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Park JS, Yang S, Song D, Kim SM, Choi J, Kang HY, Jeong HY, Han G, Min DS, Cho ML, Park SH. A newly developed PLD1 inhibitor ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by regulating pathogenic T and B cells and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Immunol Lett 2023; 263:87-96. [PMID: 37722567 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid and choline, plays multiple roles in inflammation. We investigated the therapeutic effects of the newly developed PLD1 inhibitors A2998, A3000, and A3773 in vitro and in vivo rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model. A3373 reduced the levels of LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IgG in murine splenocytes in vitro. A3373 also decreased the levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 and the frequencies of Th1, Th17 cells and germinal-center B cells, in splenocytes in vitro. A3373 ameliorated the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joint tissues of mice with CIA compared with vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, A3373 prevented systemic bone demineralization in mice with CIA and suppressed osteoclast differentiation and the mRNA levels of osteoclastogenesis markers in vitro. These results suggest that A3373 has therapeutic potential for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sil Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungCheon Yang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Doona Song
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongWon Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Kang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Jeong
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Canonical phospholipase D isoforms in visual function and ocular response to stress. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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Chang YC, Chang PMH, Li CH, Chan MH, Lee YJ, Chen MH, Hsiao M. Aldolase A and Phospholipase D1 Synergistically Resist Alkylating Agents and Radiation in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:811635. [PMID: 35127525 PMCID: PMC8813753 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.811635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to alkylating agents and radiation may cause damage and apoptosis in cancer cells. Meanwhile, this exposure involves resistance and leads to metabolic reprogramming to benefit cancer cells. At present, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Based on the profiles of several transcriptomes, we found that the activity of phospholipase D (PLD) and the production of specific metabolites are related to these events. Comparing several particular inhibitors, we determined that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) plays a dominant role over other PLD members. Using the existing metabolomics platform, we demonstrated that lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) are the most critical metabolites, and are highly dependent on aldolase A (ALDOA). We further demonstrated that ALDOA could modulate total PLD enzyme activity and phosphatidic acid products. Particularly after exposure to alkylating agents and radiation, the proliferation of lung cancer cells, autophagy, and DNA repair capabilities are enhanced. The above phenotypes are closely related to the performance of the ALDOA/PLD1 axis. Moreover, we found that ALDOA inhibited PLD2 activity and enzyme function through direct protein–protein interaction (PPI) with PLD2 to enhance PLD1 and additional carcinogenic features. Most importantly, the combination of ALDOA and PLD1 can be used as an independent prognostic factor and is correlated with several clinical parameters in lung cancer. These findings indicate that, based on the PPI status between ALDOA and PLD2, a combination of radiation and/or alkylating agents with regulating ALDOA-PLD1 may be considered as a new lung cancer treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiu Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Jang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Michael Hsiao,
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4
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Bouti P, Webbers SDS, Fagerholm SC, Alon R, Moser M, Matlung HL, Kuijpers TW. β2 Integrin Signaling Cascade in Neutrophils: More Than a Single Function. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619925. [PMID: 33679708 PMCID: PMC7930317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most prevalent leukocytes in the human body. They have a pivotal role in the innate immune response against invading bacterial and fungal pathogens, while recent emerging evidence also demonstrates their role in cancer progression and anti-tumor responses. The efficient execution of many neutrophil effector responses requires the presence of β2 integrins, in particular CD11a/CD18 or CD11b/CD18 heterodimers. Although extensively studied at the molecular level, the exact signaling cascades downstream of β2 integrins still remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we focus mainly on inside-out and outside-in signaling of these two β2 integrin members expressed on neutrophils and describe differences between various neutrophil stimuli with respect to integrin activation, integrin ligand binding, and the pertinent differences between mouse and human studies. Last, we discuss how integrin signaling studies could be used to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting β2 integrins and the intracellular signaling cascade in neutrophils in several, among other, inflammatory conditions in which neutrophil activity should be dampened to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Bouti
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven D S Webbers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Markus Moser
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Ganesan R, Henkels KM, Shah K, De La Rosa X, Libreros S, Cheemarla NR, Serhan CN, Gomez-Cambronero J. D-series Resolvins activate Phospholipase D in phagocytes during inflammation and resolution. FASEB J 2020; 34:15888-15906. [PMID: 33047359 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903025rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A successful acute inflammatory response results in the elimination of infectious agents by neutrophils and monocytes, followed by resolution and repair through tissue-resident and recruited macrophages. Resolvins (D-series and E-series) are pro-resolving lipid mediators involved in resolution and tissue repair, whose intracellular signaling remains of interest. Here, we report that D-series resolvins (RvD1- RvD5) activate phospholipase D (PLD), a ubiquitously expressed membrane lipase enzyme activity in modulating phagocyte functions. The mechanism for PLD-mediated actions of Resolvin-D5 (RvD5) in polarizing macrophages (M1-like toward M2-like) was found to be two-pronged: (a) RvD5 inhibits post-transcriptional modifications, by miRs and 3'exonucleases that process PLD2 mRNA, thus increasing PLD2 expression and activity; and (b) RvD5 enhances PLD2-S6Kinase signaling required for membrane expansion and efferocytosis. In an in vivo model of second organ reflow injury, we found that RvD5 did not reduce lung neutrophil myeloperoxidase levels in PLD2-/- mice compared to WT and PLD1-/- mice, confirming a novel role of PLD2 as the isoform in RvD5-mediated resolution processes. These results demonstrate that RvD5-PLD2 are attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in vascular inflammation such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.,Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen M Henkels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Krushangi Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Xavier De La Rosa
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephania Libreros
