophil numbers and improved clearance of LM bacteria in recipients. In vivo depletion of myeloid innate immune cells, particularly neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and DCs, using anti-Ly-6G (RB6-8C5) monoclonal antibody, reduced the ability of FtDKO mice to curtail LM infection. Nevertheless, depletion using anti-Ly-6G (1A8) known to exclusively deplete neutrophils did not abrogate increased resistance of FtDKO mice to LM infection, suggesting a role for other myeloid innate immune cells in this model. Examination of BM hematopoietic progenitors through flow cytometry and cell culture colony-forming unit assay showed increased frequencies of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in FtDKO relative to WT mice, Overall, our results indicate that functional selectin ligand deficiency enhances innate immune-mediated resistance to systemic LM infection despite defective leukocyte migration and lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre of Human Health Therapeutics, Department of Immunobiology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Komal Gurnani
- Centre of Human Health Therapeutics, Department of Immunobiology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Zafer
- Centre of Human Health Therapeutics, Department of Immunobiology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre of Human Health Therapeutics, Department of Immunobiology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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8
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Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: immunity interruptus. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:559-77. [PMID: 25311810 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease--the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.
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9
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cells: New paradigm in immunology of inflammation. Immunol Lett 2014; 157:23-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Slight SR, Khader SA. Chemokines shape the immune responses to tuberculosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:105-13. [PMID: 23168132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the intracellular pathogen that causes the disease, tuberculosis. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are key regulators in immune cell recruitment to sites of infection and inflammation. This review highlights our recent advances in understanding the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in cellular recruitment of immune cells to the lung, role in granuloma formation and host defense against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Slight
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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11
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Hu S, Jin D, Chen X, Jin Q, Liu H. Different patterns of cytokines and chemokines combined with IFN-γ production reflect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44944. [PMID: 23028695 PMCID: PMC3441719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IFN-γ is presently the only soluble immunological marker used to help diagnose latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. However, IFN-γ is not available to distinguish latent from active TB infection. Moreover, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, such as tuberculous pleurisy, cannot be properly diagnosed by IFN-γ release assay. As a result, other disease- or infection-related immunological biomarkers that would be more effective need to be screened and identified. METHODOLOGY A panel of 41 soluble immunological molecules (17 cytokines and 24 chemokines) was tested using Luminex liquid array-based multiplexed immunoassays. Samples, including plasma and pleural effusions, from healthy donors (HD, n = 12) or patients with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI, n = 20), pulmonary tuberculosis (TB, n = 12), tuberculous pleurisy (TP, n = 15) or lung cancer (LC, n = 15) were collected and screened for soluble markers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) were also isolated to investigate antigen-specific immune factors. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For the 41 examined factors, our results indicated that three patterns were closely associated with infection and disease. (1) Significantly elevated plasma levels of IL-2, IP-10, CXCL11 and CXCL12 were present in both patients with tuberculosis and in a sub-group participant with latent tuberculosis infection who showed a higher level of IFN-γ producing cells by ELISPOT assay compared with other latently infected individuals. (2) IL-6 and IL-9 were only significantly increased in plasma from active TB patients, and the two factors were consistently highly secreted after M.tb antigen stimulation. (3) When patients developed tuberculous pleurisy, CCL1, CCL21 and IL-6 were specifically increased in the pleural effusions. In particular, these three factors were consistently highly secreted by pleural fluid mononuclear cells following M.tb-specific antigen stimulation. In conclusion, our data imply that the specific secretion of soluble immunological factors, in addition to IFN-γ, may be used to evaluate M.tb infection and tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shizong Hu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HYL); (QJ)
