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Lu L, Kong WY, Zhang J, Firdaus F, Wells JW, Stephenson RJ, Toth I, Skwarczynski M, Cruz JLG. Utilizing murine dendritic cell line DC2.4 to evaluate the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in vitro. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1298721. [PMID: 38469294 PMCID: PMC10925716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines hold substantial promise in controlling infectious diseases, due to their superior safety profile, specific immunogenicity, simplified manufacturing processes, and well-defined chemical compositions. One of the most important end-targets of vaccines is a subset of lymphocytes originating from the thymus, known as T cells, which possess the ability to mount an antigen-specific immune response. Furthermore, vaccines confer long-term immunity through the generation of memory T cell pools. Dendritic cells are essential for the activation of T cells and the induction of adaptive immunity, making them key for the in vitro evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Upon internalization by dendritic cells, vaccine-bearing antigens are processed, and suitable fragments are presented to T cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In addition, DCs can secrete various cytokines to crosstalk with T cells to coordinate subsequent immune responses. Here, we generated an in vitro model using the immortalized murine dendritic cell line, DC2.4, to recapitulate the process of antigen uptake and DC maturation, measured as the elevation of CD40, MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 on the cell surface. The levels of key DC cytokines, tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured to better define DC activation. This information served as a cost-effective and rapid proxy for assessing the antigen presentation efficacy of various vaccine formulations, demonstrating a strong correlation with previously published in vivo study outcomes. Hence, our assay enables the selection of the lead vaccine candidates based on DC activation capacity prior to in vivo animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lantian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Wei Yang Kong
- Faculty of Medicine, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Farrhana Firdaus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James W. Wells
- Faculty of Medicine, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jazmina L. Gonzalez Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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2
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Smeekens JM, Immormino RM, Kesselring JR, Turner AV, Kulis MD, Moran TP. A single priming event prevents oral tolerance to peanut. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:930-940. [PMID: 37437951 PMCID: PMC10528191 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor dust (ID) is a source of peanut proteins and immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g. LPS) that can promote airway sensitization to peanut. We aimed to determine whether a single airway exposure to peanut plus adjuvant is sufficient to prevent oral tolerance. METHODS To determine the effect of a single priming event, C57BL/6J mice were exposed once to peanut plus adjuvant through the airway, followed by either airway or low-dose oral exposure to peanut, and assessed for peanut allergy. Oral tolerance was investigated by feeding high-dose peanut followed by airway sensitization. To determine whether a single priming could prevent oral tolerance, the high-dose peanut regimen was applied after a single airway exposure to peanut plus adjuvant. Peanut-specific IgE and IgG1 were quantified, and mice were challenged to peanut to assess allergy. Peanut-specific CD4+ memory T cells (CD4+ TCRβ+ CD44hi CD154+ ) were quantified in mediastinal lymph nodes following airway priming. RESULTS Mice co-exposed to peanut with LPS or ID through the airway were primed to develop peanut allergy after subsequent low-dose oral or airway exposures to peanut. Oral tolerance was induced in mice fed high-dose peanut prior to airway sensitization. In contrast, mice fed high-dose peanut following a single airway exposure to peanut plus adjuvant led to allergy. Peanut-specific CD4+ memory T cells were detected as early as 7 days after the single airway priming with peanut plus adjuvant, however, delaying peanut feeding even 1 day following priming led to allergy, whereas peanut feeding the same day as priming led to tolerance. CONCLUSIONS A single airway exposure to peanut plus adjuvant is sufficient to prime the immune system to develop allergy following subsequent high-dose oral exposure. These results highlight the importance of introducing peanut as early as possible to prevent sensitization through a non-oral priming event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Smeekens
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC Food Allergy Initiative, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert M Immormino
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janelle R Kesselring
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC Food Allergy Initiative, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew V Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC Food Allergy Initiative, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael D Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC Food Allergy Initiative, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy P Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Hu W, Ma L, Yang G, Zeng X, Liu J, Cheng B, Hu T, Zhao H, Liu Z. Der p2‑A20 DNA vaccine attenuates allergic inflammation in mice with allergic rhinitis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4925-4932. [PMID: 31638224 PMCID: PMC6854600 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease that requires more convenient, safe and effective antigen-specific immunotherapies. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of intranasal administration of a eukaryotic expression vector co-expressing Der p2 and A20 protein (pVAX1-Der p2-A20) on mice with allergic rhinitis. The pVAX1-Der p2-A20 vaccine was prepared and encapsulated into poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles. An allergic rhinitis Balb/c mouse model was established through intraperitoneal sensitization with recombinant Der p2 and cholera toxin followed by intranasal challenge with recombinant Der p2. The treatment effect of the DNA vaccine on nasal allergic inflammation was evaluated, and serum IgE, sIgE, IgG and cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs in the spleen was detected by flow cytometry. The DNA vaccine co-expressing Der p2 and A20 was successfully constructed and encapsulated into PLGA nanoparticles. Der p2-A20 DNA vaccine intranasal administration markedly ameliorated Der p2-induced nasal allergic inflammation. The serum Der p2-specific IgE, IL-4 and IL-13 expression levels were inhibited, while the Der p2-specific IgG1, IgG2a and IFN-γ expression levels in the serum and splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg population were significantly increased after Der p2-A20 DNA vaccine treatment. These results indicated that the Der p2-A20 DNA vaccine alleviates nasal allergic inflammation and promotes splenic Treg population in mice with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Jiangqi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Baohui Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Tianyong Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
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4
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Leffler J, Mincham KT, Mok D, Blank F, Holt PG, Stumbles PA, Strickland DH. Functional differences in airway dendritic cells determine susceptibility to IgE-sensitization. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:316-329. [PMID: 29363184 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory IgE-sensitization to innocuous antigens increases the risk for developing diseases such as allergic asthma. Dendritic cells (DC) residing in the airways orchestrate the immune response following antigen exposure and their ability to sample and present antigens to naïve T cells in airway draining lymph nodes contributes to allergen-specific IgE-sensitization. In order to characterize inhaled antigen capture and presentation by DC subtypes in vivo, we used an adjuvant-free respiratory sensitization model using two genetically distinct rat strains, one of which is naturally resistant and the other naturally susceptible to allergic sensitization. Upon multiple exposures to ovalbumin (OVA), the susceptible strain developed OVA-specific IgE and airway inflammation, whereas the resistant strain did not. Using fluorescently tagged OVA and flow cytometry, we demonstrated significant differences in antigen uptake efficiency and presentation associated with either IgE-sensitization or resistance to allergen exposures in respective strains. We further identified CD4+ conventional DC (cDC) as the subset involved in airway antigen sampling in both strains, however, CD4+ cDC in the susceptible strain were less efficient in OVA sampling and displayed increased MHC-II expression compared with the resistant strain. This was associated with generation of an exaggerated Th2 response and a deficiency of airway regulatory T cells in the susceptible strain. These data suggest that subsets of cDC are able to induce either sensitization or resistance to inhaled antigens as determined by genetic background, which may provide an underlying basis for genetically determined susceptibility to respiratory allergic sensitization and IgE production in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Danny Mok
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of Clinical Research, Respiratory Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