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nagarjuna R Cheemarla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.,Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Pyfrom SC, Quinn CC, Dorando HK, Luo H, Payton JE. BCALM (AC099524.1) Is a Human B Lymphocyte-Specific Long Noncoding RNA That Modulates B Cell Receptor-Mediated Calcium Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:595-607. [PMID: 32571842 PMCID: PMC7372127 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of the thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) identified in lymphocytes, very few have defined functions. In this study, we report the discovery and functional elucidation of a human B cell-specific lncRNA with high levels of expression in three types of B cell cancer and normal B cells. The AC099524.1 gene is upstream of the gene encoding the B cell-specific phospholipase C γ 2 (PLCG2), a B cell-specific enzyme that stimulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling in response to BCR activation. AC099524.1 (B cell-associated lncRNA modulator of BCR-mediated Ca+ signaling [BCALM]) transcripts are localized in the cytoplasm and, as expected, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of AC099524.1 did not affect PLCG2 mRNA or protein expression. lncRNA interactome, RNA immunoprecipitation, and coimmunoprecipitation studies identified BCALM-interacting proteins in B cells, including phospholipase D 1 (PLD1), and kinase adaptor proteins AKAP9 (AKAP450) and AKAP13 (AKAP-Lbc). These two AKAP proteins form signaling complexes containing protein kinases A and C, which phosphorylate and activate PLD1 to produce phosphatidic acid (PA). BCR stimulation of BCALM-deficient B cells resulted in decreased PLD1 phosphorylation and increased intracellular Ca+ flux relative to wild-type cells. These results suggest that BCALM promotes negative feedback that downmodulates BCR-mediated Ca+ signaling by promoting phosphorylation of PLD1 by AKAP-associated kinases, enhancing production of PA. PA activates SHP-1, which negatively regulates BCR signaling. We propose the name BCALM for B-Cell Associated LncRNA Modulator of BCR-mediated Ca+ signaling. Our findings suggest a new, to our knowledge, paradigm for lncRNA-mediated modulation of lymphocyte activation and signaling, with implications for B cell immune response and BCR-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Pyfrom
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chaz C Quinn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hannah K Dorando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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McDermott MI, Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA. Mammalian phospholipase D: Function, and therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 78:101018. [PMID: 31830503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered over 60 years ago, the precise role of phospholipase D (PLD) is still being elucidated. PLD enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids producing phosphatidic acid and the free headgroup. PLD family members are found in organisms ranging from viruses, and bacteria to plants, and mammals. They display a range of substrate specificities, are regulated by a diverse range of molecules, and have been implicated in a broad range of cellular processes including receptor signaling, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Recent technological advances including: the development of PLD knockout mice, isoform-specific antibodies, and specific inhibitors are finally permitting a thorough analysis of the in vivo role of mammalian PLDs. These studies are facilitating increased recognition of PLD's role in disease states including cancers and Alzheimer's disease, offering potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America.
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States of America
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8
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Phospholipase D and the Mitogen Phosphatidic Acid in Human Disease: Inhibitors of PLD at the Crossroads of Phospholipid Biology and Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:89-113. [PMID: 31541319 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are key building blocks of biological membranes and are involved in complex signaling processes such as metabolism, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Extracellular signaling by growth factors, stress, and nutrients is transmitted through receptors that activate lipid-modifying enzymes such as the phospholipases, sphingosine kinase, or phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which then modify phospholipids, sphingolipids, and phosphoinositides. One such important enzyme is phospholipase D (PLD), which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid and choline. PLD isoforms have dual role in cells. The first involves maintaining cell membrane integrity and cell signaling, including cell proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal alterations, and invasion through the PLD product PA, and the second involves protein-protein interactions with a variety of binding partners. Increased evidence of elevated PLD expression and activity linked to many pathological conditions, including cancer, neurological and inflammatory diseases, and infection, has motivated the development of dual- and isoform-specific PLD inhibitors. Many of these inhibitors are reported to be efficacious and safe in cells and mouse disease models, suggesting the potential for PLD inhibitors as therapeutics for cancer and other diseases. Current knowledge and ongoing research of PLD signaling networks will help to evolve inhibitors with increased efficacy and safety for clinical studies.
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Gomez-Cambronero J, Ganesan R. Targeting Phospholipase D Genetically and Pharmacologically for Studying Leukocyte Function. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1835:297-314. [PMID: 30109659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8672-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), is a protein that breaks down phospholipids, maintaining structural integrity and remodeling of cellular or intracellular membranes, as well as mediating protein trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics during cell motility. One of the reaction products of PLD action is phosphatidic acid (PA). PA is a mitogen involved in a large variety of physiological cellular functions, such as cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cell motility. We have chosen as cell models the leukocyte polymorphonuclear neutrophil and the macrophage as examples of cell motility. We provide a three-part method for targeting PLD genetically and pharmacologically to study its role in cell migration. In the first part, we begin with genetically deficient mice PLD1-KO and PLD2-KO. We describe bone marrow neutrophil (BMN) isolation; BMN is labeled fluorescently and can be used for studying tissue-damaging neutrophilia in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In the second part, we begin also with PLD1-KO and PLD2-KO and prepare bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), first from monocytes and then inducing macrophage differentiation in culture with continuous incubation of cytokines. We use BMDM to find experimentally if PLD woul play a role in cholesterol phagocytosis, which is the first step in atherosclerosis progression. In the third part, we study PLD function in BMN and BMDM with PLD enzyme pharmacological inhibitors instead of genetically deficient mice, to ascertain the particular contributions of isoforms PLD1 and PLD2 on leukocyte function. By using the three-step thorough approach, we could understand the molecular underpinning of PLD in the pathological conditions indicated above, IRI-neutrophilia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.
