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Demidova A, Douguet L, Fert I, Wei Y, Charneau P, Majlessi L. Comparison of preclinical efficacy of immunotherapies against HPV-induced cancers. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:674-687. [PMID: 38978164 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2374287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent infections with the human papilloma viruses, HPV16 and HPV18, are associated with multiple cancers. Although prophylactic vaccines that induce HPV-neutralizing antibodies are effective against primary infections, they have no effect on HPV-mediated malignancies against which there is no approved immuno-therapy. Active research is ongoing on immunotherapy of these cancers. AREAS COVERED In this review, we compared the preclinical efficacy of vaccine platforms used to treat HPV-induced tumors in the standard model of mice grafted with TC-1 cells, which express the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. We searched for the key words, 'HPV,' 'vaccine,' 'therapy,' 'E7,' 'tumor,' 'T cells' and 'mice' for the period from 2005 to 2023 in PubMed and found 330 publications. Among them, we selected the most relevant to extract preclinical antitumor results to enable cross-sectional comparison of their efficacy. EXPERT OPINION SECTION We compared these studies for HPV antigen design, immunization regimen, immunogenicity, and antitumor effect, considering their drawbacks and advantages. Among all strategies used in murine models, certain adjuvanted proteins and viral vectors showed the strongest antitumor effects, with the use of lentiviral vectors being the only approach to result in complete tumor eradication in 100% of experimental individuals while providing the longest-lasting memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Demidova
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Laëtitia Douguet
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Yu Wei
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Virology Department, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Virology Department, Paris, France
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2
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Blackman SA, Miles D, Suresh J, Calve S, Bryant SJ. Cell- and Serum-Derived Proteins Act as DAMPs to Activate RAW 264.7 Macrophage-like Cells on Silicone Implants. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1418-1434. [PMID: 38319825 PMCID: PMC11316276 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein adsorption after biomaterial implantation is the first stage of the foreign body response (FBR). However, the source(s) of the adsorbed proteins that lead to damaged associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and induce inflammation have not been fully elucidated. This study examined the effects of different protein sources, cell-derived (from a NIH/3T3 fibroblast cell lysate) and serum-derived (from fetal bovine serum), which were compared to implant-derived proteins (after a 30 min subcutaneous implantation in mice) on activation of RAW 264.7 cells cultured in minimal (serum-free) medium. Both cell-derived and serum-derived protein sources when preadsorbed to either tissue culture polystyrene or medical-grade silicone induced RAW 264.7 cell activation. The combination led to an even higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and proteins. Implant-derived proteins on silicone explants induced a rapid inflammatory response that then subsided more quickly and to a greater extent than the studies with in vitro cell-derived or serum-derived protein sources. Proteomic analysis of the implant-derived proteins identified proteins that included cell-derived and serum-derived, but also other proteinaceous sources (e.g., extracellular matrix), suggesting that the latter or nonproteinaceous sources may help to temper the inflammatory response in vivo. These findings indicate that both serum-derived and cell-derived proteins adsorbed to implants can act as DAMPs to drive inflammation in the FBR, but other protein sources may play an important role in controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Blackman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Dalton Miles
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Joshita Suresh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80300-0613, USA
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Mahdian S, Moini A, Esfandiari F, Shahhoseini M. Drug repurposing for targeting fibronectin in treatment of endometriosis and cancers. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37948310 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2280677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of the fibronectin glycoprotein can cause ectopic tissue growth patients with endometriosis and the formation of various cancerous tumors. Furthermore, fibronectin binding to its receptors from the EDA (Extra Domain A) region contributes to promote tumorigenesis, metastasis and vasculogenesis. Thus, the EDA region can be considered a unique target for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the present study used computational methods to identify the best fibronectin inhibitor(s) among FDA-approved drugs. First, docking-based virtual screening was performed using PyRx 0.8. Next, FDA-approved drugs that obtained favorable results in the docking phase were selected for further studies and analysis using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The preliminary findings of the virtual screening showed that 17 FDA-approved drugs (from 2471) had more favorable energy with their binding energy less than -9 kcal/mol. The MD simulation results of these 17 drugs showed that Avapritinib had a lower RMSD value and higher binding energy and hydrogen bonding than the other complexes in the EDA domain. Also, analyses related to the second structure changes displayed that Avapritinib in the EDA domain led to more changes in the second structure. According to the results, the anticancer drug Avapritinib forms a more stable complex with fibronectin than other FDA-approved drugs. Furthermore, this drug leads to more changes in the second EDA structure, which may have more serious potential for inhibiting EDA fibronectin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soodeh Mahdian
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Moini
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Esfandiari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shahhoseini
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Li H, Ghorbani S, Ling CC, Yong VW, Xue M. The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and recovery in ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106282. [PMID: 37683956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and has two major subtypes: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), contributing to the extent of brain injury but also in its repair. Neuroinflammation is intricately linked to the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is profoundly altered after brain injury and in aging. In the early stages after ischemic stroke and ICH, immune cells are involved in the deposition and remodeling of the ECM thereby affecting processes such as blood-brain barrier and cellular integrity. ECM components regulate leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, activate a variety of immune cells, and induce the elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after stroke. In turn, excessive MMPs may degrade ECM into components that are pro-inflammatory and injurious. Conversely, in the later stages after stroke, several ECM molecules may contribute to tissue recovery. For example, thrombospondin-1 and biglycan may promote activity of regulatory T cells, inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, and aid regenerative processes. We highlight these roles of the ECM in ischemic stroke and ICH and discuss their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss therapeutics that could be considered to normalize the ECM in stroke. Our goal is to spur research on the ECM in order to improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke and ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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EDA-E7 Activated DCs Induces Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Immune Responses against HPV Expressing Cervical Cancer in Human Setting. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020320. [PMID: 36851198 PMCID: PMC9965802 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Targeting human papillomavirus (HPV) viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 is a new strategy for cervical cancer immunotherapy and has been associated with resolution of HPV-induced lesions. How to efficiently induce T cell target killing of HPV infected cervical cancer is of great potential benefit for cervical cancer treatment. Fusion protein containing the extra domain A (EDA) from fibronectin, a natural ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and HPVE7 (EDA-E7) has been shown to efficiently induce dendritic cells maturation and trigger specific antitumor CD8+ T cells response in mice. In this study, we constructed EDA-E7 fusion protein of human origin and tested its function in dendritic cell maturation as well as antitumor T cell response. We found that EDA-E7 could be efficiently captured by human PBMC derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and induce DCs maturation. Importantly, this effect could work in synergy with the TLR ligand anti-CD40 agonist, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], R848, and CpG2216. EDA-E7 matured DCs could activate T cells and trigger an anti-tumor response in vitro. Single cell RNA sequencing and T cell targeted killing assay confirmed the activation of T cells by EDA-E7 matured DCs. Therefore, therapeutic vaccination with EDA-E7 fusion protein maybe effective for human cervical carcinoma treatment.