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5
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Blom RAM, Amacker M, van Dijk RM, Moser C, Stumbles PA, Blank F, von Garnier C. Pulmonary Delivery of Virosome-Bound Antigen Enhances Antigen-Specific CD4 + T Cell Proliferation Compared to Liposome-Bound or Soluble Antigen. Front Immunol 2017; 8:359. [PMID: 28439267 PMCID: PMC5383731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary administration of biomimetic nanoparticles loaded with antigen may represent an effective strategy to directly modulate adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract. Depending on the design, virosomes may not only serve as biomimetic antigen carriers but are also endowed with intrinsic immune-stimulatory properties. We designed fluorescently labeled influenza-derived virosomes and liposome controls coupled to the model antigen ovalbumin to investigate uptake, phenotype changes, and antigen processing by antigen-presenting cells exposed to such particles in different respiratory tract compartments. Both virosomes and liposomes were captured by pulmonary macrophages and dendritic cells alike and induced activation in particle-bearing cells by upregulation of costimulatory markers such as CD40, CD80, CD86, PD-L1, PD-L2, and ICOS-L. Though antigen processing and accumulation of both coupled and soluble antigen was similar between virosomes and liposomes, only ovalbumin-coupled virosomes generated a strong antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation. Pulmonary administrated antigen-coupled virosomes therefore effectively induced adaptive immune responses and may be utilized in novel preventive or therapeutic approaches in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A M Blom
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christian Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Medical and Molecular Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Veres TZ, Kopcsányi T, van Panhuys N, Gerner MY, Liu Z, Rantakari P, Dunkel J, Miyasaka M, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Germain RN. Allergen-Induced CD4+ T Cell Cytokine Production within Airway Mucosal Dendritic Cell-T Cell Clusters Drives the Local Recruitment of Myeloid Effector Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:895-907. [PMID: 27903737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma develops in the mucosal tissue of small bronchi. At these sites, local cytokine production by Th2/Th17 cells is believed to be critical for the development of tissue eosinophilia/neutrophilia. Using the mouse trachea as a relevant model of human small airways, we performed advanced in vivo dynamic and in situ static imaging to visualize individual cytokine-producing T cells in the airway mucosa and to define their immediate cellular environment. Upon allergen sensitization, newly recruited CD4+ T cells formed discrete Ag-driven clusters with dendritic cells (DCs). Within T cell-DC clusters, a small fraction of CD4+ T cells produced IL-13 or IL-17 following prolonged Ag-specific interactions with DCs. As a result of local Th2 cytokine signaling, eosinophils were recruited into these clusters. Neutrophils also infiltrated these clusters in a T cell-dependent manner, but their mucosal distribution was more diffuse. Our findings reveal the focal nature of allergen-driven responses in the airways and define multiple steps with potential for interference with the progression of asthmatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Z Veres
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; .,Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tamás Kopcsányi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nicholas van Panhuys
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes Dunkel
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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7
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Fear VS, Lai SP, Zosky GR, Perks KL, Gorman S, Blank F, von Garnier C, Stumbles PA, Strickland DH. A pathogenic role for the integrin CD103 in experimental allergic airways disease. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/21/e13021. [PMID: 27905296 PMCID: PMC5112499 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin CD103 is the αE chain of integrin αEβ7 that is important in the maintenance of intraepithelial lymphocytes and recruitment of T cells and dendritic cells (DC) to mucosal surfaces. The role of CD103 in intestinal immune homeostasis has been well described, however, its role in allergic airway inflammation is less well understood. In this study, we used an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced, CD103-knockout (KO) BALB/c mouse model of experimental allergic airways disease (EAAD) to investigate the role of CD103 in disease expression, CD4+ T-cell activation and DC activation and function in airways and lymph nodes. We found reduced airways hyper-responsiveness and eosinophil recruitment to airways after aerosol challenge of CD103 KO compared to wild-type (WT) mice, although CD103 KO mice showed enhanced serum OVA-specific IgE levels. Following aerosol challenge, total numbers of effector and regulatory CD4+ T-cell subsets were significantly increased in the airways of WT but not CD103 KO mice, as well as a lack of DC recruitment into the airways in the absence of CD103. While total airway DC numbers, and their in vivo allergen capture activity, were essentially normal in steady-state CD103 KO mice, migration of allergen-laden airway DC to draining lymph nodes was disrupted in the absence of CD103 at 24 h after aerosol challenge. These data support a role for CD103 in the pathogenesis of EAAD in BALB/c mice through local control of CD4+ T cell and DC subset recruitment to, and migration from, the airway mucosa during induction of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabian Blank
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip A Stumbles
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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8
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Seydoux E, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Blom RAM, Stumbles PA, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser BM, Blank F, von Garnier C. Pulmonary delivery of cationic gold nanoparticles boost antigen-specific CD4 + T Cell Proliferation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1815-1826. [PMID: 27013126 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To address how surface charge affects the fate of potential nanocarriers in the lung, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with polyvinyl alcohol containing either positively (NH2) or negatively (COOH) charged functional groups were intra-nasally instilled in mice, and their uptake by antigen presenting cell populations (APC) in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, trachea, and lung parenchyma, as well as trafficking to the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) was assessed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, CD4+ T cell proliferation in LDLNs was investigated following instillation. All APC subpopulations preferentially captured positively-charged AuNPs compared to their negatively-charged counterparts. Uptake of AuNPs up-regulated expression of co-stimulatory molecules on all APC populations. Furthermore, positively-charged AuNPs induced enhanced OVA-specific CD4+ T cell stimulation in LDLNs compared to negatively-charged AuNPs, or polymer alone. Our findings demonstrate surface charge as a key parameter determining particle uptake by APC, and down-stream immune responses depend on the presence of particle core-bound polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Seydoux
- Respiratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Rebecca A M Blom
- Respiratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabian Blank
- Respiratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- Respiratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Timothy AA, Tokanovic A, Snibson KJ, Edwards SJ, Pearse MJ, Scheerlinck JPY, Sutton P. ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant reduces mucosal tolerance for effective pulmonary vaccination against influenza. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:377-85. [PMID: 25692970 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.990859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While most pathogens infect via mucosal surfaces, most current vaccines are delivered by injection. This situation remains despite awareness of the potential benefits of mucosal delivery for inducing protection against mucosa-infecting pathogens. A major obstacle to the development of such vaccines is the paucity of safe and effective adjuvants that induce mucosal responses in non-rodents. Previously we demonstrated in sheep the potency of pulmonary-delivered influenza ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine, which induces both mucosal and systemic immunity, even with low antigen doses. In the current study, lung pre-exposure to influenza antigen alone significantly reduced the immune response to subsequent pulmonary-delivered influenza ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine. A single dose of influenza antigen, delivered to the lung without exogenous adjuvant, upregulated IL-10 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and FOXP3 expression in lung tissue, suggestive of induction of a regulatory T cell (Treg) response. However, this effect was inhibited by addition of ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant. Moreover, effective pulmonary immunization with influenza ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine was associated with a depletion of Treg markers within lung tissues. Lung exposure to influenza antigen induced a localized mucosal tolerance that reduced the efficacy of subsequent influenza ISCOMATRIX™ vaccination. An important role of ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant in pulmonary vaccination appears to be the depletion of Treg in lung tissues. Pulmonary vaccination remains capable of inducing a strong immune response against mucosal pathogens, but likely requires an adjuvant to overcome mucosal tolerance. ISCOMATRIX™ appears to have considerable potential as a mucosal adjuvant for use in humans, a major unmet need in mucosal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Timothy
