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Liu J, Li B, Li L, Ming X, Xu ZP. Advances in Nanomaterials for Immunotherapeutic Improvement of Cancer Chemotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403024. [PMID: 38773882 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Immuno-stimulative effect of chemotherapy (ISECT) is recognized as a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapies, however, the clinical application is constrained by its inefficiency. Metronomic chemotherapy, though designed to overcome these limitations, offers inconsistent results, with effectiveness varying based on cancer types, stages, and patient-specific factors. In parallel, a wealth of preclinical nanomaterials holds considerable promise for ISECT improvement by modulating the cancer-immunity cycle. In the area of biomedical nanomaterials, current literature reviews mainly concentrate on a specific category of nanomaterials and nanotechnological perspectives, while two essential issues are still lacking, i.e., a comprehensive analysis addressing the causes for ISECT inefficiency and a thorough summary elaborating the nanomaterials for ISECT improvement. This review thus aims to fill these gaps and catalyze further development in this field. For the first time, this review comprehensively discusses the causes of ISECT inefficiency. It then meticulously categorizes six types of nanomaterials for improving ISECT. Subsequently, practical strategies are further proposed for addressing inefficient ISECT, along with a detailed discussion on exemplary nanomedicines. Finally, this review provides insights into the challenges and perspectives for improving chemo-immunotherapy by innovations in nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 000000, China
- GoodMedX Tech Limited Company, Hong Kong SAR, 000000, China
| | - Bei Li
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Ming
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, and Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, China
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Bala VM, Lampropoulou DI, Grammatikaki S, Kouloulias V, Lagopati N, Aravantinos G, Gazouli M. Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and Cytotoxicity Mechanisms in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:296. [PMID: 38203467 PMCID: PMC10779099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia has the potential to damage cancerous tissue by increasing the body temperature. However, targeting cancer cells whilst protecting the surrounding tissues is often challenging, especially when implemented in clinical practice. In this direction, there are data showing that the combination of nanotechnology and hyperthermia offers more successful penetration of nanoparticles in the tumor environment, thus allowing targeted hyperthermia in the region of interest. At the same time, unlike radiotherapy, the use of non-ionizing radiation makes hyperthermia an attractive therapeutic option. This review summarizes the existing literature regarding the use of hyperthermia and nanoparticles in cancer, with a focus on nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stamatiki Grammatikaki
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (N.L.)
| | - Vassilios Kouloulias
- Radiation Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (N.L.)
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Yang C, Lei J, Kang X, Zhang P, Zheng S, Li Q, Zhang J. A Yeast Cell Wall Derived Hybrid Hydrogel with Photothermal and Immune Combined Modality Therapy for Enhanced Anti-Melanoma Efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5423-5440. [PMID: 37767196 PMCID: PMC10520258 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s409674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of traditional treatment for melanoma is quite limited, especially for its recurrence. As the major components of yeast cell wall, chitin and β-glucan exhibit good immune activation effect and are promising candidates for adjuvant. Therefore, melanoma cell membrane (CM) and indocyanine green (ICG) was loaded in a chitin and β-glucan hybrid hydrogel to achieve an enhanced anti-melanoma therapy. Methods The novel hybrid hydrogel was prepared, and its physicochemical properties were examined. Its effect towards melanoma prevention and treatment was evaluated via a melanoma-bearing mice model. Results The CM-ICG-hybrid hydrogel was successfully prepared with excellent injectability, self-healing, drug loading, rheological, in vitro and in vivo photothermal stability, and retention properties. It also exhibited good cellular and in vivo safety profiles. In the primary melanoma mice model, it quickly ablated the in-situ melanoma, effectively inhibited the tumor growth, increased the survival rate of melanoma-bearing mice, and increased the level of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In the distal secondary melanoma model, it efficiently prevented the reoccurrence of melanoma and activated the memory T cells. In both models, a synergistic effect of photothermal therapy and immune therapy was found. The hydrogel effectively recruited CD3+ CD4+ T cells and CD3+ CD8+ T cells, inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cells, and induced the apoptosis of melanoma cells. Conclusion The hybrid hydrogel was successfully prepared, and it showed excellent efficacy towards melanoma prevention and treatment due to its efficient tumor ablation and immune activation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ximeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Pérez-Baños A, Gleisner MA, Flores I, Pereda C, Navarrete M, Araya JP, Navarro G, Quezada-Monrás C, Tittarelli A, Salazar-Onfray F. Whole tumour cell-based vaccines: tuning the instruments to orchestrate an optimal antitumour immune response. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:572-585. [PMID: 37355722 PMCID: PMC10421921 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, particularly those based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has become a useful approach for many neoplastic diseases. Despite the improvements of ICIs in supporting tumour regression and prolonging survival, many patients do not respond or develop resistance to treatment. Thus, therapies that enhance antitumour immunity, such as anticancer vaccines, constitute a feasible and promising therapeutic strategy. Whole tumour cell (WTC) vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical studies as intact or genetically modified cells or tumour lysates, injected directly or loaded on DCs with distinct adjuvants. The essential requirements of WTC vaccines include the optimal delivery of a broad battery of tumour-associated antigens, the presence of tumour cell-derived molecular danger signals, and adequate adjuvants. These factors trigger an early and robust local innate inflammatory response that orchestrates an antigen-specific and proinflammatory adaptive antitumour response capable of controlling tumour growth by several mechanisms. In this review, the strengths and weaknesses of our own and others' experiences in studying WTC vaccines are revised to discuss the essential elements required to increase anticancer vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarilis Pérez-Baños
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Flores
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Araya
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanna Navarro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Section for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Donkor M, Choe J, Reid DM, Quinn B, Pulse M, Ranjan A, Chaudhary P, Jones HP. Nasal Tumor Vaccination Protects against Lung Tumor Development by Induction of Resident Effector and Memory Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020445. [PMID: 36839766 PMCID: PMC9958580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung metastasis is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Here, we show that intranasal delivery of our engineered CpG-coated tumor antigen (Tag)-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs)-nasal nano-vaccine-significantly reduced lung colonization by intravenous challenge of an extra-pulmonary tumor. Protection against tumor-cell lung colonization was linked to the induction of localized mucosal-associated effector and resident memory T cells as well as increased bronchiolar alveolar lavage-fluid IgA and serum IgG antibody responses. The nasal nano-vaccine-induced T-cell-mediated antitumor mucosal immune response was shown to increase tumor-specific production of IFN-γ and granzyme B by lung-derived CD8+ T cells. These findings demonstrate that our engineered nasal nano-vaccine has the potential to be used as a prophylactic approach prior to the seeding of tumors in the lungs, and thereby prevent overt lung metastases from existing extra pulmonary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Donkor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jamie Choe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Danielle Marie Reid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Byron Quinn
- Department of Biology, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - Mark Pulse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Amalendu Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Harlan P. Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(817)-735-2448
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Bai Y, Huang P, Feng N, Li Y, Huang J, Jin H, Zhang M, Sun J, Li N, Zhang H, Xia X, Tang BZ, Wang H. Treat the "Untreatable" by a Photothermal Agent: Triggering Heat and Immunological Responses for Rabies Virus Inactivation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205461. [PMID: 36385484 PMCID: PMC9839883 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurological zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), and the approved post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) procedure remains unavailable in areas with inadequate medical systems. Although strategies have been proposed for PEP and postinfection treatment (PIT), because of the complexity of the treatment procedures and the limited curative outcome, developing an effective treatment strategy remains a holy grail in rabies research. Herein, a facile approach is proposed involving photothermal therapy (PTT) and photothermally triggered immunological effects to realize effective PEP and PIT simultaneously. The designed photothermal agent (N+ TT-mCB nanoparticles) featured positively charged functional groups and high photo-to-heat efficiency, which are favorable for virus targeting and inactivation. The level of the virus at the site of infection in mice is significantly decreased upon treatment with orthotopic PTT, and the transfer of the virus to the brain is significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the survival ratio of the mice three days postinfection is increased by intracranial injection of N+ TT-mCB and laser irradiation. Overall, this work provides a platform for the effective treatment of RABV and opens a new avenue for future antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchun130122China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jingbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchun130122China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchun130122China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and EngineeringShenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong518172China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis ResearchMinistry of EducationCollege of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
