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Mi J, Wu X, Liang J. The advances in adjuvant therapy for tuberculosis with immunoregulatory compounds. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1380848. [PMID: 38966394 PMCID: PMC11222340 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1380848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease, as well as a complex immune disease. The occurrence, development, and prognosis of TB are not only related to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but also related to the patient's own immune state. The research and development of immunotherapy drugs can effectively regulate the body's anti-TB immune responses, inhibit or eliminate Mtb, alleviate pathological damage, and facilitate rehabilitation. This paper reviews the research progress of immunotherapeutic compounds for TB, including immunoregulatory compounds and repurposing drugs, and points out the existing problems and future research directions, which lays the foundation for studying new agents for host-directed therapies of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqin Liang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mi J, Liang Y, Liang J, Gong W, Wang S, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu X. The Research Progress in Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763591. [PMID: 34869066 PMCID: PMC8634162 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide. The combination of various anti-TB drugs is mainly used to treat TB in clinical practice. Despite the availability of effective antibiotics, effective treatment regimens still require long-term use of multiple drugs, leading to toxicity, low patient compliance, and the development of drug resistance. It has been confirmed that immune recognition, immune response, and immune regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) determine the occurrence, development, and outcome of diseases after Mtb infection. The research and development of TB-specific immunotherapy agents can effectively regulate the anti-TB immune response and provide a new approach toward the combined treatment of TB, thereby preventing and intervening in populations at high risk of TB infection. These immunotherapy agents will promote satisfactory progress in anti-TB treatment, achieving the goal of "ultra-short course chemotherapy." This review highlights the research progress in immunotherapy of TB, including immunoreactive substances, tuberculosis therapeutic vaccines, chemical agents, and cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dubey N, Khan MZ, Kumar S, Sharma A, Das L, Bhaduri A, Singh Y, Nandicoori VK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPiA interacts with host integrin receptor to exacerbate disease progression. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1383-1393. [PMID: 33580239 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) secretory gene mutants exemplifies their role as virulence factors. Mtb peptidyl prolyl isomerase A (PPiA) assists in protein folding through cis/trans isomerization of prolyl bonds. Here, we show that PPiA abets Mtb survival and aids in the disease progression by exploiting host-associated factors. While the deletion of PPiA has no discernable effect on the bacillary survival in a murine infection model, it compromises the formation of granuloma-like lesions and promotes host cell death through ferroptosis. Overexpression of PPiA enhances the bacillary load and exacerbates pathology in mice lungs. Importantly, PPiA interacts with the integrin α5β1 receptor through a conserved surface-exposed RGD motif. The secretion of PPiA as well as interaction with integrin contributes to the disease progression by upregulating multiple host matrix metalloproteinases. Collectively, we identified a novel non-chaperone role of PPiA that is critical in facilitating host-pathogen interaction ensuing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dubey
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Department of Molecular Microbiology, WUSTL, St. Louis, USA
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Texas, USA
| | - Lahari Das
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Texas, USA
| | - Asani Bhaduri
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India.,Current Cluster Innovation Center, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Mall Road, Delhi, India
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Seiler BT, Cartwright M, Dinis ALM, Duffy S, Lombardo P, Cartwright D, Super EH, Lanzaro J, Dugas K, Super M, Ingber DE. Broad-spectrum capture of clinical pathogens using engineered Fc-mannose-binding lectin enhanced by antibiotic treatment. F1000Res 2019; 8:108. [PMID: 31275563 PMCID: PMC6544136 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17447.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fc-mannose-binding lectin (FcMBL), an engineered version of the blood opsonin MBL that contains the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and flexible neck regions of MBL fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1, has been shown to bind various microbes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). FcMBL has also been used to create an enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assay (ELLecSA) for use as a rapid (<1 h) diagnostic of bloodstream infections. Methods: Here we extended this work by using the ELLecSA to test FcMBL's ability to bind to more than 190 different isolates from over 95 different pathogen species. Results: FcMBL bound to 85% of the isolates and 97 of the 112 (87%) different pathogen species tested, including bacteria, fungi, viral antigens and parasites. FcMBL also bound to PAMPs including, lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM 6) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusions: The efficiency of pathogen detection and variation between binding of different strains of the same species could be improved by treating the bacteria with antibiotics, or mechanical disruption using a bead mill, prior to FcMBL capture to reveal previously concealed binding sites within the bacterial cell wall. As FcMBL can bind to pathogens and PAMPs in urine as well as blood, its broad-binding capability could be leveraged to develop a variety of clinically relevant technologies, including infectious disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Seiler
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Mark Cartwright
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Alexandre L. M. Dinis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Shannon Duffy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Lombardo
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - David Cartwright
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Elana H. Super
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline Lanzaro
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Kristen Dugas
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Super
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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Comparing the Differential Diagnostic Values of 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT between Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer Patients. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:8194678. [PMID: 29670497 PMCID: PMC5836463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8194678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare the differential diagnostic values of 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT between tuberculosis and lung cancer patients and in patients with sarcoidosis and common inflammation. Methods Nine inflammation patients (4 tuberculosis, 3 sarcoidosis, and 2 common inflammation) and 11 lung cancer patients were included in this study. All patients underwent 18F-FDG and 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT within 2 weeks, followed by biopsy and surgery. The maximized standard uptake value (SUVmax) and the mean standard uptake value (SUVmean) were evaluated. Results The active tuberculosis lesions showed a high accumulation of 18F-FDG, but varying degrees of accumulation of 18F-Alfatide II, including negative results. The SUVmax of 18F-Alfatide II in malignant lesions was significantly higher than that in tuberculosis (4.08 ± 1.51 versus 2.63 ± 1.34, P = 0.0078). Three patients with sarcoidosis showed negative results in 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT. Conclusions The expression of αVβ3 is much lower in tuberculosis as compared to that in lung cancer, and accumulation of 18F-Alfatide II varied even in lesions of the same patient. The negative results of sarcoidosis patients led to the speculation that αVβ3 was not expressed in those lesions.
