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Nafe R, Hattingen E. Cellular Components of the Tumor Environment in Gliomas-What Do We Know Today? Biomedicines 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 38275375 PMCID: PMC10813739 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A generation ago, the molecular properties of tumor cells were the focus of scientific interest in oncology research. Since then, it has become increasingly apparent that the tumor environment (TEM), whose major components are non-neoplastic cell types, is also of utmost importance for our understanding of tumor growth, maintenance and resistance. In this review, we present the current knowledge concerning all cellular components within the TEM in gliomas, focusing on their molecular properties, expression patterns and influence on the biological behavior of gliomas. Insight into the TEM of gliomas has expanded considerably in recent years, including many aspects that previously received only marginal attention, such as the phenomenon of phagocytosis of glioma cells by macrophages and the role of the thyroid-stimulating hormone on glioma growth. We also discuss other topics such as the migration of lymphocytes into the tumor, phenotypic similarities between chemoresistant glioma cells and stem cells, and new clinical approaches with immunotherapies involving the cells of TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Nafe
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinics of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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2
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Maya J. Surveying the Metabolic and Dysfunctional Profiles of T Cells and NK Cells in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11937. [PMID: 37569313 PMCID: PMC10418326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions globally suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). The inflammatory symptoms, illness onset, recorded outbreak events, and physiological variations provide strong indications that ME/CFS, at least sometimes, has an infectious origin, possibly resulting in a chronic unidentified viral infection. Meanwhile, studies exposing generalized metabolic disruptions in ME/CFS have stimulated interest in isolated immune cells with an altered metabolic state. As the metabolism dictates the cellular function, dissecting the biomechanics of dysfunctional immune cells in ME/CFS can uncover states such as exhaustion, senescence, or anergy, providing insights into the consequences of these phenotypes in this disease. Despite the similarities that are seen metabolically between ME/CFS and other chronic viral infections that result in an exhausted immune cell state, immune cell exhaustion has not yet been verified in ME/CFS. This review explores the evidence for immunometabolic dysfunction in ME/CFS T cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations, comparing ME/CFS metabolic and functional features to dysfunctional immune cell states, and positing whether anergy, exhaustion, or senescence could be occurring in distinct immune cell populations in ME/CFS, which is consistent with the hypothesis that ME/CFS is a chronic viral disease. This comprehensive review of the ME/CFS immunometabolic literature identifies CD8+ T cell exhaustion as a probable contender, underscores the need for further investigation into the dysfunctional state of CD4+ T cells and NK cells, and explores the functional implications of molecular findings in these immune-cell types. Comprehending the cause and impact of ME/CFS immune cell dysfunction is critical to understanding the physiological mechanisms of ME/CFS, and developing effective treatments to alleviate the burden of this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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3
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Hodgson R, Xu X, Anzilotti C, Deobagkar-Lele M, Crockford TL, Kepple JD, Cawthorne E, Bhandari A, Cebrian-Serrano A, Wilcock MJ, Davies B, Cornall RJ, Bull KR. NDRG1 is induced by antigen-receptor signaling but dispensable for B and T cell self-tolerance. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1216. [PMID: 36357486 PMCID: PMC9649591 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance prevents the initiation of damaging immune responses by autoreactive lymphocytes. While tolerogenic mechanisms are tightly regulated by antigen-dependent and independent signals, downstream pathways are incompletely understood. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), an anti-cancer therapeutic target, has previously been implicated as a CD4+ T cell clonal anergy factor. By RNA-sequencing, we identified Ndrg1 as the third most upregulated gene in anergic, compared to naïve follicular, B cells. Ndrg1 is upregulated by B cell receptor activation (signal one) and suppressed by co-stimulation (signal two), suggesting that NDRG1 may be important in B cell tolerance. However, though Ndrg1-/- mice have a neurological defect mimicking NDRG1-associated Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT4d) disease, primary and secondary immune responses were normal. We find that B cell tolerance is maintained, and NDRG1 does not play a role in downstream responses during re-stimulation of in vivo antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that NDGR1 is functionally redundant for lymphocyte anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Hodgson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xijin Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica D Kepple
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Cawthorne
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aneesha Bhandari
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberto Cebrian-Serrano
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin J Wilcock
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Cordell EC, Alghamri MS, Castro MG, Gutmann DH. T lymphocytes as dynamic regulators of glioma pathobiology. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:1647-1657. [PMID: 35325210 PMCID: PMC9527522 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain tumor microenvironment contains numerous distinct types of nonneoplastic cells, which each serve a diverse set of roles relevant to the formation, maintenance, and progression of these central nervous system cancers. While varying in frequencies, monocytes (macrophages, microglia, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells), dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T lymphocytes represent the most common nonneoplastic cellular constituents in low- and high-grade gliomas (astrocytomas). Although T cells are conventionally thought to target and eliminate neoplastic cells, T cells also exist in other states, characterized by tolerance, ignorance, anergy, and exhaustion. In addition, T cells can function as drivers of brain cancer growth, especially in low-grade gliomas. Since T cells originate in the blood and bone marrow sinuses, their capacity to function as both positive and negative regulators of glioma growth has ignited renewed interest in their deployment as immunotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the roles of T cells in low- and high-grade glioma formation and progression, as well as the potential uses of modified T lymphocytes for brain cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Corresponding Author: David H. Gutmann, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA ()
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5
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Abstract
Glioblastoma has emerged as an immunotherapy-refractory tumor based on negative phase III studies of anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy among newly diagnosed as well as recurrent patients. In addition, although much work on vaccine and cellular approaches is ongoing, therapeutic benefit with these approaches has been underwhelming. Much scientific insight into the multitiered layers of immunosuppression exploited by glioblastoma tumors is emerging that sheds light on the explanation for the disappointing results to date and highlights possible therapeutic avenues that may offer a better likelihood of therapeutic benefit for immune-based therapies.