| | - Ramya Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
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10
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Preira P, Forel JM, Robert P, Nègre P, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Xeridat F, Bongrand P, Papazian L, Theodoly O. The leukocyte-stiffening property of plasma in early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) revealed by a microfluidic single-cell study: the role of cytokines and protection with antibodies. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:8. [PMID: 26757701 PMCID: PMC4711060 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Leukocyte-mediated pulmonary inflammation is a key pathophysiological mechanism involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Massive sequestration of leukocytes in the pulmonary microvasculature is a major triggering event of the syndrome. We therefore investigated the potential role of leukocyte stiffness and adhesiveness in the sequestration of leukocytes in microvessels. Methods This study was based on in vitro microfluidic assays using patient sera. Cell stiffness was assessed by measuring the entry time (ET) of a single cell into a microchannel with a 6 × 9–μm cross-section under a constant pressure drop (ΔP = 160 Pa). Primary neutrophils and monocytes, as well as the monocytic THP-1 cell line, were used. Cellular adhesiveness to human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined using the laminar flow chamber method. We compared the properties of cells incubated with the sera of healthy volunteers (n = 5), patients presenting with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE; n = 6), and patients with ARDS (n = 22), of whom 13 were classified as having moderate to severe disease and the remaining 9 as having mild disease. Results Rapid and strong stiffening of primary neutrophils and monocytes was induced within 30 minutes (mean ET >50 seconds) by sera from the ARDS group compared with both the healthy subjects and the ACPE groups (mean ET <1 second) (p < 0.05). Systematic measurements with the THP-1 cell line allowed for the establishment of a strong correlation between stiffening and the severity of respiratory status (mean ET 0.82 ± 0.08 seconds for healthy subjects, 1.6 ± 1.0 seconds for ACPE groups, 10.5 ± 6.1 seconds for mild ARDS, and 20.0 ± 8.1 seconds for moderate to severe ARDS; p < 0.05). Stiffening correlated with the cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, and IL-10 but not with interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, or IL-17. Strong stiffening was induced by IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α but not by IL-10, and incubations with sera and blocking antibodies against IL-1β, IL-8, or TNF-α significantly diminished the stiffening effect of serum. In contrast, the measurements of integrin expression (CD11b, CD11a, CD18, CD49d) and leukocyte–endothelium adhesion showed a weak and slow response after incubation with the sera of patients with ARDS (several hours), suggesting a lesser role of leukocyte adhesiveness compared with leukocyte stiffness in early ARDS. Conclusions The leukocyte stiffening induced by cytokines in the sera of patients might play a role in the sequestration of leukocytes in the lung capillary beds during early ARDS. The inhibition of leukocyte stiffening with blocking antibodies might inspire future therapeutic strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1157-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Preira
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U1067, CNRS UMR7333, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13009, France. .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147, boulevard Baille, F-13285 Cedx 05, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Forel
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Réanimation des Détresses Respiratoires et des Infections Sévères, 13015, Marseille, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, URMITE UMR CNRS 7278, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Robert
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U1067, CNRS UMR7333, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13009, France. .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147, boulevard Baille, F-13285 Cedx 05, Marseille, France.
| | - Paulin Nègre
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U1067, CNRS UMR7333, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13009, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147, boulevard Baille, F-13285 Cedx 05, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U1067, CNRS UMR7333, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13009, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147, boulevard Baille, F-13285 Cedx 05, Marseille, France
| | - Francois Xeridat
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Réanimation des Détresses Respiratoires et des Infections Sévères, 13015, Marseille, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, URMITE UMR CNRS 7278, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Bongrand
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U1067, CNRS UMR7333, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13009, France. .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147, boulevard Baille, F-13285 Cedx 05, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Papazian
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Réanimation des Détresses Respiratoires et des Infections Sévères, 13015, Marseille, France. .,Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, URMITE UMR CNRS 7278, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM U1067, CNRS UMR7333, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, 13009, France. .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, 147, boulevard Baille, F-13285 Cedx 05, Marseille, France.