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Peng Z, Lv X, Huang S. Recent Progress on the Role of Fibronectin in Tumor Stromal Immunity and Immunotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:2494-2505. [PMID: 35708087 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220615152647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As a major component of the stromal microenvironment of various solid tumors, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has attracted increasing attention in cancer-related studies. ECM in the tumor stroma not only provides an external barrier and framework for tumor cell adhesion and movement, but also acts as an active regulator that modulates the tumor microenvironment, including stromal immunity. Fibronectin (Fn), as a core component of the ECM, plays a key role in the assembly and remodeling of the ECM. Hence, understanding the role of Fn in the modulation of tumor stromal immunity is of great importance for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, in-depth studies on the underlying mechanisms of Fn in tumors are urgently needed to clarify the current understanding and issues and to identify new and specific targets for effective diagnosis and treatment purposes. In this review, we summarize the structure and role of Fn, its potent derivatives in tumor stromal immunity, and their biological effects and mechanisms in tumor development. In addition, we discuss the novel applications of Fn in tumor treatment. Therefore, this review can provide prospective insight into Fn immunotherapeutic applications in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiaolan Lv
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Shigao Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi an, Shaan Xi, China
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Li Z, Derking R, Lee W, Bosman GP, Ward AB, Sanders RW, Boons G. Conjugation of a Toll-Like Receptor Agonist to Glycans of an HIV Native-Like Envelope Trimer Preserves Neutralization Epitopes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200236. [PMID: 35647713 PMCID: PMC9510654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule adjuvants are attractive for enhancing broad protection and durability of immune responses elicited by subunit vaccines. Covalent attachment of an adjuvant to an immunogen is particularly attractive because it simultaneously delivers both entities to antigen presenting cells resulting in more efficient immune activation. There is, however, a lack of methods to conjugate small molecule immune potentiators to viral glycoprotein immunogens without compromising epitope integrity. We describe herein a one-step enzymatic conjugation approach for the covalent attachment of small molecule adjuvants to N-linked glycans of viral glycoproteins. It involves the attachment of an immune potentiator to CMP-Neu5AcN3 by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition followed by sialyltransferase-mediated transfer to N-glycans of a viral glycoprotein. The method was employed to modify a native-like HIV envelope trimer with a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist. The modification did not compromise Env-trimer recognition by several broadly neutralization antibodies. Electron microscopy confirmed structural integrity of the modified immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam1105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wen‐Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA, 92037USA
| | - Gerlof P. Bosman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA, 92037USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam Institute for Infection and ImmunityAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam1105AZAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY 10021USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht University3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
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8
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Martín-Otal C, Lasarte-Cia A, Serrano D, Casares N, Conde E, Navarro F, Sánchez-Moreno I, Gorraiz M, Sarrión P, Calvo A, De Andrea CE, Echeveste J, Vilas A, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, San Miguel J, Prosper F, Hervas-Stubbs S, Lasarte JJ, Lozano T. Targeting the extra domain A of fibronectin for cancer therapy with CAR-T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004479. [PMID: 35918123 PMCID: PMC9351345 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main difficulties of adoptive cell therapies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells in solid tumors is the identification of specific target antigens. The tumor microenvironment can present suitable antigens for CAR design, even though they are not expressed by the tumor cells. We have generated a CAR specific for the splice variant extra domain A (EDA) of fibronectin, which is highly expressed in the tumor stroma of many types of tumors but not in healthy tissues. METHODS EDA expression was explored in RNA-seq data from different human tumor types and by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies. Murine and human anti-EDA CAR-T cells were prepared using recombinant retro/lentiviruses, respectively. The functionality of EDA CAR-T cells was measured in vitro in response to antigen stimulation. The antitumor activity of EDA CAR-T cells was measured in vivo in C57BL/6 mice challenged with PM299L-EDA hepatocarcinoma cell line, in 129Sv mice-bearing F9 teratocarcinoma and in NSG mice injected with the human hepatocarcinoma cell line PLC. RESULTS EDA CAR-T cells recognized and killed EDA-expressing tumor cell lines in vitro and rejected EDA-expressing tumors in immunocompetent mice. Notably, EDA CAR-T cells showed an antitumor effect in mice injected with EDA-negative tumor cells lines when the tumor stroma or the basement membrane of tumor endothelial cells express EDA. Thus, EDA CAR-T administration delayed tumor growth in immunocompetent 129Sv mice challenged with teratocarcinoma cell line F9. EDA CAR-T treatment exerted an antiangiogenic effect and significantly reduced gene signatures associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix organization as well as IL-6-STAT5 and KRAS pathways. Importantly, the human version of EDA CAR, that includes the human 41BB and CD3ζ endodomains, exerted strong antitumor activity in NSG mice challenged with the human hepatocarcinoma cell line PLC, which expresses EDA in the tumor stroma and the endothelial vasculature. EDA CAR-T cells exhibited a tropism for EDA-expressing tumor tissue and no toxicity was observed in tumor bearing or in healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that targeting the tumor-specific fibronectin splice variant EDA with CAR-T cells is feasible and offers a therapeutic option that is applicable to different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Martín-Otal
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cia
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Serrano
- Programa de Tumores sólidos, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Conde
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Flor Navarro
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés Sánchez-Moreno
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Gorraiz
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Sarrión
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Programa de Tumores sólidos, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos E De Andrea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Departamento de Patología, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - José Echeveste
- Departamento de Patología, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Amaia Vilas
- Programa de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Roberto Rodriguez-Madoz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús San Miguel
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Programa de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervas-Stubbs
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Lasarte
- Departamento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Departamento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Austin-Williams S, Hussain MT, Oggero S, Norling LV. Enhancing extracellular vesicles for therapeutic treatment of arthritic joints. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:80-94. [PMID: 34461260 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane-derived packages of information that are released from virtually all cell types. These nano-packages contain regulatory material including proteins, lipids, mRNA and microRNA and are a key mechanism of paracellular communication within a given microenvironment. Encompassed with a lipid bilayer, these organelles have been attributed numerous roles in regulating both physiological and pathological functions. Herein, we describe the role of EVs in the context of Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis and explore how they could be harnessed to treat inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions. These structures offer a promising therapeutic strategy for treating musculoskeletal diseases due to their bioactive content, stability, small size and intrinsic ability to enter the avascular cartilage, a notoriously challenging tissue to target. We also discuss how EVs can be manipulated to load therapeutic cargo or present additional targeting moieties to enhance their beneficial actions and tissue regenerative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Austin-Williams
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed T Hussain
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Oggero
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy V Norling
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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10
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Ghorbani S, Yong VW. The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2021; 144:1958-1973. [PMID: 33889940 PMCID: PMC8370400 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination failure contributes to axonal loss and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. The failed repair process could be due to ongoing toxic neuroinflammation and to an inhibitory lesion microenvironment that prevents recruitment and/or differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. The extracellular matrix molecules deposited into lesions provide both an altered microenvironment that inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and a fuel that exacerbates inflammatory responses within lesions. In this review, we discuss the extracellular matrix and where its molecules are normally distributed in an uninjured adult brain, specifically at the basement membranes of cerebral vessels, in perineuronal nets that surround the soma of certain populations of neurons, and in interstitial matrix between neural cells. We then highlight the deposition of different extracellular matrix members in multiple sclerosis lesions, including chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans, collagens, laminins, fibronectin, fibrinogen, thrombospondin and others. We consider reasons behind changes in extracellular matrix components in multiple sclerosis lesions, mainly due to deposition by cells such as reactive astrocytes and microglia/macrophages. We next discuss the consequences of an altered extracellular matrix in multiple sclerosis lesions. Besides impairing oligodendrocyte recruitment, many of the extracellular matrix components elevated in multiple sclerosis lesions are pro-inflammatory and they enhance inflammatory processes through several mechanisms. However, molecules such as thrombospondin-1 may counter inflammatory processes, and laminins appear to favour repair. Overall, we emphasize the crosstalk between the extracellular matrix, immune responses and remyelination in modulating lesions for recovery or worsening. Finally, we review potential therapeutic approaches to target extracellular matrix components to reduce detrimental neuroinflammation and to promote recruitment and maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to enhance remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Feng R, Zhu L, Heng X, Chen G, Chen H. Immune Effect Regulated by the Chain Length: Interaction between Immune Cell Surface Receptors and Synthetic Glycopolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36859-36867. [PMID: 34333963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycopolymer-based drugs for immunotherapy have attracted increasing attention because the affinity between glycans and proteins plays an important role in immune responses. Previous studies indicate that the polymer chain length influences the affinity. In the studies on enhancing the immune response by glycans, it is found that both oligosaccharides and long-chain glycopolymers work well. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the immune enhancement effect and the binding ability of oligomers and polymers to immune-related proteins. In this paper, to study the influence of the chain length, glycopolymers based on N-acetylglucosamine with different chain lengths were synthesized, and their interaction with immune-related proteins and their effect on dendritic cell maturation were evaluated. It was proved that compared with l-glycopolymers (degree of polymerization (DP) > 20), s-glycopolymers (DP < 20) showed better binding ability to the dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin protein and the toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex protein by quartz crystal microbalance and molecular docking simulation. When the total sugar unit amounts are equal, s-glycopolymers are proved to be superior in promoting dendritic cell maturation by detecting the expression level of CD80 and CD86 on the surface of dendritic cells. Through the combination of experimental characterization and theoretical simulation, a deep look into the interaction between immune-related proteins and glycopolymers with different chain lengths is helpful to improve the understanding of the immune-related interactions and provides a good theoretical basis for the design of new glycopolymer-based immune drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Heng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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12