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6
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Elliot TAE, Jennings EK, Lecky DAJ, Thawait N, Flores-Langarica A, Copland A, Maslowski KM, Wraith DC, Bending D. Antigen and checkpoint receptor engagement recalibrates T cell receptor signal strength. Immunity 2021; 54:2481-2496.e6. [PMID: 34534438 PMCID: PMC8585507 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength modulates T cell function and to what extent this is modified by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) are key questions in immunology. Using Nr4a3-Tocky mice, we characterized early quantitative and qualitative changes that occur in CD4+ T cells in relation to TCR signaling strength. We captured how dose- and time-dependent programming of distinct co-inhibitory receptors rapidly recalibrates T cell activation thresholds and visualized the immediate effects of ICB on T cell re-activation. Our findings reveal that anti-PD1 immunotherapy leads to an increased TCR signal strength. We defined a strong TCR signal metric of five genes upregulated by anti-PD1 in T cells (TCR.strong), which was superior to a canonical T cell activation gene signature in stratifying melanoma patient outcomes to anti-PD1 therapy. Our study therefore reveals how analysis of TCR signal strength-and its manipulation-can provide powerful metrics for monitoring outcomes to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A E Elliot
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma K Jennings
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David A J Lecky
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natasha Thawait
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Infrastructure and Facilities, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alastair Copland
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kendle M Maslowski
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Bending
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Gunasinghe SD, Peres NG, Goyette J, Gaus K. Biomechanics of T Cell Dysfunctions in Chronic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600829. [PMID: 33717081 PMCID: PMC7948521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions during chronic diseases is critical in developing effective immunotherapies. As demonstrated by several animal models and human studies, T cell dysfunctions are induced during chronic diseases, spanning from infections to cancer. Although factors governing the onset and the extent of the functional impairment of T cells can differ during infections and cancer, most dysfunctional phenotypes share common phenotypic traits in their immune receptor and biophysical landscape. Through the latest developments in biophysical techniques applied to explore cell membrane and receptor-ligand dynamics, we are able to dissect and gain further insights into the driving mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions. These insights may prove useful in developing immunotherapies aimed at reinvigorating our immune system to fight off infections and malignancies more effectively. The recent success with checkpoint inhibitors in treating cancer opens new avenues to develop more effective, targeted immunotherapies. Here, we highlight the studies focused on the transformation of the biophysical landscape during infections and cancer, and how T cell biomechanics shaped the immunopathology associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Newton G Peres
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Trefzer A, Kadam P, Wang SH, Pennavaria S, Lober B, Akçabozan B, Kranich J, Brocker T, Nakano N, Irmler M, Beckers J, Straub T, Obst R. Dynamic adoption of anergy by antigen-exhausted CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108748. [PMID: 33567282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted immune responses to chronic diseases represent a major challenge to global health. We study CD4+ T cells in a mouse model with regulatable antigen presentation. When the cells are driven through the effector phase and are then exposed to different levels of persistent antigen, they lose their T helper 1 (Th1) functions, upregulate exhaustion markers, resemble naturally anergic cells, and modulate their MAPK, mTORC1, and Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathways with increasing dose and time. They also become unable to help B cells and, at the highest dose, undergo apoptosis. Transcriptomic analyses show the dynamic adjustment of gene expression and the accumulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signals over a period of weeks. Upon antigen removal, the cells recover their functionality while losing exhaustion and anergy markers. Our data suggest an adjustable response of CD4+ T cells to different levels of persisting antigen and contribute to a better understanding of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trefzer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pallavi Kadam
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shu-Hung Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pennavaria
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benedikt Lober
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Batuhan Akçabozan
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Naoko Nakano
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e. V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Obst
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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9
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Trendel N, Kruger P, Gaglione S, Nguyen J, Pettmann J, Sontag ED, Dushek O. Perfect adaptation of CD8 + T cell responses to constant antigen input over a wide range of affinities is overcome by costimulation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eaay9363. [PMID: 34855472 PMCID: PMC7615691 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay9363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reduced T cell responses by contrast antigen stimulation can be rescued by signals from costimulatory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Trendel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Philipp Kruger
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Gaglione
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - John Nguyen
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Eduardo D Sontag
- Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
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10
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Grabowski MM, Sankey EW, Ryan KJ, Chongsathidkiet P, Lorrey SJ, Wilkinson DS, Fecci PE. Immune suppression in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2021; 151:3-12. [PMID: 32542437 PMCID: PMC7843555 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overall survival in patients with gliomas has not significantly increased in the modern era, despite advances such as immunotherapy. This is in part due to their notorious ability to suppress local and systemic immune responses, severely restricting treatment efficacy. METHODS We have reviewed the preclinical and clinical evidence for immunosuppression seen throughout the disease process in gliomas. This review aims to discuss the various ways that brain tumors, and gliomas in particular, co-opt the body's immune system to evade detection and ensure tumor survival and proliferation. RESULTS A multitude of mechanisms are discussed by which neoplastic cells evade detection and destruction by the immune system. These include tumor-induced T-cell and NK cell dysfunction, regulatory T-cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion, M2 phenotypic transformation in glioma-associated macrophages/microglia, upregulation of immunosuppressive glioma cell surface factors and cytokines, tumor microenvironment hypoxia, and iatrogenic sequelae of immunosuppressive treatments. CONCLUSIONS Gliomas create a profoundly immunosuppressive environment, both locally within the tumor and systemically. Future research should aim to address these immunosuppressive mechanisms in the effort to generate treatment options with meaningful survival benefits for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Grabowski
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Eric W Sankey
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Katherine J Ryan
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Selena J Lorrey
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, 220 Sands Bldg, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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11
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Judge SJ, Murphy WJ, Canter RJ. Characterizing the Dysfunctional NK Cell: Assessing the Clinical Relevance of Exhaustion, Anergy, and Senescence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:49. [PMID: 32117816 PMCID: PMC7031155 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of T cell exhaustion in regulating and shaping immune responses to pathogens and cancer. Simultaneously, the parallel development of therapeutic antibodies targeting inhibitory molecules associated with immune exhaustion (such as PD-1, but also TIGIT, and LAG-3) has led to a revolution in oncology with dramatic benefits in a growing list of solid and hematologic malignancies. Given this success in reinvigorating exhausted T cells and the related anti-tumor effects, there are increasing efforts to apply immune checkpoint blockade to other exhausted immune cells beyond T cells. One approach involves the reinvigoration of “exhausted” NK cells, a non-T, non-B lymphoid cell of the innate immune system. However, in contrast to the more well-defined and established molecular, genetic, and immunophenotypic characteristics of T cell exhaustion, a consensus on the defining functional and phenotypic features of NK “exhaustion” is less clear. As is well-known from T cell biology, separate and distinct molecular and cellular processes including senescence, anergy and exhaustion can lead to diminished immune effector function with different implications for immune regulation and recovery. For NK cells, it is unclear if exhaustion, anergy, and senescence entail separate and distinct entities of dysfunction, though all are typically characterized by decreased effector function or proliferation. In this review, we seek to define these distinct spheres of NK cell dysfunction, analyzing how they have been shown to impact NK biology and clinical applications, and ultimately highlight key characteristics in NK cell function, particularly in relation to the role of “exhaustion.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Judge
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Robert J Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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12
