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Robinson MJ, Ding Z, Dowling MR, Hill DL, Webster RH, McKenzie C, Pitt C, O'Donnell K, Mulder J, Brodie E, Hodgkin PD, Wong NC, Quast I, Tarlinton DM. Intrinsically determined turnover underlies broad heterogeneity in plasma-cell lifespan. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00183-8. [PMID: 37164016 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies produced by antibody-secreting plasma cells (ASCs) underlie multiple forms of long-lasting immunity. Here we examined the mechanisms regulating ASC turnover and persistence using a genetic reporter to time-stamp ASCs. This approach revealed ASC lifespans as heterogeneous and falling on a continuum, with only a small fraction surviving for >60 days. ASC longevity past 60 days was independent of isotype but correlated with a phenotype that developed progressively and ultimately associated with an underlying "long-lived" ASC (LL ASC)-enriched transcriptional program. While some of the differences between LL ASCs and other ASCs appeared to be acquired with age, other features were shared with some younger ASCs, such as high CD138 and CD93. Turnover was unaffected by altered ASC production, arguing against competition for niches as a major driver of turnover. Thus, ASC turnover is set by intrinsic lifespan limits, with steady-state population dynamics governed by niche vacancy rather than displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rosela H Webster
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jesse Mulder
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Erica Brodie
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nick C Wong
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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2
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Heterogeneous plasma cells and long-lived subsets in response to immunization, autoantigen and microbiota. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1564-1576. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Tang TF, Chan YT, Cheong HC, Cheok YY, Anuar NA, Looi CY, Gan GG, Wong WF. Regulatory network of BLIMP1, IRF4, and XBP1 triad in plasmacytic differentiation and multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104594. [PMID: 36081178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cell plays an indispensable role in humoral immunity. As activated B cell undergoes germinal center reaction and develops into plasma cell, it gradually loses B cell characteristics and embraces functional changes associated with immunoglobulins production. Differentiation of B cell into plasma cell involves drastic changes in cell structure, granularity, metabolism, gene expression and epigenetic regulation that couple with the mounting capacity for synthesis of a large quantity of antigen-specific antibodies. The interplay between three hallmark transcriptional regulators IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1, is critical for supporting the cellular reprograming activities during B to plasma cell transition. IRF4 promotes plasma cell generation by directing immunoglobulin class switching, proliferation and survival; BLIMP1 serves as a transcriptional repressor that extinguishes B cell features; whereas XBP1 controls unfolded protein response that relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and permits antibody release during terminal differentiation. Intriguingly, high expression of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 molecules have been reported in myeloma cells derived from multiple myeloma patients, which negatively impact treatment outcome, prognosis, and relapse frequency. Despite the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs in recent years, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease with poor survival rate. An in-depth review of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 triad molecules in plasma cell generation and multiple myeloma tumorigenesis may provide clues to the possibility of targeting these molecules in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gin Gin Gan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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4
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Kaur A, Baldwin J, Brar D, Salunke DB, Petrovsky N. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as a driving force behind next-generation vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102172. [PMID: 35785601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery of the toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors that directly or indirectly are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and respond to them by activating innate and adaptive immune pathways. Hundreds of ligands targeting various TLRs have since been identified and characterized as vaccine adjuvants. This work has important implications not only for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases but also for immuno-therapies against cancer, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction and other diseases. Each TLR has its own specific tissue localization and downstream gene signalling pathways, providing researchers the opportunity to precisely tailor adjuvants with specific immune effects. TLR agonists can be combined with other TLR or alternative adjuvants to create combination adjuvants with synergistic or modulatory effects. This review provides an introduction to the various classes of TLR adjuvants and their respective signalling pathways. It provides an overview of recent advancements in the TLR field in the past 2-3 years and discusses criteria for selecting specific TLR adjuvants based on considerations, such as disease mechanisms and correlates of protection, TLR immune biasing capabilities, route of administration, antigen compatibility, new vaccine technology platforms, and age- and species-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Deshkanwar Brar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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5
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Gaudette BT, Roman CJ, Ochoa TA, Gómez Atria D, Jones DD, Siebel CW, Maillard I, Allman D. Resting innate-like B cells leverage sustained Notch2/mTORC1 signaling to achieve rapid and mitosis-independent plasma cell differentiation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151975. [PMID: 34473651 DOI: 10.1172/jci151975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how cells regulate and integrate distinct biosynthetic pathways governing differentiation and cell division. For B lineage cells it is widely accepted that activated cells must complete several rounds of mitosis before yielding antibody-secreting plasma cells. However, we report that marginal zone (MZ) B cells, innate-like naive B cells known to generate plasma cells rapidly in response to blood-borne bacteria, generate functional plasma cells despite cell-cycle arrest. Further, short-term Notch2 blockade in vivo reversed division-independent differentiation potential and decreased transcript abundance for numerous mTORC1- and Myc-regulated genes. Myc loss compromised plasma cell differentiation for MZ B cells, and reciprocally induced ectopic mTORC1 signaling in follicular B cells enabled division-independent differentiation and plasma cell-affiliated gene expression. We conclude that ongoing in situ Notch2/mTORC1 signaling in MZ B cells establishes a unique cellular state that enables rapid division-independent plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carly J Roman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Trini A Ochoa
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Daniela Gómez Atria
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
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6
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Daly CA, Spurrier MA, Jennings-Gee JE, Haas KM. B Cell Subsets Differentially Contribute to the T Cell-Independent Memory Pool. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2362-2374. [PMID: 32978280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The roles distinct B cell subsets play in clonal expansion, isotype switching, and memory B cell differentiation in response to T cell-independent type 2 Ags (TI-2 Ags) has been understudied. Using sorted B cells from VHB1-8 knock-in mice, we evaluated B-1b, marginal zone, and follicular B cell responses to the TI-2 Ag, NP-Ficoll. All subsets extensively divided in response to NP-Ficoll. Nonetheless, B-1b cells exhibited significantly increased IgG switching and differentiation into Ab-secreting cells (ASC)-a finding that coincided with increased AgR signaling capacity and Blimp1 expression by B-1b cells. All subsets formed memory cells and expressed markers previously identified for T cell-dependent memory B cells, including CD80, PDL2, and CD73, although B-1b cells generated the greatest number of memory cells with higher frequencies of IgG- and CD80-expressing cells. Despite memory formation, secondary immunization 4 wk after primary immunization did not increase NP-specific IgG. However, boosting occurred in B-1b cell-recipient mice when IgG levels declined. CD80+ memory B-1b cells divided, class switched, and differentiated into ASC in response to Ag in vivo, but this was inhibited in the presence of NP-specific IgG. Furthermore, CD80 blockade significantly increased memory B-1b cell division and differentiation to ASC upon Ag restimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate B-1b, marginal zone B, and follicular B subsets significantly contribute to the TI-2 Ag-specific memory B cell pool. In particular, we show B-1b cells generate a functional CD80-regulated memory population that can be stimulated to divide and differentiate into ASC upon Ag re-encounter when Ag-specific IgG levels decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jamie E Jennings-Gee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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7
