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Zhou Y, Cheng JT, Feng ZX, Wang YY, Zhang Y, Cai WQ, Han ZW, Wang XW, Xiang Y, Yang HY, Liu BR, Peng XC, Cui SZ, Xin HW. Could gastrointestinal tumor-initiating cells originate from cell-cell fusion in vivo? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:92-108. [PMID: 33643526 PMCID: PMC7896421 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) or cancer stem cells are believed to be responsible for gastrointestinal tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. It is hypothesized that gastrointestinal TICs (giTICs) might originate from cell-cell fusion. Here, we systemically evaluate the evidence that supports or opposes the hypothesis of giTIC generation from cell-cell fusion both in vitro and in vivo. We review giTICs that are capable of initiating tumors in vivo with 5000 or fewer in vivo fused cells. Under this restriction, there is currently little evidence demonstrating that giTICs originate from cell-cell fusion in vivo. However, there are many reports showing that tumor generation in vitro occurs with more than 5000 fused cells. In addition, the mechanisms of giTIC generation via cell-cell fusion are poorly understood, and thus, we propose its potential mechanisms of action. We suggest that future research should focus on giTIC origination from cell-cell fusion in vivo, isolation or enrichment of giTICs that have tumor-initiating capabilities with 5000 or less in vivo fused cells, and further clarification of the underlying mechanisms. Our review of the current advances in our understanding of giTIC origination from cell-cell fusion may have significant implications for the understanding of carcinogenesis and future cancer therapeutic strategies targeting giTICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zi-Xian Feng
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Guangzhou 524400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zi-Wen Han
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
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Combination Therapy of Pulsed-Wave Ultrasound Hyperthermia and Immunostimulant OK-432 Enhances Systemic Antitumor Immunity for Cancer Treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:140-149. [PMID: 32339644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we hypothesized that systemic antitumor immunity might be enhanced by combining pulsed-wave ultrasound hyperthermia (pUSHT) with OK-432 and that the induced antitumor immunity could confer protection against tumorigenesis. These hypotheses were tested in bilateral and rechallenged tumor models. METHODS AND MATERIALS Bilateral and rechallenged tumor models were applied in the studies. In the bilateral tumor model, BALB/c mice were inoculated in both flanks with CT26-luc tumor cells. The tumors in the right flank were treated with 4 courses of pUSHT with or without OK-432. In the rechallenged tumor model, tumor cells were implanted into the right flank. Once formed, the tumors were treated with pUSHT with OK-432, followed by surgical resection. New tumor cells were then implanted into the contralateral flank. The antitumor response was evaluated via infiltrated immune cells and the severity of necrosis/apoptosis in tumors. RESULTS In the bilateral tumor model, the tumor growth rate and growth activity of both treated (100% reduction) and untreated tumors (90.5% reduction) were significantly inhibited with the combination treatment compared with the sham control group, and the systemic antitumor effect was prolonged. The survival rate was significantly enhanced (sham control, 8 days; OK plus pUSHT, >20 days). IFNγ+ CD4 (treated tumor, 8.6-fold; untreated tumor, 4-fold), IFNγ+ CD8 (treated tumor, 6.7-fold; untreated tumor, 2.6-fold), and T cell and NK cell (treated tumor, 4-fold; untreated tumor, 2.5-fold) infiltration was increased in the combination group compared with the control group. In the rechallenged tumor model, new tumors failed to form with the combination treatment. CONCLUSION This experimental study combining pUSHT and OK-432 explored a new therapeutic strategy for controlling colon cancer metastasis. The results show that the combination treatment may produce an effective antitumor immune response.