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11
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Bruntz RC, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D signaling pathways and phosphatidic acid as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1033-79. [PMID: 25244928 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D is a ubiquitous class of enzymes that generates phosphatidic acid as an intracellular signaling species. The phospholipase D superfamily plays a central role in a variety of functions in prokaryotes, viruses, yeast, fungi, plants, and eukaryotic species. In mammalian cells, the pathways modulating catalytic activity involve a variety of cellular signaling components, including G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, polyphosphatidylinositol lipids, Ras/Rho/ADP-ribosylation factor GTPases, and conventional isoforms of protein kinase C, among others. Recent findings have shown that phosphatidic acid generated by phospholipase D plays roles in numerous essential cellular functions, such as vesicular trafficking, exocytosis, autophagy, regulation of cellular metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Many of these cellular events are modulated by the actions of phosphatidic acid, and identification of two targets (mammalian target of rapamycin and Akt kinase) has especially highlighted a role for phospholipase D in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Phospholipase D is a regulator of intercellular signaling and metabolic pathways, particularly in cells that are under stress conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulation of phospholipase D activity and its modulation of cellular signaling pathways and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Bruntz
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology (R.C.B., C.W.L., H.A.B.) and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., H.A.B.); Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry for Accelerated Probe Development (C.W.L.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (H.A.B.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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12
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Speranza F, Mahankali M, Henkels KM, Gomez-Cambronero J. The molecular basis of leukocyte adhesion involving phosphatidic acid and phospholipase D. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28885-97. [PMID: 25187519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining how leukocytes adhere to solid surfaces, such as capillary beds, and the subsequent migration through the extracellular matrix, is a central biological issue. We show here that phospholipase D (PLD) and its enzymatic reaction product, phosphatidic acid (PA), regulate cell adhesion of immune cells (macrophages and neutrophils) to collagen and have defined the underlying molecular mechanism in a spatio-temporal manner that coincides with PLD activity timing. A rapid (t½ = 4 min) and transient activation of the PLD1 isoform occurs upon adhesion, and a slower (t½ = 7.5 min) but prolonged (>30 min) activation occurs for PLD2. Importantly, PA directly binds to actin-related protein 3 (Arp3) at EC50 = 22 nm, whereas control phosphatidylcholine did not bind. PA-activated Arp3 hastens actin nucleation with a kinetics of t½ = 3 min at 300 nm (compared with controls of no PA, t½ = 5 min). Thus, PLD and PA are intrinsic components of cell adhesion, which reinforce each other in a positive feedback loop and react from cues from their respective solid substrates. In nascent adhesion, PLD1 is key, whereas a sustained adhesion in mature or established focal points is dependent upon PLD2, PA, and Arp3. A prolonged adhesion could effectively counteract the reversible intrinsic nature of this cellular process and constitute a key player in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Speranza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435
| | - Madhu Mahankali
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435
| | - Karen M Henkels
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435
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13
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Pivotal role of phospholipase D1 in tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated inflammation and scar formation after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2450-64. [PMID: 25046692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial inflammation is critical for ventricular remodeling after ischemia. Phospholipid mediators play an important role in inflammatory processes. In the plasma membrane they are degraded by phospholipase D1 (PLD1). PLD1 was shown to be critically involved in ischemic cardiovascular events. Moreover, PLD1 is coupled to tumor necrosis factor-α signaling and inflammatory processes. However, the impact of PLD1 in inflammatory cardiovascular disease remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the impact of PLD1 in tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated activation of monocytes after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion using a mouse model of myocardial infarction. PLD1 expression was highly up-regulated in the myocardium after ischemia/reperfusion. Genetic ablation of PLD1 led to defective cell adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells into the infarct border zone 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion injury, likely owing to reduced tumor necrosis factor-α expression and release, followed by impaired nuclear factor-κB activation and interleukin-1 release. Moreover, PLD1 was found to be important for transforming growth factor-β secretion and smooth muscle α-actin expression of cardiac fibroblasts because myofibroblast differentiation and interstitial collagen deposition were altered in Pld1(-/-) mice. Consequently, infarct size was increased and left ventricular function was impaired 28 days after myocardial infarction in Pld1(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that PLD1 is crucial for tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated inflammation and transforming growth factor-β-mediated collagen scar formation, thereby augmenting cardiac left ventricular function after ischemia/reperfusion.
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14
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Kassas N, Tryoen-Tóth P, Corrotte M, Thahouly T, Bader MF, Grant NJ, Vitale N. Genetically encoded probes for phosphatidic acid. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 108:445-59. [PMID: 22325614 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386487-1.00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In addition to forming bilayers to separate cellular compartments, lipids participate in vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. Among others, phosphatidic acid (PA) is emerging as an important signaling molecule. The spatiotemporal distribution of cellular PA appears to be tightly regulated by localized synthesis and a rapid metabolism. Although PA has been long proposed as a pleiotropic bioactive lipid, when and where PA is produced in the living cells have only recently been explored using biosensors that specifically bind to PA. The probes that we have generated are composed of the PA-binding domains of either Spo20p or Raf1 directly fused to GFP. In this chapter, we will describe the expression and purification of GST-fusion proteins of these probes, and the use of phospholipid strips to validate the specificity of their interaction with PA. We will then illustrate the use of GFP-tagged probes to visualize the synthesis of PA in the neurosecretory PC12 cells and RAW 267.4 macrophages. Interestingly, the two probes show a differential distribution in these cell types, indicating that they may have different affinities for PA or recognize different pools of PA. In conclusion, the development of a broader choice of probes may be required to adequately follow the complex dynamics of PA in different cell types, in order to determine the cellular distribution of PA and its role in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Kassas