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Lee K, Jang SH, Tian H, Kim SJ. NonO Is a Novel Co-factor of PRDM1 and Regulates Inflammatory Response in Monocyte Derived-Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1436. [PMID: 32765503 PMCID: PMC7378894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper expression of the transcription factor, Positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1), is required for maintaining homeostasis of human monocyte derived-dendritic cells (MO-DCs). The molecular mechanisms and gene targets of PRDM1 in B and T lymphocytes have been identified. However, the function of PRDM1 in dendritic cells (DCs) remains unclear. We investigate co-regulators of PRDM1 in MO-DCs identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Notably, non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO) was found to be a PRDM1 binding protein in the nucleus of MO-DCs. NonO is recruited to the PRDM1 binding site in the promoter region of IL-6. Knockdown of NonO expression by siRNA lessened suppression of IL-6 promoter activity by PRMD1 following LPS stimulation. While NonO binding to PRDM1 was observed in human myeloma cell lines, an effect of NonO on IL-6 expression was not observed. Thus, loss of NonO interrupted the inhibitory effect of PRDM1 on IL-6 expression in MO-DCs, but not plasma cells. Moreover, MO-DCs with low expression of PRDM1 or NonO induce an increased number of IL-21-producing TFH-like cells in vitro. These data suggest that low level of PRDM1 and NonO lead to enhanced activation of MO-DCs and the regulation of MO-DC function by PRDM1 is mediated through cell lineage-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwoo Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Su Hwa Jang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Tian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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8
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Nicolai O, Pötschke C, Schmoeckel K, Darisipudi MN, van der Linde J, Raafat D, Bröker BM. Antibody Production in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis-Kinetics and Key Players. Front Immunol 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32425951 PMCID: PMC7205023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antigen-specific priming of antibody responses is impaired during sepsis, there is nevertheless a strong increase in IgM and IgG serum concentrations. Using colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP), a mouse model of polymicrobial abdominal sepsis, we observed substantial increases in IgM as well as IgG of all subclasses, starting at day 3 and peaking 2 weeks after sepsis induction. The dominant source of antibody-secreting cells was by far the spleen, with a minor contribution of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Remarkably, sepsis induction in splenectomized mice did not change the dynamics of the serum IgM/IgG reaction, indicating that the marginal zone B cells, which almost exclusively reside in the spleen, are dispensable in such a setting. Hence, in systemic bacterial infection, the function of the spleen as dominant niche of antibody-producing cells can be compensated by extra-splenic B cell populations as well as other lymphoid organs. Depletion of CD4+ T cells did not affect the IgM response, while it impaired IgG generation of all subclasses with the exception of IgG3. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the robust class-switched antibody response in sepsis encompasses both T cell-dependent and -independent components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nicolai
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Pötschke
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmoeckel
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Murthy N Darisipudi
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia van der Linde
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Peripheral B Cell Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases: Clinical Implications and Effects of B Cell-Targeted Therapies. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9518137. [PMID: 32280720 PMCID: PMC7125470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9518137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) play a fundamental role in humoral immunity. The aberrant function of ASCs is related to a number of disease states, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent insights into activated B cell subsets, including naïve B cell to ASC stages and their resultant cellular disturbances, suggest that aberrant ASC differentiation occurs during autoimmune diseases and is closely related to disease severity. However, the mechanisms underlying highly active ASC differentiation and the B cell subsets in autoimmune patients remain undefined. Here, we first review the processes of ASC generation. From the perspective of novel therapeutic target discovery, prediction of disease progression, and current clinical challenges, we further summarize the aberrant activity of B cell subsets including specialized memory CD11chiT-bet+ B cells that participate in the maintenance of autoreactive ASC populations. An improved understanding of subgroups may also enhance the knowledge of antigen-specific B cell differentiation. We further discuss the influence of current B cell therapies on B cell subsets, specifically focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis.
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10
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Li T, Wang P, Mo X, Lv P, Ma D, Han W. CMTM7 plays key roles in TLR-induced plasma cell differentiation and p38 activation in murine B-1 B cells. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:809-821. [PMID: 32022930 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells is the foundation of humoral immune response. B-1 cells, which are different from B-2 cells, preferentially differentiate into plasma cells. CMTM7 is a MARVEL-domain-containing membrane protein predominantly expressed in B cells that plays an important role in B-1a cell development. The present study assessed CMTM7 function in response to antigen stimulation. Following immunization with T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens, Cmtm7-deficient mice exhibited decreased IgM but normal IgG responses in vivo. In vitro stimulation with LPSs induced Cmtm7-/- B-1 cell activation, whereas proliferation was marginally reduced. Notably, Cmtm7 deficiency markedly suppressed plasma cell differentiation in response to TLR agonists, accompanied by a decrease in IgM and IL-10 production. At the molecular level, loss of Cmtm7 repressed the downregulation of Pax5 and the upregulation of Xbp1, Irf4, and Prdm1. Furthermore, p38 phosphorylation was inhibited in Cmtm7-/- B-1 cells. Experiments using a p38 inhibitor revealed that p38 activation was essential for the terminal differentiation of B-1 cells, suggesting that Cmtm7 contributes to B-1 cell differentiation by maintaining p38 activation. Overall, the data reveal the crucial functions of CMTM7 in TLR-induced terminal differentiation and p38 activation in B-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Dalong Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenling Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
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11
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Guo B, Ludlow AV, Brightwell AS, Rothstein TL. Impairment of PD-L2 positive B1a cells enhances susceptibility to sepsis in RasGRP1-deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2019; 346:103993. [PMID: 31679751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RasGRP1 is a key molecule that mediates antigen-initiated signaling for activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway in lymphocytes. Patients with aberrant RasGRP1 expression experience lymphocyte dysfunction and are afflicted with recurrent microbial infections. Yet, the underlying mechanism that accounts for microbial infection remains unknown. We previously reported that B1a cells are heterogeneous with respect to PD-L2 expression and that RasGRP1 deficiency preferentially impairs PD-L2+ B1a cell development. In the present study, we show that PD-L2+ B1a cells exhibit increased capacity for differentiation to CD138+ plasma cells that secrete natural IgM antibody, as well as IL-10 and GM-CSF, in response to TLR stimulation. In keeping with this, we show here that RasGRP1-deficent mice are much more susceptible to septic infection triggered by cecalligation and puncture than wild type mice, and that reconstitution of RasGRP1-deficient mice with wild type PD-L2+ B1a cells greatly rescues RasGRP1-deficient mice from sepsis. Thus, this study indicates a mechanism for the association of RasGRP1 deficiency with predispostion to infection in the loss of a particular B1a subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchang Guo
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
| | - Alexander V Ludlow
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Angela S Brightwell
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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12
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Haines RR, Scharer CD, Lobby JL, Boss JM. LSD1 Cooperates with Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling to Regulate Marginal Zone B Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1867-1881. [PMID: 31492745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone B cells (MZB) are a mature B cell subset that rapidly respond to blood-borne pathogens. Although the transcriptional changes that occur throughout MZB development are known, the corresponding epigenetic changes and epigenetic modifying proteins that facilitate these changes are poorly understood. The histone demethylase LSD1 is an epigenetic modifier that promotes plasmablast formation, but its role in B cell development has not been explored. In this study, a role for LSD1 in the development of B cell subsets was examined. B cell-conditional deletion of LSD1 in mice resulted in a decrease in MZB whereas follicular B cells and bone marrow B cell populations were minimally affected. LSD1 repressed genes in MZB that were normally upregulated in the myeloid and follicular B cell lineages. Correspondingly, LSD1 regulated chromatin accessibility at the motifs of transcription factors known to regulate splenic B cell development, including NF-κB motifs. The importance of NF-κB signaling was examined through an ex vivo MZB development assay, which showed that both LSD1-deficient and NF-κB-inhibited transitional B cells failed to undergo full MZB development. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility analyses of in vivo- and ex vivo-generated LSD1-deficient MZB indicated that LSD1 regulated the downstream target genes of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Additionally LSD1 was found to interact with the noncanonical NF-κB transcription factor p52. Together, these data reveal that the epigenetic modulation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway by LSD1 is an essential process during the development of MZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Haines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jenna L Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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13