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Karim AF, Sande OJ, Tomechko SE, Ding X, Li M, Maxwell S, Ewing RM, Harding CV, Rojas RE, Chance MR, Boom WH. Proteomics and Network Analyses Reveal Inhibition of Akt-mTOR Signaling in CD4 + T Cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan. Proteomics 2017; 17:1700233. [PMID: 28994205 PMCID: PMC5725663 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cell wall glycolipid mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) inhibits CD4+ T-cell activation by inhibiting proximal T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling when activated by anti-CD3. To understand the impact of ManLAM on CD4+ T-cell function when both the TCR-CD3 complex and major costimulator CD28 are engaged, we performed label-free quantitative MS and network analysis. Mixed-effect model analysis of peptide intensity identified 149 unique peptides representing 131 proteins that were differentially regulated by ManLAM in anti-CD3- and anti-CD28-activated CD4+ T cells. Crosstalker, a novel network analysis tool identified dysregulated translation, TCA cycle, and RNA metabolism network modules. PCNA, Akt, mTOR, and UBC were found to be bridge node proteins connecting these modules of dysregulated proteins. Altered PCNA expression and cell cycle analysis showed arrest at the G2M phase. Western blot confirmed that ManLAM inhibited Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, and decreased expression of deubiquitinating enzymes Usp9x and Otub1. Decreased NF-κB phosphorylation suggested interference with CD28 signaling through inhibition of the Usp9x-Akt-mTOR pathway. Thus, ManLAM induced global changes in the CD4+ T-cell proteome by affecting Akt-mTOR signaling, resulting in broad functional impairment of CD4+ T-cell activation beyond inhibition of proximal TCR-CD3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad F. Karim
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology & MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Obondo J. Sande
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Sara E. Tomechko
- Center for Proteomics & BioinformaticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Xuedong Ding
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Ming Li
- Center for Proteomics & BioinformaticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Sean Maxwell
- Center for Proteomics & BioinformaticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Rob M. Ewing
- Centre for Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Clifford V. Harding
- Department of Molecular Biology & MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Roxana E. Rojas
- Department of Molecular Biology & MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Mark R. Chance
- Center for Proteomics & BioinformaticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology & MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
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9
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Zhang H. Upregulation of PIM2 by Underexpression of MicroRNA-135-5p Improves Survival Rates of Skin Allografts by Suppressing Apoptosis of Fibroblast Cells. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:107-113. [PMID: 28064305 PMCID: PMC5240881 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that miR-135-5p is involved with many diseases. In this study, we aimed at define the relationship between miR-135-5p level and burn patient survival after skin transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of miR-135-5p and PIM2 was measured using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis in the skin samples collected from burn patients who received skin graft or in the fibroblast cells transfected with miR-135-5p mimics or inhibitors. The regulatory association between miR-135-5p and PIM2 was verified using bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay. RESULTS The expression level of miR-135-5p was determined in 60 tissue samples divided into 2 groups based on the presence of rejection (long survival n=30, and short survival n=30). We found that miR-135-5p was substantially downregulated in the long survival group. We then searched the miRNA database online with the "seed sequence" located within the 3'-UTR of the target gene, and then validated PIM2 to be the direct gene via luciferase reporter assay system. We also established the negative regulatory relationship between miR-135-5p and PIM2 via studying the relative luciferase activity. We also conducted real-time PCR and Western blot analysis to study the mRNA and protein expression level of PIM2 among different groups (long survival n=30, short survival n=30) or cells treated with scramble control, miR-135-5p mimics, PIM2 siRNA, and miR-135-5p inhibitors, indicating the negative regulatory relationship between MiR-135-5p and PIM2. We also conducted experiments to investigate the influence of miR-135-5p and PIM2 on viability and apoptosis of cells. The results showed miR-135-5p reduced the viability of cells, while PIM2 negatively interfered with the viability of cells, and miR-135-5p inhibited apoptosis and PIM2 suppressed apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS MiR-135-5p is involved with the prognosis of burn patients after skin transplantation. PIM2 is a virtual target of miR-135-5p, and there is a negative regulatory relationship between miR-135-5p and PIM2. MiR-135-5p and PIM2 interfered with the viability and apoptosis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtu Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Jining Number 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
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10