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR3212, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Gomez-Cambronero J. The exquisite regulation of PLD2 by a wealth of interacting proteins: S6K, Grb2, Sos, WASp and Rac2 (and a surprise discovery: PLD2 is a GEF). Cell Signal 2011; 23:1885-95. [PMID: 21740967 PMCID: PMC3204931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the conversion of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA). PLD's mission in the cell is two-fold: phospholipid turnover with maintenance of the structural integrity of cellular/intracellular membranes and cell signaling through PA and its metabolites. Precisely, through its product of the reaction, PA, PLD has been implicated in a variety of physiological cellular functions, such as intracellular protein trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, chemotaxis of leukocytes and cell proliferation. The catalytic (HKD) and regulatory (PH and PX) domains were studied in detail in the PLD1 isoform, but PLD2 was traditionally studied in lesser detail and much less was known about its regulation. Our laboratory has been focusing on the study of PLD2 regulation in mammalian cells. Over the past few years, we have reported, in regards to the catalytic action of PLD, that PA is a chemoattractant agent that binds to and signals inside the cell through the ribosomal S6 kinases (S6K). Regarding the regulatory domains of PLD2, we have reported the discovery of the PLD2 interaction with Grb2 via Y169 in the PX domain, and further association to Sos, which results in an increase of de novo DNA synthesis and an interaction (also with Grb2) via the adjacent residue Y179, leading to the regulation of cell ruffling, chemotaxis and phagocytosis of leukocytes. We also present the complex regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) and Src and the role of phosphatases. Recently, there is evidence supporting a new level of regulation of PLD2 at the PH domain, by the discovery of CRIB domains and a Rac2-PLD2 interaction that leads to a dual (positive and negative) effect on its enzymatic activity. Lastly, we review the surprising finding of PLD2 acting as a GEF. A phospholipase such as PLD that exists already in the cell membrane that acts directly on Rac allows a quick response of the cell without intermediary signaling molecules. This provides only the latest level of PLD2 regulation in a field that promises newer and exciting advances in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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16
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Otani Y, Yamaguchi Y, Sato Y, Furuichi T, Ikenaka K, Kitani H, Baba H. PLD$ is involved in phagocytosis of microglia: expression and localization changes of PLD4 are correlated with activation state of microglia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27544. [PMID: 22102906 PMCID: PMC3216956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) is a recently identified protein that is mainly expressed in the ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive microglia in the early postnatal mouse cerebellar white matter. Unlike PLD1 and PLD2, PLD4 exhibits no enzymatic activity for conversion of phosphatidylcholine into choline and phosphatidic acid, and its function is completely unknown. In the present study, we examined the distribution of PLD4 in mouse cerebellar white matter during development and under pathological conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PLD4 expression was associated with microglial activation under such two different circumstances. A primary cultured microglia and microglial cell line (MG6) showed that PLD4 was mainly present in the nucleus, except the nucleolus, and expression of PLD4 was upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In the analysis of phagocytosis of LPS-stimulated microglia, PLD4 was co-localized with phagosomes that contained BioParticles. Inhibition of PLD4 expression using PLD4 specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) in MG6 cells significantly reduced the ratio of phagocytotic cell numbers. These results suggest that the increased PLD4 in the activation process is involved in phagocytosis of activated microglia in the developmental stages and pathological conditions of white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Otani
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Sato
- Laboratoy for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitani
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Baba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Han X, Yu R, Zhen D, Tao S, Schmidt M, Han L. β-1,3-Glucan-induced host phospholipase D activation is involved in Aspergillus fumigatus internalization into type II human pneumocyte A549 cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21468. [PMID: 21760893 PMCID: PMC3132740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus into lung epithelial cells is a process that depends on host cell actin dynamics. The host membrane phosphatidylcholine cleavage driven by phospholipase D (PLD) is closely related to cellular actin dynamics. However, little is known about the impact of PLD on A. fumigatus internalization into lung epithelial cells. Here, we report that once germinated, A. fumigatus conidia were able to stimulate host PLD activity and internalize more efficiently in A549 cells without altering PLD expression. The internalization of A. fumigatus in A549 cells was suppressed by the downregulation of host cell PLD using chemical inhibitors or siRNA interference. The heat-killed swollen conidia, but not the resting conidia, were able to activate host PLD. Further, β-1,3-glucan, the core component of the conidial cell wall, stimulated host PLD activity. This PLD activation and conidia internalization were inhibited by anti-dectin-1 antibody. Indeed, dectin-1, a β-1,3-glucan receptor, was expressed in A549 cells, and its expression profile was not altered by conidial stimulation. Finally, host cell PLD1 and PLD2 accompanied A. fumigatus conidia during internalization. Our data indicate that host cell PLD activity induced by β-1,3-glucan on the surface of germinated conidia is important for the efficient internalization of A. fumigatus into A549 lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rentao Yu
- Department for Hospital Infection Control and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyu Zhen
- Department for Hospital Infection Control and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Tao