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Ke CH, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Lin CS. Exposure of Immunogenic Tumor Antigens in Surrendered Immunity and the Significance of Autologous Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010147. [PMID: 36613591 PMCID: PMC9820296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which immune systems identify and destroy tumors, known as immunosurveillance, have been discussed for decades. However, several factors that lead to tumor persistence and escape from the attack of immune cells in a normal immune system have been found. In the process known as immunoediting, tumors decrease their immunogenicity and evade immunosurveillance. Furthermore, tumors exploit factors such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressive cells, and inhibitory cytokines that avoid cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognition. Current immunotherapies targeting tumors and their surroundings have been proposed. One such immunotherapy is autologous cancer vaccines (ACVs), which are characterized by enriched tumor antigens that can escalate specific CTL responses. Unfortunately, ACVs usually fail to activate desirable therapeutic effects, and the low immunogenicity of ACVs still needs to be elucidated. This difficulty highlights the significance of immunogenic antigens in antitumor therapies. Previous studies have shown that defective host immunity triggers tumor development by reprogramming tumor antigenic expressions. This phenomenon sheds new light on ACVs and provides a potential cue to improve the effectiveness of ACVs. Furthermore, synergistically with the ACV treatment, combinational therapy, which can reverse the suppressive tumor microenvironments, has also been widely proposed. Thus, in this review, we focus on tumor immunogenicity sculpted by the immune systems and discuss the significance and application of restructuring tumor antigens in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei 111002, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-233-661-286
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8
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Kong C, Chen X. Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6427-6446. [PMID: 36540374 PMCID: PMC9760263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s388996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation therapy based on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has been identified as a tumour ablation modality for numerous cancer indications, with photosensitisers and photothermal conversion agents playing important roles in the phototherapy process, especially in recent decades. In addition, the iteration of nanotechnology has strongly promoted the development of phototherapy in tumour treatment. PDT can increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to PTT by interfering with the tumour microenvironment, whereas the heat generated by PTT can increase blood flow, improve oxygen supply and enhance the PDT therapeutic effect. In addition, tumour cell debris generated by phototherapy can serve as tumour-associated antigens, evoking antitumor immune responses. In this review, the research progress of phototherapy, and its research effects in combination with immunotherapy on the treatment of tumours are mainly outlined, and issues that may need continued attention in the future are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunqing Kong
- Department of medical imaging center, central hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xingcai Chen, Email
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Molecular Events in the Melanogenesis Cascade as Novel Melanoma-Targeted Small Molecules: Principle and Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225588. [PMID: 36428680 PMCID: PMC9688330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most malignant of all cancers. Melanoma occurs at the epidermo-dermal interface of the skin and mucosa, where small vessels and lymphatics are abundant. Consequently, from the onset of the disease, melanoma easily metastasizes to other organs throughout the body via lymphatic and blood circulation. At present, the most effective treatment method is surgical resection, and other attempted methods, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and gene therapy, have not yet produced sufficient results. Since melanogenesis is a unique biochemical pathway that functions only in melanocytes and their neoplastic counterparts, melanoma cells, the development of drugs that target melanogenesis is a promising area of research. Melanin consists of small-molecule derivatives that are always synthesized by melanoma cells. Amelanosis reflects the macroscopic visibility of color changes (hypomelanosis). Under microscopy, melanin pigments and their precursors are present in amelanotic melanoma cells. Tumors can be easily targeted by small molecules that chemically mimic melanogenic substrates. In addition, small-molecule melanin metabolites are toxic to melanocytes and melanoma cells and can kill them. This review describes our development of chemo-thermo-immunotherapy based on the synthesis of melanogenesis-based small-molecule derivatives and conjugation to magnetite nanoparticles. We also introduce the other melanogenesis-related chemotherapy and thermal medicine approaches and discuss currently introduced targeted therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors for unresectable/metastatic melanoma.
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Shields NJ, Peyroux EM, Campbell K, Mehta S, Woolley AG, Counoupas C, Neumann S, Young SL. Calpains Released from Necrotic Tumor Cells Enhance Antigen Cross-Presentation to Activate CD8 +T Cells In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1635-1651. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Meng Z, Fang X, Fu B, Qian C, Yang Z, Bai Y, Tao X, Huang H, Ma C, Miao W, Ren H, Wang A, Li X. Tumor immunotherapy boosted by R837 nanocrystals through combining chemotherapy and mild hyperthermia. J Control Release 2022; 350:841-856. [PMID: 36096366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant skin cancer that is prone to metastasis in the early stage and has a poor prognosis. Immunomodulatory therapy for melanoma has been a hot research topic in recent years. However, low immune cell infiltration and loss of tumor immunogenicity may occur in tumors, resulting in low response rates to immunotherapy. Thus, immunomodulatory therapy is usually used in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Development of combined therapeutic strategies with low systemic toxicity, high immune responsiveness and long-term inhibition of metastasis and recurrence of melanoma is the goal of current research. In this study, the insoluble immune adjuvant imiquimod (R837) was prepared as nanocrystals and coated with polydopamine (PDA) to form R837@PDA, which was then loaded into chitosan hydrogel (CGP) to form the drug-loaded gel system, R837@PDA@CGP (RPC), to combine immunomodulation effects, induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) effects and immune-enhancement effects. After treatment with RPC, ICD in melanoma was induced, and the infiltration rate of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in melanoma was also significantly enhanced, which turned the tumor itself into an in situ vaccine and boosted the cancer-immunity cycle at the tumor site. Therefore, melanoma growth, metastasis and recurrence were notably inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Meng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xue Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yunhao Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xinyue Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haixiao Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chenyu Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenjun Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hao Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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12
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Sadeghi Najafabadi SA, Bolhassani A, Aghasadeghi MR. Tumor cell-based vaccine: an effective strategy for eradication of cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:639-654. [PMID: 35481358 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole tumor cell-based vaccines include all potential antigen-rich cell lysates to target a specific type of tumor without the need to find the best antigen candidate in protein- or peptide-based vaccines. Preparation of whole tumor cell lysates inducing cell death and inactivating immunosuppressive cytokine secretion from the tumor cells is highly enviable. Generally, modified whole tumor cells, tumor cell-derived exosomes, autologous tumor cell-derived ribonucleic acid, and personalized mutanome-derived tumor antigen are promising immunotherapeutic approaches. Autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumor-associated antigens also induce the generation of immunological memory and antitumor response as an effective method for the treatment of cancer. The present review briefly describes tumor cell-based vaccines as a promising strategy for eradication of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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Hyperthermia Treatment as a Promising Anti-Cancer Strategy: Therapeutic Targets, Perspective Mechanisms and Synergistic Combinations in Experimental Approaches. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040625. [PMID: 35453310 PMCID: PMC9030926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent developments in diagnosis and treatment options, cancer remains one of the most critical threats to health. Several anti-cancer therapies have been identified, but further research is needed to provide more treatment options that are safe and effective for cancer. Hyperthermia (HT) is a promising treatment strategy for cancer because of its safety and cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes studies on the anti-cancer effects of HT and the detailed mechanisms. In addition, combination therapies with anti-cancer drugs or natural products that can effectively overcome the limitations of HT are reviewed because HT may trigger protective events, such as an increase of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In the 115 reports included, the mechanisms related to apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA damage, transcription factors and HSPs were considered important. This review shows that HT is an effective inducer of apoptosis. Moreover, the limitations of HT may be overcome using combined therapy with anti-cancer drugs or natural products. Therefore, appropriate combinations of such agents with HT will exert maximal effects to treat cancer.
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14
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Issabekova A, Zhumabekova M, Zhunussova M, Ogay V. The Crosstalk Between Dendritic Cells, Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells And Cancer Cells From The Perspective Of Combination Therapy. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that elicit adaptive antitumour immunity. DCs integrate multiple environmental signals by efficiently processing tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and migrating to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), where they present foreign antigens to T cells for priming. DCs thus serve as a major link between innate and adaptive immunity. Although DCs (mostly monocyte-derived DCs [mo-DCs]) have already been used in cancer therapies, such approaches have shown limited efficacy. Mo-DCs have the unique ability to present antigens to T cells in peripheral tissues. CD3+CD56+ cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are characterized by both MHC-restricted and MHC-unrestricted antitumour cytotoxicity against a broad range of cancer cells. This review presents an overview of the mechanisms by which mo-DCs and CIK cells’ interact with each other and with tumours. The maturation of DCs was identified as a crucial step in the development of effective DC-based vaccines against cancer. A further improved adoptive immunotherapy strategy involves a combination of mature mo-DCs and CIK cells. Combination therapy presents many opportunities for cancer treatment, as reported by a number of clinical trials. However, there is a lack of fundamental studies on the interaction of in vitro-generated mo-DCs with CIK cells. We discuss several methods of boosting DC-based vaccines and review the current knowledge of contact-dependent and cytokine-induced interactions of mo-DCs with CIK cells. We highlight that the combination of mo-DCs with CIK cells activates MHC-restricted and MHC-unrestricted immune responses.