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Wang C, Liu CM, Wei LL, Shi LY, Pan ZF, Mao LG, Wan XC, Ping ZP, Jiang TT, Chen ZL, Li ZJ, Li JC. A Group of Novel Serum Diagnostic Biomarkers for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis by iTRAQ-2D LC-MS/MS and Solexa Sequencing. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:246-56. [PMID: 26884721 PMCID: PMC4737680 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug-resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) presented a major challenge for TB treatment today. We performed iTRAQ labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS) and Solexa sequencing among MDR-TB patients, drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB) patients, and healthy controls. A total of 50 differentially expressed proteins and 43 differentially expressed miRNAs (fold change >1.50 or <0.60, P<0.05) were identified in the MDR-TB patients compared to both DS-TB patients and healthy controls. We found that 22.00% of differentially expressed proteins and 32.56% of differentially expressed miRNAs were related, and could construct a network mainly in complement and coagulation cascades. Significant differences in CD44 antigen (CD44), coagulation factor XI (F11), kininogen-1 (KNG1), miR-4433b-5p, miR-424-5p, and miR-199b-5p were found among MDR-TB patients, DS-TB patients and healthy controls (P<0.05) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SYBR green qRT-PCR validation. A strong negative correlation, consistent with the target gene prediction, was found between miR-199b-5p and KNG1 (r=-0.232, P=0.017). Moreover, we established the MDR-TB diagnostic model based on five biomarkers (CD44, KNG1, miR-4433b-5p, miR-424-5p, and miR-199b-5p). Our study proposes potential biomarkers for MDR-TB diagnosis, and also provides a new experimental basis to understand the pathogenesis of MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Ming Liu
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Li-Liang Wei
- 2. Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing 312000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ying Shi
- 3. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fen Pan
- 4. Department of Tuberculosis, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Gen Mao
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wan
- 3. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Peng Ping
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Jiang
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Chen
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Cheng Li
- 1. Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
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Patil PS, Cheng TJR, Zulueta MML, Yang ST, Lico LS, Hung SC. Total synthesis of tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside and evaluation of its immunomodulatory activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7239. [PMID: 26037164 PMCID: PMC4468851 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, aggravated by drug-resistant strains and HIV co-infection of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a global problem that affects millions of people. With essential immunoregulatory roles, phosphatidylinositol mannosides are among the cell-envelope components critical to the pathogenesis and survival of M. tuberculosis inside its host. Here we report the first synthesis of the highly complex tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6), having stearic and tuberculostearic acids as lipid components. Our effort makes use of stereoelectronic and steric effects to control the regioselective and stereoselective outcomes and minimize the synthetic steps, particularly in the key desymmetrization and functionalization of myo-inositol. A short synthesis of tuberculostearic acid in six steps from the Roche ester is also described. Mice exposed to the synthesized Ac2PIM6 exhibit increased production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ, and the corresponding adjuvant effect is shown by the induction of ovalbumin- and tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies. Phosphatidylinositol mannosides are cell envelope components vital for the survival of M. tuberculosis. Here, the authors report an elegant and convergent total synthesis of the complex glycolipid tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6) and study the immunological effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap S Patil
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Rachel Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Larry S Lico
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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12
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Hemmati M, Seghatoleslam A, Rasti M, Ebadat S, Naghibalhossaini F, Mostafavi-Pour Z. Additive effect of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 protein and ESAT-6/CFP-10 fusion protein in adhesion of macrophages through fibronectin receptors. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 49:249-56. [PMID: 25081983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Tuberculous granulomas are the sites of interaction between the T cells, macrophages, and extracellular matrix (ECM) to control the infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). A predominant role of RD-1-encoded secretory proteins, early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6), and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) in the formation of granulomas has recently been emphasized. However, the precise molecular events that induce the formation of these granulomatous structures are yet to be elucidated. Macrophages use integrins to adhere to fibronectin (FN) as a major component of the ECM. The major goal of this study was to investigate whether recombinant M. tuberculosis antigens can modulate integrin-mediated macrophage adhesion. METHODS Differentiated THP-1 cell line was stimulated with recombinant ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 proteins and evaluated for alterations in the expression levels of α5β1 and α4β1 by semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The role of these recombinant antigens in the cytoskeleton rearrangement was determined by adhesion assay and immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Our data showed that ESAT-6 and ESAT-6/CFP-10 fusion proteins could induce adhesion of macrophages to FN through α4β1 integrin. An increased expression level of α4β1 integrin in comparison with α5β1 integrin in differentiated THP-1 cells was also observed. Results of immunofluorescence studies showed that recombinant proteins-treated THP-1 cells form well-organized stress fibers and focal contacts containing vinculin compared with untreated THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Increased expression level of α4β1 in differentiated THP-1 cells could suggest the important role of α4β1 integrin in adhesion and focal contact formation of macrophages exposed to M. tuberculosis antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Hemmati
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Atefeh Seghatoleslam
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran; Histomorphometry and Steriology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rasti
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ebadat
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fakhraddin Naghibalhossaini
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran; Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Luo J, Li C, Xu T, Liu W, Ba X, Wang X, Zeng X. PI3K is involved in β1 integrin clustering by PSGL-1 and promotes β1 integrin-mediated Jurkat cell adhesion to fibronectin. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 385:287-95. [PMID: 24122451 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is involved in the initial step of lymphocyte homing by interacting with P- or E-selectins expressed on activated endothelium cells. Besides, it also functions as a receptor to induce signals that increase integrin affinity to ligands and mediate cell adhesion to endothelium. Integrin is required for the second step of lymphocyte homing, whose activation has been reported tightly regulated by inside-out signals triggered by chemokines or the shear-stress generated during lymphocyte rolling on endothelium. However, the relationship between PSGL-1-triggered signals and integrin activation is not clear. In this study, we demonstrated that PSGL-1 ligation induces β1 integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin via regulation of both β1 subunit clustering and conformation changes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is required for PSGL-1-induced β1 integrin clustering which ultimately regulates β1 integrin-mediated Jurkat cell adhesion to fibronectin. However, PI3K is not involved in the conformation changes or increases in the total expression of β1 integrin. Taken together, we found a novel signal pathway, PSGL-1-PI3K-β1 integrin, demonstrating the cooperation between initial adhesion and subsequent arrest and stable adhesion.
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Wang C, Li YY, Li X, Wei LL, Yang XY, Xu DD, Jiang TT, Li ZJ, Chen ZL, Zhang X, Liu JY, Ping ZP, Li JC. Serum complement C4b, fibronectin, and prolidase are associated with the pathological changes of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:52. [PMID: 24484408 PMCID: PMC3913605 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can activate the immune system, leading to characteristic pathological changes such as inflammatory granuloma, caseous necrosis, and cavity formation. Methods Clinical data of 187 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were analyzed using statistical methods, while serum levels of complement C4b (C4b), fibronectin (FN), and prolidase (PEPD) were detected using the ELISA method among the control, minimal PTB, moderate PTB, and advanced PTB groups. Results We found significantly higher levels of serum C4b and PEPD (P = 0.018, P = 0.003), and significantly lower levels of serum FN (P < 0.001) in PTB patients. Furthermore, the serum levels of 3 proteins were significantly different among 3 PTB groups. FN level was significantly higher in the moderate PTB group, compared with patients in the minimal and advanced PTB groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). PEPD level was significantly higher in the moderate PTB group, compared with the minimal PTB group (P < 0.05). Analysis of clinical data showed that serum albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), prealbumin, and C4 were significantly higher (P < 0.05), while serum globulin was significantly lower in patients with PTB (P < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between C4b and albumin, prealbumin. On the other hand, a significant positive correlation was found between C4b and globulin, CRP, PEPD, as well as between PEPD and CRP (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our study showed that C4b, FN, and PEPD are associated with tissue damage, granuloma formation, and cavity formation, respectively, in patients with PTB. The present study provides a new experimental basis to understand the pathogenesis and pathological changes of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Cheng Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P,R, China.