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Burr A, Parekkadan B. Kinetics of MSC-based enzyme therapy for immunoregulation. J Transl Med 2019; 17:263. [PMID: 31409424 PMCID: PMC6693124 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) demonstrate innate and regulatory immunologic functions and have been widely explored for cell therapy applications. Mechanisms by which MSCs achieve therapeutic effects are theorized, though appropriate dosing and duration of these mechanisms in vivo warrant deeper investigation. One, rapid immunosuppressive function of MSCs is through ectoenzyme expression of CD73 and CD39 which cooperatively hydrolyze inflammatory, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to anti-inflammatory adenosine. Extracellular ATP has a key role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, which administered MSCs have the potential to modulate in a timescale that is befitting of shorter acting therapeutic function. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed to determine the hydrolysis rates of ATP by MSCs. Through kinetic modeling from experimental results, the rate at which a single cell can metabolize ATP was determined. Based on these rates, the ability of MSCs to downregulate inflammatory signaling pathways was prospectively validated using model system parameters with respect to two different mechanisms: extracellular ATP stimulates lymphocytes to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis and with co-stimulation, it stimulates monocytes to release pro-inflammatory IL-1β. MSCs were co-cultured with immune cells using transwell inserts and compared to immune cell only groups. RESULTS Hydrolysis of ATP was efficiently modeled by first-order enzyme kinetics. For in vitro culture, the rate at which a single cell can hydrolyize ATP is 8.9 nmol/min. In the presence of extracellular ATP, cocultures of MSCs reduced cytotoxicity and allows for proliferation of lymphocytes while limiting IL-1β secretion from monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Such use of these models may allow for better dosing predictions for MSCs to be used therapeutically for chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, pancreatitis, and other systemic inflammatory response syndromes. For the first time, the effect of MSCs on ATP hydrolysis in immune cell response is quantitatively analyzed on a cell-molecule basis by modeling the hydrolysis as an enzyme-substrate reaction. The results also give insight into MSCs' dynamic response mechanisms to ameliorate effects of extracellular ATP whether it be through positive or negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Burr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Biju Parekkadan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery, Innovation & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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13
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Mair I, Besusso D, Saul L, Patel SD, Ravindran R, McPherson RC, Leech MD, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Mellanby RJ. PD-1 expression is upregulated on adapted T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but is not required to maintain a hyporesponsive state. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:112-120. [PMID: 30485411 PMCID: PMC6492152 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell adaptation is an important peripheral tolerogenic process which ensures that the T cell population can respond effectively to pathogens but remains tolerant to self‐antigens. We probed the mechanisms of T cell adaptation using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in which the fate of autopathogenic T cells could be followed. We demonstrated that immunisation with a high dose of myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant failed to effectively initiate EAE, in contrast to low dose MBP peptide immunisation which readily induced disease. The proportion of autopathogenic CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice immunised with a high dose of MBP peptide was not significantly different to mice immunised with a low dose. However, autopathogenic T cells in mice immunised with high dose MBP peptide had an unresponsive phenotype in ex vivo recall assays. Importantly, whilst expression of PD‐1 was increased on adapted CD4+ T cells within the CNS, loss of PD‐1 function did not prevent the development of the unresponsive state. The lack of a role for PD‐1 in the acquisition of the adapted state stands in striking contrast to the reported functional importance of PD‐1 in T cell unresponsiveness in other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Mair
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dario Besusso
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Louise Saul
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarju D Patel
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rahul Ravindran
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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14
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Woroniecka KI, Rhodin KE, Chongsathidkiet P, Keith KA, Fecci PE. T-cell Dysfunction in Glioblastoma: Applying a New Framework. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3792-3802. [PMID: 29593027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A functional, replete T-cell repertoire is an integral component to adequate immune surveillance and to the initiation and maintenance of productive antitumor immune responses. Glioblastoma (GBM), however, is particularly adept at sabotaging antitumor immunity, eliciting severe T-cell dysfunction that is both qualitative and quantitative. Understanding and countering such dysfunction are among the keys to harnessing the otherwise stark potential of anticancer immune-based therapies. Although T-cell dysfunction in GBM has been long described, newer immunologic frameworks now exist for reclassifying T-cell deficits in a manner that better permits their study and reversal. Herein, we divide and discuss the various T-cell deficits elicited by GBM within the context of the five relevant categories: senescence, tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and ignorance. Categorization is appropriately made according to the molecular bases of dysfunction. Likewise, we review the mechanisms by which GBM elicits each mode of T-cell dysfunction and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies designed to overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3792-802. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina I Woroniecka
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristin A Keith
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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15
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Chuang E, Augustine M, Jung M, Schwartz RH, Singh NJ. Density dependent re-tuning of autoreactive T cells alleviates their pathogenicity in a lymphopenic environment. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:61-71. [PMID: 29111199 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell tolerance is challenging to induce in partially lymphopenic hosts and this is relevant for clinical situations involving transplant tolerance. While the shortage of regulatory cells is thought to be one reason for this, T cell-intrinsic tolerance processes such as anergy are also poorly triggered in such hosts. In order to understand the latter, we used a T cell deficient mouse model system where adoptively transferred autoreactive T cells are significantly tolerized in a cell intrinsic fashion, without differentiation to regulatory T cells. Intriguingly these T cells often retain sufficient effector functions to trigger autoimmune pathology. Here we find that the high population density of the autoreactive T cells that accumulated in such a host limits the progression of the cell-intrinsic tolerance process in T cells. Accordingly, reducing the cell density during a second transfer allowed T cells to further tune down their responsiveness to antigenic stimulation. The retuning of T cells was reflected by a loss of the T cell's abilities to proliferate, produces cytokines or help B cells. We further suggest, based on altering the levels of chronic antigen using miniosmotic pumps, that the effects of cell-density on T cell re-tuning may reflect the effective changes in the antigen dose perceived by individual T cells. This could proportionally elicit more negative feedback downstream of the TCR. Consistent with this, the retuned T cells showed signaling defects both proximal and distal to the TCR. Therefore, similar to the immunogenic activation of T cells, cell-intrinsic T cell tolerance may also involve a quantitative and progressive process of tuning down its antigen-responsiveness. The progress of such tuning seems to be stabilized at multiple intermediate stages by factors such as cell density, rather than just absolute antigen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanore Chuang
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Marilyn Augustine
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 200 Lothrop Street, E1140 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Matthew Jung
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Deptartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Ronald H Schwartz
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 4/211, Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HH 320A, 660 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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16
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Goldmann O, Medina E. Staphylococcus aureus strategies to evade the host acquired immune response. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:625-630. [PMID: 28939437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus poses a significant public-health problem. Infection caused by S. aureus can manifest as acute or long-lasting persistent diseases that are often refractory to antibiotic and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To develop more effective strategies for preventing or treating these infections, it is crucial to understand why the immune response is incapable to eradicate the bacterium. When S. aureus first infect the host, there is a robust activation of the host innate immune responses. Generally, S. aureus can survive this initial interaction due to the expression of a wide array of virulence factors that interfere with the host innate immune defenses. After this initial interaction the acquired immune response is the arm of the host defenses that will try to clear the pathogen. However, S. aureus is capable of maintaining infection in the host even in the presence of a robust antigen-specific immune response. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying the ability of S. aureus to escape immune surveillance by the acquired immune response will help uncover potentially important targets for the development of immune-based adjunctive therapies and more efficient vaccines. There are several lines of evidence that lead us to believe that S. aureus can directly or indirectly disable the acquired immune response. This review will discuss the different immune evasion strategies used by S. aureus to modulate the different components of the acquired immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Singh NJ. Self-reactivity as the necessary cost of maintaining a diverse memory T-cell repertoire. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw092. [PMID: 27620200 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is expected to protect the host from infectious agents and malignancies, while avoiding robust activation against self-peptides. However, T cells are notoriously inept at protection whenever the pathogen or tumor is persistent in the body for longer periods of time. While this has been thought of as an adaptation to limit the immunopathology from continued effector T-cell responses, it is also likely an extension of the T cell's intrinsic mechanisms which evolved to tolerate self-peptides. Here we deliberate on how the need to tolerate self-peptides might stem from a paradoxical requirement-the utility of such molecules in maintaining a diverse repertoire of pathogen-specific memory T cells in the body. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this intriguing nexus, therefore, has the potential to reveal therapeutic strategies not only for improving immune responses to chronic infections and tumors but also the long-term efficacy of vaccines aimed at cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevil J Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, HSF1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Sande OJ, Karim AF, Li Q, Ding X, Harding CV, Rojas RE, Boom WH. Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces CD4+ T Cell Anergy via GRAIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:691-702. [PMID: 26667170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall glycolipid, lipoarabinomannan, can inhibit CD4(+) T cell activation by downregulating the phosphorylation of key proximal TCR signaling molecules: Lck, CD3ζ, ZAP70, and LAT. Inhibition of proximal TCR signaling can result in T cell anergy, in which T cells are inactivated following an Ag encounter, yet remain viable and hyporesponsive. We tested whether mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-induced inhibition of CD4(+) T cell activation resulted in CD4(+) T cell anergy. The presence of LAM during primary stimulation of P25 TCR-transgenic murine CD4(+) T cells with M. tuberculosis Ag85B peptide resulted in decreased proliferation and IL-2 production. P25 TCR-transgenic CD4(+) T cells primed in the presence of LAM also exhibited decreased response upon restimulation with Ag85B. The T cell anergic state persisted after the removal of LAM. Hyporesponsiveness to restimulation was not due to apoptosis, generation of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells, or inhibitory cytokines. Acquisition of the anergic phenotype correlated with upregulation of gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL) protein in CD4(+) T cells. Inhibition of human CD4(+) T cell activation by LAM also was associated with increased GRAIL expression. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of GRAIL before LAM treatment abrogated LAM-induced hyporesponsiveness. In addition, exogenous IL-2 reversed defective proliferation by downregulating GRAIL expression. These results demonstrate that LAM upregulates GRAIL to induce anergy in Ag-reactive CD4(+) T cells. Induction of CD4(+) T cell anergy by LAM may represent one mechanism by which M. tuberculosis evades T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obondo J Sande
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ahmad F Karim
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Xuedong Ding
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Roxana E Rojas
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - W Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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19
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Ndrg1 is a T-cell clonal anergy factor negatively regulated by CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8698. [PMID: 26507712 PMCID: PMC4846325 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of T-cell clonal anergy involves serial activation of transcription factors, including NFAT and Egr2/3. However, downstream effector mechanisms of these transcription factors are not fully understood yet. Here we identify Ndrg1 as an anergy factor induced by Egr2. Ndrg1 is upregulated by anergic signalling and maintained at high levels in resting anergic T cells. Overexpression of Ndrg1 mimics the anergic state and knockout of the gene prevents anergy induction. Interestingly, Ndrg1 is phosphorylated and degraded by CD28 signalling in a proteasome-dependent manner, explaining the costimulation dependence of anergy prevention. Similarly, IL-2 treatment of anergic T cells, under conditions that lead to the reversal of anergy, also induces Ndrg1 phosphorylation and degradation. Finally, older Ndrg1-deficient mice show T-cell hyperresponsiveness and Ndrg1-deficient T cells aggravate inducible autoimmune inflammation. Thus, Ndrg1 contributes to the maintenance of clonal anergy and inhibition of T-cell-mediated inflammation.
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20
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Maggi J, Schafer C, Ubilla-Olguín G, Catalán D, Schinnerling K, Aguillón JC. Therapeutic Potential of Hyporesponsive CD4(+) T Cells in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:488. [PMID: 26441992 PMCID: PMC4585084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells is crucial on immunity or tolerance induction. In an immature or semi-mature state, DCs induce tolerance through T-cell deletion, generation of regulatory T cells, and/or induction of T-cell anergy. Anergy is defined as an unresponsive state that retains T cells in an “off” mode under conditions in which immune activation is undesirable. This mechanism is crucial for the control of T-cell responses against self-antigens, thereby preventing autoimmunity. Tolerogenic DCs (tDCs), generated in vitro from peripheral blood monocytes of healthy donors or patients with autoimmune pathologies, were shown to modulate immune responses by inducing T-cell hyporesponsiveness. Animal models of autoimmune diseases confirmed the impact of T-cell anergy on disease development and progression in vivo. Thus, the induction of T-cell hyporesponsiveness by tDCs has become a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune disorders. Here, we review recent findings in the area and discuss the potential of anergy induction for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaxaira Maggi
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina Schafer
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gabriela Ubilla-Olguín
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile
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21
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Abstract
Dynamic tuning of cellular responsiveness as a result of repeated stimuli improves the ability of cells to distinguish physiologically meaningful signals from each other and from noise. In particular, lymphocyte activation thresholds are subject to tuning, which contributes to maintaining tolerance to self-antigens and persisting foreign antigens, averting autoimmunity and immune pathogenesis, but allowing responses to strong, structured perturbations that are typically associated with acute infection. Such tuning is also implicated in conferring flexibility to positive selection in the thymus, in controlling the magnitude of the immune response, and in generating memory cells. Additional functional properties are dynamically and differentially tuned in parallel via subthreshold contact interactions between developing or mature lymphocytes and self-antigen-presenting cells. These interactions facilitate and regulate lymphocyte viability, maintain their functional integrity, and influence their responses to foreign antigens and accessory signals, qualitatively and quantitatively. Bidirectional tuning of T cells and antigen-presenting cells leads to the definition of homeostatic set points, thus maximizing clonal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Grossman
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
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22
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Abstract
Helper T cells become hyporesponsive in the tumor microenvironment (at least in part) owing to the NFAT1-dependent expression of anergy-associated genes. Anergy constitutes a crucial mechanism to prevent tumor destruction by T cells, and hence may represent a powerful target to boost antitumor immune responses and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Abe
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
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23
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Shiner EK, Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. CD4+ T cell subset differentiation and avidity setpoint are dictated by the interplay of cytokine and antigen mediated signals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100175. [PMID: 24940899 PMCID: PMC4062528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell differentiation has been shown to be regulated by the cytokine milieu present during activation as well as peptide MHC levels. However, the extent to which these two important regulatory signals work in concert to shape CD4(+) T cell function has not been investigated. Using a murine OT-II transgenic TCR model of in vitro differentiation, we demonstrate that the ability of CD4(+) T cells to commit to a distinct lineage, i.e. Th1 vs. Th2 vs. Th17, is restricted by the amount of peptide antigen present in the stimulating environment. In addition, whether cells succumb to inhibitory effects associated with high dose antigen is dependent on the array of cytokine signals encountered. Specifically, stimulation with high dose antigen in Th1 or Th17 conditions promoted efficient generation of functional cells, while Th2 polarizing conditions did not. Finally, we found that the peptide sensitivity of an effector cell was determined by the combined actions of cytokine and peptide level, with Th1 cells exhibiting the highest avidity, followed by Th17 and Th2 cells. Together, these data show that the interplay of antigen and cytokine signals shape both the differentiation fate and avidity setpoint of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Shiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Rheumatology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beth C. Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Section on Rheumatology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Section on Rheumatology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Chappert P. Role of SFB in autoimmune arthritis: an example of regulation of autoreactive T cell sensitivity in the gut. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:259-64. [PMID: 24637598 PMCID: PMC4063855 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role for segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) has recently been demonstrated in several mouse models of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The mechanism governing the activation of systemic autoreactive T cell responses by such commensals in the gut, however, remained elusive. In this addendum, we discuss recent results addressing the local regulation of autoreactive T cell sensitivity by these unique bacteria. We found that the presence of SFB in the gut microbiota was sufficient to promote a local inflammatory microenvironment altering the T cell-intrinsic desensitization process normally occurring in response to chronic self-antigen stimulation. In the absence of this key tolerance checkpoint, sustained chronic T cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and B cell activation eventually led to the development of enhanced pathologies in a Th1-driven T cell-transfer model of autoimmune arthritis.