| | - Haiying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HYL); (QJ)
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12
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Harp JR, Gilchrist MA, Onami TM. Memory T cells are enriched in lymph nodes of selectin-ligand-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5751-61. [PMID: 20937846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fucosyltransferase-IV and -VII double knockout (FtDKO) mice reveal profound impairment in T cell trafficking to lymph nodes (LNs) due to an inability to synthesize selectin ligands. We observed an increase in the proportion of memory/effector (CD44(high)) T cells in LNs of FtDKO mice. We infected FtDKO mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus to generate and track Ag-specific CD44(high)CD8 T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Although frequencies were similar, total Ag-specific effector CD44(high)CD8 T cells were significantly reduced in LNs, but not blood, of FtDKO mice at day 8. In contrast, frequencies of Ag-specific memory CD44(high)CD8 T cells were up to 8-fold higher in LNs of FtDKO mice at day 60. Because wild-type mice treated with anti-CD62L treatment also showed increased frequencies of CD44(high) T cells in LNs, we hypothesized that memory T cells were preferentially retained in, or preferentially migrated to, FtDKO LNs. We analyzed T cell entry and egress in LNs using adoptive transfer of bone fide naive or memory T cells. Memory T cells were not retained longer in LNs compared with naive T cells; however, T cell exit slowed significantly as T cell numbers declined. Memory T cells were profoundly impaired in entering LNs of FtDKO mice; however, memory T cells exhibited greater homeostatic proliferation in FtDKO mice. These results suggest that memory T cells are enriched in LNs with T cell deficits by several mechanisms, including longer T cell retention and increased homeostatic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Harp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Winter S, Loddenkemper C, Aebischer A, Räbel K, Hoffmann K, Meyer TF, Lipp M, Höpken UE. The chemokine receptor CXCR5 is pivotal for ectopic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue neogenesis in chronic Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:1169-80. [PMID: 20798913 PMCID: PMC2956061 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid follicles are a key feature of chronic inflammatory autoimmune and infectious diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis. Homeostatic chemokines are considered to be involved in the formation of such tertiary lymphoid tissue. High expression of CXCL13 and its receptor, CXCR5, has been associated with the formation of ectopic lymphoid follicles in chronic infectious diseases. Here, we defined the role of CXCR5 in the development of mucosal tertiary lymphoid tissue and gastric inflammation in a mouse model of chronic H. pylori infection. CXCR5-deficient mice failed to develop organized gastric lymphoid follicles despite similar bacterial colonization density as infected wild-type mice. CXCR5 deficiency altered Th17 responses but not Th1-type cellular immune responses to H. pylori infection. Furthermore, CXCR5-deficient mice exhibited lower H. pylori-specific serum IgG and IgA levels and an overall decrease in chronic gastric immune responses. In conclusion, the development of mucosal tertiary ectopic follicles during chronic H. pylori infection is strongly dependent on the CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis, and lack of de novo lymphoid tissue formation attenuates chronic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Winter
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, 13125, Germany
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14
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Day TA, Koch M, Nouailles G, Jacobsen M, Kosmiadi GA, Miekley D, Kuhlmann S, Jörg S, Gamradt P, Mollenkopf HJ, Hurwitz R, Reece ST, Kaufmann SHE, Kursar M. Secondary lymphoid organs are dispensable for the development of T-cell-mediated immunity during tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1663-73. [PMID: 20222088 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis causes 2 million deaths per year, yet in most cases the immune response successfully contains the infection and prevents disease outbreak. Induced lymphoid structures associated with pulmonary granuloma are observed during tuberculosis in both humans and mice and could orchestrate host defense. To investigate whether granuloma perform lymphoid functions, mice lacking secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). As in WT mice, granuloma developed, exponential growth of MTB was controlled, and antigen-specific T-cell responses including memory T cells were generated in the absence of SLO. Moreover, adoptively transferred T cells were primed locally in lungs in a granuloma-dependent manner. T-cell activation was delayed in the absence of SLO, but resulted in a normal development program including protective subsets and functional recall responses that protected mice against secondary MTB infection. Our data demonstrate that protective immune responses can be generated independently of SLO during MTB infection and implicate local pulmonary T-cell priming as a mechanism contributing to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Day