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Mo F, Xue D, Duan S, Liu A, Yang X, Hou X, Lu X. Novel fusion cells derived from tumor cells expressing the heterologous α-galactose epitope and dendritic cells effectively target cancer. Vaccine 2019; 37:926-936. [PMID: 30661833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells/dendritic cells (DCs) fusion cells (tumor/DC) represent a promising immunotherapeutic strategy but are still under performed in clinical trials for cancer treatment. To further boost their anticancer efficacy, here we developed a novel design for fusing dendritic cells with MDA-MB-231 cells expressing the heterologous α-galactose (α-gal) epitope and assessed its anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo. The high expression of α-gal in MDA-MB-231 (Gal+)/DC correlated with enhanced DC activation. When applied to T cells, MDA-MB-231 (Gal+)/DC significantly stimulated T-cell proliferation and activation, promoted productions of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, and enhanced T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. MDA-MB-231 (Gal+)/DC inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo, prolonged mouse survival, and significantly boosted anticancer immunity by increasing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells systemically and elevating serum levels of cytokines and IgG. These results suggested that fusing dendritic cells with tumor cells expressing the heterologous α-gal epitope provides a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhen Mo
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dabing Xue
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Siliang Duan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Hou
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Intenational Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Kajihara M, Takakura K, Ohkusa T, Koido S. The impact of dendritic cell-tumor fusion cells on cancer vaccines - past progress and future strategies. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1111-22. [PMID: 26507578 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that can be used in cancer vaccines. Thus, various strategies have been developed to deliver tumor-associated antigens via DCs. One strategy includes administering DC-tumor fusion cells (DC-tumor FCs) to induce antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. However, clinical trials using this strategy have fallen short of expectations. Several factors might limit the efficacy of these anticancer vaccines. To induce efficient antitumor immune responses and enhance potential clinical benefits, DC-tumor FC-based cancer vaccines require manipulations that improve immunogenicity for both DCs and whole tumor cells. This review addresses recent progress in improving clinical outcomes using DC-tumor FC-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Kajihara
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ohkusa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Mac Keon S, Ruiz MS, Gazzaniga S, Wainstok R. Dendritic cell-based vaccination in cancer: therapeutic implications emerging from murine models. Front Immunol 2015; 6:243. [PMID: 26042126 PMCID: PMC4438595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the orchestration of immune responses, and are thus key targets in cancer vaccine design. Since the 2010 FDA approval of the first cancer DC-based vaccine (Sipuleucel-T), there has been a surge of interest in exploiting these cells as a therapeutic option for the treatment of tumors of diverse origin. In spite of the encouraging results obtained in the clinic, many elements of DC-based vaccination strategies need to be optimized. In this context, the use of experimental cancer models can help direct efforts toward an effective vaccine design. This paper reviews recent findings in murine models regarding the antitumoral mechanisms of DC-based vaccination, covering issues related to antigen sources, the use of adjuvants and maturing agents, and the role of DC subsets and their interaction in the initiation of antitumoral immune responses. The summary of such diverse aspects will highlight advantages and drawbacks in the use of murine models, and contribute to the design of successful DC-based translational approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Mac Keon
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires IIBBA-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Sol Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación para la Investigación, Docencia y Prevención del Cáncer (FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvina Gazzaniga
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Rosa Wainstok
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires IIBBA-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina ; Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Abstract
We have developed cell fusion vaccines generated with dendritic cells (DCs) and whole tumor cells to induce antigen-specific antitumor immunity. This approach allows DCs to be exposed to the entire repertoire of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) originally expressed by the tumor cell, to process them endogenously, and to present antigenic epitopes thought the MHC class I and class II pathways to activate both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. The therapeutic efficacy of DC/tumor fusion cell vaccines requires the improved immunogenicity of both cells. Here, we describe the strategy to generate DC/tumor fusion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwa-shita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan,
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Koido S, Homma S, Okamoto M, Namiki Y, Takakura K, Uchiyama K, Kajihara M, Arihiro S, Imazu H, Arakawa H, Kan S, Komita H, Ito M, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Tajiri H. Fusions between dendritic cells and whole tumor cells as anticancer vaccines. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e24437. [PMID: 23762810 PMCID: PMC3667916 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Various strategies have been developed to deliver tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to dendritic cells (DCs). Among these, the fusion of DCs and whole cancer cells can process a broad array of TAAs, including hitherto unidentified molecules, and present them in complex with MHC Class I and II molecules and in the context of co-stimulatory signals. DC-cancer cell fusions have been shown to stimulate potent antitumor immune responses in animal models. In early clinical trials, however, the antitumor effects of DC-cancer cell fusions are not as vigorous as in preclinical settings. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in anticancer vaccines based on DC-cancer cell fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Internal Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan ; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Oncology, Institute of DNA Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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Koido S, Homma S, Kan S, Takakura K, Namiki Y, Kobayashi H, Ito Z, Uchiyama K, Kajihara M, Arihiro S, Arakawa H, Okamoto M, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Tajiri H. Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by fusion cells generated from allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic and tumor cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:470-8. [PMID: 24819411 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that fusion cells generated from autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and whole tumor cells induce efficient antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. A major limitation to the use of this strategy is the availability of adequate amounts of autologous tumor cells. Moreover, MoDCs from cancer patients are often defective in their antigen-processing and presentation machinery. In this study, two types of allogeneic cells, a leukemia plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) line (PMDC05) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1 or MIA PaCa-2), were fused instead of autologous MoDCs and tumor cells. We created four types of pDC/tumor fusion cells by alternating fusion partners and treating with lipopolysaccharide (LPS): i) PMDC05 fused with PANC-1 (pDC/PANC-1), ii) PMDC05 fused with MIA PaCa-2 (pDC/MIA PaCa-2), iii) LPS-stimulated pDC/PANC-1 (LPS-pDC/PANC-1) and iv) LPS-stimulated pDC/MIA PaCa-2 (LPS-pDC/MIA PaCa-2) and examined their antitumor immune responses. The LPS-pDC/tumor cell fusions were the most active, as demonstrated by their: i) upregulated expression of HLA-DR and CD86 on a per-fusion-cell basis, ii) increased production of IL-12p70, iii) generation of a higher percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and iv) augmented induction of MUC1-specific CD8⁺ T cells that lyse target tumor cells. This study provides the first evidence for an in vitro induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by LPS-stimulated fusion cells generated from leukemia plasmacytoid DCs and tumor cells and suggests that this strategy has potential applicability to the field of adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Sadamu Homma
- Department of Oncology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shin Kan
- Department of Oncology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Namiki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Zensho Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kan Uchiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Mikio Kajihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Seiji Arihiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Masato Okamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ohkusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Jianlin Gong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hisao Tajiri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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Koido S, Homma S, Okamoto M, Namiki Y, Takakura K, Uchiyama K, Kajihara M, Arihiro S, Imazu H, Arakawa H, Kan S, Komita H, Kamata Y, Ito M, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Tajiri H. Strategies to improve the immunogenicity of anticancer vaccines based on dendritic cell/malignant cell fusions. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25994. [PMID: 24228229 PMCID: PMC3820816 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rationale for fusing dendritic cells (DCs) with whole tumor cells to generate anticancer vaccines resides in the fact that the former operate as potent antigen-presenting cells, whereas the latter express a constellation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Although the administration of DC/malignant cell fusions to cancer patients is safe and this immunotherapeutic intervention triggers efficient tumor-specific T-cell responses in vitro, a limited number of objective clinical responses to DC/cancer cell fusions has been reported thus far. This review discusses novel approaches to improve the immunogenicity of DC/malignant cell fusions as anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Internal Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan ; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Oncology; Institute of DNA Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumors in Combination with Local OK-432 Injection Prolongs Survival and Suppresses Distant Tumor Growth in the Rabbit Model with Intra- and Extrahepatic VX2 Tumors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36:1383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-013-0650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Koido S, Homma S, Okamoto M, Namiki Y, Takakura K, Takahara A, Odahara S, Tsukinaga S, Yukawa T, Mitobe J, Matsudaira H, Nagatsuma K, Kajihara M, Uchiyama K, Arihiro S, Imazu H, Arakawa H, Kan S, Hayashi K, Komita H, Kamata Y, Ito M, Hara E, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Tajiri H. Augmentation of antitumor immunity by fusions of ethanol-treated tumor cells and dendritic cells stimulated via dual TLRs through TGF-β1 blockade and IL-12p70 production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63498. [PMID: 23717436 PMCID: PMC3663747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of fusion cell (FC)-based cancer vaccine generated with whole tumor cells and dendritic cells (DCs) requires the improved immunogenicity of both cells. Treatment of whole tumor cells with ethanol resulted in blockade of immune-suppressive soluble factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL-10 without decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and the MUC1 tumor-associated antigen. Moreover, the ethanol-treated tumor cells expressed “eat-me” signals such as calreticulin (CRT) on the cell surface and released immunostimulatory factors such as heat shock protein (HSP)90α and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). A dual stimulation of protein-bound polysaccharides isolated from Coriolus versicolor (TLR2 agonist) and penicillin-inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes (TLR4 agonist) led human monocyte-derived DCs to produce HSP90α and multiple cytokines such as IL-12p70 and IL-10. Interestingly, incorporating ethanol-treated tumor cells