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15
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Gorgulho CM, Krishnamurthy A, Lanzi A, Galon J, Housseau F, Kaneno R, Lotze MT. Gutting it Out: Developing Effective Immunotherapies for Patients With Colorectal Cancer. J Immunother 2021; 44:49-62. [PMID: 33416261 PMCID: PMC8092416 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) include proinflammatory diets, sedentary habits, and obesity, in addition to genetic syndromes that predispose individuals to this disease. Current treatment relies on surgical excision and cytotoxic chemotherapies. There has been a renewed interest in immunotherapy as a treatment option for CRC given the success in melanoma and microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors only plays a role in the 4%-6% of patients with MSIhigh tumors and even within this subpopulation, response rates can vary from 30% to 50%. Most patients with CRC do not respond to this modality of treatment, even though colorectal tumors are frequently infiltrated with T cells. Tumor cells limit apoptosis and survive following intensive chemotherapy leading to drug resistance and induction of autophagy. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of autophagy improves the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in murine models. The microbiome clearly plays an etiologic role, in some or most colon tumors, realized by elegant findings in murine models and now investigated in human clinical trials. Recent results have suggested that cancer vaccines may be beneficial, perhaps best as preventive strategies. The search for therapies that can be combined with current approaches to increase their efficacy, and new knowledge of the biology of CRC are pivotal to improve the care of patients suffering from this disease. Here, we review the basic immunobiology of CRC, current "state-of-the-art" immunotherapies and define those areas with greatest therapeutic promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mendonça Gorgulho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
| | | | - Anastasia Lanzi
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Franck Housseau
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, CRB-I Room 4M59, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
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16
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Bonfanti N, Gundert E, Drewry AM, Goff K, Bedimo R, Kulstad E. Core warming of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients undergoing mechanical ventilation-A protocol for a randomized controlled pilot study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243190. [PMID: 33259540 PMCID: PMC7707531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, is spreading rapidly across the globe, with little proven effective therapy. Fever is seen in most cases of COVID-19, at least at the initial stages of illness. Although fever is typically treated (with antipyretics or directly with ice or other mechanical means), increasing data suggest that fever is a protective adaptive response that facilitates recovery from infectious illness. OBJECTIVE To describe a randomized controlled pilot study of core warming patients with COVID-19 undergoing mechanical ventilation. METHODS This prospective single-site randomized controlled pilot study will enroll 20 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure due to COVID-19. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to standard-of-care or to receive core warming via an esophageal heat exchanger commonly utilized in critical care and surgical patients. The primary outcome is patient viral load measured by lower respiratory tract sample. Secondary outcomes include severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome (as measured by PaO2/FiO2 ratio) 24, 48, and 72 hours after initiation of treatment, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and 30-day mortality. RESULTS Resulting data will provide effect size estimates to guide a definitive multi-center randomized clinical trial. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT04426344. CONCLUSIONS With growing data to support clinical benefits of elevated temperature in infectious illness, this study will provide data to guide further understanding of the role of active temperature management in COVID-19 treatment and provide effect size estimates to power larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Bonfanti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Emily Gundert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Drewry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kristina Goff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Roger Bedimo
- Infectious Diseases Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Erik Kulstad
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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17
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Li Z, Deng J, Sun J, Ma Y. Hyperthermia Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment Facilitates Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595207. [PMID: 33240283 PMCID: PMC7680736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered in a new era of cancer therapy; however, ICIs are only effective in selective patients. The efficacy of ICIs is closely related to the tumor microenvironment. Fever for a long time was thought to directly regulate the immune response, and artificial “fever” from hyperthermia modulates the tumor immune microenvironment by providing danger signals with heat shock proteins (HSPs) as well as subsequent activation of immune systems. Encouraging results have been achieved in preclinical studies focused on potential synergetic effects by combining hyperthermia with ICIs. In this review, we summarized a cluster of immune-related factors that not only make hyperthermia a treatment capable of defending against cancer but also make hyperthermia a reliable treatment that creates a type I-like tumor microenvironment (overexpression of PD-L1 and enrichment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) in complementary for the enhancement of the ICIs. Then we reviewed recent preclinical data of the combination regimens involving hyperthermia and ICIs that demonstrated the combined efficacy and illustrated possible approaches to further boost the effectiveness of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Li
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Zhou T, Liang X, Wang P, Hu Y, Qi Y, Jin Y, Du Y, Fang C, Tian J. A Hepatocellular Carcinoma Targeting Nanostrategy with Hypoxia-Ameliorating and Photothermal Abilities that, Combined with Immunotherapy, Inhibits Metastasis and Recurrence. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12679-12696. [PMID: 32909732 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and highly malignant tumor that is prone to recurrence and metastasis and has no effective treatment. Unsurprisingly, its prognosis is quite poor; early detection methods and effective low-toxicity treatments are urgently needed. To achieve these goals, we designed a multifunctional, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticle (NP) with a porous metal organic frame loaded with sorafenib (SF), conjugated with HCC-specific targeting peptide SP94 and the near-infrared dye cyanine (Cy)5.5. These NPs are amenable to multimodal imaging for dynamic monitoring of their biodistribution and tumor-targeting effects. The SP94-PB-SF-Cy5.5 NPs achieved targeted delivery and controlled SF release and exhibited good photothermal effects. In this strategy, photothermal therapy and SF treatment complement each other, reducing the side effects of SF and achieving a therapeutic effect without local tumor recurrence. In addition, the catalase-like ability of the NPs alleviates tumor hypoxia, and their photothermal effects induce immunogenic cell death, leading to the release of tumor-associated antigens. These effects combine to trigger an antitumor immune response; the NPs also displayed promising inhibitory effects on tumor metastasis and recurrence and produced an abscopal effect and long-term immunological memory when combined with antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy. These safe, multifunctional NPs represent a valuable treatment option for HCC. In addition, this next-generation treatment model may provide some ideas for the management of HCC and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peifeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yueyang Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yafei Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yushen Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chihua Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
- Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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19
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Wang L, He Y, He T, Liu G, Lin C, Li K, Lu L, Cai K. Lymph node-targeted immune-activation mediated by imiquimod-loaded mesoporous polydopamine based-nanocarriers. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120208. [PMID: 32569862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are the potent stimulants of innate immune system and hold promises as an adjuvant for anticancer immunotherapy. Unfortunately, most of them are limited by a prompt dissemination, and thus caused "wasted inflammation". Hence, how to restrict their action radius into lymphoid tissues is of great relevance to enhance their efficacy and concomitantly alleviates the side effects. Here, imiquimod (R837), a TLR 7 agonist, was loaded into mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanocarriers with high efficiency. Moreover, its surface was modified by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to enhance their lymphatic drainage ability. These nano-adjuvants have obvious advantages in promoting dendritic cell (DC) maturation in comparison to free R837. Moreover, their transportation and retention ability in proximal lymph nodes (LNs) were also confirmed, by which lymphatic drug exposure can be maximized to a great extent. Consequently, effective DC activation and CD8+ T cell responses were observed as expected by R837 released in draining LNs. This effect was further enhanced by the presence of endogenous tumor antigens from apoptosis debris induced by MPDA-based photothermal effect, and thus led to the growth inhibition of subcutaneous B16 melanomas. The results demonstrated the great potency against melanoma of the designed PVP-MPDA@R837 nano-adjuvants by combining photothermal conversion property of MPDA with lymphatic-focused immune-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ye He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Genhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chuanchua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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20
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Mercado-Montoya M, Bonfanti N, Gundert E, Drewry AM, Bedimo R, Kostov V, Kostov K, Shah S, Kulstad E. The Use of Core Warming as a Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): an Initial Mathematical Model. JOURNAL OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS 2020. [DOI: 10.24207/jca.v33i1.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing data suggest that elevated body temperature may be helpful in resolving a variety of diseases, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and viral illnesses. SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may be more temperature sensitive than other coronaviruses, particularly with respect to the binding affinity of its viral entry via the ACE2 receptor. A mechanical provision of elevated temperature focused in a body region of high viral activity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation may offer a therapeutic option that avoids arrhythmias seen with some pharmaceutical treatments. We investigated the potential to actively provide core warming to the lungs of patients with a commercially available heat transfer device via mathematical modeling, and examine the influence of blood perfusion on temperature using this approach. Methods: Using the software Comsol Multiphysics, we modeled and simulated heat transfer in the body from an intraesophageal warming device, taking into account the airflow from patient ventilation. The simulation was focused on heat transfer and warming of the lungs and performed on a simplified geometry of an adult human body and airway from the pharynx to the lungs. Results: The simulations were run over a range of values for blood perfusion rate, which was a parameter expected to have high influence in overall heat transfer, since the heat capacity and density remain almost constant. The simulation results show a temperature distribution which agrees with the expected clinical experience, with the skin surface at a lower temperature than the rest of the body due to convective cooling in a typical hospital environment. The highest temperature in this case is the device warming water temperature, and that heat diffuses by conduction to the nearby tissues, including the air flowing in the airways. At the range of blood perfusion investigated, maximum lung temperature ranged from 37.6°C to 38.6°C. Conclusions: The provision of core warming via commercially available technology currently utilized in the intensive care unit, emergency department, and operating room can increase regional temperature of lung tissue and airway passages. This warming may offer an innovative approach to treating infectious diseases from viral illnesses such as COVID-19, while avoiding the arrhythmogenic complications of currently used pharmaceutical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Mercado-Montoya