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25
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Wolchinsky R, Hod-Marco M, Oved K, Shen-Orr SS, Bendall SC, Nolan GP, Reiter Y. Antigen-dependent integration of opposing proximal TCR-signaling cascades determines the functional fate of T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2109-19. [PMID: 24489091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
T cell anergy is a key tolerance mechanism to mitigate unwanted T cell activation against self by rendering lymphocytes functionally inactive following Ag encounter. Ag plays an important role in anergy induction where high supraoptimal doses lead to the unresponsive phenotype. How T cells "measure" Ag dose and how this determines functional output to a given antigenic dose remain unclear. Using multiparametric phospho-flow and mass cytometry, we measured the intracellular phosphorylation-dependent signaling events at a single-cell resolution and studied the phosphorylation levels of key proximal human TCR activation- and inhibition-signaling molecules. We show that the intracellular balance and signal integration between these opposing signaling cascades serve as the molecular switch gauging Ag dose. An Ag density of 100 peptide-MHC complexes/cell was found to be the transition point between dominant activation and inhibition cascades, whereas higher Ag doses induced an anergic functional state. Finally, the neutralization of key inhibitory molecules reversed T cell unresponsiveness and enabled maximal T cell functions, even in the presence of very high Ag doses. This mechanism permits T cells to make integrated "measurements" of Ag dose that determine subsequent functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wolchinsky
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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26
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Kirchenbaum GA, St Clair JB, Detanico T, Aviszus K, Wysocki LJ. Functionally responsive self-reactive B cells of low affinity express reduced levels of surface IgM. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:970-82. [PMID: 24375379 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatic gene rearrangement generates a diverse repertoire of B cells, many which have receptors possessing a range of affinities for self-Ag. Newly generated B cells express high and relatively uniform amounts of surface IgM (sIgM), while follicular (FO) B cells express sIgM at widely varying levels. It is plausible, therefore, that downmodulation of sIgM serves as a mechanism to maintain weakly self-reactive B cells in a responsive state by decreasing their avidity for self-Ag. We tested this hypothesis by performing comparative functional tests with FO IgM(hi) and IgM(lo) B cells from the unrestricted repertoire of WT C57BL/6 mice. We found that FO IgM(lo) B cells mobilized Ca(2+) equivalently to IgM(hi) B cells when the same number of sIgM molecules was engaged. In agreement, FO IgM(lo) B cells were functionally competent to produce an antibody response following adoptive transfer. The FO IgM(lo) cell population had elevated levels of Nur77 transcript, and was enriched with nuclear-reactive specificities. Hybridoma sampling revealed that these B-cell receptors were of low affinity. Collectively, these results suggest that sIgM downmodulation by low-affinity, self-reactive B cells preserves their immunocompetence and circumvents classical peripheral tolerance mechanisms that would otherwise reduce diversity within the B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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27
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Abstract
Anergy is a long-term stable state of T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness to antigenic stimulation associated with the blockade of IL-2 production and proliferation. Anergy is a pathway of peripheral tolerance formation. In this review, mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerization are considered in a classical in vitro model of clonal anergy, and these mechanisms are compared with different pathways of anergy induction in vivo. Special attention is given to regulatory T-lymphocytes because, on one hand, anergy is a specific feature of these cells, and on the other hand anergy is also a mechanism of their action on target cells - effector T-lymphocytes. The role of this phenomenon in the differentiation of regulatory T-cells and also in the development of activation-induced apoptosis in effector T-lymphocytes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kuklina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia.
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28
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Abstract
The origin and function of extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) is incompletely defined. In this issue of Immunity, Gardner et al. (2013) show that eTACs are a distinct tolerogenic cell population that functionally inactivates CD4⁺ T cells to induce peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Zhang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13(th) Street, Room 5101, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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29
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Gardner JM, Metzger TC, McMahon EJ, Au-Yeung BB, Krawisz AK, Lu W, Price JD, Johannes KP, Satpathy AT, Murphy KM, Tarbell KV, Weiss A, Anderson MS. Extrathymic Aire-expressing cells are a distinct bone marrow-derived population that induce functional inactivation of CD4⁺ T cells. Immunity 2013; 39:560-72. [PMID: 23993652 PMCID: PMC3804105 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) is essential for prevention of autoimmunity; its role is best understood in the thymus, where it promotes self-tolerance through tissue-specific antigen (TSA) expression. Recently, extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) have been described in murine secondary lymphoid organs, but the identity of such cells and their role in immune tolerance remains unclear. Here we have shown that eTACs are a discrete major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)(hi), CD80(lo), CD86(lo), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(hi), CD45(lo) bone marrow-derived peripheral antigen-presenting cell (APC) population. We also have demonstrated that eTACs can functionally inactivate CD4⁺ T cells through a mechanism that does not require regulatory T cells (Treg) and is resistant to innate inflammatory stimuli. Together, these findings further define eTACs as a distinct tolerogenic cell population in secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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30
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Chappert P, Bouladoux N, Naik S, Schwartz RH. Specific gut commensal flora locally alters T cell tuning to endogenous ligands. Immunity 2013; 38:1198-210. [PMID: 23809163 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Differences in gut commensal flora can dramatically influence autoimmune responses, but the mechanisms behind this are still unclear. We report, in a Th1-cell-driven murine model of autoimmune arthritis, that specific gut commensals, such as segmented filamentous bacteria, have the ability to modulate the activation threshold of self-reactive T cells. In the local microenvironment of gut-associated lymphoid tissues, inflammatory cytokines elicited by the commensal flora dynamically enhanced the antigen responsiveness of T cells that were otherwise tuned down to a systemic self-antigen. Together with subtle differences in early lineage differentiation, this ultimately led to an enhanced recruitment of pathogenic Th1 cells and the development of a more severe form of autoimmune arthritis. These findings define a key role for the gut commensal flora in sustaining ongoing autoimmune responses through the local fine tuning of T-cell-receptor-proximal activation events in autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Chappert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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31
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A deficient translocation of CD3ζ, ZAP-70 and Grb2 to lipid raft, as a hallmark of defective adaptive immune response during chronic hepatitis B infection. Cell Immunol 2013; 284:9-19. [PMID: 23916875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is considered to be a worldwide public health problem. An immunosuppressor microenvironment has been proposed to contribute to viral persistence during chronic disease. Understanding the intracellular signaling cascade in T-cells from HBV-infected patients, will contribute to unravel the mechanisms that control the development of immune response during hepatitis B. We analyze lipid rafts formation and early activation signals in chronic HBV infected patients, compared to naturally immune subjects (NIS). Patients show: (1) diminished GM1 clustering, (2) A deficient lipid rafts recruitment of CD3ζ/ZAP-70/Grb2, and (3) these proteins do not merge with GM1 within the lipid rafts. Finally, immunoprecipitation assays proved that ZAP-70 does not associate to CD3ζ. These results show for the first time, defects regarding early key events in T-cell activation, in chronically infected HBV patients, which may contribute not only to understand HBV immune tolerance, but to reveal new potential therapeutic targets to control the infection.