- a Center for Animal Biotechnology ; School of Veterinary Science ; University of Melbourne ; Melbourne , Australia
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10
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Florsheim E, Yu S, Bragatto I, Faustino L, Gomes E, Ramos RN, Barbuto JAM, Medzhitov R, Russo M. Integrated innate mechanisms involved in airway allergic inflammation to the serine protease subtilisin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4621-30. [PMID: 25876764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are recognized environmental allergens, but little is known about the mechanisms responsible for sensing enzyme activity and initiating the development of allergic inflammation. Because usage of the serine protease subtilisin in the detergent industry resulted in an outbreak of occupational asthma in workers, we sought to develop an experimental model of allergic lung inflammation to subtilisin and to determine the immunological mechanisms involved in type 2 responses. By using a mouse model of allergic airway disease, we have defined in this study that s.c. or intranasal sensitization followed by airway challenge to subtilisin induces prototypic allergic lung inflammation, characterized by airway eosinophilia, type 2 cytokine release, mucus production, high levels of serum IgE, and airway reactivity. These allergic responses were dependent on subtilisin protease activity, protease-activated receptor-2, IL-33R ST2, and MyD88 signaling. Also, subtilisin stimulated the expression of the proallergic cytokines IL-1α, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and the growth factor amphiregulin in a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Notably, acute administration of subtilisin into the airways increased lung IL-5-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells, which required protease-activated receptor-2 expression. Finally, subtilisin activity acted as a Th2 adjuvant to an unrelated airborne Ag-promoting allergic inflammation to inhaled OVA. Therefore, we established a murine model of occupational asthma to a serine protease and characterized the main molecular pathways involved in allergic sensitization to subtilisin that potentially contribute to initiate allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Florsheim
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil; Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Ivan Bragatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Faustino
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo N Ramos
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - José Alexandre M Barbuto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil;
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11
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Errea A, González Maciel D, Hiriart Y, Hozbor D, Rumbo M. Intranasal administration of TLR agonists induces a discriminated local innate response along murine respiratory tract. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:33-9. [PMID: 25637743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are relevant for mucosal immunization in order to induce long lasting protective immunity. It has been shown that targeting to different regions of the airway results in different capacity to trigger adaptive/protective immunity. Nevertheless there is scarce knowledge regarding topological responsiveness along airways to TLR agonists. We analyzed the effects of intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly I:C and flagellin on the expression of a panel of innate response markers along murine airways by laser microdissection and RTqPCR. In all cases treatment induced recruitment of inflammatory cells to airways. However, regional gene expression indicated that whereas deeper airways (mainly alveoli) respond with high expression of IL6, CXCL1 and CXCL10, the response in conductive airways (bronchi and bronchioles) is dominated by expression of CCL20. On the other hand, triggering TLR3 elicits a response dominated by CXCL10, showing higher expression at 6h compared to 2h, whereas LPS and flagellin induce a response peaking at 2h and dominated by IL6 and CXCL1. The results presented here showed difference in topological response triggered by different TLR agonist. These results make the targeting of different sites of airways a variable to evaluate when selecting the appropriate combinations of TLR and vaccinal antigens for intranasal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Errea
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dolores González Maciel
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Yanina Hiriart
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios en Inmunología y Fisiopatología (IIFP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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12
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Persistent and compartmentalised disruption of dendritic cell subpopulations in the lung following influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111520. [PMID: 25398128 PMCID: PMC4232261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract is thought to require balanced interactions between networks of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in lung microenvironments in order to regulate tolerance or immunity to inhaled antigens and pathogens. Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a serious threat of long-term disruption to this balance through its potent pro-inflammatory activities. In this study, we have used a BALB/c mouse model of A/PR8/34 H1N1 Influenza Type A Virus infection to examine the effects of IAV on respiratory tissue DC subsets during the recovery phase following clearance of the virus. In adult mice, we found differences in the kinetics and activation states of DC residing in the airway mucosa (AMDC) compared to those in the parenchymal lung (PLDC) compartments. A significant depletion in the percentage of AMDC was observed at day 4 post-infection that was associated with a change in steady-state CD11b+ and CD11b- AMDC subset frequencies and significantly elevated CD40 and CD80 expression and that returned to baseline by day 14 post-infection. In contrast, percentages and total numbers of PLDC were significantly elevated at day 14 and remained so until day 21 post-infection. Accompanying this was a change in CD11b+and CD11b- PLDC subset frequencies and significant increase in CD40 and CD80 expression at these time points. Furthermore, mice infected with IAV at 4 weeks of age showed a significant increase in total numbers of PLDC, and increased CD40 expression on both AMDC and PLDC, when analysed as adults 35 days later. These data suggest that the rate of recovery of DC populations following IAV infection differs in the mucosal and parenchymal compartments of the lung and that DC populations can remain disrupted and activated for a prolonged period following viral clearance, into adulthood if infection occurred early in life.
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13
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In vivo mechanisms involved in enhanced protection utilizing an Fc receptor-targeted mucosal vaccine platform in a bacterial vaccine and challenge model. Infect Immun 2014; 83:77-89. [PMID: 25312957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02289-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting antigens (Ag) to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) intranasally (i.n.) enhances immunogenicity and protection against intracellular and extracellular pathogens. Specifically, we have demonstrated that targeting fixed (inactivated) Francisella tularensis (iFT) organisms to FcR in mice i.n., with MAb-iFT immune complexes, enhances F. tularensis-specific immune responses and protection against F. tularensis challenge. Furthermore, traditional adjuvant is not required. In addition, we have demonstrated that the increased immunogenicity following the targeting of iFT to FcR is due, in part, to enhanced dendritic cell (DC) maturation, enhanced internalization, and processing and presentation of iFT by DCs, as well as neonatal FcR (FcRn)-enhanced trafficking of iFT from the nasal passage to the nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Using this immunization and challenge model, we expanded on these studies to identify specific in vivo immune responses impacted and enhanced by FcR targeting of iFT i.n. Specifically, the results of this study demonstrate for the first time that targeting iFT to FcR increases the frequency of activated DCs within the lungs of MAb-iFT-immunized mice subsequent to F. tularensis LVS challenge. In addition, the frequency and number of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting effector memory (EM) CD4(+) T cells elicited by F. tularensis infection (postimmunization) is increased in an interleukin 12 (IL-12)-dependent manner. In summary, these studies build significantly upon previously published work utilizing this vaccine platform. We have identified a number of additional mechanisms by which this novel, adjuvant-independent, FcR-targeted mucosal vaccine approach enhances immunity and protection against infection, while further validating its potential as a universal vaccine platform against mucosal pathogens.
