1
|
Sadozai H, Rojas-Luengas V, Farrokhi K, Moshkelgosha S, Guo Q, He W, Li A, Zhang J, Chua C, Ferri D, Mian M, Adeyi O, Seidman M, Gorczynski RM, Juvet S, Atkins H, Levy GA, Chruscinski A. Congenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation promotes survival of heart allografts in murine models of acute and chronic rejection. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:138-154. [PMID: 37004176 PMCID: PMC10324556 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce tolerance would be a major advance in the field of solid organ transplantation. Here, we investigated whether autologous (congenic) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) could promote tolerance to heart allografts in mice. In an acute rejection model, fully MHC-mismatched BALB/c hearts were heterotopically transplanted into C57BL/6 (CD45.2) mice. One week later, recipient mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with congenic B6 CD45.1 Lin-Sca1+ckit+ cells. Recipient mice received a 14-day course of rapamycin both to prevent rejection and to expand regulatory T cells (Tregs). Heart allografts in both untreated and rapamycin-treated recipients that did not undergo HSCT were rejected within 33 days (median survival time = 8 days for untreated recipients, median survival time = 32 days for rapamycin-treated recipients), whereas allografts in HSCT-treated recipients had a median survival time of 55 days (P < 0.001 vs. both untreated and rapamycin-treated recipients). Enhanced allograft survival following HSCT was associated with increased intragraft Foxp3+ Tregs, reduced intragraft B cells, and reduced serum donor-specific antibodies. In a chronic rejection model, Bm12 hearts were transplanted into C57BL/6 (CD45.2) mice, and congenic HSCT was performed two weeks following heart transplantation. HSCT led to enhanced survival of allografts (median survival time = 70 days vs. median survival time = 28 days in untreated recipients, P < 0.01). Increased allograft survival post-HSCT was associated with prevention of autoantibody development and absence of vasculopathy. These data support the concept that autologous HSCT can promote immune tolerance in the setting of allotransplantation. Further studies to optimize HSCT protocols should be performed before this procedure is adopted clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sadozai
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Rojas-Luengas
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaveh Farrokhi
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qinli Guo
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei He
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Li
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conan Chua
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dario Ferri
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhtashim Mian
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Seidman
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reginald M Gorczynski
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harold Atkins
- Division of Hematology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary A Levy
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Liver Transplant Recipients With Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Study. Transplantation 2022; 106:562-574. [PMID: 34049362 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an indication for liver transplantation, but recurrence after liver transplantation is associated with poor outcomes often requiring repeat transplantation. We investigated whether autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) could be used to stop progression of recurrent PSC and promote operational tolerance. METHODS Twelve patients with recurrent PSC were fully evaluated and 5 were selected for aHSCT. Autologous hematopoietic stem cells were collected, purified by CD34 immunomagnetic selection, and cryopreserved. Immunoablation using busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and rabbit antithymocyte globulin was followed by aHSCT. The primary endpoint of the study was the establishment of operational tolerance defined as lack of biochemical, histologic, and clinical evidence of rejection while off immunosuppression at 2 y post-aHSCT. RESULTS Two of the 5 patients achieved operational tolerance with no clinical or histologic evidence of PSC progression or allorejection. A third patient developed sinusoidal obstruction syndrome following aHSCT requiring repeat liver transplantation but has no evidence of PSC recurrence while on sirolimus monotherapy now >3 y after aHSCT. A fourth patient was weaned off immunosuppression but died 212 d after aHSCT from pericardial constriction. A fifth patient died from multiorgan failure. Immunosuppression-free allograft acceptance was associated with deletion of T-cell clones, loss of autoantibodies, and increases in regulatory T cells, transitional B cells, and programmed cell death protein-1 expressing CD8+ T cells in the 2 long-term survivors. CONCLUSIONS Although operational tolerance occurred following aHSCT, the high morbidity and mortality observed render this specific protocol unsuitable for clinical adoption.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tao Z, Jiang Y, Xia S. Regulation of thymic T regulatory cell differentiation by TECs in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13094. [PMID: 34780092 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The thymus produces self-limiting and self-tolerant T cells through the interaction between thymocytes and thymus epithelial cells (TECs), thereby generating central immune tolerance. The TECs are composed of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells, which regulate the positive and negative selection of T cells, respectively. During the process of negative selection, thymocytes with self-reactive ability are deleted or differentiated into regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are a subset of suppressor T cells that are important for maintaining immune homeostasis. The differentiation and development of Tregs depend on the development of TECs and other underlying molecular mechanisms. Tregs regulated by thymic epithelial cells are closely related to human health and are significant in autoimmune diseases, thymoma and pregnancy. In this review, we summarize the current molecular and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms by which TECs affect the development and function of thymic Tregs. We also review the pathophysiological models of thymic epithelial cells regulating thymic Tregs in human diseases and specific physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Tao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yalan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
S E, K V, W C, T R, FAM K, C S, H C, J N, J Z, R M, P M. Lymphopenia-induced lymphoproliferation drives activation of naive T cells and expansion of regulatory populations. iScience 2021; 24:102164. [PMID: 33665580 PMCID: PMC7907823 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy pre-conditioning is an essential component of chimeric antigen receptor transduced cell therapy. Acute lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) is known to be driven primarily by homeostatic cytokines, but little is known on the underlying mechanisms in humans. We undertook phenotypic and transcriptional analysis of T cells undergoing LIP two weeks post-myeloablative autograft stem cell transplantation. Strong IL-7 signaling was reflected in downregulated IL-7R expression on all T cells, including naive cells, along with parallel increased IL-2Rα expression. Notably, activated residual naive cells expressed Fas indicating recent TCR engagement. Moreover, proportion of Ki67 + FoxP3+ Tregs was almost doubled. Transcriptional analysis revealed increased fatty acid metabolism and interferon signaling responses. In contrast, TGF-β signaling was strongly suppressed. Thus, human LIP response is characterized by cytokine and TCR-driven proliferation which drives global T cell activation but also preferentially triggers regulatory cell expansion which may limit tumor-specific immunity. These features indicate potential therapeutic opportunities to manipulate immunotherapy regimens incorporating LIP conditioning protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eldershaw S