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15
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Xu DD, Deng DF, Li X, Wei LL, Li YY, Yang XY, Yu W, Wang C, Jiang TT, Li ZJ, Chen ZL, Zhang X, Liu JY, Ping ZP, Qiu YQ, Li JC. Discovery and identification of serum potential biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis using iTRAQ-coupled two-dimensional LC-MS/MS. Proteomics 2014; 14:322-31. [PMID: 24339194 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a chronic disease. Currently, there are no sufficiently validated biomarkers for early diagnosis of TB infection. In this study, a panel of potential serum biomarkers was identified between patients with pulmonary TB and healthy controls by using iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS technique. Among 100 differentially expressed proteins screened, 45 proteins were upregulated (>1.25-fold at p < 0.05) and 55 proteins were downregulated (<0.8-fold at p < 0.05) in the TB serum. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were related to the response to stimulus, the metabolic and immune system processes. The significantly differential expression of apolipoprotein CII (APOCII), CD5 antigen-like (CD5L), hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) was further confirmed using immunoblotting and ELISA analysis. By forward stepwise multivariate regression analysis, a panel of serum biomarkers including APOCII, CD5L, and RBP4 was obtained to form the disease diagnostic model. The receiver operation characteristic curve of the diagnostic model was 0.98 (sensitivity = 93.42%, specificity = 92.86%). In conclusion, APOCII, CD5L, HABP2, and RBP4 may be potential protein biomarkers of pulmonary TB. Our research provides useful data for early diagnosis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Xu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Rodriguez ME, Loyd CM, Ding X, Karim AF, McDonald DJ, Canaday DH, Rojas RE. Mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6) up-regulates TCR-triggered HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80938. [PMID: 24282561 PMCID: PMC3839890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality among those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) worldwide. HIV-1 load and heterogeneity are increased both locally and systemically in active TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection supports HIV-1 replication through dysregulation of host cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. However the possibility that mycobacterial molecules released from MTB infected macrophages directly interact with CD4(+) T cells triggering HIV-1 replication has not been fully explored. We studied the direct effect of different MTB molecules on HIV-1 replication (R5-tropic strain Bal) in anti-CD3- stimulated CD4(+) T cells from healthy donors in an antigen presenting cell (APC)-free system. PIM6, a major glycolipid of the mycobacterial cell wall, induced significant increases in the percent of HIV-1 infected T cells and the viral production in culture supernatants. In spite of structural relatedness, none of the other three major MTB cell wall glycolipids had significant impact on HIV-1 replication in T cells. Increased levels of IFN-γ in culture supernatants from cells treated with PIM6 indicate that HIV-1 replication is likely dependent on enhanced T cell activation. In HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2, PIM6 was the strongest TLR2 agonist among the cell wall associated glycolipids tested. PIM6 increased the percentage of HIV infected cells and viral particles in the supernatant in a T-cell-based reporter cell line (JLTRg-R5) transfected with TLR1 and TLR2 but not in the cells transfected with the empty vector (which lack TLR2 expression) confirming that PIM6-induced HIV-1 replication depends at least partially on TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E. Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Candace M. Loyd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Ding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ahmad F. Karim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David J. McDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roxana E. Rojas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shrivastava R, Yasir M, Tripathi M, Singh P. In silico interaction of methyl isocyanate with immune protein responsible for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using molecular docking. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:162-7. [PMID: 24081639 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article reports in silico analysis of methyl isocyanate (MIC) on different key immune proteins against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The analysis shows that MIC is released in the Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984, which is highly toxic and extremely hazardous to human health. In this study, we have selected immune proteins to perform molecular docking with the help of Autodock 4.0. Results show that the CD40 ligand and alpha5beta1 integrin have higher inhibition compared to plasminogen activator urokinase, human glutathione synthetase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK 14), surfactant protein-B, -D (SP-D), and pulmonary SP-D. MIC interacted with His-125, Try-146 residue of CD40 ligand and Ala-149, and Arg-152 residue of alpha5beta1 integrin and affects the proteins functioning by binding on their active sites. These inhibitory conformations were energetically and statistically favored and supported the evidence from wet laboratory experiments reported in the literature. We can conclude that MIC directly or indirectly affects these proteins, which shows that survivals of the disaster suffer from the diseases like tuberculosis infection and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Vir P, Gupta D, Agarwal R, Verma I. Immunomodulation of alveolar epithelial cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatidylinositol mannosides results in apoptosis. APMIS 2013; 122:268-82. [PMID: 23919648 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During intracellular residence in macrophages, mycobacterial lipids, namely phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIM) and lipoarabinomannans, are expelled in the lung milieu to interact with host cells. PIM include a group of essential lipid components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) cell wall. Given that PIM function as mycobacterial adhesins for binding to host cells, the present study explored the consequences of interaction of M. tb PIM with alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). A 24-h PIM exposure at a concentration of 10 μg/mL to AEC conferred cytolysis to AEC via induction of apoptosis, suggesting their potential to alter alveolar epithelium integrity. The results also reflected that type I like AEC are more sensitive to cytolysis than type II AEC. PIM-treated AEC exhibited significant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the culture supernatants. Although AEC displayed constitutive mRNA transcripts for toll-like receptors (TLR2 and 4) as well as chemokines (IL-8 and MCP-1), no significant change in their expression was observed upon PIM treatment. Collectively, these results offer insights into PIM potential as M. tb virulence factor that might promote mycobacterial dissemination by causing cytolysis of AEC via increased production of ROS and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Vir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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19