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Dunkel J, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Ollert M, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Jalkanen S, Salmi M, Veres TZ. Endothelial amine oxidase AOC3 transiently contributes to adaptive immune responses in the airways. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3232-9. [PMID: 25116373 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Amine oxidase, copper containing 3 (AOC3, also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1)) is an endothelial adhesion molecule that contributes to the extravasation of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. However, the role of AOC3/VAP-1 in allergic responses remains unknown. Here, we studied eosinophil and CD4+ T-cell recruitment to the airways using AOC3/VAP-1-deficient mice. In an OVA-triggered asthma model, AOC3/VAP-1 slightly contributed to the accumulation of leukocytes in lungs in an age-dependent manner. We then established a new model to kinetically measure recruitment of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells to different airway immune compartments during the priming and effector phases of an adaptive immune response. The results showed that in the absence of AOC3/VAP-1, recruitment of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to draining bronchial lymph nodes is reduced by 89% on day 3 after tracheal allergen exposure, but this difference was not observed on day 6. The dispersal of effector cells to lung and tracheal mucosa is AOC3/VAP-1 independent. Thus, in allergic airway reactions, AOC3/VAP-1 transiently contributes to the antigen-specific, CD4+ T-cell traffic to secondary lymphatic tissues, but not to airway mucosa or lung parenchyma. Our results suggest a largely redundant function for AOC3/VAP-1 in allergic inflammatory responses of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dunkel
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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15
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Hardy CL, LeMasurier JS, Mohamud R, Yao J, Xiang SD, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE, Plebanski M. Differential Uptake of Nanoparticles and Microparticles by Pulmonary APC Subsets Induces Discrete Immunological Imprints. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5278-90. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Blank F, Stumbles PA, Seydoux E, Holt PG, Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Strickland DH, von Garnier C. Size-dependent uptake of particles by pulmonary antigen-presenting cell populations and trafficking to regional lymph nodes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:67-77. [PMID: 23492193 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0387oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is an attractive target organ for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications with nano-sized carriers, but their immune effects and interactions with key resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in different anatomical compartments remain poorly understood. Polystyrene particles ranging from 20 nm to 1,000 nm were instilled intranasally in BALB/c mice, and their interactions with APC populations in airways, lung parenchyma, and lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) were examined after 2 and 24 hours by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In the main conducting airways and lung parenchyma, DC subpopulations preferentially captured 20-nm particles, compared with 1,000-nm particles that were transported to the LDLNs by migratory CD11blow DCs and that were observed in close proximity to CD3⁺ T cells. Generally, the uptake of particles increased the expression of CD40 and CD86 in all DC populations, independent of particle size, whereas 20-nm particles induced enhanced antigen presentation to CD4⁺ T cells in LDLNs in vivo. Despite measurable uptake by DCs, the majority of particles were taken up by AMs, irrespective of size. Confocal microscopy and FACS analysis showed few particles in the main conducting airways, but a homogeneous distribution of all particle sizes was evident in the lung parenchyma, mostly confined to AMs. Particulate size as a key parameter determining uptake and trafficking therefore determines the fate of inhaled particulates, and this may have important consequences in the development of novel carriers for pulmonary diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
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Draper DW, Gowdy KM, Madenspacher JH, Wilson RH, Whitehead GS, Nakano H, Pandiri AR, Foley JF, Remaley AT, Cook DN, Fessler MB. ATP binding cassette transporter G1 deletion induces IL-17-dependent dysregulation of pulmonary adaptive immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5327-36. [PMID: 22539789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mice with genetic deletion of the cholesterol transporter ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) have pulmonary lipidosis and enhanced innate immune responses in the airway. Whether ABCG1 regulates adaptive immune responses to the environment is unknown. To this end, Abcg1(+/+) and Abcg1(-/-) mice were sensitized to OVA via the airway using low-dose LPS as an adjuvant, and then challenged with OVA aerosol. Naive Abcg1(-/-) mice displayed increased B cells, CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in lung and lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes, with lung CD11b(+) DCs displaying increased CD80 and CD86. Upon allergen sensitization and challenge, the Abcg1(-/-) airway, compared with Abcg1(+/+), displayed reduced Th2 responses (IL-4, IL-5, eosinophils), increased neutrophils and IL-17, but equivalent airway hyperresponsiveness. Reduced Th2 responses were also found using standard i.p. OVA sensitization with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Mediastinal lymph nodes from airway-sensitized Abcg1(-/-) mice produced reduced IL-5 upon ex vivo OVA challenge. Abcg1(-/-) CD4(+) T cells displayed normal ex vivo differentiation, whereas Abcg1(-/-) DCs were found paradoxically to promote Th2 polarization. Th17 cells, IL-17(+) γδT cells, and IL-17(+) neutrophils were all increased in Abcg1(-/-) lungs, suggesting Th17 and non-Th17 sources of IL-17 excess. Neutralization of IL-17 prior to challenge normalized eosinophils and reduced neutrophilia in the Abcg1(-/-) airway. We conclude that Abcg1(-/-) mice display IL-17-mediated suppression of eosinophilia and enhancement of neutrophilia in the airway following allergen sensitization and challenge. These findings identify ABCG1 as a novel integrator of cholesterol homeostasis and adaptive immune programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Draper
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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18
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Fear VS, Burchell JT, Lai SP, Wikstrom ME, Blank F, von Garnier C, Turner DJ, Sly PD, Holt PG, Strickland DS, Stumbles PA. Restricted Aeroallergen Access to Airway Mucosal Dendritic Cells In Vivo Limits Allergen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Proliferation during the Induction of Inhalation Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4561-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Blank F, Stumbles P, von Garnier C. Opportunities and challenges of the pulmonary route for vaccination. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:547-63. [PMID: 21438741 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.565326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The respiratory tract is an attractive target for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Potential advantages of drug delivery by means of the pulmonary route include accessibility, non-invasiveness, ease of administration, and the possibility to reach an elaborate mucosal network of antigen-presenting cells. AREAS COVERED This review discusses current pulmonary vaccination strategies and their advantages and disadvantages. EXPERT OPINION To improve efficiency of vaccination and develop new strategies, a well-founded knowledge about composition and characterization of antigen-presenting cell populations throughout the respiratory tract is essential. In particular, respiratory tract dendritic cells, as key antigen-presenting cells in the lung, constitute an ideal target for vaccine delivery. Furthermore, particle size is a key factor when designing new inhalable vaccines, as size determines not only deposition in different respiratory tract compartments, but also how an antigen and its carrier will interact with lung tissue components and immune cells. An increased knowledge of different respiratory tract antigen-presenting cell populations and their interactions with other components of the immune system will enable new targeting strategies to improve the efficacy of pulmonary vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Bern University, Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Murtenstrasse 50, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Blank F, Gerber P, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Sakulkhu U, Salaklang J, De Peyer K, Gehr P, Nicod LP, Hofmann H, Geiser T, Petri-Fink A, Von Garnier C. Biomedical nanoparticles modulate specific CD4+ T cell stimulation by inhibition of antigen processing in dendritic cells. Nanotoxicology 2011; 5:606-21. [PMID: 21231795 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2010.541293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how nanoparticles may affect immune responses