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Verma K
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Croft W
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rai T
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kinsella FAM
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Center for clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephens C
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chen H
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nunnick J
- Center for clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zuo J
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malladi R
- Center for clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Moss P
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santamaria JC, Borelli A, Irla M. Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Thymus: Impact on Their Functional Activities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643153. [PMID: 33643324 PMCID: PMC7904894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) maintain the integrity of the organism by preventing excessive immune responses. These cells protect against autoimmune diseases but are also important regulators of other immune responses including inflammation, allergy, infection, and tumors. Furthermore, they exert non-immune functions such as tissue repair and regeneration. In the periphery, Foxp3+ Treg have emerged as a highly heterogeneous cell population with distinct molecular and functional properties. Foxp3+ Treg mainly develop within the thymus where they receive instructive signals for their differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that thymic Treg are also heterogeneous with two distinct precursors that give rise to mature Foxp3+ Treg exhibiting non-overlapping regulatory activities characterized by a differential ability to control different types of autoimmune reactions. Furthermore, the thymic Treg cell pool is not only composed of newly developing Treg, but also contain a large fraction of recirculating peripheral cells. Here, we review the two pathways of thymic Treg cell differentiation and their potential impact on Treg activity in the periphery. We also summarize our current knowledge on recirculating peripheral Treg in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy C Santamaria
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Alexia Borelli
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peligero-Cruz C, Givony T, Sebé-Pedrós A, Dobeš J, Kadouri N, Nevo S, Roncato F, Alon R, Goldfarb Y, Abramson J. IL18 signaling promotes homing of mature Tregs into the thymus. eLife 2020; 9:e58213. [PMID: 32687059 PMCID: PMC7371425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent suppressor cells, essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Most Tregs develop in the thymus and are then released into the immune periphery. However, some Tregs populate the thymus and constitute a major subset of yet poorly understood cells. Here we describe a subset of thymus recirculating IL18R+ Tregs with molecular characteristics highly reminiscent of tissue-resident effector Tregs. Moreover, we show that IL18R+ Tregs are endowed with higher capacity to populate the thymus than their IL18R- or IL18R-/- counterparts, highlighting the key role of IL18R in this process. Finally, we demonstrate that IL18 signaling is critical for the induction of the key thymus-homing chemokine receptor - CCR6 on Tregs. Collectively, this study provides a detailed characterization of the mature Treg subsets in the mouse thymus and identifies a key role of IL18 signaling in controlling the CCR6-CCL20-dependent migration of Tregs into the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Givony
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jan Dobeš
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Noam Kadouri
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Shir Nevo
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Francesco Roncato
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Yael Goldfarb
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao FL, Ahn JJ, Chen ELY, Yi TJ, Stickle NH, Spaner D, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Dunn SE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Supports the Metabolic Requirements of Cell Growth in TCRβ-Selected Thymocytes and Peripheral CD4 + T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2664-2682. [PMID: 30257885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During T cell development, progenitor thymocytes undergo a large proliferative burst immediately following successful TCRβ rearrangement, and defects in genes that regulate this proliferation have a profound effect on thymus cellularity and output. Although the signaling pathways that initiate cell cycling and nutrient uptake after TCRβ selection are understood, less is known about the transcriptional programs that regulate the metabolic machinery to promote biomass accumulation during this process. In this article, we report that mice with whole body deficiency in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδmut) exhibit a reduction in spleen and thymus cellularity, with a decrease in thymocyte cell number starting at the double-negative 4 stage of thymocyte development. Although in vivo DNA synthesis was normal in PPARδmut thymocytes, studies in the OP9-delta-like 4 in vitro system of differentiation revealed that PPARδmut double-negative 3 cells underwent fewer cell divisions. Naive CD4+ T cells from PPARδmut mice also exhibited reduced proliferation upon TCR and CD28 stimulation in vitro. Growth defects in PPAR-δ-deficient thymocytes and peripheral CD4+ T cells correlated with decreases in extracellular acidification rate, mitochondrial reserve, and expression of a host of genes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipogenesis. By contrast, mice with T cell-restricted deficiency of Ppard starting at the double-positive stage of thymocyte development, although exhibiting defective CD4+ T cell growth, possessed a normal T cell compartment, pointing to developmental defects as a cause of peripheral T cell lymphopenia in PPARδmut mice. These findings implicate PPAR-δ as a regulator of the metabolic program during thymocyte and T cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Linda Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeeyoon Jennifer Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Edward L Y Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | | | - David Spaner
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; and
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; and