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Hubert M, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Larsen DS, Painter GF, Rades T, Hook S. Physicochemical and biological characterization of synthetic phosphatidylinositol dimannosides and analogues. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1928-39. [PMID: 23469864 DOI: 10.1021/mp300707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Native phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), isolated from the cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis, and synthetic PIM analogues have been reported to offer a variety of immunomodulating properties, including both suppressive and stimulatory activity. While numerous studies have examined the biological activity of these molecules, the aim of this research was to assess the physicochemical properties at a molecular level and correlate these characteristics with biological activity in a mouse model of airway eosinophilia. To accomplish this, we varied the flexibility and lipophilicity of synthetic PIMs by changing the polar headgroup (inositol- vs glycerol-based core) and the length of the acyl chains of the fatty acid residues (C0, C10, C16, and C18). A series of six phosphatidylinositol dimannosides (PIM2s) and phosphatidylglycerol dimannosides (PGM2s) were synthesized and characterized in this study. Langmuir monolayer studies showed that surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms were greatly influenced by the length of the lipid acyl chains as well as the steric hindrance and volume of the headgroups. In aqueous solution, lipidated PIM2 and PGM2 compounds were observed to self-assemble into circular aggregates, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic investigations. Removal of the inositol ring but retention of the three-carbon glycerol unit maintained biological activity. We found that the deacylated PGM2, which did not show self-organization, had no effect on the eosinophil numbers but did have an impact on the expansion of OVA-specific CD4(+) Vα2Vβ5 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Hubert
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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20
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Rankin GM, Compton BJ, Johnston KA, Hayman CM, Painter GF, Larsen DS. Synthesis and Mass Spectral Characterization of Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol and Its Dimannosides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6743-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301189y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin J. Compton
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Karen A. Johnston
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Colin M. Hayman
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
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Li Q, Ding X, Thomas JJ, Harding CV, Pecora ND, Ziady AG, Shank S, Boom WH, Lancioni CL, Rojas RE. Rv2468c, a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein that costimulates human CD4+ T cells through VLA-5. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:311-20. [PMID: 22158781 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0711364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mtb regulates many aspects of the host immune response, including CD4+ T lymphocyte responses that are essential for protective immunity to Mtb, and Mtb effects on the immune system are paradoxical, having the capacity to inhibit (immune evasion) and to activate (adjuvant effect) immune cells. Mtb regulates CD4+ T cells indirectly (e.g., by manipulation of APC function) and directly, via integrins and TLRs expressed on T cells. We now report that previously uncharacterized Mtb protein Rv2468c/MT2543 can directly regulate human CD4+ T cell activation by delivering costimulatory signals. When combined with TCR stimulation (e.g., anti-CD3), Rv2468c functioned as a direct costimulator for CD4+ T cells, inducing IFN-γ secretion and T cell proliferation. Studies with blocking antibodies and soluble RGD motifs demonstrated that Rv2468c engaged integrin VLA-5 (α5β1) on CD4+ T cells through its FN-like RGD motif. Costimulation by Rv2468c induced phosphorylation of FAKs and Pyk2. These results reveal that by expressing molecules that mimic host protein motifs, Mtb can directly engage receptors on CD4+ T cells and regulate their function. Rv2468c-induced costimulation of CD4+ T cells could have implications for TB immune pathogenesis and Mtb adjuvant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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22
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Parlane NA, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Painter GF, Basaraba RJ, Heiser A, Buddle BM. Phosphatidylinositol di-mannoside and derivates modulate the immune response to and efficacy of a tuberculosis protein vaccine against Mycobacterium bovis infection. Vaccine 2011; 30:580-8. [PMID: 22120192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infects a wide range of hosts, including domestic livestock, wildlife, and humans. Development of an effective vaccine protecting against bovine tuberculosis would provide a cost-effective tuberculosis control strategy. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of phosphatidylinositol di-mannoside (PIM(2)) and its derivatives to modulate cell-mediated immunity in vivo in a bovine tuberculosis mouse model in response to a relevant antigen, namely a fusion protein of mycobacterial proteins Ag85A and ESAT-6. The addition of synthetic PIM(2) to the vaccine resulted in a significant reduction in lung bacterial counts and a cytokine profile indicating a Th 1 type immune response. The addition of the other PIM(2) derivatives to the vaccine or the fusion protein alone did not result in reduced lung bacterial counts; moreover, the addition of PIM(2)ME appeared to negate the induction of an antigen-specific interferon-γ response and protection against tuberculosis. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence that PIMs can function as potent adjuvants for protein or sub-unit vaccines, but subtle structural differences among PIMs can markedly alter the type of immune response induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Parlane
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoproteins directly regulate human memory CD4(+) T cell activation via Toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Infect Immun 2010; 79:663-73. [PMID: 21078852 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00806-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen relies on its ability to regulate the host immune response. M. tuberculosis can manipulate adaptive T cell responses indirectly by modulating antigen-presenting cell (APC) function or by directly interacting with T cells. Little is known about the role of M. tuberculosis molecules in direct regulation of T cell function. Using a biochemical approach, we identified lipoproteins LprG and LpqH as major molecules in M. tuberculosis lysate responsible for costimulation of primary human CD4(+) T cells. In the absence of APCs, activation of memory CD4(+) T cells with LprG or LpqH in combination with anti-CD3 antibody induces Th1 cytokine secretion and cellular proliferation. Lipoprotein-induced T cell costimulation was inhibited by blocking antibodies to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR1, indicating that human CD4(+) T cells can use TLR2/TLR1 heterodimers to directly respond to M. tuberculosis products. M. tuberculosis lipoproteins induced NF-κB activation in CD4(+) T cells in the absence of TCR co-engagement. Thus, TLR2/TLR1 engagement alone by M. tuberculosis lipoprotein triggered intracellular signaling, but upregulation of cytokine production and proliferation required co-engagement of the TCR. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that M. tuberculosis lipoproteins LprG and LpqH participate in the regulation of adaptive immunity not only by inducing cytokine secretion and costimulatory molecules in innate immune cells but also through directly regulating the activation of memory T lymphocytes.