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Arribillaga L, Echeverria I, Belsue V, Gomez T, Lozano T, Casares N, Villanueva L, Domingos-Pereira S, Romero PJ, Nardelli-Haefliger D, Hervás-Stubbs S, Sarobe P, Rodriguez MJ, Carrascosa JL, Zürcher T, Lasarte JJ. Bivalent therapeutic vaccine against HPV16/18 genotypes consisting of a fusion protein between the extra domain A from human fibronectin and HPV16/18 E7 viral antigens. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000704. [PMID: 32581060 PMCID: PMC7319778 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo targeting of human papillomavirus (HPV) derived antigens to dendritic cells might constitute an efficient immunotherapeutic strategy against cervical cancer. In previous works, we have shown that the extra domain A from murine fibronectin (mEDA) can be used to target antigens to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressing dendritic cells and induce strong antigen-specific immune responses. In the present study, we have produced a bivalent therapeutic vaccine candidate consisting of the human EDA (hEDA) fused to E7 proteins from HPV16 and HPV18 (hEDA-HPVE7-16/18) and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic vaccine against cervical cancer. Materials and methods Recombinant fusion proteins containing HPV E7 proteins from HPV16 and HPV18 virus subtypes fused to hEDA were produced and tested in vitro on their capacity to bind TLR4 and induce the production of tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin (IL)-12 by human monocytes and dendritic cells. The immunogenicity and potential therapeutic activity of the vaccine in combination with cisplatin or with the TLR3 agonist molecules polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) or Poly ICLC was evaluated in mice bearing subcutaneous or genital orthotopic HPV16 TC-1 tumors. Results hEDA-HPVE7-16/18 prototype vaccine binds human TLR4 and stimulate TLR4-dependent signaling pathways and IL-12 production by human monocyte-derived dendritic cell. Vaccination with hEDA-HPVE7-16/18 induced strong HPVE7-specific Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and eliminated established tumors in the TC-1-based tumor model. The antitumor efficacy was significantly improved by combining the fusion protein with cisplatin or with the TLR-3 ligand Poly IC and especially with the stabilized analog Poly ICLC. Moreover, hEDA-HPVE7-16/18+Poly ICLC induced full tumor regression in 100% of mice bearing orthotopic genital HPV tumors. Conclusion Our results suggest that this therapeutic vaccine formulation may be an effective treatment for cervical tumors that do not respond to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Lozano
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lorea Villanueva
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sonia Domingos-Pereira
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro J Romero
- Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Département d'oncologie CHUV-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Josefa Rodriguez
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Carrascosa
- Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan José Lasarte
- Programa de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, University of Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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13
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Amin A, Mokhdomi TA, Bukhari S, Wani Z, Chikan NA, Shah BA, Koul AM, Majeed U, Farooq F, Qadri A, Qadri RA. Lung cancer cell-derived EDA-containing fibronectin induces an inflammatory response from monocytes and promotes metastatic tumor microenvironment. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:562-576. [PMID: 33393138 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. This tumor-promoting propensity of TAMs sets in as a result of their complex cross-talk with tumor cells mediated primarily by tumor cell-secreted proteins in the tumor microenvironment. To explore such interactions, we employed an immunoscreening approach involving the immunization of Balb-c mice with model human lung carcinoma cell line, A549. From serological examination combined with mass spectrometric analysis, EDA-containing fibronectin (EDAFN ) was identified as a conspicuous immunogenic protein in A549 cell secretome. We showed that A549 secreted EDAFN engages TLR-4 on THP-1 monocytes to drive the proinflammatory response via NF-κB signaling cascade. Conversely, A549 derived EDAFN potentiates their metastatic capacity by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through its autocrine activity. In conclusion, the study proposes a possible mechanism of cellular cross-talk between lung cancer cells and associated monocytes mediated by lung cancer-derived EDAFN and resulting in the establishment of proinflammatory and metastatic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Amin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Hybridoma Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Taseem A Mokhdomi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Daskdān Innovations Pvt. Ltd., Srinagar, India
| | - Shoiab Bukhari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,The Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Zubair Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Basit A Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aabid M Koul
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Umer Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Faizah Farooq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Ayub Qadri
- Hybridoma Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Raies A Qadri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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14
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Liu F, Seto WK, Wong DKH, Huang FY, Cheung KS, Mak LY, Sharma R, Zhang S, Fung J, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Plasma Fibronectin Levels Identified via Quantitative Proteomics Profiling Predicts Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroclearance in Chronic Hepatitis B. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:940-950. [PMID: 31056649 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroclearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a potentially achievable target of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Plasma proteins relevant to HBsAg seroclearance remain undetermined. METHODS We prospectively recruited treatment-naive CHB patients with spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance and matched HBsAg-positive controls. Plasma protein profiling was performed using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomics, with the expression of candidate proteins validated in a separate cohort. The predictive value of fibronectin was assessed at 3 years, 1 year (Year -1) before, and at the time (Year 0) of HBsAg seroclearance. RESULTS Four hundred eighty-seven plasma proteins were identified via proteomics, with 97 proteins showing altered expression. In the verification cohort (n = 90), median plasma fibronectin levels in patients with HBsAg seroclearance was higher than in controls (P = .009). In the longitudinal cohort (n = 164), patients with HBsAg seroclearance, compared with controls, had a higher median fibronectin levels at Year -1 (413.26 vs 227.95 µg/mL) and Year 0 (349.45 vs 208.72 µg/mL) (both P < .001). In patients with an annual HBsAg log reduction >0.5, Year -1 fibronectin level achieved an area under the receiving operator characteristic of 0.884 in predicting HBsAg seroclearance. CONCLUSIONS Using proteomics-based technology, plasma fibronectin may be associated with HBsAg seroclearance and a potential predictor of "functional cure".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, China
| | - Danny Ka-Ho Wong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Fung-Yu Huang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China
| | - Ka-Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China
| | - Lung-Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Saisai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China
| | - James Fung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, China
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15
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Efthymiou G, Saint A, Ruff M, Rekad Z, Ciais D, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. Shaping Up the Tumor Microenvironment With Cellular Fibronectin. Front Oncol 2020; 10:641. [PMID: 32426283 PMCID: PMC7203475 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal tissue homeostasis and architecture restrain tumor growth. Thus, for a tumor to develop and spread, malignant cells must overcome growth-repressive inputs from surrounding tissue and escape immune surveillance mechanisms that curb cancer progression. This is achieved by promoting the conversion of a physiological microenvironment to a pro-tumoral state and it requires a constant dialog between malignant cells and ostensibly normal cells of adjacent tissue. Pro-tumoral reprogramming of the stroma is accompanied by an upregulation of certain extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their cognate receptors. Fibronectin (FN) is one such component of the tumor matrisome. This large multidomain glycoprotein dimer expressed over a wide range of human cancers is assembled by cell-driven forces into a fibrillar array that provides an obligate scaffold for the deposition of other matrix proteins and binding sites for functionalization by soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment. Encoded by a single gene, FN regulates the proliferation, motile behavior and fate of multiple cell types, largely through mechanisms that involve integrin-mediated signaling. These processes are coordinated by distinct isoforms of FN, collectively known as cellular FN (as opposed to circulating plasma FN) that arise through alternative splicing of the FN1 gene. Cellular FN isoforms differ in their solubility, receptor binding ability and spatiotemporal expression, and functions that have yet to be fully defined. FN induction at tumor sites constitutes an important step in the acquisition of biological capabilities required for several cancer hallmarks such as sustaining proliferative signaling, promoting angiogenesis, facilitating invasion and metastasis, modulating growth suppressor activity and regulating anti-tumoral immunity. In this review, we will first provide an overview of ECM reprogramming through tumor-stroma crosstalk, then focus on the role of cellular FN in tumor progression with respect to these hallmarks. Last, we will discuss the impact of dysregulated ECM on clinical efficacy of classical (radio-/chemo-) therapies and emerging treatments that target immune checkpoints and explore how our expanding knowledge of the tumor ECM and the central role of FN can be leveraged for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angélique Saint
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France.,Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Michaël Ruff
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Zeinab Rekad
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France
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16
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Barreto G, Manninen M, K. Eklund K. Osteoarthritis and Toll-Like Receptors: When Innate Immunity Meets Chondrocyte Apoptosis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040065. [PMID: 32235418 PMCID: PMC7235883 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been viewed as a degenerative disease of cartilage, but accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a critical role in its pathogenesis. In particular, chondrocyte-mediated inflammatory responses triggered by the activation of innate immune receptors by alarmins (also known as danger signals) are thought to be involved. Thus, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling pathways are of particular interest. Recent reports suggest that among the TLR-induced innate immune responses, apoptosis is one of the critical events. Apoptosis is of particular importance, given that chondrocyte death is a dominant feature in OA. This review focuses on the role of TLR signaling in chondrocytes and the role of TLR activation in chondrocyte apoptosis. The functional relevance of TLR and TLR-triggered apoptosis in OA are discussed as well as their relevance as candidates for novel disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo Barreto