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Garimalla S, Nguyen DC, Halliley JL, Tipton C, Rosenberg AF, Fucile CF, Saney CL, Kyu S, Kaminski D, Qian Y, Scheuermann RH, Gibson G, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Differential transcriptome and development of human peripheral plasma cell subsets. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126732. [PMID: 31045577 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) triggered by immunization are globally recognized as CD19loCD38hiCD27hi. Yet, different vaccines give rise to antibody responses of different longevity, suggesting ASC populations are heterogeneous. We define circulating-ASC heterogeneity in vaccine responses using multicolor flow cytometry, morphology, VH repertoire, and RNA transcriptome analysis. We also tested differential survival using a human cell-free system that mimics the bone marrow (BM) microniche. In peripheral blood, we identified 3 CD19+ and 2 CD19- ASC subsets. All subsets contributed to the vaccine-specific responses and were characterized by in vivo proliferation and activation. The VH repertoire demonstrated strong oligoclonality with extensive interconnectivity among the 5 subsets and switched memory B cells. Transcriptome analysis showed separation of CD19+ and CD19- subsets that included pathways such as cell cycle, hypoxia, TNF-α, and unfolded protein response. They also demonstrated similar long-term in vitro survival after 48 days. In summary, vaccine-induced ASCs with different surface markers (CD19 and CD138) are derived from shared proliferative precursors yet express distinctive transcriptomes. Equal survival indicates that all ASC compartments are endowed with long-lived potential. Accordingly, in vivo survival of peripheral long-lived plasma cells may be determined in part by their homing and residence in the BM microniche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Garimalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, and
| | - Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Christopher Tipton
- Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, and.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology in the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Celia L Saney
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuya Kyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Yu Qian
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, and
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, and.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology in the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology in the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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14
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Wilhelm I, Levit-Zerdoun E, Jakob J, Villringer S, Frensch M, Übelhart R, Landi A, Müller P, Imberty A, Thuenauer R, Claudinon J, Jumaa H, Reth M, Eibel H, Hobeika E, Römer W. Carbohydrate-dependent B cell activation by fucose-binding bacterial lectins. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/571/eaao7194. [PMID: 30837305 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lectins are typically multivalent and bind noncovalently to specific carbohydrates on host tissues to facilitate bacterial adhesion. Here, we analyzed the effects of two fucose-binding lectins, BambL from Burkholderia ambifaria and LecB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on specific signaling pathways in B cells. We found that these bacterial lectins induced B cell activation, which, in vitro, was dependent on the cell surface expression of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and its co-receptor CD19, as well as on spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activity. The resulting release of intracellular Ca2+ was followed by an increase in the cell surface abundance of the activation marker CD86, augmented cytokine secretion, and subsequent cell death, replicating all of the events that are observed in vitro upon canonical and antigen-mediated B cell activation. Moreover, injection of BambL in mice resulted in a substantial, BCR-independent loss of B cells in the bone marrow with simultaneous, transient enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), as well as an increase in the numbers of splenic B cells and myeloid cells. Together, these data suggest that bacterial lectins can initiate polyclonal activation of B cells through their sole capacity to bind to fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wilhelm
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Jakob
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Villringer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alessia Landi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie Claudinon
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- CCI-Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. .,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Allman D, Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT. The continuing story of T-cell independent antibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:128-135. [PMID: 30874357 PMCID: PMC6653682 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the role of extrafollicular and T-cell independent antibody responses in humoral immunity. We consider two interrelated questions: (a) do T-cell independent antibody responses dominated by IgM and/or IgA play unique functions in immunity and homeostasis; and (b) is it typical for these responses to result in lifelong protection? In addressing these questions, we consider the established advantages of T-cell driven responses including the unique role played by germinal center reactions in these responses, and contrast the processes and outcomes of germinal center-centric responses with germinal center- and T-cell independent antibodies. We suggest that T-independent and other extrafollicular responses contribute substantially to highly stable antibody repertoires in both the serum and the intestine, providing relatively constitutive humoral barriers with the collective dual function of protecting against invading pathogens and regulating the composition of non-pathogenic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Bönelt P, Wöhner M, Minnich M, Tagoh H, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Kavirayani A, Garimella M, Karlsson MC, Busslinger M. Precocious expression of Blimp1 in B cells causes autoimmune disease with increased self-reactive plasma cells. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.2018100010. [PMID: 30498131 PMCID: PMC6331720 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp1 is not only an essential regulator of plasma cells, but also a risk factor for the development of autoimmune disease in humans. Here, we demonstrate in the mouse that the Prdm1 (Blimp1) gene was partially activated at the chromatin and transcription level in early B cell development, although mature Prdm1 mRNA did not accumulate due to posttranscriptional regulation. By analyzing a mouse model that facilitated ectopic Blimp1 protein expression throughout B lymphopoiesis, we could demonstrate that Blimp1 impaired B cell development by interfering with the B cell gene expression program, while leading to an increased abundance of plasma cells by promoting premature plasmablast differentiation of immature and mature B cells. With progressing age, these mice developed an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. Hence, these data identified ectopic Blimp1 expression as a novel mechanism, through which Blimp1 can act as a risk factor in the development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anoop Kavirayani
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Manasa Garimella
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ci Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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17
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Baptista BJA, Granato A, Canto FB, Montalvão F, Tostes L, de Matos Guedes HL, Coutinho A, Bellio M, Vale AM, Nobrega A. TLR9 Signaling Suppresses the Canonical Plasma Cell Differentiation Program in Follicular B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2281. [PMID: 30546358 PMCID: PMC6279956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative potency and quality of mouse B cell response to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling varies significantly depending on the B cell subset and on the TLR member being engaged. Although it has been shown that marginal zone cells respond faster than follicular (FO) splenic B cells to TLR4 stimulus, FO B cells retain full capacity to proliferate and generate plasmablasts and plasma cells (PBs/PCs) with 2–3 days delayed kinetics. It is not clear whether this scenario could be extended to other members of the TLR family. Here, using quantitative cell culture conditions optimized for B cell growth and differentiation, we show that TLR9 signaling by CpG, while promoting vigorous proliferation, completely fails to induce differentiation of FO B cells into PBs/PCs. Little or absent Ig secretion following TLR9 stimulus was accompanied by lack of expression of cell surface markers and canonical transcription factors involved in PB/PC differentiation. Moreover, not only TLR9 did not induce plasmocyte differentiation, but it also strongly inhibited the massive PB/PC differentiation of FO B cells triggered by LPS/TLR4. Our study reveals unexpected opposite roles for TLR4 and TLR9 in the control of plasma cell differentiation program and disagrees with previous conclusions obtained in high-density cultures conditions on the generation of plasmocytes by TRL9 signaling. The potential implications of these findings on the role of TLR9 in controlling self-tolerance, clonal sizes and regulation of humoral responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio B Canto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Montalvão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tostes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Herbert L de Matos Guedes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Bellio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre M Vale