- Universidad de Antioquia – Engineering Faculty – Bioengineering Department – Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nathaniel Bonfanti
- UT Southwestern Medical Center – Departments of Emergency Medicine and Anesthesia/Critical Care – Dallas (TX), USA
| | - Emily Gundert
- UT Southwestern Medical Center – Departments of Emergency Medicine and Anesthesia/Critical Care – Dallas (TX), USA
| | - Anne Meredith Drewry
- Washington University – School of Medicine – Department of Anesthesiology – St. Louis (MO), USA
| | - Roger Bedimo
- UT Southwestern Medical CenterVA North Texas Health Care System – UT Southwestern Medical Center – Dallas (TX), USA
| | - Victor Kostov
- Walter Payton College Preparatory High School – Chicago (IL), USA
| | | | - Shailee Shah
- Illinois Institute of Technology – Department of Bioengineering – Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Erik Kulstad
- UT Southwestern Medical Center – Department of Emergency Medicine – Dallas (TX), USA
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21
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Abstract
Hyperthermia holds great promise to advance immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Multiple trials have demonstrated benefit with the addition of hyperthermia to radiation or chemotherapy in the treatment of wide-ranging malignancies. Similarly, pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of hyperthermia to enhance each of the 8 steps in the cancer-immunotherapy cycle including stimulation of tumor-specific immunity. While there has been an extensive recent focus on augmenting immunotherapy with radiation, surprisingly to date, there have been no clinical trials assessing the combination of hyperthermia with immunotherapy. The study of hyperthermia with immunotherapy is particularly compelling when considered in the context of a new treatment paradigm for this anti-neoplastic modality. Novel concepts include ease of treatment including elicitation of the tumor-specific response of not requiring whole tumor heating, potentially shorter treatment time, better treatment tolerance as opposed to other multi-agent approaches to immunotherapy and the ability to apply heat repeatedly with immunotherapies, unlike ionizing radiation. Several questions remained with regard to clinical integration which can be readily addressed with thoughtful clinical trial design building upon lessons learned at the bench and from clinical trials combining radiation and immunotherapy. Examples of promising avenues for clinical investigation of hyperthermia and immunotherapy including melanoma, bladder, and head and neck cancers are reviewed. In summary, there is a present convergence of factors in oncology that compel further investigation of the integration of hyperthermia with immunotherapy for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hurwitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Wang S, Mao J, Liu H, Huang S, Cai J, Gui W, Wu J, Xu J, Shen J, Wang Z. pH-Sensitive nanotheranostics for dual-modality imaging guided nanoenzyme catalysis therapy and phototherapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4859-4869. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
A theranostic nanosystem with a pH-sensitive structure showed charge conversion properties in the tumor acidic microenvironment. It could perform dual-modality imaging diagnosis and carry out catalysis therapy and phototherapy.
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23
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Martin Lluesma S, Graciotti M, Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. Does the Immunocompetent Status of Cancer Patients Have an Impact on Therapeutic DC Vaccination Strategies? Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E79. [PMID: 30477198 PMCID: PMC6313858 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different types of therapeutic vaccines against established cancerous lesions in various indications have been developed since the 1990s, their clinical benefit is still very limited. This observed lack of effectiveness in cancer eradication may be partially due to the often deficient immunocompetent status of cancer patients, which may facilitate tumor development by different mechanisms, including immune evasion. The most frequently used cellular vehicle in clinical trials are dendritic cells (DCs), thanks to their crucial role in initiating and directing immune responses. Viable vaccination options using DCs are available, with a positive toxicity profile. For these reasons, despite their limited therapeutic outcomes, DC vaccination is currently considered an additional immunotherapeutic option that still needs to be further explored. In this review, we propose potential actions aimed at improving DC vaccine efficacy by counteracting the detrimental mechanisms recognized to date and implicated in establishing a poor immunocompetent status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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24
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Xu A, Zhang L, Yuan J, Babikr F, Freywald A, Chibbar R, Moser M, Zhang W, Zhang B, Fu Z, Xiang J. TLR9 agonist enhances radiofrequency ablation-induced CTL responses, leading to the potent inhibition of primary tumor growth and lung metastasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:820-832. [PMID: 30467420 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most common approach to thermal ablation for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, its efficacy is limited by incomplete ablation, and further optimization of RFA is required. Here, we demonstrate that incubation at 65 °C triggers more EG7 tumor cell death by necrosis than treatment at 45 °C, and the 65 °C-treated cells are more effective at inducing antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses after injection in mice than the 45 °C-treated ones. Dendritic cells (DCs) that phagocytose 65 °C-treated EG7 cells become mature with upregulated MHCII and CD80 expression and are capable of efficiently inducing effector CTLs in mouse tumor models. RFA (65 °C) therapy of EG7 tumors induces large areas of tumor necrosis and stimulates CTL responses. This leads to complete regression of small (~100 mm3) tumors but fails to suppress the growth of larger (~350 mm3) tumors. The administration of the Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) agonist unmethylated cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligonucleotide (CpG) to DCs phagocytosing 65 °C-treated EG7 cells enhances the expression of MHCII and CD40 on DCs as well as DC-induced stimulation of CTL responses. Importantly, the intratumoral administration of CpG following RFA also increases the frequencies of tumor-associated immunogenic CD11b-CD11c+CD103+ DC2 and CD11b+F4/80+MHCII+ M1 macrophages and increases CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltration, leading to enhanced CD4+ T cell-dependent CTL responses and potent inhibition of primary RFA-treated or distant untreated tumor growth as well as tumor lung metastasis in mice bearing larger tumors. Overall, our data indicate that CpG administration, which enhances RFA-induced CTL responses and ultimately potentiates the inhibition of primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, is a promising strategy for improving RFA treatment, which may assist in optimizing this important cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhang Xu
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingying Yuan
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Fatma Babikr
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rajni Chibbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael Moser
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bing Zhang
- Biomedical Science and Technology Research Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoying Fu
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Yian-An University, Yian-An, China
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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25
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Sarhan M, Land WG, Tonnus W, Hugo CP, Linkermann A. Origin and Consequences of Necroinflammation. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:727-780. [PMID: 29465288 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When cells undergo necrotic cell death in either physiological or pathophysiological settings in vivo, they release highly immunogenic intracellular molecules and organelles into the interstitium and thereby represent the strongest known trigger of the immune system. With our increasing understanding of necrosis as a regulated and genetically determined process (RN, regulated necrosis), necrosis and necroinflammation can be pharmacologically prevented. This review discusses our current knowledge about signaling pathways of necrotic cell death as the origin of necroinflammation. Multiple pathways of RN such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis have been evolutionary conserved most likely because of their differences in immunogenicity. As the consequence of necrosis, however, all necrotic cells release damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that have been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Analysis of necroinflammation allows characterizing specific signatures for each particular pathway of cell death. While all RN-pathways share the release of DAMPs in general, most of them actively regulate the immune system by the additional expression and/or maturation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, DAMPs have been demonstrated to modulate the process of regeneration. For the purpose of better understanding of necroinflammation, we introduce a novel classification of DAMPs in this review to help detect the relative contribution of each RN-pathway to certain physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Sarhan
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Walter G Land
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian P Hugo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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26
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Mookerjee A, Graciotti M, Kandalaft LE, Kandalaft L. A cancer vaccine with dendritic cells differentiated with GM-CSF and IFNα and pulsed with a squaric acid treated cell lysate improves T cell priming and tumor growth control in a mouse model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:211-221. [PMID: 30211081 PMCID: PMC6128972 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecologic cancers. Relapses after remission are common, hence novel strategies are urgently needed. Our group has previously developed a vaccination approach based on dendritic cells pulsed with HOCl-oxidized tumor lysates. Here we investigate the improvement of this vaccine strategy using squaric acid treatment of cancer cells during tumor lysate preparation and by differentiating dendritic cells in the presence of GM-CSF and IFNα.