- Department for Hospital Infection Control and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control and Research, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Han X, Yu R, Ji L, Zhen D, Tao S, Li S, Sun Y, Huang L, Feng Z, Li X, Han G, Schmidt M, Han L. InlB-mediated Listeria monocytogenes internalization requires a balanced phospholipase D activity maintained through phospho-cofilin. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:860-80. [PMID: 21722201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of Listeria monocytogenes into non-phagocytic cells is tightly controlled by host cell actin dynamics and cell membrane alterations. However, knowledge about the impact of phosphatidylcholine cleavage driven by host cell phospholipase D (PLD) on Listeria internalization into epithelial cells is limited. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes activates PLD in Vero cells during the internalization. With immunostaining it was shown that both PLD1 and PLD2 surrounded partially or completely the phagocytic cup of most L. monocytogenes. Either up- or down-regulation of PLD expression (activity) diminished Listeria internalization. Both PLD1 and PLD2 in Vero cells were required for efficient Listeria internalization, and could substitute for each other in the regulation of Listeria internalization. Further, exogenous InlB activated host cell PLD1 and PLD2 via the Met receptor, and restored host PLD activation by InlB-deficient L. monocytogenes. InlB-induced PLD activation and Listeria internalization were tightly controlled by phospho-cycling of cofilin. PLD1, but not PLD2, was involved in cofilin-mediated PLD activation and Listeria internalization. These data indicate that cofilin-dependent PLD activation induced by InlB may represent a novel regulation mechanism for efficient Listeria internalization into epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Han
- Department for Hospital Infection Control & Research, Institute of Disease Control & Prevention of PLA, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Norton LJ, Zhang Q, Saqib KM, Schrewe H, Macura K, Anderson KE, Lindsley CW, Brown HA, Rudge SA, Wakelam MJO. PLD1 rather than PLD2 regulates phorbol-ester-, adhesion-dependent and Fc{gamma}-receptor-stimulated ROS production in neutrophils. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1973-83. [PMID: 21610093 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The signalling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) is generated by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is catalysed by phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes. Neutrophils, important cells of the innate immune system, maintain the body's defence against infection. Previous studies have implicated PLD-generated PA in neutrophil function; these have relied heavily on the use of primary alcohols to act as inhibitors of PA production. The recent development of isoform-selective small molecule inhibitors and the generation of a knockout mouse model provide us with accurate tools to study the role of PLDs in neutrophil responses. We show that PLD1 is a regulator of phorbol-ester-, chemoattractant, adhesion-dependent and Fcγ-receptor-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils. Significantly we found that this role of PLD is isoform specific: the absence of PLD2 does not negatively affect these processes. Contrary to expectation, other functions required for an efficient immune response operate effectively in Pld2-deficient neutrophils or when both isoforms are inhibited pharmacologically. We conclude that although PLD1 does have important regulatory roles in neutrophils, the field has been confused by the use of primary alcohols; now that gold standard Pld-knockout mouse models are available, previous work might need to be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Norton
- The Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
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20
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Sethu S, Pushparaj PN, Melendez AJ. Phospholipase D1 mediates TNFalpha-induced inflammation in a murine model of TNFalpha-induced peritonitis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10506. [PMID: 20463923 PMCID: PMC2864766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine extensively studied for its role in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease conditions, including in inflammatory diseases. We have recently shown that, in vitro, that TNFα utilizes PLD1 to mediate the activation of NFκB and ERK1/2 in human monocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role(s) played by phospholipase D1 (PLD1) in TNFα-mediated inflammatory responses in vivo. Methodology/Findings Studies were performed in vivo using a mouse model of TNFα-induced peritonitis. The role of PLD1 was investigated by functional genomics, utilizing a specific siRNA to silence the expression of PLD1. Administration of the siRNA against PLD1 significantly reduced PLD1 levels in vivo. TNFα triggers a rapid pyrogenic response, but the in vivo silencing of PLD1 protects mice from the TNFα-induced rise in temperature. Similarly TNFα caused an increase in the serum levels of IL-6, MIP-1α and MIP-1β: this increase in cytokine/chemokine levels was inhibited in mice where PLD1 had been silenced. We then induced acute peritonitis with TNFα. Intraperitoneal injection of TNFα triggered a rapid increase in vascular permeability, and the influx of neutrophils and monocytes into the peritoneal cavity. By contrast, in mice where PLD1 had been silenced, the TNFα-triggered increase in vascular permeability and phagocyte influx was substantially reduced. Furthermore, we also show that the TNFα-mediated upregulation of the cell adhesion molecules VCAM and ICAM1, in the vascular endothelium, were dependent on PLD1. Conclusions These novel data demonstrate a critical role for PLD1 in TNFα-induced inflammation in vivo and warrant further investigation. Indeed, our results suggest PLD1 as a novel target for treating inflammatory diseases, where TNFα play key roles: these include diseases ranging from sepsis to respiratory and autoimmune diseases; all diseases with considerable unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminathan Sethu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter N. Pushparaj
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alirio J. Melendez
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hsu YL, Hung JY, Ko YC, Hung CH, Huang MS, Kuo PL. Phospholipase D signaling pathway is involved in lung cancer-derived IL-8 increased osteoclastogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:587-96. [PMID: 20106902 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a frequent target of lung cancer metastasis, which is associated with significant morbidity and a dismal prognosis. This study analyzed the soluble factors secreted by lung cancer cells, which are responsible for increasing osteoclast differentiation. Addition of recombinant human interleukin-8 (rhIL-8), present in large amounts in A549-conditioned medium (CM) and NCI-H460-CM, mimicked the inductive effect of A549-CM and NCI-H460-CM on osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, depletion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from A549-CM and NCI-H460-CM decreased the osteoclastogenesis-inductive properties of A549-CM and NCI-H460-CM. Induction of osteoclast differentiation by lung cancer-derived-CM and rhIL-8 was associated with increased phospholipase D (PLD) activation, and the activations of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha/betaII, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and