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Li C, To KKW, Zhang AJX, Lee ACY, Zhu H, Mak WWN, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Co-stimulation With TLR7 Agonist Imiquimod and Inactivated Influenza Virus Particles Promotes Mouse B Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Accelerated Antigen Specific Antibody Production. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2370. [PMID: 30369932 PMCID: PMC6194170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines have relatively low effectiveness, especially against antigenically drifted strains, the effectiveness is even lower in the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. We have previously shown in a randomized clinical trial that the topical application of a toll-like receptor 7 agonist, imiquimod, just before intradermal influenza vaccine could expedite and augment antibody response, including to antigenically-drifted strains. However, the mechanism of this vaccine and imiquimod combination approach is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that imiquimod alone directly activated purified mouse peritoneal B cells. When combined with inactivated H1N1/415742Md influenza virus particle (VP) as vaccine, co-stimulation of mouse peritoneal B cells in vitro induced stronger activation, proliferation, and production of virus-antigen specific IgM and IgG. Intraperitoneal injection of a combination of VP and imiquimod (VCI) was associated with an increased number of activated B cells with enhanced expression of CD86 in the mesenteric draining lymph nodes (mesLN) and the spleen at 18 h after injection. Three days after immunization with VCI, mouse spleen showed significantly more IgM and IgG secreting cells upon in vitro re-stimulation with inactivated virus, mouse sera were detected with viral neutralizing antibody. Transfer of these spleen B cells to naïve mice improved survival after lethal dose of H1N1/415742Md challenge. More importantly, the functional response of VCI-induced B cell activation was demonstrated by early challenge with a lethal dose of H1N1/415742Md influenza virus at 3 days after immunization. The spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes (mdLN) in mice immunized with VCI had germinal center formation, and significantly higher number of plasmablasts, plasma cells, and virus-antigen specific IgM and IgG secreting cells at only 3–4 days post virus challenge, compared with those of mice that have received imiquimod, inactivated virus alone or PBS. Serum virus-specific IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG1 and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) virus-specific IgA at 3 or 4 days post challenge were significantly higher in mice immunized with VCI, which had significantly reduced lung viral load and 100% survival. These findings suggested that imiquimod accelerates the vaccine-induced antibody production via inducing rapid differentiation of naïve B cells into antigen-specific antibody producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Anna J X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew C Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Houshun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Winger W N Mak
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan F N Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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19
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Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT, Gomez Atria D, Hashemi T, Jones DD, Gardner CA, Cole SD, Misic AM, Beiting DP, Allman D. Commensal Microbes Induce Serum IgA Responses that Protect against Polymicrobial Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:302-311.e3. [PMID: 29478774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies are readily detected in mice and people, but the mechanisms underlying the induction of serum IgA and its role in host protection remain uncertain. We report that select commensal bacteria induce several facets of systemic IgA-mediated immunity. Exposing conventional mice to a unique but natural microflora that included several members of the Proteobacteria phylum led to T cell-dependent increases in serum IgA levels and the induction of large numbers of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. The resulting serum IgA bound to a restricted collection of bacterial taxa, and antigen-specific serum IgA antibodies were readily induced after intestinal colonization with the commensal bacterium Helicobacter muridarum. Finally, movement to a Proteobacteria-rich microbiota led to serum IgA-mediated resistance to polymicrobial sepsis. We conclude that commensal microbes overtly influence the serum IgA repertoire, resulting in constitutive protection against bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Tina Hashemi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Christopher A Gardner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA.
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20
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Kerdiles YM, Almeida FF, Thompson T, Chopin M, Vienne M, Bruhns P, Huntington ND, Raulet DH, Nutt SL, Belz GT, Vivier E. Natural-Killer-like B Cells Display the Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of Conventional B Cells. Immunity 2018; 47:199-200. [PMID: 28813647 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann M Kerdiles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Francisca F Almeida
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Thornton Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 USA
| | - Michael Chopin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Margaux Vienne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200 USA
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France; Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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21
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Baumgarth N. A Hard(y) Look at B-1 Cell Development and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3387-3394. [PMID: 29109178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A small population of B cells exists in lymphoid tissues and body cavities of mice that is distinct in development, phenotype, and function from the majority (B-2) B cell population. This population, originally termed "Ly-1" and now "B-1," has received renewed interest as an innate-like B cell population of fetal-derived hematopoiesis, responsible for natural Ab production and rapid immune responses. Molecular analyses have begun to define fetal and adult hematopoiesis, while cell-fate mapping studies have revealed complex developmental origins of B-1 cells. Together the studies provide a more detailed understanding of B-1 cell regulation and function. This review outlines studies that defined B-1 cells as natural Ab- and cytokine-producing B cells of fetal origin, with a focus on work conducted by R.R. Hardy, an early pioneer and codiscoverer of B-1 cells, whose seminal contributions enhanced our understanding of this enigmatic B cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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22
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Savage HP, Yenson VM, Sawhney SS, Mousseau BJ, Lund FE, Baumgarth N. Blimp-1-dependent and -independent natural antibody production by B-1 and B-1-derived plasma cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2777-2794. [PMID: 28698287 PMCID: PMC5584113 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies contribute to tissue homeostasis and protect against infections. They are secreted constitutively without external antigenic stimulation. The differentiation state and regulatory pathways that enable continuous natural antibody production by B-1 cells, the main cellular source in mice, remain incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that natural IgM-secreting B-1 cells in the spleen and bone marrow are heterogeneous, consisting of (a) terminally differentiated B-1-derived plasma cells expressing the transcriptional regulator of differentiation, Blimp-1, (b) Blimp-1+, and (c) Blimp-1neg phenotypic B-1 cells. Blimp-1neg IgM-secreting B-1 cells are not simply intermediates of cellular differentiation. Instead, they secrete similar amounts of IgM in wild-type and Blimp-1-deficient (PRDM-1ΔEx1A) mice. Blimp-1neg B-1 cells are also a major source of IgG3. Consequently, deletion of Blimp-1 changes neither serum IgG3 levels nor the amount of IgG3 secreted per cell. Thus, the pool of natural antibody-secreting B-1 cells is heterogeneous and contains a distinct subset of cells that do not use Blimp-1 for initiation or maximal antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Vanessa M Yenson
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sanjam S Sawhney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Betty J Mousseau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA .,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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23
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Secreted IgM deficiency leads to increased BCR signaling that results in abnormal splenic B cell development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3540. [PMID: 28615655 PMCID: PMC5471202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking secreted IgM (sIgM -/-) antibodies display abnormal splenic B cell development, which results in increased marginal zone and decreased follicular B cell numbers. However, the mechanism by which sIgM exhibit this effect is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that B cells in sIgM -/- mice display increased B cell receptor (BCR) signaling as judged by increased levels of phosphorylated Bruton's tyrosine kinase (pBtk), phosphorylated Spleen tyrosine kinase (pSyk), and nuclear receptor Nur77. Low dosage treatment with the pBtk inhibitor Ibrutinib reversed the altered B cell development in the spleen of sIgM -/- mice, suggesting that sIgM regulate splenic B cell differentiation by decreasing BCR signaling. Mechanistically, we show that B cells, which express BCRs specific to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) display diminished responsiveness to HEL stimulation in presence of soluble anti-HEL IgM antibodies. Our data identify sIgM as negative regulators of BCR signaling and suggest that they can act as decoy receptors for self-antigens that are recognized by membrane bound BCRs.