and TLRs-stimulated DCs during the fusion process promoted fusion efficiency and up-regulated MHC class II molecules on a per fusion basis. Moreover, fusions of ethanol-treated tumor cells and dual TLRs-stimulated DCs (E-tumor/FCs) inhibited the production of multiple immune-suppressive soluble factors including TGF-β1 and up-regulated the production of IL-12p70 and HSP90α. Most importantly, E-tumor/FCs activated T cells capable of producing high levels of IFN-γ, resulting in augmented MUC1-specific CTL induction. Collectively, our results illustrate the synergy between ethanol-treated whole tumor cells and dual TLRs-stimulated DCs in inducing augmented CTL responses in vitro by FC preparations. The alternative system is simple and may provide a platform for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Tanyi JL, Chu CS. Dendritic cell-based tumor vaccinations in epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:995-1009. [PMID: 23148752 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of extensive research, epithelial ovarian cancer still remains a lethal disease. Multiple new studies have reported that the immune system plays a critical role in the growth and spread of ovarian carcinoma. This review summarizes the development of dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations specific for ovarian cancer. So far, DC-based vaccines have induced effective antitumor responses in animal models, but only limited results from human clinical trials are available. Although DC-based immunotherapy has proven to be clinically safe and efficient at inducing tumor-specific immune responses, its clear role in the therapy of ovarian cancer still needs to be clarified. The relatively disappointing low-response rates in early clinical trials point to the need for the development of more effective and personalized DC-based anticancer vaccines. This article reviews the basic mechanisms, limitations and future directions of DC-based anti-ovarian cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos L Tanyi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Koido S, Homma S, Okamoto M, Namiki Y, Takakura K, Uchiyama K, Kajihara M, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Tajiri H. The combination of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists promotes the immunogenicity of dendritic cell/cancer cell fusions. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24660. [PMID: 24073361 PMCID: PMC3782132 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of antitumor immune responses by dendritic cell (DC)/tumor cell fusions can be modulated by their activation status. Our recent work reveals that the combination of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonists promotes the immunogenicity of DC/tumor cell fusions, allowing them to overcome the immunosuppressive effects of transforming growth factor β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Department of Internal Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan ; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Oncology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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Hamamoto S, Okuma T, Yamamoto A, Kageyama K, Takeshita T, Sakai Y, Nishida N, Matsuoka T, Miki Y. Radiofrequency ablation and immunostimulant OK-432: combination therapy enhances systemic antitumor immunity for treatment of VX2 lung tumors in rabbits. Radiology 2013; 267:405-13. [PMID: 23440322 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether antitumor immunity is enhanced systemically by combining radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and local injection of an immunostimulant, OK-432. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were approved by the institutional animal care committee. Experimental Japanese rabbits inoculated with VX2 tumors in the lung and the auricle were randomized into four groups of eight: control (supportive care), RFA (RFA of lung tumor), OK-432 (direct injection of OK-432 into lung tumor), and combination therapy (lung RFA and direct OK-432 injection into lung tumor). All procedures were performed 1 week after implantation of VX2 tumors (week 1). In addition, a VX2 tumor rechallenge test was performed in the RFA and combination therapy groups. Survival time was evaluated by means of the Kaplan-Meier method and by using the log-rank test for intergroup comparison. Mean auricle tumor volumes were calculated every week. Specific growth rates (SGRs) were calculated and compared by using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The median survival times of the control, RFA, OK-432, and combination therapy groups were 23, 36.5, 46.5, and 105 days, respectively. Survival was significantly prolonged in the combination therapy group when compared with the other three groups (P <.05). The mean auricle tumor volume decreased only in the combination therapy group. The mean auricle tumor volumes of the combination therapy group from week 1 to week 7 were 205, 339, 264, 227, 143, 127, and 115 mm(3). SGR in the combination therapy group became significantly smaller than those in the other three groups (P < .05). In the rechallenge test, the volume of all reimplanted tumors decreased. CONCLUSION Combining RFA with local injection of immunostimulant OK-432 may lead to indirectly activation of systemic antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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15
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Ge C, Xing Y, Wang Q, Xiao W, Lu Y, Hu X, Gao Z, Xu M, Ma Y, Cao R, Liu J. Improved efficacy of therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor cell lysate against hepatocellular carcinoma by introduction of 2 tandem repeats of microbial HSP70 peptide epitope 407-426 and OK-432. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2200-7. [PMID: 22015603 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor cell lysate vaccine (H-D) represents an attractive approach for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. However, the efficacy of this approach is not most satisfactory for the low levels of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines secretion and weak T cell responses. In this study, in order to increase the potency of H-D, two tandem repeats of microbial HSP70 peptide epitope 407-426 (2mHSP70(407-426), M2) which has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing DC maturation were applied. The DC vaccine (HM-D) which was HCC tumor cell lysate pulsed with M2 was developed. Nevertheless, the immunotherapeutic effect was still not satisfactory enough even some promotion was obtained. Therefore, OK-432 (OK), which is a useful anti-cancer agent and effectively in stimulating DC maturation, was introduced to HM-D. Our results demonstrated that treatment with the improved DC vaccine which was tumor cell lysate pulsed with M2 and OK (HMO-D), compared with H-D and HM-D, significantly increased cell surface markers (MHC-I and II, CD40, CD80, CD86 and CD11c) expression on DCs, enhanced Th1-type cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production but not Th2-type cytokine (IL-5) production, induced remarkable high levels of lymphocytes proliferation and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL). Furthermore, immunization with HMO-D effectively reduced tumor progression and enhanced the survival of mice with H22 tumors. Besides, we also found that the capability of M2 in inducing the Th1 cytokines was stronger than OK. In view of these results, HMO-D vaccination provided a novel immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Ge