is an essential prerequisite to developing novel clinical applications. To investigate nanoparticle-dependent outcomes on immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) were treated with model biomedical poly(vinylalcohol)-coated super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PVA-SPIONs). PVA-SPIONs uptake by human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS) and advanced imaging techniques. Viability, activation, function, and stimulatory capacity of MDDCs were assessed by FACS and an in vitro CD4+ T cell assay. PVA-SPION uptake was dose-dependent, decreased by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MDDC maturation at higher particle concentrations, and was inhibited by cytochalasin D pre-treatment. PVA-SPIONs did not alter surface marker expression (CD80, CD83, CD86, myeloid/plasmacytoid DC markers) or antigen-uptake, but decreased the capacity of MDDCs to process antigen, stimulate CD4+ T cells, and induce cytokines. The decreased antigen processing and CD4+ T cell stimulation capability of MDDCs following PVA-SPION treatment suggests that MDDCs may revert to a more functionally immature state following particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Department of Clinical Research , Division of Pulmonology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. Like aeroallergens, LPS is ubiquitous in our living environment. Epidemiology studies in young children have found that LPS exposure at home is inversely correlated with the development of atopic diseases, thus the 'hygiene hypothesis' for allergic diseases. However, positive association has also been found between indoor LPS exposure and the development of wheezing or asthma in children. In humans, experimental exposure to LPS in the airways can cause inflammatory responses and lung function changes directly or modulate responses to allergens indirectly, particularly in those with asthma. In animal studies, experimental exposure to LPS has generated some conflicting, sometimes opposite, results in host responses to allergen stimulation. In this article, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulating effects of LPS on allergen-induced responses and analyse some of the possible reasons for the inconsistent findings.
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Blank F, von Garnier C, Obregon C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gehr P, Nicod L. Role of dendritic cells in the lung: in vitro models, animal models and human studies. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 2:215-33. [PMID: 20477250 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in the human lung and are now recognized as crucial initiators of immune responses in general. They are arranged as sentinels in a dense surveillance network inside and below the epithelium of the airways and alveoli, where they are ideally situated to sample inhaled antigen. DCs are known to play a pivotal role in maintaining the balance between tolerance and active immune response in the respiratory system. It is no surprise that the lungs became a main focus of DC-related investigations as this organ provides a large interface for interactions of inhaled antigens with the human body. During recent years there has been a constantly growing body of lung DC-related publications that draw their data from in vitro models, animal models and human studies. This review focuses on the biology and functions of different DC populations in the lung and highlights the advantages and drawbacks of different models with which to study the role of lung DCs. Furthermore, we present a number of up-to-date visualization techniques to characterize DC-related cell interactions in vitro and/or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Blank
- Institute of Anatomy, Division of Histology, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 2, CH-3000 Berne 9, Switzerland.
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23
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McGlade JP, Strickland DH, Lambert MJM, Gorman S, Thomas JA, Judge MA, Burchell JT, Zosky GR, Hart PH. UV inhibits allergic airways disease in mice by reducing effector CD4 T cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:772-85. [PMID: 20214669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human asthma, and experimental allergic airways disease in mice, antigen-presenting cells and CD4(+) effector cells at the airway mucosa orchestrate, and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells attenuate, allergen immunity. UV irradiation of skin before sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) causes significantly reduced asthma-like responses in respiratory tissues. OBJECTIVE To determine whether UV-induced changes in CD11c(+) cells, CD4(+)CD25(+) effector cells or CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells in the trachea and airway draining lymph nodes (ADLNs) were responsible for reduced allergic airways disease. METHODS The phenotype and function of CD11c(+) cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the trachea and ADLNs of UV- and non-irradiated, OVA-sensitized mice was examined 24 h after a single exposure to aerosolized OVA. RESULTS No changes in the function of CD11c(+) cells from UV-irradiated mice were observed. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from UV-irradiated, OVA-sensitized mice harvested 24 h after OVA aerosol proliferated less in response to OVA in vitro and were unable to suppress the proliferation of OVA-sensitized responder cells. This result suggested reduced activation of effector T cells in the airway mucosa of UV-irradiated, OVA-sensitized mice. To exclude regulatory cells of any type, there was similar proliferation in vivo to aerosolized OVA by CFSE-loaded, OVA-TCR-specific CD4(+) cells adoptively transferred into UV- and non-irradiated, OVA-sensitized mice. In addition, there was no difference in the expression of regulatory T cell markers (Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-beta mRNA). To examine effector T cells, ADLN cells from UV-irradiated, OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice were cultured with OVA. There was reduced expression of the early activation marker CD69 by CD4(+)CD25(+) cells, and reduced proliferation in the absence of the regulatory cytokine, IL-10. CONCLUSION Reduced allergic airways disease in UV-irradiated mice is due to fewer effector CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the trachea and ADLNs, and not due to UV-induced regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McGlade
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Wikstrom ME, Batanero E, Judd SR, Wiqvist K, Holt PG, Stumbles PA. Lung homing T-cell generation is dependent on strength and timing of antigen delivery to lymph nodes. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:658-66. [PMID: 20195280 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled allergens are known for their immediate and ongoing effects in the respiratory tract (RT). In this report, we track inhaled antigen in normal mice for 7 days and find that while it is cleared from the airways, inhaled antigen persists in peripheral lung tissue and the draining lymph nodes (DLNs). The persistence of antigen led to ongoing presentation in the lymph nodes, but not the lungs, that decreased with time in direct proportion with the frequency of antigen-bearing RT dendritic cells (DCs). There was evidence of functional changes among the antigen-bearing DCs in the lymph nodes, as the expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 were modulated over the course of 7 days. At the same time, there was a decrease in both CD4(+) T-cell proliferation in lymph nodes and the generation of recirculating CD4(+) T cells. However, early presentation of lower doses of inhaled antigen also resulted in a decrease in CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and recirculation. Thus, T-cell recirculation depends on the strength of stimulus in the DLNs and is produced by a combination of the dose of antigen delivered to the RT, DC migration and co-stimulatory molecule expression. These results provide an important insight into the fate of inhaled antigen in vivo and the influence of persistent antigen presentation on T-cell activation in the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wikstrom
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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De Koker S, De Geest BG, Singh SK, De Rycke R, Naessens T, Van Kooyk Y, Demeester J, De Smedt SC, Grooten J. Polyelectrolyte microcapsules as antigen delivery vehicles to dendritic cells: uptake, processing, and cross-presentation of encapsulated antigens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:8485-9. [PMID: 19810070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan De Koker