Methods: Induction of cell death by squaric acid treatment was assessed with propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V in ID8 tumor cells. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) immunogenic status was analyzed using a western blot-based method, as previously described. For immunological tests, ID8 cells expressing ovalbumin (ova-ID8) were treated with squaric acid before cell lysis. DCs prepared with the canonical GM-CSF and IL-4 differentiation cocktail or IFNα and GM-CSF were pulsed with tumor cell lysates and further matured in the presence of IFNγ and LPS (4-DCs and α-DCs respectively). DCs were then used in co-culture assays with ova-specific T cells and IFNγ and IL-4 secretion measured by ELISA. DC phenotypes were characterized by FACS. Finally, DCs were tested in an ovarian cancer mouse model measuring body weight and animal survival.
Results: Squaric acid treatment of mouse ovarian cancer cells induced tumor cell death as well as preserve HMGB1, a crucial Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal, in its active reduced form. Squaric acid treatment of ID8-ova cells increased IFNγ and decreased IL-4 production from ova-specific T cells in co-culture experiments, promoting a more immunogenic cytokine secretion pattern. DCs differentiated in the presence of IFNα induced a considerable decrease in IL-4 production compared to canonical 4-DCs, without affecting IFNγ release. DC phenotyping demonstrated a more mature and immunogenic phenotype for IFNα-differentiated DCs. Vaccination in tumor-bearing mice showed that IFNα-differentiated DCs pulsed with squaric acid-treated lysates were the most potent at delaying tumor growth, improving animal survival.
Conclusion: We identified squaric acid as a novel immunogenic treatment of tumor cells for cancer vaccines particularly efficient in prolonging animal survival when used in combination with IFNα-differentiated DCs. These promising results support future efforts for the clinical translation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Mookerjee
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Currently at: Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lana Kandalaft
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Li Y, He L, Dong H, Liu Y, Wang K, Li A, Ren T, Shi D, Li Y. Fever-Inspired Immunotherapy Based on Photothermal CpG Nanotherapeutics: The Critical Role of Mild Heat in Regulating Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700805. [PMID: 29938166 PMCID: PMC6010888 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although there have been more than 100 clinical trials, CpG-based immunotherapy has been seriously hindered by complications in the immunosuppressive microenvironment of established tumors. Inspired by the decisive role of fever upon systemic immunity, a photothermal CpG nanotherapeutics (PCN) method with the capability to induce an immunofavorable tumor microenvironment by casting a fever-relevant heat (43 °C) in the tumor region is developed. High-throughput gene profile analysis identifies nine differentially expressed genes that are closely immune-related upon mild heat, accompanied by IL-6 upregulation, a pyrogenic cytokine usually found during fever. When treated with intratumor PCN injection enabling mild heating in the tumor region, the 4T1 tumor-bearing mice exhibit significantly improved antitumor immune effects compared with the control group. Superb efficacy is evident from pronounced apoptotic cell death, activated innate immune cells, enhanced tumor perfusion, and intensified innate and adaptive immune responses. This work highlights the crucial role of mild heat in modulating the microenvironment in optimum for improved immunotherapy, by converting the tumor into an in situ vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Shanghai East HospitalThe Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano ScienceTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Lianghua He
- Shanghai East HospitalThe Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano ScienceTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East HospitalThe Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano ScienceTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Yiqiong Liu
- Shanghai East HospitalThe Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano ScienceTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University4800 Caoan RoadShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTongji University1239 Siping RoadShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Tianbin Ren
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University4800 Caoan RoadShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Donglu Shi
- Shanghai East HospitalThe Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano ScienceTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200092P. R. China
- The Materials Science and Engineering ProgramDepartment of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH45221USA
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai East HospitalThe Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano ScienceTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200092P. R. China
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28
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Hyperthermic treatment at 56 °C induces tumour-specific immune protection in a mouse model of prostate cancer in both prophylactic and therapeutic immunization regimens. Vaccine 2018; 36:3708-3716. [PMID: 29752021 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most active cancer immunotherapies able to induce a long-lasting protection against tumours are based on the activation of tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Cell death by hyperthermia induces apoptosis followed by secondary necrosis, with the production of factors named "danger associated molecular pattern" (DAMP) molecules (DAMPs), that activate dendritic cells (DCs) to perform antigen uptake, processing and presentation, followed by CTLs cross priming. In many published studies, hyperthermia treatment of tumour cells is performed at 42-45 °C; these temperatures mainly promote cell surface expression of DAMPs. Treatment at 56 °C of tumour cells was shown to induce DAMPs secretion rather than their cell surface expression, improving DC activation and CTL cross priming in vitro. Thus we tested the relevance of this finding in vivo on the generation of a tumour-specific memory immune response, in the TRAMP-C2 mouse prostate carcinoma transplantable model. TRAMP-C2 tumour cells treated at 56 °C were able not only to activate DCs in vitro but also to trigger a tumour-specific CTL-dependent immune response in vivo. Prophylactic vaccination with 56 °C-treated TRAMP-C2 tumour cells alone provided protection against TRAMP-C2 tumour growth in vivo, whilst in the therapeutic regimen, control of tumour growth was achieved combining immunization with adjuvant chemotherapy.
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29
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Proteomic Identification of Heat Shock-Induced Danger Signals in a Melanoma Cell Lysate Used in Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3982942. [PMID: 29744371 PMCID: PMC5878886 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3982942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with cancer cell-derived lysates have become a promising tool in cancer immunotherapy. During the last decade, we demonstrated that vaccination of advanced melanoma patients with autologous tumor antigen presenting cells (TAPCells) loaded with an allogeneic heat shock- (HS-) conditioned melanoma cell-derived lysate (called TRIMEL) is able to induce an antitumor immune response associated with a prolonged patient survival. TRIMEL provides not only a broad spectrum of potential melanoma-associated antigens but also danger signals that are crucial in the induction of a committed mature DC phenotype. However, potential changes induced by heat conditioning on the proteome of TRIMEL are still unknown. The identification of newly or differentially expressed proteins under defined stress conditions is relevant for understanding the lysate immunogenicity. Here, we characterized the proteomic profile of TRIMEL in response to HS treatment. A quantitative label-free proteome analysis of over 2800 proteins was performed, with 91 proteins that were found to be regulated by HS treatment: 18 proteins were overexpressed and 73 underexpressed. Additionally, 32 proteins were only identified in the HS-treated TRIMEL and 26 in non HS-conditioned samples. One protein from the overexpressed group and two proteins from the HS-exclusive group were previously described as potential damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some of the HS-induced proteins, such as haptoglobin, could be also considered as DAMPs and candidates for further immunological analysis in the establishment of new putative danger signals with immunostimulatory functions.
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30
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Nam J, Son S, Ochyl LJ, Kuai R, Schwendeman A, Moon JJ. Chemo-photothermal therapy combination elicits anti-tumor immunity against advanced metastatic cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1074. [PMID: 29540781 PMCID: PMC5852008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer treatment modality, but PTT generally requires direct access to the source of light irradiation, thus precluding its utility against disseminated, metastatic tumors. Here, we demonstrate that PTT combined with chemotherapy can trigger potent anti-tumor immunity against disseminated tumors. Specifically, we have developed polydopamine-coated spiky gold nanoparticles as a new photothermal agent with extensive photothermal stability and efficiency. Strikingly, a single round of PTT combined with a sub-therapeutic dose of doxorubicin can elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses and eliminate local as well as untreated, distant tumors in >85% of animals bearing CT26 colon carcinoma. We also demonstrate their therapeutic efficacy against TC-1 submucosa-lung metastasis, a highly aggressive model for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Our study sheds new light on a previously unrecognized, immunological facet of chemo-photothermal therapy and may lead to new therapeutic strategies against advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutaek Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sejin Son
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lukasz J Ochyl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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31
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Reuter URM, Oettmeier R, Hobohm U. Safety of Therapeutic Fever Induction in Cancer Patients Using Approved PAMP Drugs. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:330-337. [PMID: 29425952 PMCID: PMC5884214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
William Coley, between 1895 and 1936, treated hundreds of cancer patients using infusions of fever inducing bacerial extracts. Similar experiments were done by Klyuyeva and co-workers in the 1940ies in Russia using trypanosoma extracts. Many remissions and cures were reported. We have conjectured that pathogen associated molecular pattern substances (PAMP) are the molecular explanation for the beneficial treatments in both groups. We could show that a combination of PAMP can eradicate solid tumours in cancer mice if applied several times. Accordingly, we suggested to combine PAMP containing approved drugs to treat cancer patients using a protocol similar to the old fever induction regimen. In this retrospective phase-1 study we report on the fever induction capacity and safety of applications of bacterial extracts, combinations of bacterial extracts with approved drugs, and combinations of approved drugs in 131 mainly cancer patients. Adverse reactions were those which can be expected during a feverish infection and mild. Over 523 fever inductions, no severe adverse reaction was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Oettmeier
- Ralf Oettmeier (RO), Paracelsusklinik, Battenhusstrasse 12, 9053 Teufen, Switzerland.