- Minigene Pharmacy Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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16
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Immunologic monitoring of cellular responses by dendritic/tumor cell fusion vaccines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:910836. [PMID: 21541197 PMCID: PMC3085507 DOI: 10.1155/2011/910836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dendritic cell (DC)- based cancer vaccines induce effective antitumor activities in murine models, only limited therapeutic results have been obtained in clinical trials. As cancer vaccines induce antitumor activities by eliciting or modifying immune responses in patients with cancer, the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and WHO criteria, designed to detect early effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy in solid tumors, may not provide a complete assessment of cancer vaccines. The problem may, in part, be resolved by carrying out immunologic cellular monitoring, which is one prerequisite for rational development of cancer vaccines. In this review, we will discuss immunologic monitoring of cellular responses for the evaluation of cancer vaccines including fusions of DC and whole tumor cell.
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Chen IJ, Yen CF, Lin KJ, Lee CL, Soong YK, Lai CH, Lin CT. Vaccination With OK-432 Followed by TC-1 Tumor Lysate Leads to Significant Antitumor Effects. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:687-94. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719110396230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Long Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuei Soong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chyong-Huey Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tao Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University; and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University School of medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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18
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Cathelin D, Nicolas A, Bouchot A, Fraszczak J, Labbé J, Bonnotte B. Dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrids and immunotherapy: what's next? Cytotherapy 2011; 13:774-85. [PMID: 21299362 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.553593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells currently being used as a cellular adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy strategies. Unfortunately, DC-based vaccines have not demonstrated spectacular clinical results. DC loading with tumor antigens and DC differentiation and activation still require optimization. An alternative technique for providing antigens to DC consists of the direct fusion of dendritic cells with tumor cells. These resulting hybrid cells may express both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules associated with tumor antigens and the appropriate co-stimulatory molecules required for T-cell activation. Initially tested in animal models, this approach has now been evaluated in clinical trials, although with limited success. We summarize and discuss the results from the animal studies and first clinical trials. We also present a new approach to inducing hybrid formation by expression of viral fusogenic membrane glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Cathelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, France.
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19
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Koido S, Hara E, Homma S, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Tajiri H. Cancer immunotherapy by fusions of dendritic cells and tumor cells. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:49-62. [PMID: 20635973 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent professional antigen-presenting cells and play a critical role in the induction of primary immune responses. DC-based vaccination represents a potentially powerful strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Thus, the use of cancer vaccines to eliminate residual tumor cells is a promising area of investigation. The immunotherapy of tumor antigen-loaded DCs has now been demonstrated in cancer patients and some clinical responses without any significant toxicity. Fusions of DCs and tumor cells represent an alternative but promising approach to overcome the inability of tumor antigens to induce a sustainable T-cell response. This review deals with recent progress in the immunotherapy of cancer with fusions of DCs and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Regulation of tumor immunity by tumor/dendritic cell fusions. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:516768. [PMID: 21048993 PMCID: PMC2964897 DOI: 10.1155/2010/516768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of cancer vaccines is to induce antitumor immunity that ultimately will reduce tumor burden in tumor environment. Several strategies involving dendritic cells- (DCs)- based vaccine incorporating different tumor-associated antigens to induce antitumor immune responses against tumors have been tested in clinical trials worldwide. Although DCs-based vaccine such as fusions of whole tumor cells and DCs has been proven to be clinically safe and is efficient to enhance antitumor immune responses for inducing effective immune response and for breaking T-cell tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), only a limited success has occurred in clinical trials. This paper reviews tumor immune escape and current strategies employed in the field of tumor/DC fusions vaccine aimed at enhancing activation of TAAs-specific cytotoxic T cells in tumor microenvironment.