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24
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Saelee P, Kearly A, Nutt SL, Garrett-Sinha LA. Genome-Wide Identification of Target Genes for the Key B Cell Transcription Factor Ets1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:383. [PMID: 28439269 PMCID: PMC5383717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor Ets1 is highly expressed in B lymphocytes. Loss of Ets1 leads to premature B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), secretion of autoantibodies, and development of autoimmune disease. Despite the importance of Ets1 in B cell biology, few Ets1 target genes are known in these cells. Results To obtain a more complete picture of the function of Ets1 in regulating B cell differentiation, we performed Ets1 ChIP-seq in primary mouse B cells to identify >10,000-binding sites, many of which were localized near genes that play important roles in B cell activation and differentiation. Although Ets1 bound to many sites in the genome, it was required for regulation of less than 5% of them as evidenced by gene expression changes in B cells lacking Ets1. The cohort of genes whose expression was altered included numerous genes that have been associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility. We focused our attention on four such Ets1 target genes Ptpn22, Stat4, Egr1, and Prdm1 to assess how they might contribute to Ets1 function in limiting ASC formation. We found that dysregulation of these particular targets cannot explain altered ASC differentiation in the absence of Ets1. Conclusion We have identified genome-wide binding targets for Ets1 in B cells and determined that a relatively small number of these putative target genes require Ets1 for their normal expression. Interestingly, a cohort of genes associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility is among those that are regulated by Ets1. Identification of the target genes of Ets1 in B cells will help provide a clearer picture of how Ets1 regulates B cell responses and how its loss promotes autoantibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prontip Saelee
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa Kearly
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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25
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New JS, King RG, Kearney JF. Manipulation of the glycan-specific natural antibody repertoire for immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:32-50. [PMID: 26864103 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin derived from innate-like B lymphocytes plays important roles in the suppression of inflammatory responses and represents a promising therapeutic target in a growing number of allergic and autoimmune diseases. These antibodies are commonly autoreactive and incorporate evolutionarily conserved specificities, including certain glycan-specific antibodies. Despite this conservation, exposure to bacterial polysaccharides during innate-like B lymphocyte development, through either natural exposure or immunization, induces significant changes in clonal representation within the glycan-reactive B cell pool. Glycan-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) have been reported to play protective and pathogenic roles in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. An understanding of the composition and functions of a healthy glycan-reactive NAb repertoire is therefore paramount. A more thorough understanding of NAb repertoire development holds promise for the design of both biological diagnostics and therapies. In this article, we review the development and functions of NAbs and examine three glycan specificities, represented in the innate-like B cell pool, to illustrate the complex roles environmental antigens play in NAb repertoire development. We also discuss the implications of increased clonal plasticity of the innate-like B cell repertoire during neonatal and perinatal periods, and the prospect of targeting B cell development with interventional therapies and correct defects in this important arm of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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26
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Fat-associated lymphoid clusters control local IgM secretion during pleural infection and lung inflammation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12651. [PMID: 27582256 PMCID: PMC5025788 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALC) are inducible structures that support rapid innate-like B-cell immune responses in the serous cavities. Little is known about the physiological cues that activate FALCs in the pleural cavity and more generally the mechanisms controlling B-cell activation in FALCs. Here we show, using separate models of pleural nematode infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis and Altenaria alternata induced acute lung inflammation, that inflammation of the pleural cavity rapidly activates mediastinal and pericardial FALCs. IL-33 produced by FALC stroma is crucial for pleural B1-cell activation and local IgM secretion. However, B1 cells are not the direct target of IL-33, which instead requires IL-5 for activation. Moreover, lung inflammation leads to increased IL-5 production by type 2 cytokine-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in the FALC. These findings reveal a link between inflammation, IL-33 release by FALC stromal cells, ILC2 activation and pleural B-cell activation in FALCs, resulting in local and antigen-specific IgM production. Fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALC) in the serous cavities house rapid IgM-producing B1 cells, but how the clusters are activated to respond to infection is unclear. Here the authors show that in response to lung inflammation or pleural nematode infection adipose stromal cell-derived IL-33 activates ILC2s to produce IL-5, thus driving the B1 response in the FALCs.
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27
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Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhu G, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Wang T, Ma N, Shen B, Li Y, Xiao H, Wang R. Interleukin (IL)-39 [IL-23p19/Epstein-Barr virus-induced 3 (Ebi3)] induces differentiation/expansion of neutrophils in lupus-prone mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:144-156. [PMID: 27400195 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines play critical roles in autoimmune diseases. Our previous study has shown that IL-23p19 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced 3 (Ebi3) form a new IL-12 family heterodimer, IL-23p19/Ebi3, termed IL-39, and knock-down of p19 or Ebi3 reduced diseases by transferred GL7+ B cells in lupus-prone mice. In the present study, we explore further the possible effect of IL-39 on murine lupus. We found that IL-39 in vitro and in vivo induces differentiation and/or expansion of neutrophils. GL7+ B cells up-regulated neutrophils by secreting IL-39, whereas IL-39-deficient GL7+ B cells lost the capacity to up-regulate neutrophils in lupus-prone mice and homozygous CD19cre (CD19-deficient) mice. Finally, we found that IL-39-induced neutrophils had a positive feedback on IL-39 expression in activated B cells by secreting B cell activation factor (BAFF). Taken together, our results suggest that IL-39 induces differentiation and/or expansion of neutrophils in lupus-prone mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - X Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Nephrology, the 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Z Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - G Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - G Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - G Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Hou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - N Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - B Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Xiao
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - R Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Wang X, Wei Y, Xiao H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Zhang L, Ma N, Shen B, Li Y, Egwuagu CE, Wang R. Pre-existing CD19-independent GL7 − Breg cells are expanded during inflammation and in mice with lupus-like disease. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Wang X, Ma K, Chen M, Ko KH, Zheng BJ, Lu L. IL-17A Promotes Pulmonary B-1a Cell Differentiation via Induction of Blimp-1 Expression during Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005367. [PMID: 26735852 PMCID: PMC4703366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells play a critical role in early protection during influenza infections by producing natural IgM antibodies. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in regulating this process are largely unknown. Here we found that during influenza infection pleural cavity B-1a cells rapidly infiltrated lungs, where they underwent plasmacytic differentiation with enhanced IgM production. This process was promoted by IL-17A signaling via induction of Blimp-1 expression and NF-κB activation in B-1a cells. Deficiency of IL-17A led to severely impaired B-1a-derived antibody production in the respiratory tract, resulting in a deficiency in viral clearance. Transfer of B-1a-derived natural antibodies rescued Il17a-/- mice from otherwise lethal infections. Together, we identify a critical function of IL-17A in promoting the plasmacytic differentiation of B-1a cells. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of pulmonary B-1a cell response against influenza infection. Influenza infection is highly localized in respiratory tract where immune response is triggered to provide protection from primary infection. Although natural IgM antibodies produced by B-1a cells have long been recognized as first-line protection against influenza, it remains unclear whether B-1a cell response occurs in the lung and what molecular mechanisms regulate this process. We show that airway exposure to influenza causes migration of B-1a cells to lungs for further differentiation into plasma cells with enhanced production of protective IgM antibodies. IL-17A critically regulates this process by driving differentiation of B-1a cells to high-rate IgM producing plasma cells in situ. Thus, IL-17A is a key factor in the local inflammatory milieu that modulates early humoral immunity afforded by B-1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kongyang Ma