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32
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Palin AC, Ramachandran V, Acharya S, Lewis DB. Human neonatal naive CD4+ T cells have enhanced activation-dependent signaling regulated by the microRNA miR-181a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2682-91. [PMID: 23408835 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Compared with older children and adults, human neonates have reduced and delayed CD4(+) T cell immunity to certain pathogens, but the mechanisms for these developmental differences in immune function remain poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that impaired human neonatal CD4(+) T cell immunity was due to reduced signaling by naive CD4(+) T cells following engagement of the αβ-TCR/CD3 complex and CD28. Surprisingly, calcium flux following engagement of CD3 was significantly higher in neonatal naive CD4(+) T cells from umbilical cord blood (CB) compared with naive CD4(+) T cells from adult peripheral blood. Enhanced calcium flux was also observed in adult CD4(+) recent thymic emigrants. Neonatal naive CD4(+) T cells also had higher activation-induced Erk phosphorylation. The microRNA miR-181a, which enhances activation-induced calcium flux in murine thymocytes, was expressed at significantly higher levels in CB naive CD4(+) T cells compared with adult cells. Overexpression of miR-181a in adult naive CD4(+) T cells increased activation-induced calcium flux, implying that the increased miR-181a levels of CB naive CD4(+) T cells contributed to their enhanced signaling. In contrast, AP-1-dependent transcription, which is downstream of Erk and required for full T cell activation, was decreased in CB naive CD4(+) T cells compared with adult cells. Thus, CB naive CD4(+) T cells have enhanced activation-dependent calcium flux, indicative of the retention of a thymocyte-like phenotype. Enhanced calcium signaling and Erk phosphorylation are decoupled from downstream AP-1-dependent transcription, which is reduced and likely contributes to limitations of human fetal and neonatal CD4(+) T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Palin
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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33
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Abstract
Cancer cells express antigens that elicit T cell-mediated responses, but these responses are limited during malignant progression by the development of immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that drive immune escape. T-cell hyporesponsiveness can be caused by clonal anergy or adaptive tolerance, but the pathophysiological roles of these processes in specific tumor contexts has yet to be understood. In CD4+ T cells, clonal anergy occurs when the T-cell receptor is activated in the absence of a costimulatory signal. Here we report that the key T-cell transcription factor NFAT mediates expression of anergy-associated genes in the context of cancer. Specifically, in a murine model of melanoma, we found that cancer cells induced anergy in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell populations, resulting in defective production of several key effector cytokines. NFAT1 deficiency blunted the induction of anergy in tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, enhancing antitumor responses. These investigations identified tumor-induced T-cell hyporesponsiveness as a form of clonal anergy, and they supported an important role for CD4+ T-cell anergy in driving immune escape. By illustrating the dependence of tumor-induced CD4+ T-cell anergy on NFAT1, our findings open the possibility of targeting this transcription factor to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy or immunochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Abe
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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34
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Ortiz YM, García LF, Álvarez CM. Differences in phosphorylation patterns of intracellular signaling proteins in T cells from kidney transplant patients with different outcomes. Clin Transplant 2012; 26:935-48. [PMID: 22774864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2012.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transplant patients with long-term graft survival (LTS) may have developed mechanisms that prevent rejection and allow graft function under low or no immunosuppressive therapy. In murine models, T cell tolerance is associated with alterations in the expression/activation of proteins involved in T cell signaling. These alterations have not been reported in transplanted patients with different outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate calcium mobilization, the phosphorylation of different proteins involved in T cell signaling and the expression of molecules associated with anergy, in T cells from kidney transplant patients. No differences were observed in calcium mobilization, although transplanted patients had a tendency toward augmented calcium flux. Chronic rejection patients (ChrRx) displayed lower Lck basal phosphorylation levels compared with LTS patients, and the phosphorylation profile of proteins evaluated was different. Among the groups, phosphorylation of Zap-70 was higher in LTS patients compared with ChrRx, and LAT phosphorylation was lower in LTS and ChrRx patients compared with healthy controls. The expression of molecules related to the anergic phenotype was similar among the study groups. Results suggest that phosphorylation patterns, rather than phosphorylation levels, may correlate with transplant outcome and that anergy may not be the main mechanism mediating LTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaneth M Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Trasplantes, Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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35
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Abdi K, Singh NJ, Matzinger P. Lipopolysaccharide-activated dendritic cells: "exhausted" or alert and waiting? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:5981-9. [PMID: 22561154 PMCID: PMC3370068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS-activated dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to follow a set program in which they secrete inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-12) and then become refractory to further stimulation (i.e., "exhausted"). In this study, we show that mouse DCs do indeed lose their responsiveness to LPS, but nevertheless remain perfectly capable of making inflammatory cytokines in response to signals from activated T cells and to CD40-ligand and soluble T cell-derived signals. Furthermore, far from being rigidly programmed by the original activating stimulus, the DCs retained sufficient plasticity to respond differentially to interactions with Th0, Th1, Th2, and Th17 T cells. These data suggest that LPS activation does not exhaust DCs but rather primes them for subsequent signals from T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Abdi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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36
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Lehman HK, Simpson-Abelson MR, Conway TF, Kelleher RJ, Bernstein JM, Bankert RB. Memory T cells in the chronic inflammatory microenvironment of nasal polyposis are hyporesponsive to signaling through the T cell receptor. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2012; 13:423-35. [PMID: 22310933 PMCID: PMC3346897 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-012-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of T cells from chronic inflammatory tissues derived from patients with nasal polyposis were found to express an effector memory phenotype. We report here that these memory T cells failed to activate NF-κB in response to TCR stimulation but responded normally when the proximal TCR signaling molecules were bypassed with PMA and ionomycin. The dysfunction of these cells was associated with a decrease in the phosphorylation of several TCR proximal signaling molecules including ZAP70, Lck and SLP-76. In addition to the disruption in the TCR signaling pathway, the nasal polyp-associated T cells were shown to have a defect in their ability to translocate LAMP-1 to the cell surface. The results presented here establish that the phenotype and anergy of the T cells in the nasal polyp are similar to those which is seen in memory T cells derived from human tumors and other sites of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Lehman
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 239 Bryant St., 2nd Floor, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA
| | - Michelle R. Simpson-Abelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School at Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, S708 BST South, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Thomas F. Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School at Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Raymond J. Kelleher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School at Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Joel M. Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Richard B. Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School at Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
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37
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Abstract
A fundamental property of the immune system is its ability to mediate self-defense with a minimal amount of collateral damage to the host. The system uses several different mechanisms to achieve this goal, which is collectively referred to as the "process of immunological tolerance." This article provides an introductory historical overview to these various mechanisms, which are discussed in greater detail throughout this collection, and then briefly describes what happens when this process fails, a state referred to as "autoimmunity."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H Schwartz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420, USA.