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21
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Yoo C, Do HA, Jeong IG, Park H, Hwang JJ, Hong JH, Cho JS, Choo MS, Ahn H, Kim CS. Efficacy of dendritic cells matured early with OK-432 (Picibanil), prostaglandin E2, and interferon-alpha as a vaccine for a hormone refractory prostate cancer cell line. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:1284-90. [PMID: 20808670 PMCID: PMC2923792 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.9.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells. OK432 (Picibanil) was introduced as a potent stimulator of DC maturation in combination with prostaglandin-E(2) and interferon-alpha. We compared the efficacy of a DC-prostate cancer vaccine using early-mature DCs stimulated with OK432, PGE2 and INF-alpha (OPA) with that of vaccines using other methods. On days 3 or 7 of DC culture, TNF-alpha (T), TNF-alpha and LPS (TL) or OPA were employed as maturation stimulators. DU145 cells subjected to heat stress were hybridized with mature DCs using polyethyleneglycol. T cells were sensitized by the hybrids, and their proliferative and cytokine secretion activities and cytotoxicity were measured. The yields of early-mature DCs were higher, compared to yields at the conventional maturation time (P<0.05). In the early maturation setting, the mean fusion ratios, calculated from the fraction of dual-positive cells, were 13.3%, 18.6%, and 39.9%, respectively (P=0.051) in the T only, TL, and OPA-treated groups. The function of cytotoxic T cells, which were sensitized with the hybrids containing DCs matured early with OPA, was superior to that using other methods. The antitumor effects of DC-DU145 hybrids generated with DCs subjected to early maturation with the OPA may be superior to that of the hybrids using conventional maturation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Yoo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ah Do
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Gab Jeong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hongzoo Park
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Bundang, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Hwang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Hong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seon Cho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Myong-Soo Choo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanjong Ahn
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Kawano M, Nishida H, Nakamoto Y, Tsumura H, Tsuchiya H. Cryoimmunologic antitumor effects enhanced by dendritic cells in osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468:1373-83. [PMID: 20232181 PMCID: PMC2853649 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-010-1302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a limb-salvage technique by treating tumor-bearing bone with liquid nitrogen. We also reported systemic antitumor immunity was enhanced by cryotreatment in a murine osteosarcoma (LM8) model. We therefore combined the cryotreatment of tumor with dendritic cells to promote tumor-specific immune responses. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We determined whether our technique could enhance systemic immune response and inhibit metastatic tumor growth in a murine osteosarcoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate activation of the immune response, we prepared six groups of C3H mice (80 mice total): (1) excision only, (2) dendritic cells without reimplantation of the cryotreated primary tumor, (3) reimplantation of the cryotreated primary tumor alone, (4) dendritic cells combined with reimplantation of the cryotreated primary tumor, (5) dendritic cells exposed to cryotreated tumor lysates without reimplantation of the cryotreated primary tumor, and (6) dendritic cells exposed to cryotreated tumor lysates with reimplantation of the cryotreated primary tumor. We then compared and verified the activation state of each group's antitumor immunity. RESULTS Mice that received dendritic cells exposed to cryotreated tumor lysates with reimplantation of the cryotreated primary tumor group had high serum interferon gamma, reduced pulmonary metastases, and increased numbers of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the metastatic areas. CONCLUSIONS Combining tumor cryotreatment with dendritic cells enhanced systemic immune responses and inhibited metastatic tumor growth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We suggest immunotherapy could be developed further to improve the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hideji Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsumura
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
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23
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Antigen-specific polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by fusions of dendritic cells and tumor cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:752381. [PMID: 20379390 PMCID: PMC2850552 DOI: 10.1155/2010/752381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of cancer vaccines is induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that can reduce the tumor mass. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and play a central role in the initiation and regulation of primary immune responses. Thus, DCs-based vaccination represents a potentially powerful strategy for induction of antigen-specific CTLs. Fusions of DCs and whole tumor cells represent an alternative approach to deliver, process, and subsequently present a broad spectrum of antigens, including those known and unidentified, in the context of costimulatory molecules. Once DCs/tumor fusions have been infused back into patient, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where the generation of antigen-specific polyclonal CTL responses occurs. We will discuss perspectives for future development of DCs/tumor fusions for CTL induction.