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Rao NL, Riley JP, Banie H, Xue X, Sun B, Crawford S, Lundeen KA, Yu F, Karlsson L, Fourie AM, Dunford PJ. Leukotriene A(4) hydrolase inhibition attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:899-907. [PMID: 20110560 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Allergic asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, lung inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Previous studies using leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) receptor 1-deficient mice and adoptive transfer experiments have suggested that LTB(4) plays a role in lung inflammation and AHR. OBJECTIVES In this study, we used a leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) inhibitor as a pharmacological tool to directly examine the role of LTB(4) in a mast cell-dependent murine model of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS We used the forced oscillation technique to test the effects of an LTA(4)H inhibitor dosed during the challenge phase on AHR. Lung tissue and lavage were collected for analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Treatment with an LTA(4)H inhibitor improved multiple parameters encompassing AHR and lung function. Significant decreases in inflammatory leukocytes, cytokines, and mucin were observed in the lung lumen. Serum levels of antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 were also decreased. Labeled antigen uptake by lung dendritic cells and subsequent trafficking to draining lymph nodes and the lung were decreased on LTA(4)H inhibitor treatment. Provocatively, inhibition of LTA(4)H increased lipoxin A(4) levels in lung lavage fluid. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that LTB(4) plays a key role in driving lung inflammation and AHR. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that inhibition of LTA(4)H, affects recruitment of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as trafficking of dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes, and may beneficially modulate other pro- and antiinflammatory eicosanoids in the lung. Inhibition of LTA(4)H is thus a potential therapeutic strategy that could modulate key aspects of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin L Rao
- Immunology, Johnson & Johnson PRD, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Prophylactic administration of bacterially derived immunomodulators improves the outcome of influenza virus infection in a murine model. J Virol 2010; 84:2983-95. [PMID: 20053748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01805-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic or therapeutic immunomodulation is an antigen-independent strategy that induces nonspecific immune system activation, thereby enhancing host defense to disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of prophylactic immunomodulation on the outcome of influenza virus infection using three bacterially derived immune-enhancing agents known for promoting distinct immunological profiles. BALB/c mice were treated nasally with either cholera toxin (CT), a mutant form of the CT-related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin designated LT(R192G), or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus 24 h after the last immunomodulation treatment and either monitored for survival or sacrificed postchallenge for viral and immunological analysis. Treatment with the three immunomodulators prevented or delayed mortality and weight loss, but only CT and LT(R192G) significantly reduced initial lung viral loads as measured by plaque assay. Analysis performed 4 days postinfection indicated that prophylactic treatments with CT, LT(R192G), or CpG resulted in significantly increased numbers of CD4 T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells and altered costimulatory marker expression in the airways of infected mice, coinciding with reduced expression of pulmonary chemokines and the appearance of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue-like structures in the lungs. Collectively, these results suggest that, despite different immunomodulatory mechanisms, CT, LT(R192G), and CpG induce an initial inflammatory process and enhance the immune response to primary influenza virus challenge while preventing potentially damaging chemokine expression. These studies provide insight into the immunological parameters and immune modulation strategies that have the potential to enhance the nonspecific host response to influenza virus infection.
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Stumbles PA, Strickland DH, Wikstrom ME, Thomas JA, von Garnier C, Holt PG. Identification and isolation of rodent respiratory tract dendritic cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 595:249-263. [PMID: 19941118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-421-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the preparation of respiratory tract tissue from both mice and rats for the isolation of respiratory tract dendritic cells (RTDC). The methods describe in detail the preparation of cells from the respiratory tract tissue of the main conducting airways (representing mucosal populations) and peripheral lung (representing predominantly interstitial populations) in both rodent species. Our research in this area has found that these anatomical sites differ in their composition of antigen-presenting cell (APC) types including RTDC, and that phenotypic and functional differences exist in RTDC isolated from these sites. We predominantly use a flow cytometry-based approach to identify and sort RTDC as this is the most accurate way of isolating RTDC subsets in an environment where many typical dendritic cell surface markers are shared by other APC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Stumbles
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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Breslow RG, Rao JJ, Xing W, Hong DI, Barrett NA, Katz HR. Inhibition of Th2 adaptive immune responses and pulmonary inflammation by leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 on dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1003-13. [PMID: 19966208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously established that the inhibitory receptor LILRB4 mitigates LPS-induced, neutrophil-dependent pathologic effector mechanisms in inflammation. We now report that LILRB4 on dendritic cells (DCs) counterregulates development of an adaptive Th2 immune response and ensuing inflammation in a model of allergic pulmonary inflammation, initiated by inhalation sensitization with OVA and LPS followed by airway challenge with OVA. We found that Lilrb4(-/-) mice had significantly exacerbated eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, as assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue, as well as elevated levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2 cytokines produced by OVA-restimulated lymph node cells. LILRB4 was preferentially expressed on MHC class II(high)CD86(high) OVA-bearing DCs in lung-draining lymph nodes after sensitization or challenge. Moreover, the lymph nodes of Lilrb4(-/-) mice had significantly more of these mature DCs after challenge with OVA, which was accompanied by significantly more IL-4-producing lymphocytes, compared with Lilrb4(+/+) mice. Sensitization of naive Lilrb4(+/+) mice by transfer of OVA-LPS-pulsed Lilrb4(-/-) bone marrow-derived DCs was sufficient to confer exacerbated allergic lung pathology upon challenge with OVA, compared with mice that received Lilrb4(+/+) bone marrow-derived DCs. Our findings establish that maturation and migration of pulmonary DCs to lymph nodes in response to Ag and an innate immune stimulus is associated with upregulated expression of LILRB4. In addition, this receptor attenuates the number of these mature DCs and attendant IL-4-producing lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, and accordingly, the ability of DCs to elicit pathologic Th2 pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Breslow
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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De Koker S, De Geest B, Singh S, De Rycke R, Naessens T, Van Kooyk Y, Demeester J, De Smedt S, Grooten J. Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules as Antigen Delivery Vehicles To Dendritic Cells: Uptake, Processing, and Cross-Presentation of Encapsulated Antigens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Fahlén-Yrlid L, Gustafsson T, Westlund J, Holmberg A, Strömbeck A, Blomquist M, MacPherson GG, Holmgren J, Yrlid U. CD11c(high )dendritic cells are essential for activation of CD4+ T cells and generation of specific antibodies following mucosal immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5032-41. [PMID: 19786541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To generate vaccines that protect mucosal surfaces, a better understanding of the cells required in vivo for activation of the adaptive immune response following mucosal immunization is required. CD11c(high) conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) have been shown to be necessary for activation of naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo, but the role of cDCs in CD4(+) T cell activation is still unclear, especially at mucosal surfaces. The activation of naive Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells and the generation of Abs following mucosal administration of Ag with or without the potent mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin were therefore analyzed in mice depleted of CD11c(high) cDCs. Our results show that cDCs are absolutely required for activation of CD4(+) T cells after oral and nasal immunization. Ag-specific IgG titers in serum, as well as Ag-specific intestinal IgA, were completely abrogated after feeding mice OVA and cholera toxin. However, giving a very high dose of Ag, 30-fold more than required to detect T cell proliferation, to cDC-ablated mice resulted in proliferation of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells. This proliferation was not inhibited by additional depletion of plasmacytoid DCs or in cDC-depleted mice whose B cells were MHC-II deficient. This study therefore demonstrates that cDCs are required for successful mucosal immunization, unless a very high dose of Ag is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Fahlén-Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden.