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; .,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.,Women's College Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cowan JE, Baik S, McCarthy NI, Parnell SM, White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Aire controls the recirculation of murine Foxp3 + regulatory T-cells back to the thymus. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:844-854. [PMID: 29285761 PMCID: PMC6001551 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) determine the fate of newly selected CD4+ and CD8+ single positive (SP) thymocytes. For example, mTEC expression of Aire controls intrathymic self-antigen availability for negative selection. Interestingly, alterations in both Foxp3+ Regulatory T-cells (T-Reg) and conventional SP thymocytes in Aire-/- mice suggest additional, yet poorly understood, roles for Aire during intrathymic T-cell development. To examine this, we analysed thymocytes from Aire-/- mice using Rag2GFP and Foxp3 expression, and a recently described CD69/MHCI subset definition of post-selection CD4+ conventional thymocytes. We show that while Aire is dispensable for de novo generation of conventional αβT-cells, it plays a key role in controlling the intrathymic T-Reg pool. Surprisingly, a decline in intrathymic T-Reg in Aire-/- mice maps to a reduction in mature recirculating Rag2GFP- T-Reg that express CCR6 and re-enter the thymus from the periphery. Furthermore, we show mTEC expression of the CCR6 ligand CCL20 is reduced in Aire-/- mice, and that CCR6 is required for T-Reg recirculation back to the thymus. Collectively, our study re-defines requirements for late stage intrathymic αβT-cell development, and demonstrates that Aire controls a CCR6-CCL20 axis that determines the developmental makeup of the intrathymic T-Reg pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Cowan
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Song Baik
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Nicholas I. McCarthy
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Andrea J. White
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - William E. Jenkinson
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ayasoufi K, Fan R, Valujskikh A. Depletion-Resistant CD4 T Cells Enhance Thymopoiesis During Lymphopenia. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2008-2019. [PMID: 28397358 PMCID: PMC5519419 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoablation is routinely used in transplantation, and its success is defined by the balance of pathogenic versus protective T cells within reconstituted repertoire. While homeostatic proliferation and thymopoiesis may both cause T cell recovery during lymphopenia, the relative contributions of these mechanisms remain unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of the thymus during T cell reconstitution in adult allograft recipients subjected to lymphoablative induction therapy. Compared with euthymic mice, thymectomized heart allograft recipients demonstrated severely impaired CD4 and CD8 T cell recovery and prolonged heart allograft survival after lymphoablation with murine anti-thymocyte globulin (mATG). The injection with agonistic anti-CD40 mAb or thymus transplantation only partially restored T cell reconstitution in mATG-treated thymectomized mice. After mATG depletion, residual CD4 T cells migrated into the thymus and enhanced thymopoiesis. Conversely, depletion of CD4 T cells before lymphoablation inhibited thymopoiesis at the stage of CD4- CD8- CD44hi CD25+ immature thymocytes. This is the first demonstration that the thymus and peripheral CD4 T cells cooperate to ensure optimal T cell reconstitution after lymphoablation. Targeting thymopoiesis through manipulating functions of depletion-resistant helper T cells may thus improve therapeutic benefits and minimize the risks of lymphoablation in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Ayasoufi
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ran Fan
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nuclear transfer nTreg model reveals fate-determining TCR-β and novel peripheral nTreg precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2316-25. [PMID: 27044095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523664113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the development and function of "natural-arising" T regulatory (nTreg) cells, we developed a novel nTreg model on pure nonobese diabetic background using epigenetic reprogramming via somatic cell nuclear transfer. On RAG1-deficient background, we found that monoclonal FoxP3(+)CD4(+)Treg cells developed in the thymus in the absence of other T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that the thymic niche is not a limiting factor in nTreg development. In addition, we showed that the T-cell receptor (TCR) β-chain of our nTreg model was not only sufficient to bias T-cell development toward the CD4 lineage, but we also demonstrated that this TCR β-chain was able to provide stronger TCR signals. This TCR-β-driven mechanism would thus unify former per se contradicting hypotheses of TCR-dependent and -independent nTreg development. Strikingly, peripheral FoxP3(-)CD4(+)T cells expressing the same TCR as this somatic cell nuclear transfer nTreg model had a reduced capability to differentiate into Th1 cells but were poised to differentiate better into induced nTreg cells, both in vitro and in vivo, representing a novel peripheral precursor subset of nTreg cells to which we refer to as pre-nTreg cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Peripheral regulatory T lymphocytes recirculating to the thymus suppress the development of their precursors. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:628-34. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
Barthlott T, Bosch AJT, Berkemeier C, Nogales-Cadenas R, Jeker LT, Keller MP, Pascual-Montano A, Holländer GA. A subpopulation of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells occurs at high frequency in lymphopenic mice and represents a lymph node specific differentiation stage. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1760-71. [PMID: 25752506 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are pivotal for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance by controlling self-reactive, chronic, and homeostatic T-cell responses. Here, we report that the increase in Treg-cell suppressive function observed in lymphopenic mice correlates with the degree of lymphopenia and is caused by a higher frequency of a novel subpopulation of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells. Though present in the thymus, CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells are not generated there but recirculate from the periphery to that site. The acquisition and maintenance of this distinctive phenotype requires the LN microenvironment and the in situ availability of antigen. Contrary to conventional effector and other Treg cells, the cellularity of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells is not affected by the absence of IL-7 and thymic stroma lymphopoetin. Given their increased frequency in lymphopenia, the absolute number of CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) Treg cells remains unchanged in the periphery irrespective of a paucity of total Treg cells. We furthermore demonstrate, with cell transfers in mice, that the CD103(pos) ICOS(pos) phenotype represents a LN-specific differentiation stage arrived at by several other Treg-cell subsets. Thus, tissue-specific cues determine the overall potency of the peripheral Treg-cell pool by shaping its subset composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Barthlott
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela J T Bosch
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Berkemeier
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Nogales-Cadenas