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38
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Lupino E, Ramondetti C, Piccinini M. IκB kinase β is required for activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in CD3/CD28-stimulated primary CD4(+) T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2545-55. [PMID: 22331067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the TCR and CD28 coreceptor by their respective ligands activates signal transduction cascades that ultimately lead to the activation of the transcription factors NFAT, AP-1, and NF-κB, which are required for the expression of cytokines and T cell clonal expansion. Previous studies have demonstrated that in mature T cells, activation of AP-1 and NF-κB is dependent on protein kinase C θ, suggesting the existence of a common signaling pathway. In this study, we show that in human primary CD4(+) T cells, exposure to the cell-permeable IKKβ inhibitor PS-1145 or genetic ablation of IKKβ abrogates cell proliferation and impairs the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in response to engagement of CD3 and CD28 coreceptor. In addition, we show that stimulation of T cells in the absence of IKKβ activity promotes the time-dependent and cyclosporine-sensitive expression of negative regulators of T cell signaling leading to a hyporesponsive state of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lupino
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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39
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Clavijo PE, Frauwirth KA. Anergic CD8+ T lymphocytes have impaired NF-κB activation with defects in p65 phosphorylation and acetylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1213-21. [PMID: 22205033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of the cytotoxic potential of CD8(+) T cells, maintenance of CD8(+) peripheral tolerance is extremely important. A major peripheral tolerance mechanism is the induction of anergy, a refractory state in which proliferation and IL-2 production are inhibited. We used a TCR transgenic mouse model to investigate the signaling defects in CD8(+) T cells rendered anergic in vivo. In addition to a previously reported alteration in calcium/NFAT signaling, we also found a defect in NF-κB-mediated gene transcription. This was not due to blockade of early NF-κB activation events, including IκB degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation, as these occurred normally in tolerant T cells. However, we discovered that anergic cells failed to phosphorylate the NF-κB p65 subunit at Ser(311) and also failed to acetylate p65 at Lys(310). Both of these modifications have been implicated as critical for NF-κB transactivation capacity, and thus, our results suggest that defects in key phosphorylation and acetylation events are important for the inhibition of NF-κB activity (and subsequent T cell function) in anergic CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paúl E Clavijo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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40
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Ziegler C, Goldmann O, Hobeika E, Geffers R, Peters G, Medina E. The dynamics of T cells during persistent Staphylococcus aureus infection: from antigen-reactivity to in vivo anergy. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:652-66. [PMID: 21887823 PMCID: PMC3377109 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause long-lasting persistent infections. The mechanisms by which persistent infections are maintained involve both bacterial escape strategies and modulation of the host immune response. So far, the investigations in this area have focused on strategies used by S. aureus to persist within the host. Here, we used an experimental mouse model to investigate the host response to persistent S. aureus infection. Our results demonstrated that T cells, which are critical for controlling S. aureus infection, gradually lost their ability to respond to antigenic stimulation and entered a state of anergy with the progression of infection towards persistence. The T cell hyporesponsiveness was reverted by co-stimulation with the phorbol ester PMA, an activator of protein kinase C, suggesting that a failure in the T cell receptor (TCR)-proximal signalling events underlie the hyporesponsive phenotype. The presence of these anergic antigen-specific T cells may contribute to the failure of the host immune response to promote sterilizing immunity during persistent S. aureus infection and also offers new possibilities for novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ziegler
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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41
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Choi S, Schwartz RH. Impairment of immunological synapse formation in adaptively tolerant T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:805-16. [PMID: 21685322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive tolerance is a hyporesponsive state in which lymphocyte Ag receptor signaling becomes desensitized after prolonged in vivo encounter with Ag. The molecular mechanisms underlying this hyporesponsive state in T cells are not fully understood, although a major signaling block has been shown to be present at the level of ZAP70 phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells (LAT). In this study, we investigated the ability of adaptively tolerant mouse T cells to form conjugates with Ag-bearing APCs and to translocate signaling molecules into the interface between the T cells and APCs. Compared with naive or preactivated T cells, adaptively tolerant T cells showed no dramatic impairment in their formation of conjugates with APCs. In contrast, there was a large impairment in immunological synapse formation. Adaptively tolerant T cells were defective in their translocation of signaling molecules, such as ZAP70, LAT, and phospholipase C γ1, into the T cell-APC contact sites. Although Ag-induced activation of VAV1 was normal, VAV's recruitment into the synapse was also impaired. Interestingly, expressions of both IL-2-inducible T cell kinase and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-related adaptor downstream of SHC were decreased by 60-80% in adaptively tolerant T cells. These decreases, in addition to the impairment in LAT phosphorylation by ZAP70, appear to be the major impediments to the phosphorylation of SLP76 (SRC homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) and the recruitment of VAV1, which are important for stable immunological synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeyoung Choi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, USA
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42
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Wang SF, Fouquet S, Chapon M, Salmon H, Regnier F, Labroquère K, Badoual C, Damotte D, Validire P, Maubec E, Delongchamps NB, Cazes A, Gibault L, Garcette M, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Zerbib M, Avril MF, Prévost-Blondel A, Randriamampita C, Trautmann A, Bercovici N. Early T cell signalling is reversibly altered in PD-1+ T lymphocytes infiltrating human tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17621. [PMID: 21408177 PMCID: PMC3049782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve cancer immunotherapy, a better understanding of the weak efficiency of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) is necessary. We have analyzed the functional state of human TIL immediately after resection of three types of tumors (NSCLC, melanoma and RCC). Several signalling pathways (calcium, phosphorylation of ERK and Akt) and cytokine secretion are affected to different extents in TIL, and show a partial spontaneous recovery within a few hours in culture. The global result is an anergy that is quite distinct from clonal anergy induced in vitro, and closer to adaptive tolerance in mice. PD-1 (programmed death -1) is systematically expressed by TIL and may contribute to their anergy by its mere expression, and not only when it interacts with its ligands PD-L1 or PD-L2, which are not expressed by every tumor. Indeed, the TCR-induced calcium and ERK responses were reduced in peripheral blood T cells transfected with PD-1. Inhibition by sodium stibogluconate of the SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases that associate with several inhibitory receptors including PD-1, relieves part of the anergy apparent in TIL or in PD-1-transfected T cells. This work highlights some of the molecular modifications contributing to functional defects of human TIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Wang
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chapon
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Salmon
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Regnier
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Karine Labroquère
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Badoual
- Inserm U970, Univ Paris Descartes, PARCC, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Laboratoire Microenvironnement immunitaire et tumeurs, INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Univ Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S872, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, UMR S872, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie-Pathologie, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Service d'Anatomie-Pathologie, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- APHP, UnivParis Diderot, Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélie Cazes
- Service d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
- Inserm U833, Collège de France, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laure Gibault
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marylène Garcette
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Laboratoire Microenvironnement immunitaire et tumeurs, INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Univ Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S872, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, UMR S872, Paris, France
| | - Marc Zerbib
- APHP, Hôpital Cochin, service d'Urologie, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Prévost-Blondel
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AT); (NB)
| | - Nadège Bercovici
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AT); (NB)
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43
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Role of antigen persistence and dose for CD4+ T-cell exhaustion and recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20453-8. [PMID: 21059929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008437107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently not understood how some chronic infections exhaust antigen-specific T cells over time and which pathogen components contribute to exhaustion. Here, we dissected the behavior of primed CD4(+) T cells exposed to persistent antigen using an inducible transgenic mouse system that allowed us to control antigen presentation as the only experimental variable, independent of the persistent inflammation and disease progression that complicate infectious models. Moreover, this system restricted antigen presentation to dendritic cells (DCs) and avoided confounding B, CD8(+) T, or innate cell responses. When antigen presentation was extended beyond the expansion phase, primed CD4(+) T cells survived, but exhibited reduced memory functionality in terms of their proliferative capacity and cytokine expression potential. The effect was antigen dose and time dependent, not associated with increased PD-1 expression or reduced calcium influx, but impaired Jun phosphorylation in response to TCR engagement. Upon antigen removal, the cells regained the ability to proliferate, but remained unable to produce high levels of IL-2 and TNF-α. These data show that persistent antigen by itself rapidly induces a dysfunctional state in CD4(+) T cells that is only partially reversible upon antigen removal. These findings have implications for vaccine optimization and for the possible reinvigoration of CD4(+) T cells during chronic infection.