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Harp JR, Onami TM. Naïve T cells re-distribute to the lungs of selectin ligand deficient mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10973. [PMID: 20532047 PMCID: PMC2881108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selectin mediated tethering represents one of the earliest steps in T cell extravasation into lymph nodes via high endothelial venules and is dependent on the biosynthesis of sialyl Lewis X (sLex) ligands by several glycosyltransferases, including two fucosyltransferases, fucosyltransferase-IV and –VII. Selectin mediated binding also plays a key role in T cell entry to inflamed organs. Methodology/Principal Findings To understand how loss of selectin ligands (sLex) influences T cell migration to the lung, we examined fucosyltransferase-IV and –VII double knockout (FtDKO) mice. We discovered that FtDKO mice showed significant increases (∼5-fold) in numbers of naïve T cells in non-inflamed lung parenchyma with no evidence of induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. In contrast, activated T cells were reduced in inflamed lungs of FtDKO mice following viral infection, consistent with the established role of selectin mediated T cell extravasation into inflamed lung. Adoptive transfer of T cells into FtDKO mice revealed impaired T cell entry to lymph nodes, but selective accumulation in non-lymphoid organs. Moreover, inhibition of T cell entry to the lymph nodes by blockade of L-selectin, or treatment of T cells with pertussis toxin to inhibit chemokine dependent G-coupled receptor signaling, also resulted in increased T cells in non-lymphoid organs. Conversely, inhibition of T cell egress from lymph nodes using FTY720 agonism of S1P1 impaired T cell migration into non-lymphoid organs. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our results suggest that impaired T cell entry into lymph nodes via high endothelial venules due to genetic deficiency of selectin ligands results in the selective re-distribution and accumulation of T cells in non-lymphoid organs, and correlates with their increased frequency in the blood. Re-distribution of T cells into organs could potentially play a role in the initiation of T cell mediated organ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Harp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thandi M. Onami
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Lin PL, Myers A, Smith L, Bigbee C, Bigbee M, Fuhrman C, Grieser H, Chiosea I, Voitenek NN, Capuano SV, Klein E, Flynn JL. Tumor necrosis factor neutralization results in disseminated disease in acute and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with normal granuloma structure in a cynomolgus macaque model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:340-50. [PMID: 20112395 DOI: 10.1002/art.27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increased risk of tuberculosis has been documented in humans treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-neutralizing agents. In murine models, impaired signaling by TNF causes exacerbation of both acute and chronic infection associated with aberrant granuloma formation and maintenance. This study was undertaken to investigate immune modulation in the setting of TNF neutralization in primary and latent tuberculosis in a non-human primate model. METHODS Cynomolgus macaques 4 years of age or older were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and subjected to clinical, microbiologic, immunologic, and radiographic examinations. Monkeys were classified as having active or latent disease 6-8 months after infection, based on clinical criteria. Monkeys used in acute infection studies were randomized to receive either adalimumab (prior to and during infection) or no treatment. Monkeys with latent infection that were randomized to receive TNF-neutralizing agent were given either an inhibitor of soluble TNF, recombinant methionyl human soluble TNF receptor I (p55-TNFRI), or adalimumab. Control monkeys with latent infection were given no treatment or saline. Data from previously studied monkeys with active or latent disease were also used for comparison. RESULTS Administration of TNF-neutralizing agents prior to M tuberculosis infection resulted in fulminant and disseminated disease by 8 weeks after infection. Neutralization of TNF in latently infected cynomolgus macaques caused reactivation in a majority of animals as determined by gross pathologic examination and bacterial burden. A spectrum of dissemination was noted, including extrapulmonary disease. Surprisingly, monkeys that developed primary and reactivation tuberculosis after TNF neutralization had similar granuloma structure and composition to that of control monkeys with active disease. TNF neutralization was associated with increased levels of interleukin-12, decreased levels of CCL4, increased chemokine receptor expression, and reduced mycobacteria-induced interferon-gamma production in blood but not in the affected mediastinal lymph nodes. Finally, the first signs of reactivation often occurred in thoracic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION These findings have important clinical implications for determining the mechanism of TNF neutralization-related tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philana Ling Lin