- Functional Bioinformatics Group, National Center for Biotechnology-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lukas T Jeker
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel P Keller
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Georg A Holländer
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Paediatrics and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gehre N, Nusser A, von Muenchow L, Tussiwand R, Engdahl C, Capoferri G, Bosco N, Ceredig R, Rolink AG. A stromal cell free culture system generates mouse pro-T cells that can reconstitute T-cell compartments in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:932-42. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehre
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| | - Anja Nusser
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| | - Lilly von Muenchow
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology and Immunology; St. Louis USA
| | - Corinne Engdahl
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina Capoferri
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| | - Rhodri Ceredig
- Department of Biosciences; University of Galway; Galway; Ireland
| | - Antonius G. Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel, Basel; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Simonetta F, Gestermann N, Bloquet S, Bourgeois C. Interleukin-7 optimizes FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells reactivity to interleukin-2 by modulating CD25 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113314. [PMID: 25485946 PMCID: PMC4259569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Treg) exhibits constitutive expression of CD25 (IL-2Rα), which allows the constitution of the high affinity IL-2Rαβγ receptor, ensuring efficient IL-2 binding by Treg. Maintenance of CD25 expression at Treg surface depends on both cell intrinsic factors and environmental stimuli such as IL-2 itself. Whether other factors can participate to maintenance of CD25 expression in vivo is at present unknown. In the present work we demonstrated that IL-7, a gamma-chain cytokine exerting a crucial role in T cell development and homeostasis, is able and necessary to sustain the expression of high levels of CD25 at Treg surface. We demonstrated that, during in vitro cultures performed in the absence of IL-2, IL-7 is able to sustain CD25 expression at Treg surface through a transcriptional mechanism. By studying mice in which IL-7 signaling is either genetically impaired or increased and by employing adoptive transfer murine models, we demonstrated that IL-7 is necessary for sustained expression of CD25 at Treg surface in vivo. To ascertain the biological impact of IL-7 mediated modulation of CD25 expression, we demonstrated that IL-7 modulation of CD25 expression at Treg surface affected their ability to efficiently bind IL-2 and transduce IL-2 signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that IL-7 dependent modulation of CD25 associated with potentiated IL-2 induced expansion of Treg in vivo. Collectively, our results identify IL-7 as a necessary factor contributing to sustained CD25 expression at Treg surface in vivo thereby affecting their ability to efficiently react to IL-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Simonetta
- INSERM, U1012, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Univ Paris-SUD, UMR-S1012, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Gestermann
- INSERM, U1012, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Univ Paris-SUD, UMR-S1012, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Stéphane Bloquet
- Animalerie centrale, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- INSERM, U1012, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Univ Paris-SUD, UMR-S1012, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nusser A, Nuber N, Wirz OF, Rolink H, Andersson J, Rolink A. The development of autoimmune features in aging mice is closely associated with alterations of the peripheral CD4⁺ T-cell compartment. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2893-902. [PMID: 25044476 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some signs of potential autoimmunity, such as the appearance of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) become prevalent with age. In most cases, elderly people with ANAs remain healthy. Here, we investigated whether the same holds true for inbred strains of mice. Indeed, we show that most mice of the C57BL/6 (B6) strain spontaneously produced IgG ANA at 8-12 months of age, showed IgM deposition in kidneys and lymphocyte infiltrates in submandibular salivary glands. Despite all of this, the mice remained healthy. ANA production is likely CD4(+) T-cell dependent, since old (40-50 weeks of age) B6 mice deficient for MHC class II do not produce IgG ANAs. BM chimeras showed that ANA production was not determined by age-related changes in radiosensitive, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and that the CD4(+) T cells that promote ANA production were radioresistant. Thymectomy of B6 mice at 5 weeks of age led to premature alterations in T-cell homeostasis and ANA production, by 15 weeks of age, similar to that in old mice. Our findings suggest that a disturbed T-cell homeostasis may drive the onset of some autoimmune features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nusser
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chrobak P, Afkhami S, Priceputu E, Poudrier J, Meunier C, Hanna Z, Sparwasser T, Jolicoeur P. HIV Nef Expression Favors the Relative Preservation of CD4+ T Regulatory Cells That Retain Some Important Suppressive Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1681-92. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Rajasekaran N, Wang N, Hang Y, Macaubas C, Rinderknecht C, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, Mellins ED. B6.g7 mice reconstituted with BDC2·5 non-obese diabetic (BDC2·5NOD) stem cells do not develop autoimmune diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:27-37. [PMID: 23795893 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In BDC2·5 non-obese diabetic (BDC2·5NOD) mice, a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes, CD4(+) T cells express a transgene-encoded T cell receptor (TCR) with reactivity against a pancreatic antigen, chromogranin. This leads to massive infiltration and destruction of the pancreatic islets and subsequent diabetes. When we reconstituted lethally irradiated, lymphocyte-deficient B6.g7 (I-A(g7+)) Rag(-/-) mice with BDC2·5NOD haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC; ckit(+)Lin(-)Sca-1(hi)), the recipients exhibited hyperglycaemia and succumbed to diabetes. Surprisingly, lymphocyte-sufficient B6.g7 mice reconstituted with BDC2·5NOD HSPCs were protected from diabetes. In this study, we investigated the factors responsible for attenuation of diabetes in the B6.g7 recipients. Analysis of chimerism in the B6.g7 recipients showed that, although B cells and myeloid cells were 98% donor-derived, the CD4(+) T cell compartment contained ∼50% host-derived cells. These host-derived CD4(+) T cells were enriched for conventional regulatory T cells (Tregs ) (CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+)] and also for host- derived CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(-) T cells that express markers of suppressive function, CD73, FR4 and CD39. Although negative selection did not eliminate donor-derived CD4(+) T cells in the B6.g7 recipients, these cells were functionally suppressed. Thus, host-derived CD4(+) T cells that emerge in mice following myeloablation exhibit a regulatory phenoytpe and probably attenuate autoimmune diabetes. These cells may provide new therapeutic strategies to suppress autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rajasekaran N, Wang N, Truong P, Rinderknecht C, Macaubas C, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, Mellins ED. Host-derived CD4+ T cells attenuate stem cell-mediated transfer of autoimmune arthritis in lethally irradiated C57BL/6.g7 mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:681-92. [PMID: 23233229 DOI: 10.1002/art.37800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the K/BxN mouse model of inflammatory arthritis, T cells carrying a transgenic T cell receptor initiate disease by helping B cells to produce arthritogenic anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (anti-GPI) autoantibodies. We found that lethally- irradiated lymphocyte-deficient C57BL/6 (B6).g7 (I-A(g7) +) recombinase-activating gene-deficient (Rag(-/-)) mice reconstituted with K/BxN hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibit arthritis by week 4. In contrast, healthy B6.g7 recipients of K/BxN hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells show only mild arthritis, with limited extent and duration. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors responsible for the attenuation of arthritis in B6.g7 recipients. METHODS Antibody responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses were performed for testing chimerism, expression of markers of activation and suppression, tetramer binding, and intracellular cytokines in CD4+ T cells. Suppressive activity of CD4+ T cells was studied by adoptive transfer. RESULTS Titers of anti-GPI antibodies in reconstituted B6.g7 mice were ∼60-fold lower than in reconstituted B6.g7 Rag(-/-) mice. Examination of chimerism in the reconstituted B6.g7 mice showed that B cells and myeloid cells in these mice were donor derived, but CD4+ T cells were primarily host derived and enriched for cells expressing the conventional regulatory markers CD25 and FoxP3. Notably, CD4+CD25-FoxP3- T cells expressed markers of suppressive function (CD73 and folate receptor 4), and delayed disease after adoptive transfer. Activation of donor-derived CD4+ T cells was reduced, and thymic deletion of these cells appeared increased. CONCLUSION Despite myeloablation, host CD4+ T cells having a regulatory phenotype emerge in these mice and attenuate autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Romagnoli P, Dooley J, Enault G, Vicente R, Malissen B, Liston A, van Meerwijk JPM. The Thymic Niche Does Not Limit Development of the Naturally Diverse Population of Mouse Regulatory T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3831-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
20
|
Cuss SM, Green EA. Abrogation of CD40-CD154 signaling impedes the homeostasis of thymic resident regulatory T cells by altering the levels of IL-2, but does not affect regulatory T cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1717-25. [PMID: 22802415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification of costimulatory signals required for murine regulatory T (Treg) cell development relies on measuring the frequency of total thymic Treg cells. However, the thymus contains both resident and newly developed Treg cells; whether such signals target both populations is unknown. In this study, we show that CD40-CD154 blockade specifically targeted thymic resident Treg cells, but not, as was previously believed, newly developed Treg cells. Unlike CD28-CD80/CD86 signals, CD40-CD154 signals were not required for Treg cell precursor development. Instead we demonstrate that homeostatic proliferation of thymic resident Treg cells was dependent on CD40-CD154 signals maintaining IL-2 levels. Furthermore, in newborn mice, where all Treg cells are newly developed, blockade of CD40-CD154 signals had no effect on thymic Treg numbers or their proliferation. Our studies highlight the complexity in the study of thymic Treg cell development due to the heterogeneity of thymic Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Cuss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Choi O, Heathcote DA, Ho KK, Müller PJ, Ghani H, Lam EWF, Ashton-Rickardt PG, Rutschmann S. A deficiency in nucleoside salvage impairs murine lymphocyte development, homeostasis, and survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3920-7. [PMID: 22407915 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The homeostasis of the immune system is tightly controlled by both cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic mechanisms. These regulators, not all known to date, drive cells in and out of quiescence when and where required to allow the immune system to function. In this article, we describe a deficiency in deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), one of the major enzymes of the nucleoside salvage pathway, which affects peripheral T cell homeostatic proliferation and survival. As a result of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation in the last α helix of DCK, a functionally null protein has been generated in the mouse and affects the composition of the hematopoietic system. Both B and T lymphocyte development is impaired, leading to a state of chronic lymphopenia and to a significant increase in the number of myeloid cells and erythrocytes. In the periphery, we found that mutant lymphocytes adopt a CD44(high)CD62L(low) memory phenotype, with high levels of proliferation and apoptosis. These phenotypes are notably the result of a cell-extrinsic-driven lymphopenia-induced proliferation as wild-type cells transferred into DCK-deficient recipients adopt the same profile. In addition, DCK also regulates lymphocyte quiescence in a cell-intrinsic manner. These data establish dCK as a new regulator of hematopoietic integrity and lymphocyte quiescence and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onjee Choi
- Section of Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sheikh SZ, Hegazi RA, Kobayashi T, Onyiah JC, Russo SM, Matsuoka K, Sepulveda AR, Li F, Otterbein LE, Plevy SE. An anti-inflammatory role for carbon monoxide and heme oxygenase-1 in chronic Th2-mediated murine colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5506-13. [PMID: 21444764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a significant environmental factor in the human inflammatory bowel diseases, remarkably, conferring protection in ulcerative colitis. We previously demonstrated that a prominent component of cigarette smoke, CO, suppresses Th17-mediated experimental colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice through a heme oxygenase (HO)-1-dependent pathway. In this study, homeostatic and therapeutic effects of CO and HO-1 were determined in chronic colonic inflammation in TCR-α-deficient ((-/-)) mice, in which colitis is mediated by Th2 cytokines, similar to the cytokine milieu described in human ulcerative colitis. TCRα(-/-) mice exposed to CO or treated with the pharmacologic HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin demonstrated amelioration of active colitis. CO and cobalt protoporphyrin suppressed colonic IL-1β, TNF, and IL-4 production, whereas IL-10 protein secretion was increased. CO induced IL-10 expression in macrophages and in vivo through an HO-1-dependent pathway. Bacterial products regulate HO-1 expression in macrophages through MyD88- and IL-10-dependent pathways. CO exposure and pharmacologic HO-1 induction in vivo resulted in increased expression of HO-1 and IL-10 in CD11b(+) lamina propria mononuclear cells. Moreover, induction of the IL-10 family member IL-22 was demonstrated in CD11b(-) lamina propria mononuclear cells. In conclusion, CO and HO-1 induction ameliorated active colitis in