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Duration of antigen receptor signaling determines T-cell tolerance or activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:18085-90. [PMID: 20921406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010560107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The early events that determine the decision between lymphocyte tolerance and activation are not well-understood. Using a model of systemic self-antigen recognition by CD4(+) T cells, we show, using single-cell biochemical analyses, that tolerance is characterized by transient signaling events downstream of T-cell receptor engagement in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and NF-κB pathways. Parallel studies done by live cell imaging show that the key difference between tolerance and activation is the duration of the T cell-antigen presenting cell (APC) interaction, as revealed by stable T-cell immobilization on antigen encounter. Brief T cell-APC interactions result in tolerance, and prolonged interactions are associated with activation and the development of effector cells. These studies show that the duration of T cell-APC interactions and magnitude of associated TCR-mediated signaling are key determinants of lymphocyte tolerance vs. activation.
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Stromnes IM, Blattman JN, Tan X, Jeevanjee S, Gu H, Greenberg PD. Abrogating Cbl-b in effector CD8(+) T cells improves the efficacy of adoptive therapy of leukemia in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3722-34. [PMID: 20890046 DOI: 10.1172/jci41991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-reactive T cells to treat established cancers is limited in part by the poor in vivo survival and function of the transferred T cells. Although administration of exogenous cytokines such as IL-2 can promote T cell survival, such strategies have many nonspecific activities and are often associated with toxicity. We show here that abrogating expression of Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b), a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation, in tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells expanded ex vivo increased the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy of disseminated leukemia in mice. Mechanistically, Cbl-b abrogation bypassed the requirement for exogenous IL-2 administration for tumor eradication in vivo. In addition, CD8(+) T cells lacking Cbl-b demonstrated a lower threshold for activation, better survival following target recognition and stimulation, and enhanced proliferative responses as a result of both IL-2-dependent and -independent pathways. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of Cbl-b in human CD8(+)CD28- effector T cell clones similarly restored IL-2 production and proliferation following target recognition independent of exogenous IL-2, enhanced IFN-γ production, and increased target avidity. Thus, abrogating Cbl-b expression in effector T cells may improve the efficacy of adoptive therapy of some human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M Stromnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6425, USA
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The counterregulating role of ACE2 and ACE2-mediated angiotensin 1–7 signaling against angiotensin II stimulation in vascular cells. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:1182-5. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li T, Wong VKW, Yi XQ, Wong YF, Zhou H, Liu L. Matrine induces cell anergy in human Jurkat T cells through modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor of activated T-cells signaling with concomitant up-regulation of anergy-associated genes expression. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:40-6. [PMID: 20045933 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Induction of immunotolerance has become a new strategy for treating autoimmune conditions in recent decades. However, so far there is no ideal therapeutics available for clinical use. Medicinal herbs are a promising potential source of immunotolerance inducers. In the current study, we sought first to optimize conditions for a validated cellular model of human Jurkat cells; and then used this model to screen bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants for inducing T cell anergy in comparison with the effect of well-known T cell anergy inducer, ionomycin. The results showed that passage of the cells, and concentration and stimulation time of ionomycin on the cells could influence the ability of T cell anergy induction. Matrine, a small molecule derived from the root of Sophora flavescens AIT., was demonstrated to be effective in inducing T cell anergy in human Jurkat cells. The cells exposed to matrine showed markedly decreased mRNA expression of interleukin-2, an indicator of T cell anergy, when the cells were stimulated by antigens, anti-OKT3 plus anti-CD28. Mechanistic study showed that ionomycin and matrine could up-regulate the anergy-associated gene expressions of CD98 and Jumonji and activate nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation in absence of cooperation of AP-1 in Jurkat cells. Pre-incubation with matrine or ionomycin could also shorten extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and suppress c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) expression on the anergic Jurkat cells when the cells were stimulated with anti-OKT-3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies. Thus, matrine is a strong candidate for further investigation as a T cell immunotolerance inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Linterman MA, Vinuesa CG. T follicular helper cells during immunity and tolerance. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:207-48. [PMID: 20800823 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helper T cells are required for the generation of a potent immune response to foreign antigens. Amongst them, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized in promoting protective, long-lived antibody responses that arise from germinal centers. Within these structures, the specificity of B cell receptors may change, due to the process of random somatic hypermutation aimed at increasing the overall affinity of the antibody response. The danger of emerging self-reactive specificities is offset by a stringent selection mechanism delegated in great part to Tfh cells. Only those B cells receiving survival signals from Tfh cells can exit the germinal centers to join the long-lived pools of memory B cells and bone marrow-homing plasma cells. Thus, a crucial immune tolerance checkpoint to prevent long-term autoantibody production lies in the ability to tolerize Tfh cells and to control positive and negative selection signals delivered by this subset. This review tackles the known mechanisms that ensure Tfh tolerance, many of them shared by other T helper subsets during thymic development and priming, but others unique to Tfh cells. Amongst the latter are checkpoints at the stages of Tfh differentiation, follicular migration, growth, longevity, and quality control of selection signals. Finally, we also discuss the consequences of a breakdown in Tfh tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England, UK
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Sigalov AB. The SCHOOL of nature: I. Transmembrane signaling. SELF/NONSELF 2010; 1:4-39. [PMID: 21559175 PMCID: PMC3091606 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.1.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated transmembrane signaling plays an important role in health and disease. Recent significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking ligand binding to receptor activation revealed previously unrecognized striking similarities in the basic structural principles of function of numerous cell surface receptors. In this work, I demonstrate that the Signaling Chain Homooligomerization (SCHOOL)-based mechanism represents a general biological mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction mediated by a variety of functionally unrelated single- and multichain activating receptors. within the SCHOOL platform, ligand binding-induced receptor clustering is translated across the membrane into protein oligomerization in cytoplasmic milieu. This platform resolves a long-standing puzzle in transmembrane signal transduction and reveals the major driving forces coupling recognition and activation functions at the level of protein-protein interactions-biochemical processes that can be influenced and controlled. The basic principles of transmembrane signaling learned from the SCHOOL model can be used in different fields of immunology, virology, molecular and cell biology and others to describe, explain and predict various phenomena and processes mediated by a variety of functionally diverse and unrelated receptors. Beyond providing novel perspectives for fundamental research, the platform opens new avenues for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Sigalov
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
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Rivas MN, Weatherly K, Hazzan M, Vokaer B, Dremier S, Gaudray F, Goldman M, Salmon I, Braun MY. Reviving Function in CD4+T Cells Adapted to Persistent Systemic Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4284-91. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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