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-4585-381-10
| | | | - Kari K. Eklund
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Orton Research Institute, 00280 Helsinki, Finland;
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17
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Raehtz KD, Barrenäs F, Xu C, Busman-Sahay K, Valentine A, Law L, Ma D, Policicchio BB, Wijewardana V, Brocca-Cofano E, Trichel A, Gale M, Keele BF, Estes JD, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. African green monkeys avoid SIV disease progression by preventing intestinal dysfunction and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008333. [PMID: 32119719 PMCID: PMC7077871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike HIV infection, SIV infection is generally nonpathogenic in natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGMs), despite life-long high viral replication. Lack of disease progression was reportedly based on the ability of SIV-infected AGMs to prevent gut dysfunction, avoiding microbial translocation and the associated systemic immune activation and chronic inflammation. Yet, the maintenance of gut integrity has never been documented, and the mechanism(s) by which gut integrity is preserved are unknown. We sought to investigate the early events of SIV infection in AGMs, specifically examining the impact of SIVsab infection on the gut mucosa. Twenty-nine adult male AGMs were intrarectally infected with SIVsab92018 and serially sacrificed at well-defined stages of SIV infection, preramp-up (1-3 days post-infection (dpi)), ramp-up (4-6 dpi), peak viremia (9-12 dpi), and early chronic SIV infection (46-55 dpi), to assess the levels of immune activation, apoptosis, epithelial damage and microbial translocation in the GI tract and peripheral lymph nodes. Tissue viral loads, plasma cytokines and plasma markers of gut dysfunction were also measured throughout the course of early infection. While a strong, but transient, interferon-based inflammatory response was observed, the levels of plasma markers linked to enteropathy did not increase. Accordingly, no significant increases in apoptosis of either mucosal enterocytes or lymphocytes, and no damage to the mucosal epithelium were documented during early SIVsab infection of AGMs. These findings were supported by RNAseq of the gut tissue, which found no significant alterations in gene expression that would indicate microbial translocation. Thus, for the first time, we confirmed that gut epithelial integrity is preserved, with no evidence of microbial translocation, in AGMs throughout early SIVsab infection. This might protect AGMs from developing intestinal dysfunction and the subsequent chronic inflammation that drives both HIV disease progression and HIV-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Audrey Valentine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita Trichel
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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18
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Briquez PS, Hauert S, de Titta A, Gray LT, Alpar AT, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Engineering Targeting Materials for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117911 PMCID: PMC7026271 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines constitute a valuable tool to educate the immune system to fight tumors and prevent cancer relapse. Nevertheless, the number of cancer vaccines in the clinic remains very limited to date, highlighting the need for further technology development. Recently, cancer vaccines have been improved by the use of materials, which can strongly enhance their intrinsic properties and biodistribution profile. Moreover, vaccine efficacy and safety can be substantially modulated through selection of the site at which they are delivered, which fosters the engineering of materials capable of targeting cancer vaccines to specific relevant sites, such as within the tumor or within lymphoid organs, to further optimize their immunotherapeutic effects. In this review, we aim to give the reader an overview of principles and current strategies to engineer therapeutic cancer vaccines, with a particular focus on the use of site-specific targeting materials. We will first recall the goal of therapeutic cancer vaccination and the type of immune responses sought upon vaccination, before detailing key components of cancer vaccines. We will then present how materials can be engineered to enhance the vaccine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Finally, we will discuss the rationale for site-specific targeting of cancer vaccines and provide examples of current targeting technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S. Briquez
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sylvie Hauert
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Laura T. Gray
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron T. Alpar
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Garcia MM, Goicoechea C, Molina-Álvarez M, Pascual D. Toll-like receptor 4: A promising crossroads in the diagnosis and treatment of several pathologies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:172975. [PMID: 32017939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in a wide variety of cells and is the central component of the mammalian innate immune system. Since its discovery in 1997, TLR4 has been assigned an ever-increasing number of functions that extend from pathogen recognition to tissue damage identification and promotion of the intrinsic "damage repair response" in pain, intestinal, respiratory and vascular disorders. Precisely, the finding of conserved sequence homology among species along with the molecular and functional characterisation of the TLR4 gene enabled researchers to envisage a common operating system in the activation of innate immunity and the initiation of plastic changes at the onset of chronic pain. Malfunctioning in other conditions was conceived in parallel. In this respect, "pivot" proteins and pathway redundancy are not just evolutionary leftovers but essential for normal functioning or cell survival. Indeed, at present, TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and their association with certain dysfunctions and diseases are being confirmed in different pools of patients. However, despite its ability to trigger pathogen infection or alternatively tissue injury communications to immune system, TLR4 targeting might not be considered a panacea. This review article represents a compilation of what we know about TLR4 from clinics and basic research on the 20th anniversary of its discovery. Understanding how to fine-tune the interaction between TLR4 and its specific ligands may lead in the next decades to the development of promising new treatments, reducing polypharmacy and probably having an impact on drug use in numerous pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Garcia
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Álvarez
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - David Pascual
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain.
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20
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Abstract
Cells need to be anchored to extracellular matrix (ECM) to survive, yet the role of ECM in guiding developmental processes, tissue homeostasis, and aging has long been underestimated. How ECM orchestrates the deterioration of healthy to pathological tissues, including fibrosis and cancer, also remains poorly understood. Inquiring how alterations in ECM fiber tension might drive these processes is timely, as mechanobiology is a rapidly growing field, and many novel mechanisms behind the mechanical forces that can regulate protein, cell, and tissue functions have recently been deciphered. The goal of this article is to review how forces can switch protein functions, and thus cell signaling, and thereby inspire new approaches to exploit the mechanobiology of ECM in regenerative medicine as well as for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Some of the mechanochemical switching concepts described here for ECM proteins are more general and apply to intracellular proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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21
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Belluzzi E, Olivotto E, Toso G, Cigolotti A, Pozzuoli A, Biz C, Trisolino G, Ruggieri P, Grigolo B, Ramonda R, Favero M. Conditioned media from human osteoarthritic synovium induces inflammation in a synoviocyte cell line. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:136-145. [PMID: 29695173 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1470167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint pathology involving cartilage, synovial membrane, meniscus, subchondral bone, and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). Synovitis has been widely documented in OA suggesting its important role in pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of different joint tissues in promoting synovitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conditioned media (CM) from cartilage, synovial membrane, meniscus, and IFP were generated from tissues of five patients undergoing total knee replacement and used to stimulate a human fibroblast-like synoviocytes cell line (K4IM). Cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteases release was analyzed in all CM by Bio-Plex Assay and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by dimethylmethylene blue assay. Gene expression of several markers was evaluated by real-time PCR in K4IM cells stimulated with the CM obtained from joint tissues. RESULTS CM from all tissues produced high levels of IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2. CCL21, MMP-3, and -13 levels were detected in all CM except IFP. MMP-10 was present only in CM of cartilage and synovial tissues. IL-1β, IL-15, TNF-α, CCL5, and CCL19 were undetectable. However, only K4IM cells stimulated by the CM from OA synovium showed an increase of IL-6, CXCL-8, CCL21, MMP10, and IL-1β expression. CONCLUSION Our study showed that K4IM might be a suitable in vitro model for evaluating different cellular pathways in OA studies. Importantly, we demonstrated that in OA, all joint tissues might be involved in the progression of synovitis with a predominant role of synovial membrane itself compared to the other joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Belluzzi
- a Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED , University Hospital of Padova , Padova , Italy.,b Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivotto
- c RAMSES Laboratory-RIT Department , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Toso
- b Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Augusto Cigolotti
- d Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Assunta Pozzuoli
- b Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Carlo Biz
- d Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Giovanni Trisolino
- e Reconstructive Hip and Knee Joint Surgery , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy.,f Pediatric orthopedic and Traumatology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- d Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- c RAMSES Laboratory-RIT Department , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy.,g Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- a Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED , University Hospital of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marta Favero
- a Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED , University Hospital of Padova , Padova , Italy.,c RAMSES Laboratory-RIT Department , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
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22
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Shetab Boushehri MA, Lamprecht A. TLR4-Based Immunotherapeutics in Cancer: A Review of the Achievements and Shortcomings. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4777-4800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgonge Franch-Comte, 25030 Besançon, France
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23
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Du K, Liu J, Broering R, Zhang X, Yang D, Dittmer U, Lu M. Recent advances in the discovery and development of TLR ligands as novel therapeutics for chronic HBV and HIV infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:661-670. [PMID: 29772941 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1473372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands remain as promising antiviral drug candidates for the treatment of chronic viral infections. Basic research on the mechanisms of antiviral activity of TLR ligands in preclinical animal models and clinical testing of drug candidates have been carried out in recent years. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical testing of TLR ligands in two major viral infections: hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recent results have further demonstrated the potent antiviral activity of various TLR ligands . A TLR7 agonist is in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic HBV infection while a HBV vaccine using a TLR9 ligand as an adjuvant has proven to be superior to conventional HBV vaccines and has been approved for clinical use. Generally, TLR activation may achieve viral control mainly by promoting adaptive immunity to viral proteins. Expert opinion: Recent research in this field indicates that TLR ligands could be developed as clinically effective drugs if the obstacles concerning toxicity and application routes are overcome. TLR-mediated promotion of adaptive immunity is a major issue for future studies and will determine the future development of TLR ligands as drugs for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keye Du