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Khader SA, Rangel-Moreno J, Fountain JJ, Martino CA, Reiley WW, Pearl JE, Winslow GM, Woodland DL, Randall TD, Cooper AM. In a murine tuberculosis model, the absence of homeostatic chemokines delays granuloma formation and protective immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:8004-14. [PMID: 19933855 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (Mtb) results in the generation of protective cellular immunity and formation of granulomatous structures in the lung. CXCL13, CCL21, and CCL19 are constitutively expressed in the secondary lymphoid organs and play a dominant role in the homing of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Although it is known that dendritic cell transport of Mtb from the lung to the draining lymph node is dependent on CCL19/CCL21, we show in this study that CCL19/CCL21 is also important for the accumulation of Ag-specific IFN-gamma-producing T cells in the lung, development of the granuloma, and control of mycobacteria. Importantly, we also show that CXCL13 is not required for generation of IFN-gamma responses, but is essential for the spatial arrangement of lymphocytes within granulomas, optimal activation of phagocytes, and subsequent control of mycobacterial growth. Furthermore, we show that these chemokines are also induced in the lung during the early immune responses following pulmonary Mtb infection. These results demonstrate that homeostatic chemokines perform distinct functions that cooperate to mediate effective expression of immunity against Mtb infection.
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18
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Fucosyltransferase IV and VII-directed selectin ligand function determines long-term survival in experimental tuberculosis. Immunobiology 2009; 214:674-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Khounlotham M, Subbian S, Smith R, Cirillo SLG, Cirillo JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis interferes with the response to infection by inducing the host EphA2 receptor. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1797-806. [PMID: 19426113 DOI: 10.1086/599096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an unusual pathogen, persisting for years in infected persons despite an immune response. Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (Eph) receptors are critical for tissue organization. One hallmark of tuberculosis is the presence of granulomas consisting of organized immune cells. The importance of granuloma structure makes it likely that Eph receptors play a role in immunity to tuberculosis. METHODS We infected mice with low doses of M. tuberculosis by the aerosol method and examined the effects on ephA gene expression, pathology, composition of lymphocytes in the lungs (by flow cytometry), migration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and numbers of cytokine-expressing cells. RESULTS Mice infected with M. tuberculosis displayed higher expression of ephA1 and ephA2 as well as ephrinA1, which encodes the ligand for EphA1 and EphA2. Interestingly, ephA2-/- mice displayed greater pathology, greater accumulation of T cells and dendritic cells, and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than did normal C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, T cells from ephA2-/- mice migrated more efficiently than did those from C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that ephA-related genes may provide a mechanism that M. tuberculosis uses to circumvent the host response, given that accumulation of T cells appears to be due to the inhibition of immune cell migration by EphA2. Ultimately, the absence of ephA2 results in greater clearance of M. tuberculosis during the chronic phase of infection, suggesting that induction of ephA2 is important for the survival of M. tuberculosis during latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manirath Khounlotham
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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20
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Méndez-Samperio P. Expression and regulation of chemokines in mycobacterial infection. J Infect 2008; 57:374-84. [PMID: 18838171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are the key molecules that recruit immune cells by chemotaxis and act in leukocyte activation during mycobacterial diseases. Currently, tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The purpose of this review is to describe a series of recent scientific evidence concerning to the protective role of some members of the CC- and the CXC chemokine subfamilies for the control of mycobacterial infection. The discussion will (1) highlight the effectiveness of some chemokines as potent immunoprophylactic tool for controlling the mycobacterial establishment within the host, (2) describe recent work on the relevance of cellular signaling pathways by which mycobacterial antigens mediate chemokine induction, and (3) summarize current progress in the understanding of the potential use of chemokines as potent adjuvants in antimycobacterial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN., Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México D.F. 11340, Mexico.