AKT/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Blocking PLD by a specific inhibitor significantly decreased osteoclast formation by inhibiting PKCs activation and subsequently attenuating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. PLD inhibitor also completely decreased AKT and mTOR phosphorylation, whereas phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor only partially decreased mTOR phosphorylation, suggesting that mTOR activation by PLD is through both PI3K/AKT-dependent and PI3K/AKT-independent manner. In addition, blocking AKT and ERK1/2 by a specific inhibitor also suppressed lung cancer-derived-CM and rhIL-8-induced osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with sera from invasive lung cancer patients increased the formation of osteoclasts. Our study suggests that IL-8 or IL-8-mediated PLD/PKC/ERK1/2 or PLD/AKT signaling is an attractive therapeutic target for osteolytic bone metastases in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Schoolof Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Elvers M, Stegner D, Hagedorn I, Kleinschnitz C, Braun A, Kuijpers MEJ, Boesl M, Chen Q, Heemskerk JWM, Stoll G, Frohman MA, Nieswandt B. Impaired alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin activation and shear-dependent thrombus formation in mice lacking phospholipase D1. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra1. [PMID: 20051593 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelet aggregation is essential for hemostasis but can also cause myocardial infarction and stroke. A key but poorly understood step in platelet activation is the shift of the principal adhesive receptor, alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin, from a low- to high-affinity state for its ligands, a process that enables adhesion and aggregation. In response to stimulation of heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-coupled receptors, phospholipases cleave membrane phospholipids to generate lipid and soluble second messengers. An essential role in platelet activation has been established for phospholipase C (PLC) but not for PLD and its product phosphatidic acid. Here, we report that platelets from Pld1(-/-) mice displayed impaired alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin activation in response to major agonists and defective glycoprotein Ib-dependent aggregate formation under high shear conditions. These defects resulted in protection from thrombosis and ischemic brain infarction without affecting tail bleeding times. These results indicate that PLD1 may be a critical regulator of platelet activity in the setting of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Elvers
- University Clinic Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Kobayashi S, Sato R, Abe Y, Inanami O, Yasui H, Omoe K, Yasuda J, Hankanga C, Oda S, Sasaki J. Canine neutrophil dysfunction caused by downregulation of beta2-integrin expression without mutation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:187-96. [PMID: 19297030 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) in Irish setters is caused by genetic defects of leukocyte integrin CD18 leading to recurrent bacterial infections. We report clinical features and analysis of neutrophil function from two mixed-breed canine littermates (one female and one male dog) similar to CLAD. The symptoms of pyogenic infection were first recognized at 3 months of age and since then the patients suffered from recurrent bacterial infections. These clinical findings were strongly suggestive of genetic phagocyte dysfunction. Neutrophil function tests revealed a marked reduction of serum-opsonized zymosan-mediated superoxide production in the two littermates. Neutrophils of the male dog revealed impaired integrin-mediated adherence and phagocytic activity, whereas ability of serum opsonization was normal. There was also a profound decrease of surface expression of CD11b/CD18 and beta2-integrin transcript level, detected by real-time RT-PCR without missense mutations unlike CLAD. Immunoblot analysis indicated that protein expression of cytochrome b(558) component gp91(phox), the cytosolic components p47(phox) and p67(phox) of NADPH oxidase components increased profoundly in the male. Our study suggests that decreased transcriptional levels of beta2-integrin without mutations, lead to downregulation of surface expression, resulting in multiple defects in adhesion-related neutrophil functions and consequently, recurrent bacterial infections from puppyhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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Cell Defence and Survival. GUIDE TO SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN IMMUNE CELLS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7123614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-538-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Central to immune defence mechanisms is the role of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). This is a complex biochemical topic with ever more controls revealed. NF-kB determines the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Pharmacologists step in with possible means of control. Other systems involved in defence include the cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) enzyme and perioxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Insulin receptor activation needs to be seen in context. The mTOR system directs uptake of nutrients by cells. mTOR is suppressed by rapamycin, whose usage is now quite considerable in the control of transplant rejection.
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Kusner DJ, Thompson CR, Melrose NA, Pitson SM, Obeid LM, Iyer SS. The Localization and Activity of Sphingosine Kinase 1 Are Coordinately Regulated with Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23147-62. [PMID: 17519232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700193200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiologic and pathologic functions of sphingosine kinase (SK) require translocation to specific membrane compartments. We tested the hypothesis that interactions with actin filaments regulate the localization of SK1 to membrane surfaces, including the plasma membrane and phagosome. Macrophage activation is accompanied by a marked increase in association of SK1 with actin filaments. Catalytically-inactive (CI)- and phosphorylation-defective (PD)-SK1 mutants exhibited reductions in plasma membrane translocation, colocalization with cortical actin filaments, membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia formation, compared with wild-type (WT)-SK1. However, translocation of CI- and PD-SK1 to phagosomes were equivalent to WT-SK1. SK1 exhibited constitutive- and stimulus-enhanced association with actin filaments and F-actin-enriched membrane fractions in both intact macrophages and a novel in vitro assay. In contrast, SK1 bound G-actin only under stimulated conditions. Actin inhibitors disrupted SK1 localization and modulated its activity. Conversely, reduction of SK1 levels or activity via RNA interference or specific chemical inhibition resulted in dysregulation of actin filaments. Thus, the localization and activity of SK1 are coordinately regulated with actin dynamics during macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kusner
- Inflammation Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, USA.