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - King-Hung Ko
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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30
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Bortnick A, Murre C. Cellular and chromatin dynamics of antibody-secreting plasma cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:136-49. [PMID: 26488117 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells responsible for maintaining protective serum antibody titers. Despite their clinical importance, our understanding of the linear genomic features and chromatin structure of plasma cells is incomplete. The plasma cell differentiation program can be triggered by different signals and in multiple, diverse peripheral B cell subsets. This heterogeneity raises questions about the gene regulatory circuits required for plasma cell specification. Recently, new regulators of plasma cell differentiation have been identified and the enhancer landscapes of naïve B cells have been described. Other studies have revealed that the bone marrow niche harbors heterogeneous plasma cell subsets. Still undefined are the minimal requirements to become a plasma cell and what molecular features make peripheral B cell subsets competent to become antibody-secreting plasma cells. New technologies promise to reveal underlying chromatin configurations that promote efficient antibody secretion. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bortnick
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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31
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BAFF-driven autoimmunity requires CD19 expression. J Autoimmun 2015; 62:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Natural IgM plays a critical role in protection from pathogens and the prevention of autoimmunity. While its importance has been shown in many different settings, its origins are incompletely understood. This review focuses on the properties of the natural IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), which arise mainly from the B-1 cell lineage. B-1 cells are generated in multiple waves during development, mostly in the fetal and early postfetal periods. The developmental time points can affect their repertoire: prenatal B-1 cells express a mainly germ line-encoded repertoire, while postnatally developing B-1 cells can express Ig with a greater degree of variation. Spleen and bone marrow, but not the body cavities, are primary sites of natural IgM secretion. Within these tissues heterogeneous populations of IgM ASCs can be found. While some ASCs express classical markers of B-1 lymphocytes, others express those of terminally differentiated plasma cells. A better understanding of the properties of these different natural IgM ASCs could aid their future therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Davis, California.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Davis, California.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
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33
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Baumgarth N, Waffarn EE, Nguyen TTT. Natural and induced B-1 cell immunity to infections raises questions of nature versus nurture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:188-99. [PMID: 26060895 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse B-1 cells are not only major producers of steady-state natural antibodies but also rapid responders to infections and inflammation. These discrete functions may be the outcomes of distinct environmental or developmental triggers that drive B-1 cells toward IgM production or an effector cell fate. Alternatively, distinct B-1 cell subsets may exist, which differ in their functional plasticity. In this paper, we summarize existing data suggesting that B-1 cells form a heterogeneous group of cells with distinct developmental requirements and nonoverlapping functions. Most spleen B-1 cells differ in development from that of bone marrow and peritoneal cavity B-1 cells, in that they develop in the absence of natural IgM. Functional heterogeneity is revealed by findings that B-1 cells in the bone marrow and spleen, but not the peritoneal cavity, generate natural serum IgM, while the latter are rapid responders to inflammatory and infectious insults, resulting in their relocation to secondary lymphoid tissues. A clearer understanding of the developmental and functional differences within the B-1 cell pool may reveal how they might be harnessed for prophylaxis or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Elizabeth E Waffarn
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Trang T T Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
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34
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Shi W, Liao Y, Willis SN, Taubenheim N, Inouye M, Tarlinton DM, Smyth GK, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL, Corcoran LM. Transcriptional profiling of mouse B cell terminal differentiation defines a signature for antibody-secreting plasma cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:663-73. [PMID: 25894659 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When B cells encounter an antigen, they alter their physiological state and anatomical localization and initiate a differentiation process that ultimately produces antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). We have defined the transcriptomes of many mature B cell populations and stages of plasma cell differentiation in mice. We provide a molecular signature of ASCs that highlights the stark transcriptional divide between B cells and plasma cells and enables the demarcation of ASCs on the basis of location and maturity. Changes in gene expression correlated with cell-division history and the acquisition of permissive histone modifications, and they included many regulators that had not been previously implicated in B cell differentiation. These findings both highlight and expand the core program that guides B cell terminal differentiation and the production of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon N Willis
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadine Taubenheim
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Inouye
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Luo J, Niu X, Zhang M, Zhang K, Chen M, Deng S. Inhibition of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 reduces the production of autoantibody and alleviates symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:80-6. [PMID: 25347333 PMCID: PMC4389764 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.976627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is an important transcription factor for the maintenance of antigen-specific immune responses, and it is crucial in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to investigate the role of Blimp-1 in the development of SLE and autoimmune-like symptoms. Lentivirus-mediated Blimp-1 siRNA was constructed and injected into MRL-Fas(lpr) lupus mice. The expression levels of Blimp-1, J-chain, C-myc, XBP-1 and BCMA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) were determined by RT-PCR. Anti-dsDNA autoantibody levels were detected using ELISA. The expression levels of Blimp-1 in liver, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes of mice were also detected by Western blot. The 24-h urinary protein was monitored weekly. Our results demonstrated that in MRL-Fas(lpr) lupus mice, Blimp-1 was upregulated in PMBCs, liver, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes. Administration of Blimp-1 siRNA reduced the expression of Blimp-1 and the anti-dsDNA level by 78 and 28%, respectively, in the peripheral blood, and the expression of XBP-1, J-chain and BCMA was also decreased. Although the Blimp-1 level in liver showed no significant changes, the levels of Blimp-1 in kidney, spleen and lymph nodes were dramatically decreased by 95, 72 and 47%, respectively. Kidney diseases induced by SLE in lupus mice were mitigated, and urinary protein levels were significantly decreased. These results indicate that Blimp-1 plays an important role in promoting the progression of SLE. Therefore, Blimp-1 may provide a new therapeutic target in the treatment of SLE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/genetics
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/pathology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/immunology
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/immunology
- Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- X-Box Binding Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochang Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kejun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Address for correspondence: Shaoli Deng, MD and Ming Chen, MD, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 10 Chang Jiang Zhi Road, Chongqing 400042, China. E-mail address: (S.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Shaoli Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Address for correspondence: Shaoli Deng, MD and Ming Chen, MD, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 10 Chang Jiang Zhi Road, Chongqing 400042, China. E-mail address: (S.D.); (M.C.)
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Abstract
The regulation of antibody production is linked to the generation and maintenance of plasmablasts and plasma cells from their B cell precursors. Plasmablasts are the rapidly produced and short-lived effector cells of the early antibody response, whereas plasma cells are the long-lived mediators of lasting humoral immunity. An extraordinary number of control mechanisms, at both the cellular and molecular levels, underlie the regulation of this essential arm of the immune response. Despite this complexity, the terminal differentiation of B cells can be described as a simple probabilistic process that is governed by a central gene-regulatory network and modified by environmental stimuli.