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32
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The role of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells in the regulation of allergic asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:1-10. [PMID: 19686776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is one of the major clinical features of allergic airways disease including allergic asthma, however the immunological mechanisms leading to the induction and regulation of this disorder are not fully understood. In this review we will summarise the evidence of a number of studies, principally in murine models of AHR, suggesting a central role for respiratory tract dendritic cells (RTDC) in the induction of AHR through the generation of lung-homing, allergen-specific effector T cells. We will also summarise the evidence supporting a role for regulatory T cells in the attenuation of AHR and will propose that, as a counterpoint to their capacity to induce AHR, RTDC may also play a role in the attenuation of AHR through the generation of regulatory T cells (T(reg)). A better understanding of the relationship between the physiological and immunological responses to allergen-induced AHR attenuation, and particularly the role of RTDC and T(reg) in this process, will be essential for the development of new treatments and therapies.
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McGill J, Heusel JW, Legge KL. Innate immune control and regulation of influenza virus infections. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:803-12. [PMID: 19643736 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0509368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are critical for the control and clearance of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, in recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that innate immune cells, including natural killer cells, alveolar macrophages (aMphi), and dendritic cells (DC) are essential following IAV infection in the direct control of viral replication or in the induction and regulation of virus-specific adaptive immune responses. This review will discuss the role of these innate immune cells following IAV infection, with a particular focus on DC and their ability to induce and regulate the adaptive IAV-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi McGill
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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34
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Zosky GR, Larcombe AN, White OJ, Burchell JT, von Garnier C, Holt PG, Turner DJ, Wikstrom ME, Sly PD, Stumbles PA. Airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with activated CD4+ T cells in the airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L373-9. [PMID: 19482896 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00053.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that atopic asthma depends on an allergic response in the airway, yet the immune mechanisms that underlie the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are poorly understood. Mouse models of asthma have been developed to study the pathobiology of this disease, but there is considerable strain variation in the induction of allergic disease and AHR. The aim of this study was to compare the development of AHR in BALB/c, 129/Sv, and C57BL/6 mice after sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). AHR to methacholine was measured using a modification of the forced oscillation technique in anesthetized, tracheostomized mice to distinguish between airway and parenchymal responses. Whereas all strains showed signs of allergic sensitization, BALB/c was the only strain to develop AHR, which was associated with the highest number of activated (CD69(+)) CD4(+) T cells in the airway wall and the highest levels of circulating OVA-specific IgG(1). AHR did not correlate with total or antigen-specific IgE. We assessed the relative contribution of CD4(+) T cells and specific IgG(1) to the development of AHR in BALB/c mice using adoptive transfer of OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells from DO11.10 mice. AHR developed in these mice in a progressive fashion following multiple OVA challenges. There was no evidence that antigen-specific antibody had a synergistic effect in this model, and we concluded that the number of antigen-specific T cells activated and recruited to the airway wall was crucial for development of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme R Zosky
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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35
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Pettini E, Ciabattini A, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Adoptive transfer of transgenic T cells to study mucosal adjuvants. Methods 2009; 49:340-5. [PMID: 19409994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the initiation and regulation of T-cell responses to vaccine antigens is of primary importance in the rational design of mucosal adjuvants. The detection in vivo of T-cell priming following immunization can be performed by using the adoptive transfer model of naïve antigen-specific transgenic T cells into immunocompetent mice. In this work, we discuss the applications of this system for detecting in vivo the primary antigen-specific clonal expansion, the phenotype, and the effector function of transgenic T cells following mucosal immunization. OVA and the mucosal adjuvant CTB were used as a model vaccine formulation and administered by the nasal route to study T-cell priming. T helper and T cytotoxic primary proliferation and expression of activation and migration markers was observed both in draining and distal sites. This method proved to be a powerful tool to study the efficacy of mucosal adjuvants in enhancing T-cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Hutchison S, Choo-Kang BSW, Gibson VB, Bundick RV, Leishman AJ, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. An investigation of the impact of the location and timing of antigen-specific T cell division on airways inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:107-16. [PMID: 19076834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that allergic asthma is orchestrated by T helper type 2 lymphocytes specific for inhaled allergen. However, it remains unclear where and when T cell activation and division occurs after allergen challenge, and whether these factors have a significant impact on airways inflammation. We therefore employed a CD4-T cell receptor transgenic adoptive transfer model in conjunction with laser scanning cytometry to characterize the location and timing of T cell division in asthma in vivo. Thus, for the first time we have directly assessed the division of antigen-specific T cells in situ. We found that accumulation of divided antigen-specific T cells in the lungs appeared to occur in two waves. The first very early wave was apparent before dividing T cells could be detected in the lymph node (LN) and coincided with neutrophil influx. The second wave of divided T cells accumulating in lung followed the appearance of these cells in LN and coincided with peak eosinophilia. Furthermore, accumulation of antigen-specific T cells in the draining LN and lung tissue, together with accompanying pathology, was reduced by intervention with the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 2 days after challenge. These findings provide greater insight into the timing and location of antigen-specific T cell division in airways inflammation, indicate that distinct phases and locations of antigen presentation may be associated with different aspects of pathology and that therapeutics targeted against leukocyte migration may be useful in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutchison
- Centre for Biophotonics, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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37
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Burchell JT, Wikstrom ME, Stumbles PA, Sly PD, Turner DJ. Attenuation of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is mediated by airway regulatory T cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L307-19. [PMID: 19028981 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00521.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in respiratory tolerance to inhaled allergens could potentially result in improved therapies for asthma and allergic diseases. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a major feature of allergic asthma, thus the aim of the current study was to investigate mechanisms underlying suppression of allergen-induced AHR during chronic allergen exposure. Adult BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) in adjuvant and then challenged with a single 3 or 6 wk of OVA aerosols. Airway and parenchymal responses to inhaled methacholine (MCh), inflammatory cell counts, cytokines, OVA-specific IgE and IgG(1), parenchymal histology, and numbers of airway CD4(+)69(+) activated and CD4(+)25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells were assessed 24 h after the final aerosol. Single OVA challenge resulted in AHR, eosinophilia, increased serum OVA-specific IgE, and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) but no difference in numbers of Treg compared with control mice. Three weeks of OVA challenges resulted in suppression of AHR and greater numbers of airway Treg cells and increased transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGFbeta(1)) compared with control mice despite the presence of increased eosinophilia, OVA-specific IgE and IgG(1), and airway remodeling. Six weeks of OVA challenges restored AHR, whereas airway Treg numbers, TGFbeta(1), BAL eosinophilia, and Th2 cytokines returned to control levels. Partial in vivo depletion or adoptive transfer of Treg cells restored or inhibited AHR, respectively, but did not affect TGFbeta(1) or Th2 cytokine production. In conclusion, AHR suppression is mediated by airway Treg cells and potentially via a paracrine induction of TGFbeta(1) in the airways.