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Mechanisms of T-lymphocyte accumulation during experimental pleural infection induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5686-93. [PMID: 18809659 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00133-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous pleurisy is a frequent extrapulmonary manifestation characterized by accumulation of fluid and inflammatory cells in the pleural space. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of T-lymphocyte accumulation in the pleural space by using a murine model of pleurisy induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Intrathoracic (i.t.) injection of BCG (4.5 x 10(5) bacteria/cavity) induced accumulation of T lymphocytes in the pleural cavities of C57BL/6 mice. We observed the presence of CFU in pleural washes conducted 1, 2, 3, 7, and 15 days after pleurisy induction. Pretreatment with fucoidan inhibited T-lymphocyte accumulation at 1 day, but not at 15 days, after BCG-induced pleurisy. Accordingly, adoptive transfer of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled blood mononuclear cells to infected mice showed that T lymphocytes migrated into the pleural cavity 1 day (but not 15 days) after BCG injection. Cell-free pleural wash fluids recovered from mice 1 day after BCG i.t. stimulation (day 1 BCG-PW), but not day 7 or day 15 BCG-PW, induced in vitro T-cell transmigration, which was dependent on L-, P-, and E-selectins. In contrast, day 7 BCG-PW (but not day 1 BCG-PW) induced in vitro T-lymphocyte proliferation via interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Accordingly, in vivo IL-2 or IFN-gamma neutralization abolished T-lymphocyte accumulation 7 days after pleurisy induction. Our results demonstrate that pleural infection induced by BCG leads to T-lymphocyte accumulation in two waves. The acute phase depends on selectin-mediated migration, while the second wave of T-lymphocyte accumulation seems to depend on a local proliferation induced by cytokines produced in situ.
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Curtis JL, Freeman CM, Hogg JC. The immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from recent research. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2008; 4:512-21. [PMID: 17878463 PMCID: PMC2365762 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200701-002fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progression is characterized by accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates in the lumens of small airways, and thickening of their walls, which become infiltrated by innate and adaptive inflammatory immune cells. Infiltration of the airways by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes and CD4 T cells increases with COPD stage, but the cumulative volume of the infiltrate does not change. By contrast, B cells and CD8 T cells increase in both the extent of their distribution and in accumulated volume, with organization into lymphoid follicles. This chronic lung inflammation is also associated with a tissue repair and remodeling process that determines the ultimate pathologic phenotype of COPD. Why these pathologic abnormalities progress in susceptible individuals, even after removal of the original noxious stimuli, remains mysterious. However, important clues are emerging from analysis of pathologic samples from patients with COPD and from recent discoveries in basic immunology. We consider the following relevant information: normal limitations on the innate immune system's ability to generate adaptive pulmonary immune responses and how they might be overcome by tobacco smoke exposure; the possible contribution of autoimmunity to COPD pathogenesis; and the potential roles of ongoing lymphocyte recruitment versus in situ proliferation, of persistently activated resident lung T cells, and of the newly described T helper 17 (Th17) phenotype. We propose that the severity and course of acute exacerbations of COPD reflects the success of the adaptive immune response in appropriately modulating the innate response to pathogen-related molecular patterns ("the Goldilocks hypothesis").
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2303, USA.