- a Department of Infectious Disease , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jia Liu
- a Department of Infectious Disease , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ruth Broering
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- c Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- a Department of Infectious Disease , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- d Institute of Virology , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- d Institute of Virology , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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24
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Villanueva L, Silva L, Llopiz D, Ruiz M, Iglesias T, Lozano T, Casares N, Hervas-Stubbs S, Rodríguez MJ, Carrascosa JL, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P. The Toll like receptor 4 ligand cold-inducible RNA-binding protein as vaccination platform against cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1409321. [PMID: 29632721 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1409321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes have been associated with a better prognostic and with higher response rates in patients treated with checkpoint inhibiting antibodies, suggesting that strategies promoting tumor inflammation may enhance the efficacy of these currently available therapies. Our aim was thus to develop a new vaccination platform based on cold-inducible RNA binding protein (CIRP), an endogenous TLR4 ligand generated during inflammatory processes, and characterize whether it was amenable to combination with checkpoint inhibitors. In vitro, CIRP induced dendritic cell activation, migration and enhanced presentation of CIRP-bound antigens to T-cells. Accordingly, antigen conjugation to CIRP conferred immunogenicity, dependent on immunostimulatory and antigen-targeting capacities of CIRP. When applied in a therapeutic setting, vaccination led to CD8-dependent tumor rejection in several tumor models. Moreover, immunogenicity of this vaccination platform was enhanced not only by combination with additional adjuvants, but also with antibodies blocking PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4 and IL-10, immunosuppressive molecules usually present in the tumor environment and also induced by the vaccine. Therefore, priming with a CIRP-based vaccine combined with immune checkpoint-inhibiting antibodies rejected established B16-OVA tumors. Finally, equivalent activation and T-cell stimulatory effects were observed when using CIRP in vitro with human cells, suggesting that CIRP-based vaccination strategies could be a valuable clinical tool to include in combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Villanueva
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Silva
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diana Llopiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tamara Iglesias
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervas-Stubbs
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Carrascosa
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Departamento de Estructura de Macromoléculas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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25
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Valenty LM, Longo CM, Horzempa C, Ambesi A, McKeown-Longo PJ. TLR4 Ligands Selectively Synergize to Induce Expression of IL-8. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:309-319. [PMID: 29062588 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Dysfunctional remodeling of the extracellular matrix contributes to the formation of TLR-dependent feed forward loops that drive chronic inflammation. We have previously shown that two Type III domains of Fibronectin, FnEDA and FnIII-1c, cooperate to induce the synergistic release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) from dermal fibroblasts. We now identify steps in the TLR4 pathway where synergy can be demonstrated as well as additional kinases functioning in fibronectin activation of TLR4 signaling. We also evaluate the ligand and cell-type specificity of this synergistic response. Approach: FnEDA, FnIII-1c, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced genes in fibroblasts were analyzed by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Kinases functioning in gene expression were identified by using specific inhibitors. Activated TLR4-dependent effector molecules were identified by cell fractionation and Western blot and quantified by image analysis. Results: The addition of FnEDA and FnIII-1c to dermal fibroblasts resulted in a synergistic increase in the expression of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1). Synergy between these domains was detected at the level of nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK) activation. Induction of IL-8 by fibronectin ligands was partially attenuated in the presence of inhibitors to either epidermal growth factor receptor or Src kinases. FnIII-1c also synergized with LPS to induce IL-8 in dermal fibroblasts, whereas the combined effect of FnEDA and LPS on IL-8 synthesis was additive. In contrast, synergistic responses to these ligands were not observed in THP-1 monocytic cells. Innovation: The data suggest that chronic inflammation may be driven by matrix- and pathogen-derived TLR4 ligands that work in synergy to promote an exuberant innate response. Conclusion: The data suggest that the molecular mechanism underlying synergistic responses to TLR4 ligands lies upstream of IKK activation, likely in the molecular composition of the TLR4 receptor complex that assembles in response to each ligand. In addition, synergistic responses to TLR4 activation may be both cell-type and ligand specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Valenty
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Christine M. Longo
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Carol Horzempa
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Anthony Ambesi
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Paula J. McKeown-Longo
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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26
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. Bioconjugation Approaches to Producing Subunit Vaccines Composed of Protein or Peptide Antigens and Covalently Attached Toll-Like Receptor Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:572-586. [PMID: 28891637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines derived from attenuated or inactivated pathogens are effective at inducing antibody-based protective immune responses but tend to be highly reactogenic, causing notable adverse effects. Vaccines with superior safety profiles can be produced by subunit approaches, utilizing molecularly defined antigens (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides). These antigens, however, often elicit poor immunological responses, necessitating the use of adjuvants. Immunostimulatory adjuvants have the capacity to activate antigen presenting cells directly through specific receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLRs)), resulting in enhanced presentation of antigens as well as the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Consequently, innate immune responses are amplified and adaptive immunity is generated. Recently, site-specific conjugation of such immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g., TLR ligands) onto defined antigens has shown superior efficacy over unconjugated mixtures, suggesting that the development of chemically characterized immunostimulatory adjuvants and optimized approaches for their conjugation with antigens may provide a better opportunity for the development of potent, novel vaccines. This review briefly summarizes various TLR agonists utilized as immunostimulatory adjuvants and focuses on the development of techniques (e.g., recombinant, synthetic, and semisynthetic) for generating adjuvant-antigen fusion vaccines incorporating peptide or protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
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27
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Aznar MA, Tinari N, Rullán AJ, Sánchez-Paulete AR, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Melero I. Intratumoral Delivery of Immunotherapy-Act Locally, Think Globally. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:31-39. [PMID: 27994166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms have evolved to cope with local entry of microbes acting in a confined fashion but eventually inducing systemic immune memory. Indeed, in situ delivery of a number of agents into tumors can mimic in the malignant tissue the phenomena that control intracellular infection leading to the killing of infected cells. Vascular endothelium activation and lymphocyte attraction, together with dendritic cell-mediated cross-priming, are the key elements. Intratumoral therapy with pathogen-associated molecular patterns or recombinant viruses is being tested in the clinic. Cell therapies can be also delivered intratumorally, including infusion of autologous dendritic cells and even tumor-reactive T lymphocytes. Intralesional virotherapy with an HSV vector expressing GM-CSF has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of unresectable melanoma. Immunomodulatory monoclonal Abs have also been successfully applied intratumorally in animal models. Local delivery means less systemic toxicity while focusing the immune response on the malignancy and the affected draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Aznar
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Nicola Tinari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University and Foundation, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Antonio J Rullán
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; and
| | - Alfonso R Sánchez-Paulete
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Health Research Institute of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; .,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Health Research Institute of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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28
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Biotechnology approaches to produce potent, self-adjuvanting antigen-adjuvant fusion protein subunit vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:375-389. [PMID: 28288861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination approaches (e.g. live attenuated or killed microorganisms) are among the most effective means to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These approaches, nevertheless, have failed to yield successful vaccines against many important pathogens. To overcome this problem, methods have been developed to identify microbial components, against which protective immune responses can be elicited. Subunit antigens identified by these approaches enable the production of defined vaccines, with improved safety profiles. However, they are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating their administration with potent immunostimulatory adjuvants. Since few safe and effective adjuvants are currently used in vaccines approved for human use, with those available displaying poor potency, or an inability to stimulate the types of immune responses required for vaccines against specific diseases (e.g. cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) to treat cancers), the development of new vaccines will be aided by the availability of characterized platforms of new adjuvants, improving our capacity to rationally select adjuvants for different applications. One such approach, involves the addition of microbial components (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs), that can stimulate strong immune responses, into subunit vaccine formulations. The conjugation of PAMPs to subunit antigens provides a means to greatly increase vaccine potency, by targeting immunostimulation and antigen to the same antigen presenting cell. Thus, methods that enable the efficient, and inexpensive production of antigen-adjuvant fusions represent an exciting mean to improve immunity towards subunit antigens. Herein we review four protein-based adjuvants (flagellin, bacterial lipoproteins, the extra domain A of fibronectin (EDA), and heat shock proteins (Hsps)), which can be genetically fused to antigens to enable recombinant production of antigen-adjuvant fusion proteins, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, structural or sequence requirements for activity, sequence modifications to enhance their activity or simplify production, adverse effects, and examples of vaccines in preclinical or human clinical trials.