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24
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Dendritic/pancreatic carcinoma fusions for clinical use: Comparative functional analysis of healthy- versus patient-derived fusions. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:384-400. [PMID: 20226739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal calf serum (FCS)-independent pancreatic cancer cells were established in plasma protein fraction (PPF)-supplemented medium that is an agent of good manufacturing practice (GMP) grade. Dendritic cells (DCs) were activated with the Toll-like receptor agonist, penicillin-inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes (OK-432) that is also a GMP grade agent. Therefore, sufficient amounts of FCS-independent fusions were successfully generated with decreased potential hazards of FCS. The FCS-independent fusions expressed tumor-associated antigens, HLA-DR, costimulatory molecules, IL-12, and IL-10. Stimulation of T cells with fusions from healthy donors resulted in proliferation of T cells with high expression levels of perforin/granzyme B and IFN-gamma and efficient induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Selection and expansion of T-cell clones were confirmed by TCR Vbeta analysis. However, fusions from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer induced increased expression levels of TGF-beta1 in CD4+ CD25high T cells and low levels of CTLs with decreased IFN-gamma production.
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25
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Cancer vaccine by fusions of dendritic and cancer cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2009:657369. [PMID: 20182533 PMCID: PMC2825547 DOI: 10.1155/2009/657369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and play a central role in the initiation and regulation of primary immune responses. Therefore, their use for the active immunotherapy against cancers has been studied with considerable interest. The fusion of DCs with whole tumor cells represents in many ways an ideal approach to deliver, process, and subsequently present a broad array of tumor-associated antigens, including those yet to be unidentified, in the context of DCs-derived costimulatory molecules. DCs/tumor fusion vaccine stimulates potent antitumor immunity in the animal tumor models. In the human studies, T cells stimulated by DC/tumor fusion cells are effective in lysis of tumor cells that are used as the fusion partner. In the clinical trials, clinical and immunological responses were observed in patients with advanced stage of malignant tumors after being vaccinated with DC/tumor fusion cells, although the antitumor effect is not as vigorous as in the animal tumor models. This review summarizes recent advances in concepts and techniques that are providing new impulses to DCs/tumor fusions-based cancer vaccination.
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Alvarez E, Moga E, Barquinero J, Sierra J, Briones J. Dendritic and tumor cell fusions transduced with adenovirus encoding CD40L eradicate B-cell lymphoma and induce a Th17-type response. Gene Ther 2009; 17:469-77. [PMID: 20010627 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of dendritic cells and tumor cells (FCs) constitutes a promising tool for generating an antitumor response because of their capacity to present tumor antigens and provide appropriate costimulatory signals. CD40-CD40L interaction has an important role in the maturation and survival of dendritic cells and provides critical help for T-cell priming. In this study, we sought to improve the effectiveness of FC vaccines in a murine model of B-cell lymphoma by engineering FCs to express CD40L by means of an adenovirus encoding CD40L (Adv-CD40L). Before transduction with Adv-CD40L, no CD40L expression was detected in FCs, DCs or tumor cells. The surface expression of CD40L in FC transduced with Adv-CD40L (FC-CD40L) ranged between 50 and 60%. FC-CD40L showed an enhanced expression of CD80, CD86, CD54 and MHC class II molecules and elicited a strong in vitro immune response in a syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Furthermore, FC-CD40L showed enhanced migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Splenocytes from mice treated with FC-CD40L had a dramatic increase in the production of IL-17, IL-6 and IFN-gamma, compared with controls. Treatment with the FC-CD40L vaccine induced regression of established tumors and increased survival. Our data demonstrate that FC transduced with Adv-CD40L enhances the antitumor effect of FC vaccines in a murine lymphoma model and this is associated with an increased Th17-type immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alvarez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gong J, Koido S, Calderwood SK. Cell fusion: from hybridoma to dendritic cell-based vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1055-68. [PMID: 18767954 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.7.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of dendritic cell (DC) and tumor cell fusions is increasing in tumor immunotherapy. In animal and human studies, fusion cell vaccines have been shown to possess the elements essential for processing and presenting tumor antigens to host immune cells, for inducing effective immune response and for breaking T-cell tolerance to tumor-associated antigens. Moreover, fusion cell vaccines provide protection against challenge with tumor cells and mediate regression of established tumors. Despite these unique features of fusion cell vaccines and the observation of tumor eradication in animal studies, limited success has occurred in clinical trials. This article reviews the methods used for optimizing the preparation and selection of DC-tumor fusion cells and analyzes factors influencing the success or failure of fusion cell-mediated immunotherapy. In addition, we discuss the challenges facing effective fusion cell vaccine production, including factors in preparation, selection and quality control of fusion cell vaccines, as well as approaches for enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Gong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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28