TCRα(-/-) mice, and therapeutic effects correlated with induction of IL-10. This study provides further evidence that HO-1 mediates an important homeostatic pathway with pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects in different experimental models of colitis and that targeting HO-1, therefore, is a potential therapeutic strategy in human inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shehzad Z Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The development of regulatory T (Treg) cells is essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance and homeostasis. Here, we review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of Treg cell differentiation. In the thymus, TCR specificity to self-antigen appears to be a primary determinant for Treg cell lineage commitment, with c-Rel being an important factor that links T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and Foxp3 expression, along with cytokines and costimulatory molecules. It is also clear that postthymic events shape the peripheral Treg cell population. This includes preferential maintenance of Treg cells specific to self-antigens presented in the periphery, as well as the de novo generation of Treg cells from conventional Foxp3(-) T cells. The process of peripheral Treg cell differentiation shares some features with thymic Treg cell development, but there are notable differences. Together, thymic and peripheral Treg cell differentiation appear to generate an "imprint" of both self- and foreign antigens in the peripheral Treg cell population to provide dominant tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Photodepletion differentially affects CD4+ Tregs versus CD4+ effector T cells from patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2010; 116:4859-69. [PMID: 20798236 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-273193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even the most potent immunosuppressive drugs often fail to control graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the most frequent and deleterious posttransplantation complication. We previously reported that photodepletion using dibromorhodamine (TH9402) eliminates T cells from healthy donors activated against major histocompatibility complex-incompatible cells and spares resting T cells. In the present study, we identified photodepletion conditions selectively eradicating endogenous proliferating T cells from chronic GVHD patients, with the concomittant sparing and expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3-positive T cells. The regulatory T-cell (Treg) nature and function of these photodepletion-resistant cells was demonstrated in coculture and depletion/repletion experiments. The mechanism by which Tregs escape photodepletion involves active P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux. This Treg-inhibitory activity is attributable to interleukin-10 secretion, requires cell-cell contact, and implies binding with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Preventing CTLA-4 ligation abrogated the in vitro generation of Tregs, thus identifying CTLA-4-mediated cell-cell contact as a crucial priming event for Treg function. Moreover, the frequency of circulating Tregs increased in chronic GVHD patients treated with TH9402 photodepleted cells. In conclusion, these results identify a novel approach to both preserve and expand Tregs while selectively eliminating CD4(+) effector T cells. They also uncover effector pathways that could be used advantageously for the treatment of patients with refractory GVHD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Singh Y, Ferreira C, Chan ACY, Dyson J, Garden OA. Restricted TCR-α CDR3 Diversity Disadvantages Natural Regulatory T Cell Development in the B6.2.16 β-Chain Transgenic Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3408-16. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
26
|
Sharabi A, Ghera NH. Breaking tolerance in a mouse model of multiple myeloma by chemoimmunotherapy. Adv Cancer Res 2010; 107:1-37. [PMID: 20399959 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(10)07001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A unique mouse model of multiple myeloma (MM), namely 5T2MM-bearing mouse, was useful for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease. Increased accumulation of suppressive CD4(+)CD25(High)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) was observed in the thymus and lymphoid peripheral organs during disease progression. Adoptive transfer of Tregs, but not other thymocytes, from 5T2MM-bearing mice led to increased progression of disease manifestations in young syngeneic mice. Depletion of Tregs, a proposed strategy in cancer immunotherapy, was tested using cyclophosphamide (CYC), an alkylating agent with selective cytotoxicity. Both low- and high-dose CYC, administered to sick mice with hind limb paralysis, caused the paralysis to disappear, the plasma tumor cells in the bone marrow (BM) cavity to be replaced by normal cell populations, and the survival of the mice to be significantly prolonged. Low-dose CYC, which selectively depletes Tregs, decreased MM incidence, in contrast to high-dose CYC, which was generally cytotoxic, and did not reduce MM incidence. In contrast, low-dose CYC induced Tregs to become susceptible to apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-xL and CTLA-4 in these cells, and by decreasing the production of IL-2 by effector CD4 cells. This treatment consequently triggered the recovery of IFN-gamma-producing natural killer T cells and the maturation of dendritic cells. Transient gradual depletion of Tregs in low-dose CYC-treated 5T2MM mice was maintained beyond 45 days. Thus, less frequent injections of low-dose CYC enabled us to recruit compatible immune-derived cells that would reduce tumor load and delay or prevent tumor recurrence, hence breaking immune tolerance toward MM tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sharabi
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bosco N, Swee LK, Bénard A, Ceredig R, Rolink A. Auto-reconstitution of the T-cell compartment by radioresistant hematopoietic cells following lethal irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:222-232.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
28
|
Thymic selection and lineage commitment of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T lymphocytes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:251-77. [PMID: 20800824 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T lymphocytes play a central role in the control of a variety of immune-responses. Their absence in humans and in experimental animal models leads to severe autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Consistent with their major role in prevention of autoimmune pathology, their repertoire is enriched in autospecific cells. Probably the majority of regulatory T cells develop in the thymus. How T cell-precursors choose between the conventional versus regulatory T cell lineages remains an unanswered question. More is known about selection of regulatory T cell precursors. Positive selection of these cells is favored by high affinity interactions with MHC class II/peptide ligands expressed by thymic epithelial or dendritic cells. They are also known to be relatively resistant to negative selection. These two parameters allow for the generation of the autoreactive regulatory T cell repertoire, and clearly distinguish selection-criteria of conventional versus regulatory T cell-precursors. It will now be important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the intrathymic choice of the regulatory T cell-lineage.