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Patil PS, Hung SC. Synthesis of mycobacterial triacylated phosphatidylinositol dimannoside containing an acyl lipid chain at 3-O of inositol. Org Lett 2010; 12:2618-21. [PMID: 20443632 DOI: 10.1021/ol1008137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A seven-step synthesis of triacylated phosphatidylinositol dimannoside is described from myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoformate. It proceeded in 31% overall yield via a highly regioselective and stereoselective 2,6-di-O-D-mannosylation as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap S Patil
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Denis M, Ainge GD, Larsen DS, Severn WB, Painter GF. A synthetic analogue of phosphatidylinositol mannoside is an efficient adjuvant. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 31:577-82. [PMID: 19874225 DOI: 10.3109/08923970902824862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently described the synthesis of an ether linked analogue of phosphatidylinositol dimannoside (PIM(2)ME). In the current study, PIM(2)ME was found to significantly enhance the release of the key Th1 cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) by dendritic cells (DCs) of naive mice in vitro, but not interleukin-10 (IL-10). Based on this result, it was hypothesized that PIM(2)ME would be an effective adjuvant for cell-mediated immune responses. Injections of PIM(2)ME alone did not lead to weight loss and did not have toxic side effects, based on biomarkers of toxicity in serum,demonstrating that the compound induced no apparent adverse side effects. Mice were vaccinated with the core antigens of the hepatitis C virus by itself or with three different adjuvants, namely PIM(2)ME, a commercial preparation of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or a preparation of aluminium hydroxide gel (alum). A control group of animals received the antigen only with no adjuvants. Immune responses to the Hepatitis C viral antigens were monitored by measuring antigen-specific production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the p40 subunit of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) to assess cell-mediated immune responses. Vaccination of mice with Hepatitis C viral antigens with the adjuvant PIM(2)ME led to a significant increase in cell-mediated immune responses (IFN-gamma and IL-12). Injection of Hepatitis C viral antigens in alum led to no enhancement of the cell-mediated immune response. We conclude that PIM(2)ME is an efficacious adjuvant for enhancing cell-mediated immunity, and induces no observable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Denis
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Grasslands, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Narayana Y, Bansal K, Sinha AY, Kapoor N, Puzo G, Gilleron M, Balaji KN. SOCS3 expression induced by PIM2 requires PKC and PI3K signaling. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2947-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Boonyarattanakalin S, Liu X, Michieletti M, Lepenies B, Seeberger PH. Chemical synthesis of all phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) glycans from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 130:16791-9. [PMID: 19049470 DOI: 10.1021/ja806283e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and problems with the BCG tuberculosis vaccine to protect humans against TB have prompted investigations into alternative approaches to combat this disease by exploring novel bacterial drug targets and vaccines. Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) are biologically important glycoconjugates and represent common essential precursors of more complex mycobacterial cell wall glycolipids including lipomannan (LM), lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and mannan capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM). Synthetic PIMs constitute important biochemical tools to elucidate the biosynthesis of this class of molecules, to reveal PIM interactions with host cells, and to investigate the function of PIMs as potential antigens and/or adjuvants for vaccine development. Here, we report the efficient synthesis of all PIMs including phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol mono- to hexa-mannoside (PIM1 to PIM6). Robust synthetic protocols were developed for utilizing bicyclic and tricyclic orthoesters as well as mannosyl phosphates as glycosylating agents. Each synthetic PIM was equipped with a thiol-linker for immobilization on surfaces and carrier proteins for biological and immunological studies. The synthetic PIMs were immobilized on microarray slides to elucidate differences in binding to the dendritic cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) receptor. Synthetic PIMs served as immune stimulators during immunization experiments in C57BL/6 mice when coupled to the model antigen keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwarutt Boonyarattanakalin
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI F312, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall glycolipids directly inhibit CD4+ T-cell activation by interfering with proximal T-cell-receptor signaling. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4574-83. [PMID: 19651854 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive in the face of robust adaptive CD4(+) T-cell responses. We have previously shown that M. tuberculosis can indirectly inhibit CD4(+) T cells by suppressing the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-presenting cell function of macrophages. This study was undertaken to determine if M. tuberculosis could directly inhibit CD4(+) T-cell activation. Murine CD4(+) T cells were purified from spleens by negative immunoaffinity selection followed by flow sorting. Purified CD4(+) T cells were activated for 16 to 48 h with CD3 and CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence or absence of M. tuberculosis and its subcellular fractions. CD4(+) T-cell activation was measured by interleukin 2 production, proliferation, and expression of activation markers, all of which were decreased in the presence of M. tuberculosis. Fractionation identified that M. tuberculosis cell wall glycolipids, specifically, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan, were potent inhibitors. Glycolipid-mediated inhibition was not dependent on Toll-like receptor signaling and could be bypassed through stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin. ZAP-70 phosphorylation was decreased in the presence of M. tuberculosis glycolipids, indicating that M. tuberculosis glycolipids directly inhibited CD4(+) T-cell activation by interfering with proximal T-cell-receptor signaling.