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Cunningham AF, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Dominguez Medina CC, Cook CNL, Ross EA, Lopez-Macias C, Henderson IR. B1b cells recognize protective antigens after natural infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2014; 5:535. [PMID: 25400633 PMCID: PMC4215630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple, distinct B-cell populations in human beings and other animals such as mice. In the latter species, there is a well-characterized subset of B-cells known as B1 cells, which are enriched in peripheral sites such as the peritoneal cavity but are rare in the blood. B1 cells can be further subdivided into B1a and B1b subsets. There may be additional B1 subsets, though it is unclear if these are distinct populations or stages in the developmental process to become mature B1a and B1b cells. A limitation in understanding B1 subsets is the relative paucity of specific surface markers. In contrast to mice, the existence of B1 cells in human beings is controversial and more studies are needed to investigate the nature of these enigmatic cells. Examples of B1b antigens include pneumococcal polysaccharide and the Vi antigen from Salmonella Typhi, both used routinely as vaccines in human beings and experimental antigens such as haptenated-Ficoll. In addition to inducing classical T-dependent responses some proteins are B1b antigens and can induce T-independent (TI) immunity, examples include factor H binding protein from Borrelia hermsii and porins from Salmonella. Therefore, B1b antigens can be proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous, induce TI responses, memory, and immunity, they exist in a diverse range of pathogenic bacteria, and a single species can contain multiple B1b antigens. An unexpected benefit to studying B1b cells is that they appear to have a propensity to recognize protective antigens in bacteria. This suggests that studying B1b cells may be rewarding for vaccine design as immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic interventions become more important due to the decreasing efficacy of small molecule antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Carmen C Dominguez Medina
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ewan A Ross
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Specialties Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ian R Henderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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38
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Infantino S, Jones SA, Walker JA, Maxwell MJ, Light A, O'Donnell K, Tsantikos E, Peperzak V, Phesse T, Ernst M, Mackay F, Hibbs ML, Fairfax KA, Tarlinton DM. The tyrosine kinase Lyn limits the cytokine responsiveness of plasma cells to restrict their accumulation in mice. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra77. [PMID: 25118329 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of an appropriate number of plasma cells, long-lived antibody-producing cells that are derived from B cells, is essential for maintaining immunological memory while limiting disease. Plasma cell survival relies on extrinsic factors, the limited availability of which determines the size of the plasma cell population. Mice deficient in the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Lyn are prone to an autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation and an excess of plasma cells (plasmacytosis). We demonstrated that the plasmacytosis was intrinsic to B cells and independent of inflammation. We also showed that Lyn attenuated signaling by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in response to the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-3, respectively, in two previously uncharacterized plasma cell signaling pathways. Thus, in the absence of Lyn, the survival of plasma cells was improved, which enabled the plasma cells to become established in excess numbers in niches in vivo. These data identify Lyn as a key regulator of survival signaling in plasma cells, limiting plasma cell accumulation and autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Infantino
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah A Jones
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Walker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mhairi J Maxwell
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Victor Peperzak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Toby Phesse
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kirsten A Fairfax
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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39
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Weber GF, Chousterman BG, Hilgendorf I, Robbins CS, Theurl I, Gerhardt LMS, Iwamoto Y, Quach TD, Ali M, Chen JW, Rothstein TL, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Swirski FK. Pleural innate response activator B cells protect against pneumonia via a GM-CSF-IgM axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1243-56. [PMID: 24821911 PMCID: PMC4042649 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In response to lung infection, pleural innate response activator B cells produce GM-CSF–dependent IgM and ensure a frontline defense against bacterial invasion. Pneumonia is a major cause of mortality worldwide and a serious problem in critical care medicine, but the immunophysiological processes that confer either protection or morbidity are not completely understood. We show that in response to lung infection, B1a B cells migrate from the pleural space to the lung parenchyma to secrete polyreactive emergency immunoglobulin M (IgM). The process requires innate response activator (IRA) B cells, a transitional B1a-derived inflammatory subset which controls IgM production via autocrine granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. The strategic location of these cells, coupled with the capacity to produce GM-CSF–dependent IgM, ensures effective early frontline defense against bacteria invading the lungs. The study describes a previously unrecognized GM-CSF-IgM axis and positions IRA B cells as orchestrators of protective IgM immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Weber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin G Chousterman
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Igor Theurl
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Louisa M S Gerhardt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tam D Quach
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - John W Chen
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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40
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Baumgarth N. How specific is too specific? B-cell responses to viral infections reveal the importance of breadth over depth. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:82-94. [PMID: 23947349 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection induces robust and highly protective B-cell responses. Knowledge gained from the analysis of such protective humoral responses can provide important clues for the design of successful vaccines and vaccination approaches and also provides a window into the regulation of fundamental aspects of B-cell responses that may not be at play when responses to non-replicating agents are studied. Here, I review features of the B-cell response to viruses, with emphasis on influenza virus infection, a highly localized infection of respiratory tract epithelial cells, and a response that is directed against a virus that continuously undergoes genetic changes to its surface spike protein, a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Two aspects of the B-cell response to influenza are discussed here, namely polyreactive natural antibodies and the role and function of germinal center responses. Both these features of the B-cell response raise the question of how important antibody fine-specificity is for long-term protection from infection. As outlined, the pathogenesis of influenza virus and the nature of the antiviral B-cell response seem to emphasize repertoire diversity over affinity maturation as driving forces behind the influenza-specific B-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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41
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Chevrier S, Emslie D, Shi W, Kratina T, Wellard C, Karnowski A, Erikci E, Smyth GK, Chowdhury K, Tarlinton D, Corcoran LM. The BTB-ZF transcription factor Zbtb20 is driven by Irf4 to promote plasma cell differentiation and longevity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:827-40. [PMID: 24711583 PMCID: PMC4010913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zbtb20 facilitates terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells, and its expression is dependent on Irf4 and independent of Blimp1. The transcriptional network regulating antibody-secreting cell (ASC) differentiation has been extensively studied, but our current understanding is limited. The mechanisms of action of known “master” regulators are still unclear, while the participation of new factors is being revealed. Here, we identify Zbtb20, a Bcl6 homologue, as a novel regulator of late B cell development. Within the B cell lineage, Zbtb20 is specifically expressed in B1 and germinal center B cells and peaks in long-lived bone marrow (BM) ASCs. Unlike Bcl6, an inhibitor of ASC differentiation, ectopic Zbtb20 expression in primary B cells facilitates terminal B cell differentiation to ASCs. In plasma cell lines, Zbtb20 induces cell survival and blocks cell cycle progression. Immunized Zbtb20-deficient mice exhibit curtailed humoral responses and accelerated loss of antigen-specific plasma cells, specifically from the BM pool. Strikingly, Zbtb20 induction does not require Blimp1 but depends directly on Irf4, acting at a newly identified Zbtb20 promoter in ASCs. These results identify Zbtb20 as an important player in late B cell differentiation and provide new insights into this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Chevrier
- Molecular Immunology Division, 2 Bioinformatics Division, 3 Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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42
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BTB-ZF transcription factors, a growing family of regulators of early and late B-cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:481-8. [PMID: 24638067 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of early B-cell precursors in the bone marrow into the variety of mature and effector B-cell subsets of the periphery is a complex process that requires tight regulation at the transcriptional level. Different members of the broad complex, tramtrack, bric-à-brac and zinc finger (BTB-ZF) family of transcription factors have recently been shown to have key roles in many phases of B-cell development, including early B-cell development in the bone marrow, peripheral B-cell maturation and specialization into effector cells during an immune response. This review highlights the critical functions mediated by BTB-ZF transcription factors within the B-cell lineage and emphasizes how the deregulation of these transcription factors can lead to B-cell malignancies.