Collapse
|
29
|
Campese AF, Grazioli P, Colantoni S, Anastasi E, Mecarozzi M, Checquolo S, De Luca G, Bellavia D, Frati L, Gulino A, Screpanti I. Notch3 and pTα/pre-TCR sustain the in vivo function of naturally occurring regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 2009; 21:727-43. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
30
|
Drennan MB, Elewaut D, Hogquist KA. Thymic emigration: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1-dependent models and beyond. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:925-30. [PMID: 19224640 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ supporting the development of self-tolerant T cells. Key events in T-cell development in the thymus include lineage commitment, selection events, and thymic emigration. This review discusses the proposed role of sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in the emigration of both conventional and unconventional T-cell subsets from the thymus, and the molecular machinery currently understood to regulate this process. Furthermore, we highlight a role for chemokines and actin-associated proteins in T-cell motility as recent data suggest that T-cell emigration is regulated by more than just a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1-dependent chemotactic axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Drennan
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Truong W, Hancock WW, Plester JC, Merani S, Rayner DC, Thangavelu G, Murphy KM, Anderson CC, Shapiro AMJ. BTLA targeting modulates lymphocyte phenotype, function, and numbers and attenuates disease in nonobese diabetic mice. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:41-51. [PMID: 19383625 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coinhibitory receptor BTLA may have a regulatory role in maintaining peripheral tolerance; however, its role in autoimmune diabetes is unknown. In this study, we show that anti-BTLA mAb 6F7 selectively depleted pathogenic B and CD4+ T(H) cells; enhanced the proportion of cells with the forkhead box p3+ PD-1+CD4+ regulatory T phenotype; and increased the production of potentially protective (IL-10) and detrimental (IL-2, IFN-gamma) cytokines in NOD mice. As interactions between BTLA and PD-1 coinhibitory pathways have been described in the cardiac allograft model, we also investigated if these pathways may have significant interaction in autoimmune diabetes. Anti-BTLA inhibited anti-PD-1-potentiated total IL-12 (p40+p70) production, suggesting the possibility that anti-BTLA may have a greater effect in the setting of anti-PD-1-triggered diabetes. To test this, NOD mice at 4 and 10 weeks of age were treated with anti-BTLA mAb, anti-PD-1 mAb, both mAb, or isotype control and were monitored for diabetes development. Although anti-BTLA mAb delayed diabetes onset significantly in 10- but not 4-week-old NOD mice, anti-BTLA mAb attenuated anti-PD-1-induced diabetes in both age groups. Hence, strategies targeting BTLA+ lymphocytes or therapies enhancing the BTLA-negative cosignal may prove valuable in treating autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Truong
- Surgical Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ceredig R. The impact of cell re-entry into the primary lymphoid organs on lymphocyte repertoire and functionality. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:13-5. [PMID: 19129851 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Expansion of peripheral naturally occurring T regulatory cells by Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand treatment. Blood 2009; 113:6277-87. [PMID: 19211508 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-161026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) plays a major role in dendritic cell (DC) biology. Deficiency of FLT3L causes a dramatic decrease in DC numbers, whereas increasing its availability (by repetitive injections for 7-10 days) leads to a 10-fold increase in DC numbers. In this study, we show that FLT3L treatment indirectly leads to an expansion of peripheral naturally occurring T regulatory cells (NTregs). The FLT3L-induced increase in NTregs was still observed in thymectomized mice, ruling out the role of the thymus in this mechanism. Instead, the increased number of NTregs was due to proliferation of preexisting NTregs, most likely due to favored interactions with increased number of DCs. In vitro, we show that DCs induce regulatory T-cell (Treg) proliferation by direct cell contact and in an interleukin-2-dependent, T-cell receptor-independent manner. FLT3L could prevent death induced by acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This study demonstrates unique aspects in the regulation of Treg homeostasis by DCs, which were unappreciated until now. It also reinforces the relevance of FLT3L treatment in GVHD by its ability to increase both the number of tolerizing DCs and NTregs.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bosco N, Kirberg J, Ceredig R, Agenès F. Peripheral T cells in the thymus: have they just lost their way or do they do something? Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:50-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bosco
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Jörg Kirberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Rod Ceredig
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Fabien Agenès
- INSERM U743, Département de microbiologie et immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, CR‐CHUM Montréal Quebec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
In certain situations mature post-thymic T cells are able to leave their residence in the secondary lymphoid tissues and re-enter the thymus. The physiological significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hale JS, Fink PJ. Back to the thymus: peripheral T cells come home. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 87:58-64. [PMID: 19030016 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The thymus has long been known as the generative organ for the T-cell arm of the immune system. To perform this role, the thymus was thought to require protection from antigenic and cellular insult from the 'outside world', with the notable exception of the continual influx of progenitor cells required to initiate the complicated process of T-cell differentiation. Overwhelming evidence that mature T cells can recirculate and persist in the thymus has required us to revamp this earlier view of the thymus as detached from outside influence. In this review, we consider the evidence for T-cell recirculation into the thymus, discuss the likely means and location of mature T-cell entry, and speculate on the potential consequences of such close apposition between differentiating thymocytes and mature recirculating lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Hale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Weinreich MA, Hogquist KA. Thymic emigration: when and how T cells leave home. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2265-70. [PMID: 18684914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The thymus supports the differentiation of multiple distinct T cell subsets that play unique roles in the immune system. CD4 and CD8 alpha/beta T cells, gamma/delta T cells, NKT cells, regulatory T cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes all develop in the thymus and must leave it to provide their functions elsewhere in the body. This article will review recent research indicating differences in the time and migration patterns of T cell subsets found in the thymus. Additionally, we review current understanding of the molecules involved in thymocyte emigration, including the sphingolipid receptor S1P(1) and its regulation by the Krüppel-like transcription factor KLF2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Weinreich
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Laronne-Bar-On A, Zipori D, Haran-Ghera N. Increased regulatory versus effector T cell development is associated with thymus atrophy in mouse models of multiple myeloma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3714-24. [PMID: 18714048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in cancer tolerance. However, mechanisms leading to their accumulation in cancer remain unknown. Although the thymus is the main site of Treg development, thymic contribution to Treg expansion in cancer has not been directly examined. Herein, we used two murine models of multiple myeloma (MM), 5T2 MM and 5T33 MM, to examine Treg accumulation in peripheral lymphoid organs, including spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood, and to explore thymic Treg development during malignancy. We found that peripheral ratios of suppressive-functional Tregs increased in both models of MM-inflicted mice. We found that thymic ratios of Treg development in MM increased, in strong association with thymus atrophy and altered developmental processes in the thymus. The CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive population, normally the largest thymocyte subset, is significantly decreased, whereas the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative population is increased. Administration of thymocytes from MM-inflicted mice compared with control thymocytes resulted in increased progression of the disease, and this effect was shown to be mediated by Tregs in the thymus of MM-inflicted mice. Our data suggest that increased ratios of Treg development in the thymus may contribute to disease progression in MM-inflicted mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Laronne-Bar-On