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Koido S, Homma S, Hara E, Mitsunaga M, Namiki Y, Takahara A, Nagasaki E, Komita H, Sagawa Y, Ohkusa T, Fujise K, Gong J, Tajiri H. In vitro generation of cytotoxic and regulatory T cells by fusions of human dendritic cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Transl Med 2008; 6:51. [PMID: 18793383 PMCID: PMC2567290 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells express WT1 and/or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as potential targets for the induction of antitumor immunity. In this study, generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and regulatory T cells (Treg) by fusions of dendritic cells (DCs) and HCC cells was examined. Methods HCC cells were fused to DCs either from healthy donors or the HCC patient and investigated whether supernatants derived from the HCC cell culture (HCCsp) influenced on the function of DCs/HCC fusion cells (FCs) and generation of CTL and Treg. Results FCs coexpressed the HCC cells-derived WT1 and CEA antigens and DCs-derived MHC class II and costimulatory molecules. In addition, FCs were effective in activating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells able to produce IFN-γ and inducing cytolysis of autologous tumor or semiallogeneic targets by a MHC class I-restricted mechanism. However, HCCsp induced functional impairment of DCs as demonstrated by the down-regulation of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, and CD83 molecules. Moreover, the HCCsp-exposed DCs failed to undergo full maturation upon stimulation with the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist penicillin-inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes. Interestingly, fusions of immature DCs generated in the presence of HCCsp and allogeneic HCC cells promoted the generation of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ Treg and inhibited CTL induction in the presence of HCCsp. Importantly, up-regulation of MHC class II, CD80, and CD83 on DCs was observed in the patient with advanced HCC after vaccination with autologous FCs. In addition, the FCs induced WT1- and CEA-specific CTL that were able to produce high levels of IFN-γ. Conclusion The current study is one of the first demonstrating the induction of antigen-specific CTL and the generation of Treg by fusions of DCs and HCC cells. The local tumor-related factors may favor the generation of Treg through the inhibition of DCs maturation; however, fusion cell vaccination results in recovery of the DCs function and induction of antigen-specific CTL responses in vitro. The present study may shed new light about the mechanisms responsible for the generation of CTL and Treg by FCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Koido S, Hara E, Homma S, Mitsunaga M, Takahara A, Nagasaki E, Kawahara H, Watanabe M, Toyama Y, Yanagisawa S, Kobayashi S, Yanaga K, Fujise K, Gong J, Tajiri H. Synergistic Induction of Antigen-Specific CTL by Fusions of TLR-Stimulated Dendritic Cells and Heat-Stressed Tumor Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4874-83. [PMID: 17878387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)/tumor cell fusion cells (FCs) can induce potent CTL responses. The therapeutic efficacy of a vaccine requires the improved immunogenicity of both DCs and tumor cells. The DCs stimulated with the TLR agonist penicillin-killed Streptococcus pyogenes (OK-432; OK-DCs) showed higher expression levels of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD83, IL-12, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) than did immature DCs. Moreover, heat-treated autologous tumor cells displayed a characteristic phenotype with increased expression of HSPs, carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA), MUC1, and MHC class I (HLA-A2 and/or A24). In this study, we have created four types of FC preparation by alternating fusion cell partners: 1) immature DCs fused with unheated tumor cells; 2) immature DCs fused with heat-treated tumor cells; 3) OK-DCs fused with unheated tumor cells; and 4) OK-DCs fused with heat-treated tumor cells. Although OK-DCs fused with unheated tumor cells efficiently enhanced CTL induction, OK-DCs fused with heat-treated tumor cells were most active, as demonstrated by: 1) up-regulation of multiple HSPs, MHC class I and II, CEA, CD80, CD86, CD83, and IL-12; 2) activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells able to produce IFN- gamma at higher levels; 3) efficient induction of CTL activity specific for CEA or MUC1 or both against autologous tumor; and 4) superior abilities to induce CD107+ IFN-gamma+ CD8+ T cells and CD154+ IFN-gamma+ CD4+ T cells. These results strongly suggest that synergism between OK-DCs and heat-treated tumor cells enhances the immunogenicity of FCs and provides a promising means of inducing therapeutic antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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