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23
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Modulation of pulmonary dendritic cell function during mycobacterial infection. Infect Immun 2007; 76:671-7. [PMID: 18039834 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01079-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that during mycobacterial infection, naïve CD4(+) T-cell activation is enhanced in the lungs. We investigated the role of chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligands in the ability of CD11c(+) lung dendritic cells (DCs) to activate naïve CD4(+) T cells during pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). BCG infection resulted in the accumulation and maturation in the lungs of DCs that persisted as the mycobacterial burden declined. Lung DCs from infected mice expressed more major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) than those from uninfected mice. CCR7 expression levels on lung DCs were comparable among uninfected and infected mice. The gene expression of the CCR7 ligand CCL19 progressively increased throughout BCG infection, and its expression was MyD88 dependent. CD11c(+) lung cells from BCG-infected mice activated ovalbumin (OVA)-specific naïve CD4(+) T cells more than CD11c(+) lung cells from uninfected mice. Interestingly, during peak mycobacterial infection, CD11c(hi) MHC(hi) lung DCs had slightly decreased chemotaxis toward the CCR7 ligand CCL21 and less efficiency in activating naive CD4(+) T cells than DCs from mice during late-stage infection, when few bacilli are found in the lung. These findings suggest that during BCG infection, the inflammation and sustained expression of CCL19 result in the recruitment, activation, and retention in the lung of DCs that can activate naïve CD4(+) T cells in situ.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a major role in the initial and long-term control of tuberculosis. The mechanisms by which this cytokine contributes to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are numerous and therefore difficult to dissect. TNF is important in macrophage activation as well as cell recruitment to the site of infection. It is the primary signal important in granuloma formation, as neutralization of this cytokine leads to lack of control of initial or chronic infection, and loss of granuloma structure. In humans treated with TNF-neutralizing drugs, an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, as well as other infectious diseases, is observed. We are using animal models to understand how TNF neutralization by these drugs can lead to reactivation of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Anis MM, Fulton SA, Reba SM, Harding CV, Boom WH. Modulation of naive CD4+ T-cell responses to an airway antigen during pulmonary mycobacterial infection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2260-8. [PMID: 17296758 PMCID: PMC1865791 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01709-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During pulmonary mycobacterial infection, there is increased trafficking of dendritic cells from the lungs to the draining lymph nodes. We hypothesized that ongoing mycobacterial infection would modulate recruitment and activation of antigen-specific naive CD4+ T cells after airway antigen challenge. BALB/c mice were infected by aerosol with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. At peak bacterial burden in the lungs (4 to 6 weeks postinfection), carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled naive ovalbumin-specific DO11.10 T cells were adoptively transferred into infected and uninfected mice. Recipient mice were challenged intranasally with soluble ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA-specific T-cell responses were measured in the lungs, draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), and spleens. OVA challenge resulted in increased activation and proliferation of OVA-specific T cells in the draining MLN of both infected and uninfected mice. However, only BCG-infected mice had prominent OVA-specific T-cell activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation in the lungs. BCG infection caused greater distribution of airway OVA to pulmonary dendritic cells and enhanced presentation of OVA peptide by lung CD11c+ cells. Together, these data suggest that an existing pulmonary mycobacterial infection alters the phenotype of lung dendritic cells so that they can activate antigen-specific naive CD4+ T cells in the lungs in response to airway antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mursalin M Anis
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4984, USA
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Aly S, Wagner K, Keller C, Malm S, Malzan A, Brandau S, Bange FC, Ehlers S. Oxygen status of lung granulomas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. J Pathol 2006; 210:298-305. [PMID: 17001607 DOI: 10.1002/path.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-induced granulomatous lesions, particularly those undergoing central caseation, are anoxic, and that the survival of Mtb in these lesions requires the integrity of its non-oxidative respiratory pathways. Using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole, we now provide immunohistochemical evidence that in the most frequently used animal model system of inbred mice Mtb-induced granulomas, even after more than one year of aerogenic infection, are not severely hypoxic. In contrast, chronic aerosol infection with M. avium strain TMC724 was associated with hypoxia surrounding necrotizing granuloma centres. Direct measurements of oxygen tension with a flexible microelectrode in mouse lungs chronically infected with Mtb disclosed a wide range of oxygen partial pressures in different parts of the lungs which, however, rarely approached the anoxic conditions consistently found in necrotizing tumours. We further show that an Mtb mutant, defective in nitrate reductase (narG) necessary for survival under anaerobic conditions in vitro, can persist in the lungs of chronically infected mice to a similar extent as wild-type Mtb. These findings have important implications for the use of the mouse model of Mtb infection in developing eradication chemotherapy and for evaluating putative mechanisms of chronic persistence and latency of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aly
- Molecular Infection Biology, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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