| | - Uwe Hobohm
- Uwe Hobohm (UH), THM University of Applied Sciences, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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32
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A Dendritic Cell Vaccine Combined With Radiotherapy Activates the Specific Immune Response in Patients With Esophageal Cancer. J Immunother 2018; 40:71-76. [PMID: 28125513 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells. DC may be used to create DC vaccines against cancer, but the optimal strategies remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to examine the benefits and adverse effects of using esophageal cancer cell antigens to stimulate DC to trigger the specific immune response in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing radiotherapy. This was an observational cohort study performed at Lianshui County People's Hospital between September 2010 and June 2012. Forty patients with esophageal cancer planned to receive radiotherapy were selected, and 28 received the DC vaccine. DC were isolated, loaded with antigens, and intradermally injected after being cultured for 1 week. One week after injection, the patients underwent a delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Serum Th1 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-γ] and antigen-specific IFN-γCD8 T cells were tested before and after vaccination. Patients were followed up for 2 years. Adverse events were monitored. Patients in the vaccine group tolerated the DC vaccine. Levels of serum IL-2 (+92.4%), IL-12 (+70.9%), and IFN-γ (+214.3%) as well as the proportion of IFN-γCD8 T cells (3.0-16.4-fold) were significantly increased compared with baseline and the control group (all P<0.05). The 1- (82.1% vs. 50.0%, P=0.04) and 2-year survival (67.8% vs. 33.3%, P=0.04) was improved by vaccination. Only 2 patients showed mild fever. In conclusion, the DC vaccine triggered the specific immune response and induced the secretion of Th1 cytokines. The vaccine may lead to better survival, but this have to be confirmed. Adverse events were rare and mild.
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33
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Urbanova L, Hradilova N, Moserova I, Vosahlikova S, Sadilkova L, Hensler M, Spisek R, Adkins I. High hydrostatic pressure affects antigenic pool in tumor cells: Implication for dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2017; 187:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Rodríguez-Salazar MDC, Franco-Molina MA, Mendoza-Gamboa E, Martínez-Torres AC, Zapata-Benavides P, López-González JS, Coronado-Cerda EE, Alcocer-González JM, Tamez-Guerra RS, Rodríguez-Padilla C. The novel immunomodulator IMMUNEPOTENT CRP combined with chemotherapy agent increased the rate of immunogenic cell death and prevented melanoma growth. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:844-852. [PMID: 28693241 PMCID: PMC5494674 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death is a cell death modality that stimulates the immune system to combat cancer cells. IMMUNEPOTENT CRP (ICRP) is a mixture of substances of low molecular weight obtained from bovine spleens that exhibits in vitro cytotoxic activity on different tumor cell lines and modulates the immune response in vivo. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the cytotoxic effect of ICRP and its combination with oxaliplatin (OXP) on murine melanoma B16F10 cells was due to immunogenic cell death. The cytotoxic assay was performed using flow cytometry to detect Annexin V and propidium iodide staining, and calreticulin (CRT) exposure. Adenosine triphosphate, heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP90 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release were identified using bioluminescence, western blot and ELISA assays, respectively. The present in vitro study demonstrated that treatments with ICRP or OXP induced cell death in a time-dependent manner, but treatment with the combination of ICRP + OXP increased the cytotoxic effect following 24 h of treatment. CRT exposure and release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), HSP70, HSP90 and HMGB1 were induced by treatment with ICRP, and the combination of ICRP + OXP increased the exposure and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while OXP treatment only induced CRT exposure, ATP and HMGB1 release. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that administration of tumor-derived DAMP-rich cell lysates derived from B16F10 cells treated with ICRP and the combination of ICRP + OXP prevented melanoma growth; however, OXP treatment did not. These results suggested that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP may be used as an agent to increase the ability of antitumor drugs to induce immunogenic cell death and prevent the growth of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Carmen Rodríguez-Salazar
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Moises Armides Franco-Molina
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Edgar Mendoza-Gamboa
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Ana Carolina Martínez-Torres
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Pablo Zapata-Benavides
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Jose Sullivan López-González
- Lung Cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Erika Evangelina Coronado-Cerda
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Alcocer-González
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Reyes Silvestre Tamez-Guerra
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico
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35
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Adkins I, Sadilkova L, Hradilova N, Tomala J, Kovar M, Spisek R. Severe, but not mild heat-shock treatment induces immunogenic cell death in cancer cells. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638734 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1311433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of immunogenicity underlying mild heat-shock (mHS) treatment < 42°C of tumor cells are largely attributed to the action of heat-shock proteins; however, little is known about the immunogenicity of tumor cells undergoing severe cytotoxic heat-shock treatment (sHS > 43°C). Here, we found that sHS, but not mHS (42°C), induces immunogenic cell death in human cancer cell lines as defined by the induction of ER stress response and ROS generation, cell surface exposure of calreticulin, HSP70 and HSP90, decrease of cell surface CD47, release of ATP and HMGB1. Only sHS-treated tumor cells were efficiently killed and phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DCs), which was partially dependent on cell surface calreticulin. DCs loaded with mHS or sHS-treated tumor cells displayed similar level of maturation and stimulated IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells without any additional adjuvants in vitro. However, only DCs loaded with sHS-treated tumor cells stimulated antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and induced higher CD8+ T-cell activation and proliferation. sHS-treated murine cells also exposed calreticulin, HSP70 and HSP90 and activated higher DC maturation than mHS treated cells. Vaccination with sHS-treated tumor cells elicited protective immunity in mice. In this study, we defined specific conditions for the sHS treatment of human lung and ovarian tumor cells to arrive at optimal ratio between effective cell death, immunogenicity and content of tumor antigens for immunotherapeutic vaccine generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Adkins
- Sotio a.s, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nada Hradilova
- Sotio a.s, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tomala
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR v.v.i, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kovar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR v.v.i, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.s, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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36
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Oei AL, Vriend LEM, Krawczyk PM, Horsman MR, Franken NAP, Crezee J. Targeting therapy-resistant cancer stem cells by hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 33:419-427. [PMID: 28100096 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1279757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of all malignant cells is the ultimate but challenging goal of anti-cancer treatment; most traditional clinically-available approaches fail because there are cells in a tumour that either escape therapy or become therapy-resistant. A subpopulation of cancer cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), is considered to be of particular significance for tumour initiation, progression and metastasis. CSCs are considered in particular to be therapy-resistant and may drive disease recurrence, which positions CSCs in the focus of anti-cancer research, but successful CSC-targeting therapies are limited. Here, we argue that hyperthermia - a therapeutic approach based on local heating of a tumour - is potentially beneficial for targeting CSCs in solid tumours. First, hyperthermia has been described to target cells in hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumour areas where CSCs reside and ionising radiation and chemotherapy are least effective. Second, hyperthermia can modify factors that are essential for tumour survival and growth, such as the microenvironment, immune responses, vascularisation and oxygen supply. Third, hyperthermia targets multiple DNA repair pathways, which are generally upregulated in CSCs and protect them from DNA-damaging agents. Addition of hyperthermia to the therapeutic armamentarium of oncologists may thus be a promising strategy to eliminate therapy-escaping and -resistant CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oei
- a Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR) , Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Radiotherapy , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - L E M Vriend
- c Department of Cell Biology and Histology , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - P M Krawczyk
- c Department of Cell Biology and Histology , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - M R Horsman
- d Department for Experimental Clinical Oncology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - N A P Franken
- a Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR) , Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Radiotherapy , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J Crezee