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Hardenberg G, Fernandez L, Hendriks J, Chebli K, Jacquet C, Sitbon M, Hahne M, Medema JP. APRIL facilitates viral-induced erythroleukemia but is dispensable for T cell immunity and lymphomagenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:380-8. [PMID: 18483203 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF family member, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), has been suggested to act as a costimulatory molecule in T cell responses. However, studies addressing this role in vivo are largely lacking. Here, we evaluated the effects of APRIL on physiological T cell responses in vivo. Although receptors for APRIL are expressed on a subset of T cells, neither TCR transgenic (Tg) T cell responses nor endogenous TCR responses were affected by Tg APRIL expression in vivo. Moreover, APRIL did not significantly enhance the induction of T cell lymphomas upon Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) infection. This clearly contrasts current belief and indicates that APRIL does not serve a major role in T cell immunity or lymphomagenesis. However, we did observe a strong increase in erythroleukemia formation after MLV inoculation of APRIL Tg mice. Strikingly, this erythroleukemia-facilitating property of APRIL was confirmed using the erythroleukemogenic Friend-MLV. Erythroleukemia in APRIL Tg mice was characterized by low hematocrits and grossly enlarged spleens with an increased percentage of erythroid precursors. Altogether, these results unveil new proerythroleukemogenic properties of APRIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Hardenberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Blázquez AB, Berin MC. Gastrointestinal Dendritic Cells Promote Th2 Skewing via OX40L. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4441-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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von Garnier C, Wikstrom ME, Zosky G, Turner DJ, Sly PD, Smith M, Thomas JA, Judd SR, Strickland DH, Holt PG, Stumbles PA. Allergic airways disease develops after an increase in allergen capture and processing in the airway mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5748-59. [PMID: 17947647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway mucosal dendritic cells (AMDC) and other airway APCs continuously sample inhaled Ags and regulate the nature of any resulting T cell-mediated immune response. Although immunity develops to harmful pathogens, tolerance arises to nonpathogenic Ags in healthy individuals. This homeostasis is thought to be disrupted in allergic respiratory disorders such as allergic asthma, such that a potentially damaging Th2-biased, CD4(+) T cell-mediated inflammatory response develops against intrinsically nonpathogenic allergens. Using a mouse model of experimental allergic airways disease (EAAD), we have investigated the functional changes occurring in AMDC and other airway APC populations during disease onset. Onset of EAAD was characterized by early and transient activation of airway CD4(+) T cells coinciding with up-regulation of CD40 expression exclusively on CD11b(-) AMDC. Concurrent enhanced allergen uptake and processing occurred within all airway APC populations, including B cells, macrophages, and both CD11b(+) and CD11b(-) AMDC subsets. Immune serum transfer into naive animals recapitulated the enhanced allergen uptake observed in airway APC populations and mediated activation of naive allergen-specific, airway CD4(+) T cells following inhaled allergen challenge. These data suggest that the onset of EAAD is initiated by enhanced allergen capture and processing by a number of airway APC populations and that allergen-specific Igs play a role in the conversion of normally quiescent AMDC subsets into those capable of inducing airway CD4(+) T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe von Garnier
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, School of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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41
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. Residing within the airway mucosa, pulmonary DC continually sample the antigenic content of inhaled air and migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they present these antigens to naive T cells. The migratory patterns of pulmonary DC are highly dependent upon inflammatory conditions in the lung. Under steady-state, or non-inflammatory, conditions, pulmonary DC undergo slow but constitutive migration to draining lymph nodes, where they remain for several days and confer antigen-specific tolerance. With the onset of pulmonary inflammation, airway DC trafficking increases dramatically, and these cells rapidly accumulate within draining lymph nodes. However, within a few days, the number of airway-derived DC in lymph nodes stabilizes or declines, even in the face of ongoing pulmonary inflammation. Here, we summarize current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying pulmonary DC trafficking to the lymph node and the recruitment of DC precurors to the lung. It is hoped that an improved understanding of these mechanisms will lead to novel DC-mediated therapeutic strategies to treat immune-related pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Cook
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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42
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Anis MM, Fulton SA, Reba SM, Harding CV, Boom WH. Modulation of naive CD4+ T-cell responses to an airway antigen during pulmonary mycobacterial infection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2260-8. [PMID: 17296758 PMCID: PMC1865791 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01709-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During pulmonary mycobacterial infection, there is increased trafficking of dendritic cells from the lungs to the draining lymph nodes. We hypothesized that ongoing mycobacterial infection would modulate recruitment and activation of antigen-specific naive CD4+ T cells after airway antigen challenge. BALB/c mice were infected by aerosol with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. At peak bacterial burden in the lungs (4 to 6 weeks postinfection), carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled naive ovalbumin-specific DO11.10 T cells were adoptively transferred into infected and uninfected mice. Recipient mice were challenged intranasally with soluble ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA-specific T-cell responses were measured in the lungs, draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), and spleens. OVA challenge resulted in increased activation and proliferation of OVA-specific T cells in the draining MLN of both infected and uninfected mice. However, only BCG-infected mice had prominent OVA-specific T-cell activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation in the lungs. BCG infection caused greater distribution of airway OVA to pulmonary dendritic cells and enhanced presentation of OVA peptide by lung CD11c+ cells. Together, these data suggest that an existing pulmonary mycobacterial infection alters the phenotype of lung dendritic cells so that they can activate antigen-specific naive CD4+ T cells in the lungs in response to airway antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mursalin M Anis
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4984, USA
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43
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Wikstrom ME, Stumbles PA. Mouse respiratory tract dendritic cell subsets and the immunological fate of inhaled antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:182-8. [PMID: 17262055 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that tissue dendritic cells (DC) function as immune sentinels by alerting T cells to foreign antigen after delivering and presenting it in the draining lymph nodes. Over the last two decades, studies in animal models, particularly rodents, have demonstrated that respiratory tract DC are crucial for the adaptive immune response to inhaled antigen. Indeed, the fate of inhaled antigen is inextricably linked to the function of respiratory tract DC. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of respiratory tract DC from mice and recent data that may help to explain their role in the fate of inhaled antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Wikstrom
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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44
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in regulating the immune response by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are constantly migrating from the blood to the lungs and from the lungs to the draining lymph nodes. How DCs populate the lung in the absence of inflammation and how they are recruited there during inflammation remain unclear. Since DCs play a central role in immune responses, both under steady-state and inflammatory conditions, detailed characterization of their migratory behavior may be essential for the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamida Hammad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein, 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Lambrecht BN, Kleinjan A. Mouse models of asthma and rhinitis to study the role of dendritic cells in sensitization and development of inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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