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43
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Identification and expression profiles of prdm1 in medaka Oryzias latipes. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:617-26. [PMID: 24343424 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse Prdm1, also known as Blimp1, plays important roles in maturation and survival of lymphoid cells, as well as in organogenesis of muscle, limb, sensor organs and primordial germ cells. The homologues of mouse prdm1 have been identified in a diverse of animals including zebrafish and fugu. Here, we report the identification and expression profiles of two homologues of prdm1, namely prdm1a and prdm1b in medaka, Oryzias latipes. The transcripts of prdm1a and prdm1b were detectable in all the tissues including immune organs such as gill, spleen, kidney, liver and intestine that we have checked on. The transcripts of prdm1a could be detected in the embryonic shield at mid-gastrula stage and later in the somite, eye, otic vesicle, branchial arches, fin, intestine and cloaca during embryogenesis using in situ hybridization. Moreover, the expression of prdm1a in the liver of both medaka and zebrafish could be up-regulated by the immune stimuli including lipopolysaccharide, polyI:C and the grass carp reovirus, similarly to the up-regulation of IL1B. These results indicate that Prdm1a may play important roles in embryogenesis and also in immune response in fish.
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44
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Germinal center‐independent, IgM‐mediated autoimmunity in
sanroque
mice lacking Obf1. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:12-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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45
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Zhang X, Wu C, Song J, Götte M, Sorokin L. Syndecan-1, a cell surface proteoglycan, negatively regulates initial leukocyte recruitment to the brain across the choroid plexus in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4551-61. [PMID: 24078687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, has been reported to be a negative regulator of various inflammatory processes, but its precise mode of action is poorly defined. In this study, we use the murine model of the 35-55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T lymphocyte-mediated inflammation where the steps in disease development and recovery are well characterized, to decipher how syndecan-1 impacts on the inflammatory reaction. Syndecan-1 knockout (Sdc-1(-/-)) mice show enhanced disease severity and impaired recovery. The use of bone marrow chimeric mice reveals that both an immune cell and a CNS-resident source of syndecan-1 contribute to this phenotype. Epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, where initial CCL20-induced leukocyte recruitment to the brain occurs, are identified as the predominant site of syndecan-1 expression. Syndecan-1 is lost from this site during the course of EAE by shedding into the cerebrospinal fluid, which correlates with loss of epithelial cell surface-bound CCL20 and is associated with the upregulation of IL-6 expression. In Sdc-1(-/-) mice, early leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus is enhanced, and IL-6 is elevated, which collectively results in higher numbers of the disease inducing Th17 cells in the CNS, thereby contributing to enhanced disease severity. Furthermore, Sdc-1(-/-) mice have intrinsically elevated plasma cell numbers and higher myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific Ab levels during EAE, which we propose contributes to impaired recovery. Our data identify the choroid plexus epithelium as a novel source of IL-6 in EAE and demonstrate that its expression negatively correlates with syndecan-1 expression at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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46
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Castro CD, Ohta Y, Dooley H, Flajnik MF. Noncoordinate expression of J-chain and Blimp-1 define nurse shark plasma cell populations during ontogeny. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3061-75. [PMID: 23897025 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) is the master regulator of plasma cell development, controlling genes such as those encoding J-chain and secretory Ig heavy chain. However, some mammalian plasma cells do not express J-chain, and mammalian B1 cells secrete "natural" IgM antibodies without upregulating Blimp-1. While these results have been controversial in mammalian systems, here we describe subsets of normally occurring Blimp-1(-) antibody-secreting cells in nurse sharks, found in lymphoid tissues at all ontogenic stages. Sharks naturally produce large amounts of both pentameric (classically "19S") and monomeric (classically "7S") IgM, the latter an indicator of adaptive immunity. Consistent with the mammalian paradigm, shark Blimp-1 is expressed in splenic 7S IgM-secreting cells, though rarely detected in the J-chain(+) cells producing 19S IgM. Although IgM transcript levels are lower in J-chain(+) cells, these cells nevertheless secrete 19S IgM in the absence of Blimp-1, as demonstrated by ELISPOT and metabolic labeling. Additionally, cells in the shark BM equivalent (epigonal) are Blimp-1(-). Our data suggest that, in sharks, 19S-secreting cells and other secreting memory B cells in the epigonal are maintained for long periods without Blimp-1, but like in mammals, Blimp-1 is required for terminating the B-cell program following an adaptive immune response in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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47
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48
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Zhang X. Regulatory functions of innate-like B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:113-21. [PMID: 23396472 PMCID: PMC4003048 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like B cells (ILBs) are heterogeneous populations of unconventional B cells with innate sensing and responding properties. ILBs in mice are composed of B1 cells, marginal zone (MZ) B cells and other related B cells. ILBs maintain natural IgM levels at steady state, and after innate activation, they can rapidly acquire immune regulatory activities through the secretion of natural IgM and IL-10. Thus, ILBs constitute an important source of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs), which have been shown to play critical roles in autoimmunity, inflammation and infection. The present review highlights the latest advances in the field of ILBs and focuses on their regulatory functions. Understanding the regulatory activities of ILBs and their underlying mechanisms could open new avenues in manipulating their functions in inflammatory, infectious and other relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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49
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Lechouane F, Bonaud A, Delpy L, Casola S, Oruc Z, Chemin G, Cogné M, Sirac C. B-cell receptor signal strength influences terminal differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:619-28. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amélie Bonaud
- Université de Limoges; CNRS UMR 7276; Limoges; France
| | - Laurent Delpy
- Université de Limoges; CNRS UMR 7276; Limoges; France
| | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM; The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation; Milan; Italy
| | - Zeliha Oruc
- Université de Limoges; CNRS UMR 7276; Limoges; France
| | | | - Michel Cogné
- Université de Limoges; CNRS UMR 7276; Limoges; France
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50
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Kim SJ, Gregersen PK, Diamond B. Regulation of dendritic cell activation by microRNA let-7c and BLIMP1. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:823-33. [PMID: 23298838 DOI: 10.1172/jci64712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice with a DC-specific deletion of the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1) exhibit a lupus-like phenotype, secondary to enhanced DC production of IL-6. Here we explored further phenotypic changes in Blimp1-deficient DCs, the molecular mechanism underlying these changes, and their relevance to human disease. Blimp1-deficient DCs exhibited elevated expression of MHC II, and exposure to TLR agonists increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. This phenotype reflects enhanced expression of the microRNA let-7c, which is regulated by BLIMP1. Let-7c reciprocally inhibited Blimp1 and also blocked LPS-induced suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) expression, contributing to the proinflammatory phenotype of Blimp1-deficient DCs. DCs from Blimp1 SLE-risk allele carriers exhibited analogous phenotypic changes, including decreased BLIMP1 expression, increased let-7c expression, and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that let-7c regulates DC phenotype and confirm the importance of BLIMP1 in maintaining tolerogenic DCs in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jung Kim
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (FIMR), Manhasset, New York, USA
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