- b Department of Radiotherapy , Academic Medical Center (AMC) and Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Multhoff G, Habl G, Combs SE. Rationale of hyperthermia for radio(chemo)therapy and immune responses in patients with bladder cancer: Biological concepts, clinical data, interdisciplinary treatment decisions and biological tumour imaging. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:455-63. [PMID: 27050781 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2016.1152632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer, the most common tumour of the urinary tract, ranks fifth among all tumour entities. While local treatment or intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) provides a treatment option for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer of low grade, surgery or radio(chemo)therapy (RT) are frequently applied in high grade tumours. It remains a matter of debate whether surgery or RT is superior with respect to clinical outcome and quality of life. Surgical resection of bladder cancer can be limited by acute side effects, whereas, RT, which offers a non-invasive treatment option with organ- and functional conservation, can cause long-term side effects. Bladder toxicity by RT mainly depends on the total irradiation dose, fraction size and tumour volume. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve clinical outcome. Local tumour hyperthermia is currently used either as an ablation therapy or in combination with RT to enhance anti-tumour effects. In combination with RT an increase of the temperature in the bladder stimulates the local blood flow and as a result can improve the oxygenation state of the tumour, which in turn enhances radiation-induced DNA damage and drug toxicity. Hyperthermia at high temperatures can also directly kill cells, particularly in tumour areas which are poorly perfused, hypoxic or have a low tissue pH. This review summarises current knowledge relating to the role of hyperthermia in RT to treat bladder cancer, the induction and manifestation of immunological responses induced by hyperthermia, and the utilisation of the stress proteins as tumour-specific targets for tumour detection and monitoring of therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich ;,b Department of Innovative Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Gregor Habl
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich ;,b Department of Innovative Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany
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Vandenberk L, Belmans J, Van Woensel M, Riva M, Van Gool SW. Exploiting the Immunogenic Potential of Cancer Cells for Improved Dendritic Cell Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 6:663. [PMID: 26834740 PMCID: PMC4712296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is currently the hottest topic in the oncology field, owing predominantly to the discovery of immune checkpoint blockers. These promising antibodies and their attractive combinatorial features have initiated the revival of other effective immunotherapies, such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations. Although DC-based immunotherapy can induce objective clinical and immunological responses in several tumor types, the immunogenic potential of this monotherapy is still considered suboptimal. Hence, focus should be directed on potentiating its immunogenicity by making step-by-step protocol innovations to obtain next-generation Th1-driving DC vaccines. We review some of the latest developments in the DC vaccination field, with a special emphasis on strategies that are applied to obtain a highly immunogenic tumor cell cargo to load and to activate the DCs. To this end, we discuss the effects of three immunogenic treatment modalities (ultraviolet light, oxidizing treatments, and heat shock) and five potent inducers of immunogenic cell death [radiotherapy, shikonin, high-hydrostatic pressure, oncolytic viruses, and (hypericin-based) photodynamic therapy] on DC biology and their application in DC-based immunotherapy in preclinical as well as clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Vandenberk
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jochen Belmans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Woensel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosurgery, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefaan W Van Gool
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Kinderklinik, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Immunologic-Oncologic Centre Cologne (IOZK), Köln, Germany
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Kajihara M, Takakura K, Ohkusa T, Koido S. The impact of dendritic cell-tumor fusion cells on cancer vaccines - past progress and future strategies. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1111-22. [PMID: 26507578 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that can be used in cancer vaccines. Thus, various strategies have been developed to deliver tumor-associated antigens via DCs. One strategy includes administering DC-tumor fusion cells (DC-tumor FCs) to induce antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. However, clinical trials using this strategy have fallen short of expectations. Several factors might limit the efficacy of these anticancer vaccines. To induce efficient antitumor immune responses and enhance potential clinical benefits, DC-tumor FC-based cancer vaccines require manipulations that improve immunogenicity for both DCs and whole tumor cells. This review addresses recent progress in improving clinical outcomes using DC-tumor FC-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Kajihara
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ohkusa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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González FE, Gleisner A, Falcón-Beas F, Osorio F, López MN, Salazar-Onfray F. Tumor cell lysates as immunogenic sources for cancer vaccine design. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3261-9. [PMID: 25625929 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.982996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are a promising immunological tool for cancer therapy. These stimulate the antitumor response and immunological memory generation. Nevertheless, many patients remain refractory to DC approaches. Antigen (Ag) delivery to DCs is relevant to vaccine success, and antigen peptides, tumor-associated proteins, tumor cells, autologous tumor lysates, and tumor-derived mRNA have been tested as Ag sources. Recently, DCs loaded with allogeneic tumor cell lysates were used to induce a potent immunological response. This strategy provides a reproducible pool of almost all potential Ags suitable for patient use, independent of MHC haplotypes or autologous tumor tissue availability. However, optimizing autologous tumor cell lysate preparation is crucial to enhancing efficacy. This review considers the role of cancer cell-derived lysates as a relevant source of antigens and as an activating factor for ex vivo therapeutic DCs capable of responding to neoplastic cells. These promising therapies are associated with the prolonged survival of advanced cancer patients.
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Key Words
- AM, Cytokine-activated monocytes
- Ags, Antigens
- CDAMs, Cell death-associated molecules
- CRT, Calreticulin
- CTLs, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DAMPs
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, Dendritic cells
- DTH, Delayed-type IV hypersensitivity
- GM-CSF, Granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HMGB1, High-mobility group box 1 protein
- HSPs, Heat shock proteins
- ICD, Immunogenic cell death
- MAAs, Melanoma-associated antigens
- MHC, Major histocompatibility complex
- MM, Malignant melanoma
- NKT, Natural killer T cell
- PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCCL, Prostate cancer cell lysate
- PD1, Programmed cell death protein 1
- PRRs, Pattern recognition receptors
- PSA, Prostate specific antigen
- RAGE, Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts
- SNPs, Single nucleotide polymorphisms
- TAAs, Tumor-associated antigens
- TAPCells, Tumor antigen presenting cells
- TCRs, T cell receptors
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TRIMEL, Allogeneic melanoma cell lysate
- TRIPRO, Allogeneic prostate cell lysate
- Toll-like receptors
- Tregs, Regulatory T lymphocytes
- cancer immunotherapy
- dendritic cells
- immunogenic cell death
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín E González
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine ; University of Chile ; Santiago , Chile
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Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT. Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:335-49. [PMID: 25976513 PMCID: PMC4786079 DOI: 10.1038/nri3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a cardinal response to infection that has been conserved in warm-blooded and cold-blooded vertebrates for more than 600 million years of evolution. The fever response is executed by integrated physiological and neuronal circuitry and confers a survival benefit during infection. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of how the inflammatory cues delivered by the thermal element of fever stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. We further highlight the unexpected multiplicity of roles of the pyrogenic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), both during fever induction and during the mobilization of lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs that are the staging ground for immune defence. We also discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that the adrenergic signalling pathways associated with thermogenesis shape immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon S Evans
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm &Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm &Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Daniel T Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm &Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Whole Tumor Antigen Vaccines: Where Are We? Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:344-72. [PMID: 26343191 PMCID: PMC4494356 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With its vast amount of uncharacterized and characterized T cell epitopes available for activating CD4+ T helper and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes simultaneously, whole tumor antigen represents an attractive alternative source of antigens as compared to tumor-derived peptides and full-length recombinant tumor proteins for dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. Unlike defined tumor-derived peptides and proteins, whole tumor lysate therapy is applicable to all patients regardless of their HLA type. DCs are essentially the master regulators of immune response, and are the most potent antigen-presenting cell population for priming and activating naïve T cells to target tumors. Because of these unique properties, numerous DC-based immunotherapies have been initiated in the clinics. In this review, we describe the different types of whole tumor antigens that we could use to pulse DCs ex vivo and in vivo. We also discuss the different routes of delivering whole tumor antigens to DCs in vivo and activating them with toll-like receptor agonists.
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Adkins I, Fucikova J, Garg AD, Agostinis P, Špíšek R. Physical modalities inducing immunogenic tumor cell death for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 3:e968434. [PMID: 25964865 PMCID: PMC4352954 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.968434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD), as originally observed during the treatment with several chemotherapeutics or ionizing irradiation, has revolutionized the view on the development of new anticancer therapies. ICD is defined by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, emission of danger-associated molecular patterns and induction of antitumor immunity. Here we describe known and emerging cancer cell death-inducing physical modalities, such as ionizing irradiation, ultraviolet C light, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with Hypericin, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and hyperthermia (HT), which have been shown to elicit effective antitumor immunity. We discuss the evidence of ICD induced by these modalities in cancer patients together with their applicability in immunotherapeutic protocols and anticancer vaccine development.