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PIM2 Induced COX-2 and MMP-9 expression in macrophages requires PI3K and Notch1 signaling. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4911. [PMID: 19290049 PMCID: PMC2654112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of inflammatory immune responses during granuloma formation by the host upon infection of mycobacteria is one of the crucial steps that is often associated with tissue remodeling and breakdown of the extracellular matrix. In these complex processes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a major role in chronic inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) significantly in tissue remodeling. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannosides (PIM2), an integral component of the mycobacterial envelope, triggered COX-2 and MMP-9 expression in macrophages. PIM2 triggers the activation of Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3K) and Notch1 signaling leading to COX-2 and MMP-9 expression in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-MyD88 dependent manner. Notch1 signaling perturbations data demonstrate the involvement of the cross-talk with members of PI3K and Mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Enforced expression of the cleaved Notch1 in macrophages induces the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9. PIM2 triggered significant p65 nuclear factor -κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation that was dependent on activation of PI3K or Notch1 signaling. Furthermore, COX-2 and MMP-9 expression requires Notch1 mediated recruitment of Suppressor of Hairless (CSL) and NF-κB to respective promoters. Inhibition of PIM2 induced COX-2 resulted in marked reduction in MMP-9 expression clearly implicating the role of COX-2 dependent signaling events in driving the MMP-9 expression. Taken together, these data implicate PI3K and Notch1 signaling as obligatory early proximal signaling events during PIM2 induced COX-2 and MMP-9 expression in macrophages.
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Lancioni CL, Thomas JJ, Rojas RE. Activation requirements and responses to TLR ligands in human CD4+ T cells: comparison of two T cell isolation techniques. J Immunol Methods 2009; 344:15-25. [PMID: 19272393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Direct regulation of T cell function by microbial ligands through Toll-like receptors (TLR) is an emerging area of T cell biology. Currently either immunomagnetic cell sorting (IMACS) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), are utilized to isolate T-cell subsets for such studies. However, it is unknown to what extent differences in T cell purity between these isolation techniques influence T cell functional assays. We compared the purity, response to mitogen, activation requirements, and response to TLR ligands between human CD4(+) T cells isolated either by IMACS (IMACS-CD4(+)) or by IMACS followed by FACS (IMACS/FACS-CD4(+)). As expected, IMACS-CD4(+) were less pure than IMACS/FACS-CD4(+) (92.5%+/-1.4% versus 99.7%+/-0.2%, respectively). Consequently, IMACS-CD4(+) proliferated and produced cytokines in response to mitogen alone and had lower activation requirements compared to IMACS/FACS-CD4(+). In addition IMACS-CD4(+) but not IMACS/FACS-CD4(+) responses were upregulated by the TLR-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the other hand, TLR-2 and TLR-5 engagement induced costimulation in both IMACS-CD4(+) and highly purified IMACS-/FACS-CD4(+). Altogether these results indicate that small differences in cell purity can significantly alter T cell responses to TLR ligands. This study stresses the importance of a stringent purification method when investigating the role of microbial ligands in T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Lancioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Ainge GD, Parlane NA, Denis M, Dyer BS, Härer A, Hayman CM, Larsen DS, Painter GF. Phosphatidylinositol Mannoside Ether Analogues: Syntheses and Interleukin-12-Inducing Properties. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5291-6. [PMID: 17559276 DOI: 10.1021/jo070639m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) isolated from mycobacteria have been identified as an important class of glycolipids with significant immune modulating properties. We present here the syntheses of phosphatidylinositol dimannoside ether analogues 2 and 3 and evaluate their interleukin-12 (IL-12)-inducing properties along with dipalmitoyl PIM2 (1) in an in vitro bovine dendritic cell assay. Both synthetic PIM analogues and synthetic dipalmitoyl PIM2 (1) were effective at enhancing IL-12 production by immature bovine dendritic cells. Unexpectedly, ether analogue 2 was significantly more active than dipalmitoyl PIM2 (1) which indicates that modified PIM compounds can be strongly immunoactive and may have significant adjuvant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Ainge
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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He D, Zhang XH. Roles of integrins in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:151-156. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins, serving as transmembrane proteins, play major roles in cell-extracellular matrix adhesions, and they can introduce extracellular signals into the cells, alter cellular morphology and influence cell motility as well as contribute to tumor invasion and metastasis. One of the major causes of low resection rates and extremely poor survival rates is its extraordinary local tumor progression and early systemic dissemination. Being a kind of adhesion molecules associating cells with extracellular matrix, integrins play a variety of roles in the process of invasion and metastasis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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