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29
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Fibronectin EDA and CpG synergize to enhance antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic responses. Vaccine 2016; 34:2453-2459. [PMID: 27016652 PMCID: PMC4859824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FNIII 11-EDA and CpG synergize in vitro to enhance activation of dendritic cells. Immunization with both adjuvants induces a potent antigen-specific Th1 response in vivo. Co-adjuvanted OVA mediates regression of E.G7-OVA tumors through CTL response. Co-adjuvanted HBsAg induces seroconversion and clearance of circulating virus in HBV-Tg mice.
Subunit vaccines, employing purified protein antigens rather than intact pathogens, require the addition of adjuvants for enhanced immunogenicity with a correct balance between strong activation of the immune system and low toxicity. Here we show that the endogenous (i.e., autologous) non-toxic TLR4 agonist extra domain A type III repeat of fibronectin (FNIII EDA) can synergize with the exogenous (i.e., bacterial), toxic-at-high-dose, TLR9 agonist CpG to induce efficient cellular immune responses while keeping the dose of CpG low. The efficacy of the combined TLR agonists, even at half-doses, led to stronger dendritic cell activation, enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation as well as stronger humoral response, compared to the individual agonists given at full doses. Immune cells induced after vaccination with the co-adjuvanted formulation could mediate tumor regression in an E.G7-OVA tumor model, and eradicate circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a transgenic HBV model. Together, these results show that endogenous TLR agonists, such as variants of FNIII EDA, can synergize with exogenous TLR ligands, such as CpG, and strongly enhance cellular immune responses, while improving their safety profile.
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30
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Wang CP, Shi YW, Tang M, Zhang XC, Gu Y, Liang XM, Wang ZW, Ding F. Isoquercetin Ameliorates Cerebral Impairment in Focal Ischemia Through Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects in Primary Culture of Rat Hippocampal Neurons and Hippocampal CA1 Region of Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2126-2142. [PMID: 26924319 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major disability and cause of death worldwide due to its narrow therapeutic time window. Neuroprotective agent is a promising strategy to salvage acutely ischemic brain tissue and extend the therapeutic time window for stroke treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin in (1) primary culture of rat hippocampal neurons exposure on oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and (2) rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. The results showed that isoquercetin post-treatment reduced the infarct size, number of apoptotic cells, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response after ischemia and reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanism study indicated that the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin were elicited via suppressing the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-1; the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. In addition, isoquercetin also effectively alleviated hippocampus neuron apoptosis by regulation of cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Our report provided new considerations into the therapeutic action and the underlying mechanisms of isoquercetin to improve brain injury in individuals who have suffered from ischemic stroke. As a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compound with neuroprotective capacities, the beneficial effects of isoquercetin when used to treat ischemic stroke and related diseases in humans warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Miao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Fibronectin-targeted drug delivery in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:101-10. [PMID: 26639577 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix protein with pivotal physiological and pathological functions in development and adulthood. Alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA, produced from the single copy fibronectin gene, occurs at three sites coding for the EDA, EDB and IIICS domains. Fibronectin isoforms comprising the EDA or EDB domains are known as oncofetal forms due to their developmental importance and their re-expression in tumors, contrasting with restricted presence in normal adult tissues. These isoforms are also recognized as important markers of angiogenesis, a crucial physiological process in development and required by tumor cells in cancer progression. Attributed to this feature, EDA and EDB domains have been extensively used for the targeted delivery of cytokines, cytotoxic agents, chemotherapy drugs and radioisotopes to fibronectin-expressing tumors to exert therapeutic effects on primary cancers and metastatic lesions. In addition to drug delivery, the EDA and EDB domains of fibronectin have also been utilized to develop imaging strategies for tumor tissues. Furthermore, EDA and EDB based vaccines seem to be promising for the treatment and prevention of certain cancer types. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in fibronectin EDA and EDB-based therapeutic strategies developed to treat cancer.
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Role of innate immunity in primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 18:518-23. [PMID: 23995372 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283651994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), a form of acute lung injury after lung transplantation, has a significant impact on clinical outcomes after lung transplantation. This potentially reversible graft impairment occurs after ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review describes the expanding body of literature evaluating the central role of innate immune activation, nonadaptive responses and dysregulation in the development of PGD after lung transplant. RECENT FINDINGS The innate immune system, highlighted by Toll-like receptor pathways and neutrophil migration and influx, plays an important role in the initiation and propagation of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent plasma biomarker and gene association studies have identified several genes and proteins composing innate immune pathways to be associated with PGDs. Long pentraxin-3 and Toll-like receptors, as well as inflammasomes and Toll-interacting protein, are associated with the development of PGD after lung transplantation. SUMMARY Innate immune pathways are involved in the development of PGD and may provide attractive targets for therapies. It may be possible to prevent or treat PGD, as well as to allow pre-transplant PGD risk stratification. To improve understanding of the mechanisms behind clinical risk factors for PGD will require further in-depth correlation of donor-specific and recipient-related triggers of nonadaptive immune responses.