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kirberg J, Bosco N, Deloulme JC, Ceredig R, Agenès F. Peripheral T lymphocytes recirculating back into the thymus can mediate thymocyte positive selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1207-14. [PMID: 18606674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus continuously produces T lymphocytes that contribute to the maintenance of the peripheral T cell pool. Since peripheral recirculating T cells represent a very minor population among total thymocytes in normal animals, the relationship between the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs is generally considered unidirectional. Recently, several reports have described the presence of recirculating T cells in the thymus, raising issues regarding their possible function. In this article, we show that the niche for recirculating T cells in the thymus, i.e., their absolute number, is the same in lymphopenic and normal mice. Using a novel combination of TCR-transgenic mice in which the ligand necessary for positive selection of host T cells is only expressed by transferred donor T cells, we show that mature T cells recirculating back to the thymus can mediate positive selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kirberg
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Blais MÈ, Brochu S, Giroux M, Bélanger MP, Dulude G, Sékaly RP, Perreault C. Why T Cells of Thymic Versus Extrathymic Origin Are Functionally Different. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2299-312. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Conventional αβ T cell precursors undergo positive selection in the thymic cortex. When this is successful, they migrate to the medulla and are exposed to tissue-specific antigens (TSA) for purposes of central tolerance, and they undergo maturation to become functionally responsive T cells. It is commonly understood that thymocytes spend up to 2 wk in the medulla undergoing these final maturation steps before emigrating to peripheral lymphoid tissues. In addition, emigration is thought to occur via a stochastic mechanism whereby some progenitors leave early and others leave late—a so-called “lucky dip” process. However, recent research has revealed that medullary thymocytes are a heterogeneous mix of naive αβ T cell precursors, memory T cells, natural killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. Given this, we revisited the question of how long it takes naive αβ T cell precursors to emigrate. We combined the following three approaches to study this question: BrdU labeling, intrathymic injection of a cellular tag, and RAG2p-GFP reporter mice. We established that, on average, naive αβ T cell precursors emigrate only 4–5 d after becoming single-positive (SP) thymocytes. Furthermore, emigration occurs via a strict “conveyor belt” mechanism, where the oldest thymocytes leave first.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom M McCaughtry
- Center for Immunology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Foxp3, an X chromosome-encoded forkhead transcription factor family member, is indispensable for the differentiation of regulatory T cells. These cells have a vital role in preventing autoimmunity and pathology inflicted by uncontrolled immune responses to infections. Deficiency or mutation in Foxp3 in humans and mice leads to an early onset, highly aggressive and fatal autoimmune disease affecting various tissues. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the Foxp3-dependent molecular and functional program and the role of Foxp3 in regulatory T cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zheng
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kozlowska E, Biernacka M, Ciechomska M, Drela N. Age-related changes in the occurrence and characteristics of thymic CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells in mice. Immunology 2007; 122:445-53. [PMID: 17627771 PMCID: PMC2266020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural regulatory CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells play an important role in preventing autoimmunity by maintaining self-tolerance. They express CD25 constitutively and are produced in the thymus as a functionally mature T-cell population. Changes in the potential of these cells to regulate the activity of conventional effector lymphocytes may contribute to an increased susceptibility to infection, cancer and age-associated autoimmune diseases. In this study we demonstrated that the thymi of aged mice are populated by a higher percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) thymocytes than in young animals. The expression of several surface markers (CD69, CD5, CD28, CTLA-4, CD122, FOXP3), usually used to characterize the phenotype of CD4(+) CD25(+) T regulatory cells, was compared between young and aged mice. We also examined the ability of sorted thymus-deriving regulatory T cells of young and aged BALB/c mice to inhibit the proliferation of lymph node lymphocytes activated in vitro. Natural regulatory T cells isolated from the thymi of young mice suppress the proliferation of responder lymph node cells. We demonstrated that thymus-deriving CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells of old mice maintain their potential to suppress the proliferation of activated responder lymphocytes of young mice. However, their potential to inhibit the proliferation of old responder T cells is abrogated. Differences in the occurrence and activity of CD4(+) CD25(+) thymocytes between young and old animals are discussed in relation to the expression of these surface markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozlowska
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Immunology, Warsaw University, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Garbe AI, von Boehmer H. TCR and Notch synergize in αβ versus γδ lineage choice. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:124-31. [PMID: 17261380 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At two checkpoints, T cell development is controlled by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, which determines survival and lineage commitment. At the first of these checkpoints, signaling by the pre-TCR, the gammadeltaTCR or the alphabetaTCR has a major but nonexclusive impact on whether cells will become CD4-CD8- gammadelta or CD4+CD8+ alphabeta lineage cells. Pre-TCR signals synergize with moderate Notch signals to generate alphabeta lineage cells. Relatively strong signals by the gammadeltaTCR (or early expressed alphabetaTCR) in the absence of Notch signaling are sufficient to yield gammadelta lineage cells. However, relatively weak signals of the latter two receptors combined with strong Notch signaling result in the formation of alphabeta lineage cells that generate a diverse alphabetaTCR repertoire in pre-TCR-deficient mice. It remains to be determined whether TCR and/or Notch signals instruct or confirm predetermined lineage fate.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/analysis
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transgenes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette I Garbe
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haxhinasto S, Benoist C, Mathis D. Regulatory T‐cell differentiation: Committed to control: a precocious choice? Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:175-6. [PMID: 17310224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
46
|
Pennington DJ, Silva-Santos B, Silberzahn T, Escórcio-Correia M, Woodward MJ, Roberts SJ, Smith AL, Dyson PJ, Hayday AC. Early events in the thymus affect the balance of effector and regulatory T cells. Nature 2006; 444:1073-7. [PMID: 17190001 DOI: 10.1038/nature06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In cellular immunology the critical balance between effector and regulatory mechanisms is highlighted by serious immunopathologies attributable to mutations in Foxp3, a transcription factor required for a major subset of regulatory T (Tr) cells. Thus, many studies have focused on the developmental origin of Tr cells, with the prevailing view that they emerge in the thymus from late-stage T-cell progenitors whose T-cell receptors (TCRs) engage high affinity (agonist) ligands. This study questions the completeness of that interpretation. Here we show that without any obvious effect on TCR-mediated selection, the normal differentiation of mouse gammabeta T cells into potent cytolytic and interferon-gamma-secreting effector cells is switched towards an aggregate regulatory phenotype by limiting the capacity of CD4+CD8+ T-cell progenitors to influence in trans early gammabeta cell progenitors. Unexpectedly, we found that the propensity of early TCR-alphabeta+ progenitors to differentiate into Foxp3+ Tr cells is also regulated in trans by CD4+CD8+ T-cell progenitor cells, before agonist selection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Cell Differentiation
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Pennington
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|