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Key Words
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- CRT, calreticulin
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DC, dendritic cells
- EGFR, endothelial growth factor receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HHP, high hydrostatic pressure, HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- HT, hyperthermia
- Hyp-PDT, Hypericin-based Photodynamic therapy
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFNγ, interferon-γ
- NDV, Newcastle Disease Virus
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, radiotherapy
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- UVC, ultraviolet C light
- cancer immunotherapy
- eIF2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
- high hydrostatic pressure
- hyperthermia
- immunogenic cell death
- ionizing irradiation
- photodynamic therapy with hypericin
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Adkins
- Sotio ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Unit; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Leuven (KU Leuven) ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Unit; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Leuven (KU Leuven) ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Sotio ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
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Cicchelero L, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Various ways to improve whole cancer cell vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:721-35. [PMID: 24758597 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on whole cancer cell vaccines is regarded as a promising avenue for cancer treatment. However, limited efficacy in the first human clinical trials calls for more optimized whole cancer cell vaccines and better patient selection. It is suggested that whole cancer cell vaccines consist preferably of immunogenically killed autologous cancer stem cells associated with dendritic cells. Adjuvants should stimulate both immune effector cells and memory cells, which could be achieved through their correct dosage and timing of administration. There are indications that whole cancer cell vaccination is less effective in patients who are immunocompromised, who have specific genetic defects in their immune or cancer cells, as well as in patients in an advanced cancer stage. However, such patients form the bulk of enrolled patients in clinical trials, prohibiting an objective evaluation of the true potential of whole cancer cell immunotherapy. Each key point will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gamrekelashvili J, Kapanadze T, Han M, Wissing J, Ma C, Jaensch L, Manns MP, Armstrong T, Jaffee E, White AO, Citrin DE, Korangy F, Greten TF. Peptidases released by necrotic cells control CD8+ T cell cross-priming. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4755-68. [PMID: 24216478 DOI: 10.1172/jci65698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells and generation of effector immune responses is pivotal for tumor immunity as well as for successful anticancer vaccination and therapy. Dead and dying cells produce signals that can influence Ag processing and presentation; however, there is conflicting evidence regarding the immunogenicity of necrotic cell death. We used a mouse model of sterile necrosis, in which mice were injected with sterile primary necrotic cells, to investigate a role of these cells in priming of CD8+ T cells. We discovered a molecular mechanism operating in Ag donor cells that regulates cross-priming of CD8+ T cells during primary sterile necrosis and thereby controls adaptive immune responses. We found that the cellular peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP-3) and thimet oligopeptidase 1 (TOP-1), both of which are present in nonimmunogenic necrotic cells, eliminated proteasomal degradation products and blocked Ag cross-presentation. While sterile necrotic tumor cells failed to induce CD8+ T cell responses, their nonimmunogenicity could be reversed in vitro and in vivo by inactivation of DPP-3 and TOP-1. These results indicate that control of cross-priming and thereby immunogenicity of primary sterile necrosis relies on proteasome-dependent oligopeptide generation and functional status of peptidases in Ag donor cells.
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Kokolus KM, Spangler HM, Povinelli BJ, Farren MR, Lee KP, Repasky EA. Stressful presentations: mild cold stress in laboratory mice influences phenotype of dendritic cells in naïve and tumor-bearing mice. Front Immunol 2014; 5:23. [PMID: 24575090 PMCID: PMC3918933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to stimulate and regulate T cells is critical to effective anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, it is important to fully recognize any inherent factors which may influence DC function under experimental conditions, especially in laboratory mice since they are used so heavily to model immune responses. The goals of this report are to 1) briefly summarize previous work revealing how DCs respond to various forms of physiological stress and 2) to present new data highlighting the potential for chronic mild cold stress inherent to mice housed at the required standard ambient temperatures to influence baseline DCs properties in naïve and tumor-bearing mice. As recent data from our group shows that CD8+ T cell function is significantly altered by chronic mild cold stress and since DC function is crucial for CD8+ T cell activation, we wondered whether housing temperature may also be influencing DC function. Here we report that there are several significant phenotypical and functional differences among DC subsets in naïve and tumor-bearing mice housed at either standard housing temperature or at a thermoneutral ambient temperature, which significantly reduces the extent of cold stress. The new data presented here strongly suggests that, by itself, the housing temperature of mice can affect fundamental properties and functions of DCs. Therefore differences in basal levels of stress due to housing should be taken into consideration when interpreting experiments designed to evaluate the impact of additional variables, including other stressors on DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kokolus
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Haley M Spangler
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | | | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
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Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumors in Combination with Local OK-432 Injection Prolongs Survival and Suppresses Distant Tumor Growth in the Rabbit Model with Intra- and Extrahepatic VX2 Tumors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36:1383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-013-0650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Melanoma-Targeted Chemothermotherapy and In Situ Peptide Immunotherapy through HSP Production by Using Melanogenesis Substrate, NPrCAP, and Magnetite Nanoparticles. J Skin Cancer 2013; 2013:742925. [PMID: 23533767 PMCID: PMC3595688 DOI: 10.1155/2013/742925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploitation of biological properties unique to cancer cells may provide a novel approach to overcome difficult challenges to the treatment of advanced melanoma. In order to develop melanoma-targeted chemothermoimmunotherapy, a melanogenesis substrate, N-propionyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol (NPrCAP), sulfur-amine analogue of tyrosine, was conjugated with magnetite nanoparticles. NPrCAP was exploited from melanogenesis substrates, which are expected to be selectively incorporated into melanoma cells and produce highly reactive free radicals through reacting with tyrosinase, resulting in chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic effects by oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. Magnetite nanoparticles were conjugated with NPrCAP to introduce thermotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic effects through nonapoptotic cell death and generation of heat shock protein (HSP) upon exposure to alternating magnetic field (AMF). During these therapeutic processes, NPrCAP was also expected to provide melanoma-targeted drug delivery system.
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Panzarini E, Inguscio V, Dini L. Immunogenic cell death: can it be exploited in PhotoDynamic Therapy for cancer? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:482160. [PMID: 23509727 PMCID: PMC3591131 DOI: 10.1155/2013/482160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) could represent the keystone in cancer management since tumor cell death induction is crucial as well as the control of cancer cells revival after neoplastic treatment. In this context, the immune system plays a fundamental role. The concept of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) has been proposed to explain the immunogenic potential of stressed or dying/dead cells. ICD relies on DAMPs released by or exposed on dying cells. Once released, DAMPs are sensed by immune cells, in particular Dendritic Cells (DCs), acting as activators of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), that in turn stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, by exposing DAMPs, dying cancer cells change their surface composition, recently indicated as vital for the stimulation of the host immune system and the control of residual ill cells. It is well established that PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment ignites the immune system to elicit a specific antitumor immunity, probably linked to its ability in inducing exposure/release of certain DAMPs, as recently suggested. In the present paper, we discuss the DAMPs associated with PDT and their role in the crossroad between cancer cell death and immunogenicity in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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50
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Takahashi A, Torigoe T, Tamura Y, Kanaseki T, Tsukahara T, Sasaki Y, Kameshima H, Tsuruma T, Hirata K, Tokino T, Hirohashi Y, Sato N. Heat shock enhances the expression of cytotoxic granule proteins and augments the activities of tumor-associated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:757-63. [PMID: 22777894 PMCID: PMC3468674 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal inflammation causes systemic fever. Cancer hyperthermia therapy results in shrinkage of tumors by various mechanisms, including induction of adaptive immune response. However, the physiological meaning of systemic fever and mechanisms of tumor shrinkage by hyperthermia have not been completely understood. In this study, we investigated how heat shock influences the adaptive immune system. We established a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone (#IM29) specific for survivin, one of the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), from survivin peptide-immunized cancer patients' peripheral blood, and the CTL activities were investigated in several temperature conditions (37-41 °C). Cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion of CTL were greatest under 39 °C condition, whereas they were minimum under 41 °C. To address the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon, we investigated the apoptosis status of CTLs, expression of CD3, CD8, and TCRαβ by flow cytometry, and expression of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas ligand by western blot analysis. The expression of perforin and granzyme B were upregulated under temperature conditions of 39 and 41 °C. On the other hand, CTL cell death was induced under 41 °C condition with highest Caspase-3 activity. Therefore, the greatest cytotoxicity activity at 39 °C might depend on upregulation of cytotoxic granule proteins including perforin and granzyme B. These results suggest that heat shock enhances effector phase of the adaptive immune system and promotes eradication of microbe and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tamura
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Yasushi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kameshima
- Department of Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tsuruma
- Department of Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Takashi Tokino
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
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