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Lozano T, Villanueva L, Durántez M, Gorraiz M, Ruiz M, Belsúe V, Riezu-Boj JI, Hervás-Stubbs S, Oyarzábal J, Bandukwala H, Lourenço AR, Coffer PJ, Sarobe P, Prieto J, Casares N, Lasarte JJ. Inhibition of FOXP3/NFAT Interaction Enhances T Cell Function after TCR Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3180-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Llopiz D, Aranda F, Díaz-Valdés N, Ruiz M, Infante S, Belsúe V, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P. Vaccine-induced but not tumor-derived Interleukin-10 dictates the efficacy of Interleukin-10 blockade in therapeutic vaccination. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1075113. [PMID: 27057445 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1075113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking antibodies against immunosuppressive molecules have shown promising results in cancer patients. However, there are not enough data to define those conditions dictating treatment efficacy. In this scenario, IL-10 is a cytokine with controversial effects on tumor growth. Thus, our aim was to characterize in which setting IL-10 blockade may potentiate the beneficial effects of a therapeutic vaccine In the IL-10-expressing B16-OVA and TC-1 P3 (A15) tumor models, therapeutic vaccination with tumor antigens plus the TLR7 ligand Imiquimod increased IL-10 production. Although blockade of IL-10 signal with anti-IL-10R antibodies did not inhibit tumor growth, when combined with vaccination it enhanced tumor rejection, associated with stronger innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, a similar enhancement on immune responses was observed after simultaneous vaccination and IL-10 blockade in naive mice. However, when using vaccines containing as adjuvants the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) or anti-CD40 agonistic antibodies, despite tumor IL-10 expression, anti-IL-10R antibodies did not provide any beneficial effect on tumor growth and antitumor immune responses. Of note, as opposed to Imiquimod, vaccination with this type of adjuvants did not induce IL-10 and correlated with a lack of in vitro IL-10 production by dendritic cells (DC). Finally, in B16-OVA-bearing mice, blockade of IL-10 during therapeutic vaccination with a multiple adjuvant combination (MAC) with potent immunostimulatory properties but still inducing IL-10 led to superior antitumor immunity and complete tumor rejection. These results suggest that for therapeutic antitumor vaccination, blockade of vaccine-induced IL-10 is more relevant than tumor-associated IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nancy Díaz-Valdés
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefany Infante
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Belsúe
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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EDA Fibronectin in Keloids Create a Vicious Cycle of Fibrotic Tumor Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1714-1718. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bryant CE, Gay NJ, Heymans S, Sacre S, Schaefer L, Midwood KS. Advances in Toll-like receptor biology: Modes of activation by diverse stimuli. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:359-79. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1033511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
- ICIN – Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK,
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lambert SL, Aslam S, Stillman E, MacPhail M, Nelson C, Ro B, Sweetwood R, Lei YM, Woo JC, Tang RS. A novel respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F subunit vaccine adjuvanted with GLA-SE elicits robust protective TH1-type humoral and cellular immunity in rodent models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119509. [PMID: 25793508 PMCID: PMC4368639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Illness associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) remains an unmet medical need in both full-term infants and older adults. The fusion glycoprotein (F) of RSV, which plays a key role in RSV infection and is a target of neutralizing antibodies, is an attractive vaccine target for inducing RSV-specific immunity. Methodology and Principal Findings BALB/c mice and cotton rats, two well-characterized rodent models of RSV infection, were used to evaluate the immunogenicity of intramuscularly administered RSV vaccine candidates consisting of purified soluble F (sF) protein formulated with TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), stable emulsion (SE), GLA-SE, or alum adjuvants. Protection from RSV challenge, serum RSV neutralizing responses, and anti-F IgG responses were induced by all of the tested adjuvanted RSV sF vaccine formulations. However, only RSV sF + GLA-SE induced robust F-specific TH1-biased humoral and cellular responses. In mice, these F-specific cellular responses include both CD4 and CD8 T cells, with F-specific polyfunctional CD8 T cells that traffic to the mouse lung following RSV challenge. This RSV sF + GLA-SE vaccine formulation can also induce robust RSV neutralizing titers and prime IFNγ-producing T cell responses in Sprague Dawley rats. Conclusions/Significance These studies indicate that a protein subunit vaccine consisting of RSV sF + GLA-SE can induce robust neutralizing antibody and T cell responses to RSV, enhancing viral clearance via a TH1 immune-mediated mechanism. This vaccine may benefit older populations at risk for RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L. Lambert
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shahin Aslam
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Stillman
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Mia MacPhail
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Nelson
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Bodrey Ro
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Rosemary Sweetwood
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Yuk Man Lei
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Woo
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Roderick S. Tang
- Department of Research, MedImmune, Mountain View, California, United States of America
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Julier Z, Martino MM, de Titta A, Jeanbart L, Hubbell JA. The TLR4 agonist fibronectin extra domain A is cryptic, exposed by elastase-2; use in a fibrin matrix cancer vaccine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8569. [PMID: 25708982 PMCID: PMC4338432 DOI: 10.1038/srep08569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein including numerous fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats with different functions. The alternatively spliced FN variant containing the extra domain A (FNIII EDA), located between FNIII 11 and FNIII 12, is expressed in sites of injury, chronic inflammation, and solid tumors. Although its function is not well understood, FNIII EDA is known to agonize Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Here, by producing various FN fragments containing FNIII EDA, we found that FNIII EDA's immunological activity depends upon its local intramolecular context within the FN chain. N-terminal extension of the isolated FNIII EDA with its neighboring FNIII repeats (FNIII 9-10-11) enhanced its activity in agonizing TLR4, while C-terminal extension with the native FNIII 12-13-14 heparin-binding domain abrogated it. In addition, we reveal that an elastase 2 cleavage site is present between FNIII EDA and FNIII 12. Activity of the C-terminally extended FNIII EDA could be restored after cleavage of the FNIII 12-13-14 domain by elastase 2. FN being naturally bound to the ECM, we immobilized FNIII EDA-containing FN fragments within a fibrin matrix model along with antigenic peptides. Such matrices were shown to stimulate cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses in two murine cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Julier
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikaël M Martino
- 1] Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland [2] World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexandre de Titta
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Jeanbart
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- 1] Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland [3] Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA [4] Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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Cellular fibronectin containing extra domain A promotes arterial thrombosis in mice through platelet Toll-like receptor 4. Blood 2015; 125:3164-72. [PMID: 25700433 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-608653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular fibronectin containing extra domain A (Fn-EDA+), which is produced in response to tissue injury in several disease states, has prothrombotic activity and is known to interact with Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4). The underlying mechanism and cell types involved in mediating the prothrombotic effect of Fn-EDA+ still remain unknown. Using intravital microscopy, we evaluated susceptibility to carotid artery thrombosis after FeCl3-induced injury in mice expressing Fn lacking EDA (Fn-EDA(-/-) mice) or Fn containing EDA (Fn-EDA(+/+) mice). Fn-EDA(-/-) mice exhibited prolonged times to first thrombus formation and complete occlusion and a significant decrease in the rate of thrombus growth (P < .05 vs Fn-EDA(+/+) mice). Genetic deletion of TLR4 reversed the accelerated thrombosis in Fn-EDA(+/+) mice (P < .05) but had no effect in Fn-EDA(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that TLR4 expressed on hematopoietic cells contributes to accelerated thrombosis in Fn-EDA(+/+) mice. In vitro studies showed that cellular Fn-EDA+ interacts with platelet TLR4 and promotes agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Finally, Fn-EDA(+/+) mice specifically lacking platelet TLR4 exhibited prolonged times to first thrombus formation and complete occlusion (P < .05 vs Fn-EDA(+/+) mice containing platelet TLR4). We conclude that platelet TLR4 contributes to the prothrombotic effect of cellular Fn-EDA+, suggesting another link between thrombosis and innate immunity.
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Abstract
Vaccination has a proven record as one of the most effective medical approaches to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Traditional vaccine approaches involve the administration of whole killed or weakened microorganisms to stimulate protective immune responses. Such approaches deliver many microbial components, some of which contribute to protective immunity, and assist in guiding the type of immune response that is elicited. Despite their impeccable record, these approaches have failed to yield vaccines for many important infectious organisms. This has prompted a move towards more defined vaccines ('subunit vaccines'), where individual protective components are administered. This unit provides an overview of the components that are used for the development of modern vaccines including: an introduction to different vaccine types (whole organism, protein/peptide, polysaccharide, conjugate, and DNA vaccines); techniques for identifying subunit antigens; vaccine delivery systems; and immunostimulatory agents ('adjuvants'), which are fundamental for the development of effective subunit vaccines.