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Gomez-Cambronero J, Di Fulvio M, Knapek K. Understanding phospholipase D (PLD) using leukocytes: PLD involvement in cell adhesion and chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:272-81. [PMID: 17431093 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of membrane phosphatidylcholine to choline and phosphatidic acid (PA; a second messenger). PLD is expressed in nearly all types of leukocytes and has been associated with phagocytosis, degranulation, microbial killing, and leukocyte maturation. With the application of recently developed molecular tools (i.e., expression vectors, silencing RNA, and specific antibodies), the demonstration of a key role for PLD in those and related cellular actions has contributed to a better awareness of its importance. A case in point is the recent findings that RNA interference-mediated depletion of PLD results in impaired leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis toward a gradient of chemokines, implying that PLD is necessary for leukocyte movement. We forecast that based on results such as those, leukocytes may prove to be useful tools to unravel still-unresolved mechanistic issues in the complex biology of PLD. Three such issues are considered here: first, whether the cellular actions of PLD are mediated entirely by PA (the product of its enzymatic reaction) or whether PLD by itself interacts with other protein signaling molecules; second, the current difficulty of defining a "PA consensus site" in the various intracellular protein targets of PA; and third, the resolution of specific PLD location (upstream or downstream) in a particular effector signaling cascade. There are reasons to expect that leukocytes and their leukemic cell line counterparts will continue yielding invaluable information to cell biologists to resolve standing molecular and functional issues concerning PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Wright State University School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Stable adhesion and migration of human neutrophils requires phospholipase D-mediated activation of the integrin CD11b/CD18. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3211-21. [PMID: 17346796 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathways regulating integrin-mediated adhesion during neutrophil migration are incompletely defined. Using a flow-based model in which human neutrophils rolling on P-selectin were activated to migrate by the chemoattractant peptide fMLP, we investigated the role of phospholipase D (PLD). fMLP-stimulated PLD generation of phosphatidate (PtdOH); while inhibition of PtdOH production with butan-1-ol had no effect on the initial immobilisation of rolling neutrophils (supported by activation of constitutively surface-expressed beta(2)-integrin CD11b/CD18) it impaired longer-term stability of adhesion and reduced the rate of migration (supported by activation of de novo-exocytosed CD11b/CD18). PtdOH regulated these processes by controlling activation of exocytosed CD11b/CD18, and appeared to act by directly stimulating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I to generate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2)). Cell-permeable PtdIns(4,5)P(2) recovered migration of neutrophils after PLD inhibition; PtdIns(4,5)P(2) appeared to act by promoting talin binding to CD18 and hence activating CD11b/CD18, as migration was inhibited when neutrophils were loaded with peptides previously shown to block the interaction between PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and talin or talin and CD18. Thus, these data indicate that PLD-synthesised PtdOH stimulates the generation of PtdIns(4,5)P(2), which in turn mediates talin binding to, and activation of, CD11b/CD18 required for neutrophil stable adhesion and migration.
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Oude Weernink PA, López de Jesús M, Schmidt M. Phospholipase D signaling: orchestration by PIP2 and small GTPases. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 374:399-411. [PMID: 17245604 PMCID: PMC2020506 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D (PLD) leads to the generation of the versatile lipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid (PA), which is involved in fundamental cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell proliferation and cell survival. PLD activity can be dramatically stimulated by a large number of cell surface receptors and is elaborately regulated by intracellular factors, including protein kinase C isoforms, small GTPases of the ARF, Rho and Ras families and, particularly, by the phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). PIP(2) is well known as substrate for the generation of second messengers by phospholipase C, but is now also understood to recruit and/or activate a variety of actin regulatory proteins, ion channels and other signaling proteins, including PLD, by direct interaction. The synthesis of PIP(2) by phosphoinositide 5-kinase (PIP5K) isoforms is tightly regulated by small GTPases and, interestingly, by PA as well, and the concerted formation of PIP(2) and PA has been shown to mediate receptor-regulated cellular events. This review highlights the regulation of PLD by membrane receptors, and describes how the close encounter of PLD and PIP5K isoforms with small GTPases permits the execution of specific cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Schmidt
- />Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kim MJ, Choi MU, Kim CW. Activation of phospholipase D1 by surface roughness of titanium in MG63 osteoblast-like cell. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5502-11. [PMID: 16857255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although it is recognized that the surface roughness of titanium (Ti) promotes the osteogenic differentiation, the related mechanisms and factors remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential correlation among phospholipase D (PLD) activity, Ti surface roughness and subsequent osteoblast differentiation. The machined Ti disks were sandblasted with aluminum oxide particles to produce surfaces of varying roughness (n = 160). Normal or transfected MG63cells with PLD genes were cultured on roughened Ti specimens and assayed for PLD, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin. The statistical significance was evaluated by analysis of variance. The activity, mRNA and protein levels of PLD significantly increased in MG63 cells with a roughness-dependent pattern (P < 0.05). The ALP activity and osteocalcin production, promoted by Ti surface roughness, were enhanced by the PLD activator and inhibited by the PLD blocker. It was also found that the PLD1 isoform responds to Ti surface roughness and regulates selectively the ALP activity. These observations strongly suggest that PLD1 mediates the cellular signaling of and modulates osteoblast differentiation induced by Ti surface roughness in MG63 osteoblast-like cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Joo Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Institute, Colleage of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
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Oude Weernink PA, Han L, Jakobs KH, Schmidt M. Dynamic phospholipid signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:888-900. [PMID: 17054901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control a variety of fundamental cellular processes by regulating phospholipid signaling pathways. Essential for signaling by a large number of receptors is the hydrolysis of the membrane phosphoinositide PIP(2) by phospholipase C (PLC) into the second messengers IP(3) and DAG. Many receptors also stimulate phospholipase D (PLD), leading to the generation of the versatile lipid, phosphatidic acid. Particular PLC and PLD isoforms take differential positions in receptor signaling and are additionally regulated by small GTPases of the Ras, Rho and ARF families. It is now recognized that the PLC substrate, PIP(2), has signaling capacity by itself and can, by direct interaction, affect the activity and subcellular localization of PLD and several other proteins. As expected, the synthesis of PIP(2) by phosphoinositide 5-kinases is tightly regulated as well. In this review, we present an overview of how these signaling pathways are governed by GPCRs, explain the molecular basis for the spatially and temporally organized, highly dynamic quality of phospholipid signaling, and point to the functional connection of the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschal A Oude Weernink
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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