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Manček-Keber M, Jerala R. Postulates for validating TLR4 agonists. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:356-70. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Manček-Keber
- Department of Biotechnology; National Institute of Chemistry; Ljubljana Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology; National Institute of Chemistry; Ljubljana Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence; Ljubljana Slovenia
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Shinde AV, Kelsh R, Peters JH, Sekiguchi K, Van De Water L, McKeown-Longo PJ. The α4β1 integrin and the EDA domain of fibronectin regulate a profibrotic phenotype in dermal fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2014; 41:26-35. [PMID: 25433338 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prompt deposition of fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix is a critical feature of normal development and the host-response to injury. Fibronectin isoforms that include the EDA and EDB domains are prominent in these fibronectin matrices. We now report using human dermal fibroblast cultures that the EDA domain of fibronectin or EDA-derived peptides modeled after the C-C' loop promote stress fiber formation and myosin-light chain phosphorylation. These changes are accompanied by an increase in fibronectin synthesis and fibrillogenesis. These effects are blocked by pretreating cells with either siRNA or blocking antibody to the α4 integrin. Our data indicate that the interaction between the α4β1 integrin and the EDA domain of fibronectin helps to drive tissue fibrosis by promoting a contractile phenotype and an increase in fibronectin synthesis and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Rhiannon Kelsh
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - John H Peters
- VA Northern California Health Care System and Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California - Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Protein Chemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Livingston Van De Water
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Paula J McKeown-Longo
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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Garcia-Irigoyen O, Carotti S, Latasa MU, Uriarte I, Fernández-Barrena MG, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Morini S, Banales JM, Parks WC, Rodriguez JA, Orbe J, Prieto J, Páramo JA, Berasain C, Ávila MA. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 expression is induced during hepatic injury and plays a fundamental role in liver tissue repair. Liver Int 2014; 34:e257-70. [PMID: 24119197 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Upon tissue injury, the liver mounts a potent reparative and regenerative response. A role for proteases, including serine and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in this process is increasingly recognized. We have evaluated the expression and function of MMP10 (stromelysin-2) in liver wound healing and regeneration. METHODS The hepatic expression of MMP10 was examined in two murine models: liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) and bile duct ligation (BDL). MMP10 was detected in liver tissues by qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of growth factors and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists on MMP10 expression was studied in cultured parenchymal and biliary epithelial cells and macrophages respectively. The role of MMP10 was evaluated by comparing the response of Mmp10+/+ and Mmp10-/- mice to PH and BDL. The intrahepatic turnover of the extracellular matrix proteins fibrin (ogen) and fibronectin was examined. RESULTS MMP10 mRNA was readily induced after PH and BDL. MMP10 protein was detected in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and macrophages. In cultured liver epithelial cells, MMP10 expression was additively induced by transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor receptor ligands. TLR4 ligands also stimulated MMP10 expression in macrophages. Lack of MMP10 resulted in increased liver injury upon PH and BDL. Resolution of necrotic areas was impaired, and Mmp10-/- mice showed increased fibrogenesis and defective turnover of fibrin (ogen) and fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS MMP10 expression is induced during mouse liver injury and participates in the hepatic wound healing response. The profibrinolytic activity of MMP10 may be essential in this novel hepatoprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Jin JO, Zhang W, Du JY, Wong KW, Oda T, Yu Q. Fucoidan can function as an adjuvant in vivo to enhance dendritic cell maturation and function and promote antigen-specific T cell immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99396. [PMID: 24911024 PMCID: PMC4049775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown algae, has a variety of immune-modulation effects, including promoting antigen uptake and enhancing anti-viral and anti-tumor effects. However, the effect of fucoidan in vivo, especially its adjuvant effect on in vivo anti-tumor immune responses, was not fully investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of fucoidan on the function of spleen dendritic cells (DCs) and its adjuvant effect in vivo. Systemic administration of fucoidan induced up-regulation of CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression and production of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in spleen cDCs. Fucoidan also promoted the generation of IFN-γ-producing Th1 and Tc1 cells in an IL-12-dependent manner. When used as an adjuvant in vivo with ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, fucoidan promoted OVA-specific antibody production and primed IFN-γ production in OVA-specific T cells. Moreover, fucoidan enhanced OVA-induced up-regulation of MHC class I and II on spleen cDCs and strongly prompted the proliferation of OVA-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Finally, OVA immunization with fucoidan as adjuvant protected mice from the challenge with B16-OVA tumor cells. Taken together, these results suggest that fucoidan can function as an adjuvant to induce Th1 immune response and CTL activation, which may be useful in tumor vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Yuan Du
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Erturk A, Cure E, Ozkurt Z, Parlak E, Cure MC. Serum fibronectin levels in acute and chronic viral hepatitis patients. Malays J Med Sci 2014; 21:29-36. [PMID: 24639609 DOI: pmid/24639609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the serum fibronectin (FN) levels and liver enzyme activities in patients with acute hepatitis (A, B, C) and chronic viral hepatitis (B, C); determine whether the virus types correlated with disease severity; and assess whether FN could be used as a marker of virus type or disease severity in patients. METHODS A total of 60 subjects were enrolled in the study, including 20 patients with acute hepatitis (A, B, C), 20 with chronic hepatitis (B, C), and 20 healthy controls. Serum fibronectin (FN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and albumin were measured in all patients from blood samples. RESULTS Serum FN levels were significantly lower in acute (122.9 μg/mL (SD 43.1), P < 0.001) and chronic hepatitis patients (135.7 μg/mL (SD 46.0), P < 0 .001) compared to controls 221.4 μg/mL (SD 32.5). A negative correlation was found between serum FN and AST (r(2) = 0.528, P < 0.001), ALT (r(2) = 0.425, P < 0.001), and GGT (r(2) = 0.339, P < 0.001). Additionally, high serum GGT levels (β = -0.375, P = 0.010), and low serum albumin levels (β = -0.305, P = 0.008) were associated with low serum FN levels. CONCLUSION Serum FN levels were lower in both acute and chronic hepatitis patients, and an inverse relationship between serum FN and serum AST, ALT, and GGT levels was found. A decrease in serum FN levels may indicate hepatitis severity as AST and ALT represent hepatocyte damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Erturk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Zulal Ozkurt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Parlak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
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Polysaccharides from Ganoderma formosanum function as a Th1 adjuvant and stimulate cytotoxic T cell response in vivo. Vaccine 2014; 32:401-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Stoffels JMJ, Zhao C, Baron W. Fibronectin in tissue regeneration: timely disassembly of the scaffold is necessary to complete the build. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4243-53. [PMID: 23756580 PMCID: PMC11113129 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates extracellular matrix molecule expression, including fibronectin production by local cells and fibronectin leakage from plasma. To benefit tissue regeneration, fibronectin promotes opsonization of tissue debris, migration, proliferation, and contraction of cells involved in the healing process, as well as angiogenesis. When regeneration proceeds, the fibronectin matrix is fully degraded. However, in a diseased environment, fibronectin clearance is often disturbed, allowing structural variants to persist and contribute to disease progression and failure of regeneration. Here, we discuss first how fibronectin helps tissue regeneration, with a focus on normal cutaneous wound healing as an example of complete tissue recovery. Then, we continue to argue that, although the fibronectin matrix generated following cartilage and central nervous system white matter (myelin) injury initially benefits regeneration, fibronectin clearance is incomplete in chronic wounds (skin), osteoarthritis (cartilage), and multiple sclerosis (myelin). Fibronectin fragments or aggregates persist, which impair tissue regeneration. The similarities in fibronectin-mediated mechanisms of frustrated regeneration indicate that complete fibronectin clearance is a prerequisite for recovery in any tissue. Also, they provide common targets for developing therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M. J. Stoffels
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES UK
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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A fusion protein between streptavidin and the endogenous TLR4 ligand EDA targets biotinylated antigens to dendritic cells and induces T cell responses in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:864720. [PMID: 24093105 PMCID: PMC3777173 DOI: 10.1155/2013/864720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of tools for efficient targeting of antigens to antigen presenting cells is of great importance for vaccine development. We have previously shown that fusion proteins containing antigens fused to the extra domain A from fibronectin (EDA), an endogenous TLR4 ligand, which targets antigens to TLR4-expressing dendritic cells (DC), are highly immunogenic. To facilitate the procedure of joining EDA to any antigen of choice, we have prepared the fusion protein EDAvidin by linking EDA to the N terminus of streptavidin, allowing its conjugation with biotinylated antigens. We found that EDAvidin, as streptavidin, forms tetramers and binds biotin or biotinylated proteins with a Kd ~ 2.6 × 10(-14) mol/L. EDAvidin favours the uptake of biotinylated green fluorescent protein by DC. Moreover, EDAvidin retains the proinflammatory properties of EDA, inducing NF- κβ by TLR4-expressing cells, as well as the production of TNF- α by the human monocyte cell line THP1 and IL-12 by DC. More importantly, immunization of mice with EDAvidin conjugated with the biotinylated nonstructural NS3 protein from hepatitis C virus induces a strong anti-NS3 T cell immune response. These results open a new way to use the EDA-based delivery tool to target any antigen of choice to DC for vaccination against infectious diseases and cancer.
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Stanek O, Linhartova I, Majlessi L, Leclerc C, Sebo P. Complexes of streptavidin-fused antigens with biotinylated antibodies targeting receptors on dendritic cell surface: a novel tool for induction of specific T-cell immune responses. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 51:221-32. [PMID: 22006508 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The choice of tools that enable efficient targeting of exogenous antigens (Ag) for processing and presentation by professional Ag-presenting cells (APC) remains limited. This represents, indeed, a bottleneck in development of vaccines inducing specific T-cell responses. Here, we describe a novel strategy of Ag delivery into APCs. The Ag of choice is fused to the N- or C-terminus of streptavidin (SA) and tetrameric Ag-SA or SA-Ag fusion proteins are produced in E. coli and purified by 2-Iminobiotin-Agarose affinity chromatography. Alternatively, Ag-SA proteins are purified from urea extracts of E. coli inclusion bodies and refolded in vitro into functional tetramers. Complexes with biotinylated antibodies targeting cell surface receptors are formed and used to deliver the Ags of choice for processing and presentation by APCs and induction of Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stanek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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