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De Donato DP, Effner R, Nordengrün M, Lechner A, Darisipudi MN, Volz T, Hagl B, Bröker BM, Renner ED. Staphylococcus aureus Serine protease-like protein A (SplA) induces IL-8 by keratinocytes and synergizes with IL-17A. Cytokine 2024; 180:156634. [PMID: 38810500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease-like (Spl) proteins produced by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus have been associated with allergic inflammation. However, effects of Spls on the epidermal immune response have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES To assess the epidermal immune response to SplA, SplD and SplE dependent on differentiation of keratinocytes and a Th2 or Th17 cytokine milieu. METHODS Human keratinocytes of healthy controls and a STAT3-hyper-IgE syndrome (STAT3-HIES) patient were cultured in different calcium concentrations in the presence of Spls and Th2 or Th17 cytokines. Keratinocyte-specific IL-8 production and concomitant migration of neutrophils were assessed. RESULTS SplE and more significantly SplA, induced IL-8 in keratinocytes. Suprabasal-like keratinocytes showed a higher Spl-mediated IL-8 production and neutrophil migration compared to basal-like keratinocytes. Th17 cytokines amplified Spl-mediated IL-8 production, which correlated with neutrophil recruitment. Neutrophil recruitment by keratinocytes of the STAT3-HIES patient was similar to healthy control cells. CONCLUSION S. aureus-specific Spl proteases synergized with IL-17A on human keratinocytes with respect to IL-8 release and neutrophil migration, highlighting the importance of keratinocytes and Th17 immunity in barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P De Donato
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - R Effner
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Nordengrün
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Lechner
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - M N Darisipudi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Hagl
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - B M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - E D Renner
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Shrestha Palikhe N, Haji Q, Mack E, Sinnatamby T, Sandford AJ, Cameron L, Vliagoftis H. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the F2RL1 gene with clinical and inflammatory characteristics of patients with asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 20:8. [PMID: 38308375 PMCID: PMC10837890 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-024-00873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G-protein coupled receptor associated with many inflammatory diseases, including asthma. We have shown an association between PAR-2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes and asthma severity as well as blood PAR-2 mRNA level and lung function. Since F2RL1 (the gene encoding PAR-2) polymorphisms affect PAR-2 expression, we hypothesize they may affect asthma severity. METHODS We recruited 76 subjects with asthma of varying severity and collected clinical (FEV1 [% predicted], FEV1/FVC, IgE) and immunological (PAR-2 mRNA, blood eosinophils) disease parameters. We also genotyped these individuals for 3 F2RL1 SNPs (-45C/T, -149C/G, c.621C/T). RESULTS We found that the F2RL1 SNP "C" allele of -45C/T (rs1529505) was associated with PAR-2 mRNA and blood eosinophils. F2RL1 SNP c.621C/T (rs631465) was associated with PAR-2 mRNA. The F2RL1 SNP -149C/G (rs2242991) had no association with any of the parameters studied. This study identified one F2RL1 SNP rs1529505 is associated with parameters of asthma, but not asthma severity. CONCLUSION Larger studies are needed to further elucidate the role of PAR-2 in the pathophysiology of asthma and the influence of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 550 A HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Qahir Haji
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 550 A HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Emily Mack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 550 A HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tristan Sinnatamby
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 550 A HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Andrew J Sandford
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 550 A HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 550 A HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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3
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Reches G, Blondheim Shraga NR, Carrette F, Malka A, Saleev N, Gubbay Y, Ertracht O, Haviv I, Bradley LM, Levine F, Piran R. Resolving the conflicts around Par2 opposing roles in regeneration by comparing immune-mediated and toxic-induced injuries. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:52. [PMID: 36447218 PMCID: PMC9706915 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different factors may lead to hepatitis. Among which are liver inflammation and poisoning. We chose two hepatitis models, typical for these two underlying causes. Thus, we aimed to characterize the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (Par2) in liver regeneration and inflammation to reconcile Par2 conflicting role in many damage models, which sometimes aggravates the induced damage and sometimes alleviates it. METHODS WT and knockout (Par2KO) mice were injected with concanavalin A (ConA) to induce immune-mediated hepatitis or with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to elicit direct hepatic damage. To distinguish the immune component from the liver regenerative response, we conducted bone marrow (BM) replacements of WT and Par2KO mice and repeated the damage models. RESULTS ConA injection caused limited damage in Par2KO mice livers, while in the WT mice severe damage followed by leukocyte infiltration was evident. Reciprocal BM replacement of WT and Par2KO showed that WT BM-reconstituted Par2KO mice displayed marked liver damage, while in Par2KO BM-reconstituted WT mice, the tissue was generally protected. In the CCl4 direct damage model, hepatocytes regenerated in WT mice, whereas Par2KO mice failed to recover. Reciprocal BM replacement did not show significant differences in hepatic regeneration. In Par2KO mice, hepatitis was more apparent, while WT recovered regardless of the BM origin. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Par2 activation in the immune system aggravates hepatitis and that Par2 activation in the damaged tissue promotes liver regeneration. When we incorporate this finding and revisit the literature reports, we reconciled the conflicts surrounding Par2's role in injury, recovery, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Reches
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Netta R. Blondheim Shraga
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Florent Carrette
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Assaf Malka
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Natalia Saleev
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Yehuda Gubbay
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Offir Ertracht
- grid.415839.2Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Izhak Haviv
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
| | - Linda M. Bradley
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fred Levine
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ron Piran
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold St, Safed, Israel
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Jia J, Zeng M, Zhu D, Jiao X, Zhang B, Yang R, Feng W, Zheng X. An Amide Alkaloid Isolated from Ephedra sinica Ameliorates OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma by Inhibiting Mast Cell Activation and Dendritic Cell Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13541. [PMID: 36362328 PMCID: PMC9655655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, is usually caused by allergens in which various structures and immune cells are involved. Ephedra sinica, the most commonly used Chinese medicine, has significant clinical effects on asthma, but its components are complex and the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Among its components, we identified an amide alkaloid (EB-A) and investigated its anti-asthmatic activity and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we replicated an OVA-sensitized/challenged allergic asthma mouse model, and divided the mice into a model (OVA) group, positive drug (Y, 0.5 mg/kg/day) group, and EB-A treatment with low (Low, 10 mg/kg/day) and high dose (High, 20 mg/kg/day) groups. Asthma-related features were analyzed through the airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), cough and wheeze indexes, allergen-specific IgE, prostaglandin D2 (PDG2), and lung histology in mice. The levels of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the primary lung cells, cytokines in the serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) pathway activation in the lung tissue were measured to evaluate the inflammatory injury and lung epithelial barrier damage in the mice. Dendritic cell (DC) maturation and mast cell (MC) activation were verified in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of a PAR2 activation in lung epithelial cells on the maturation of DCs was evaluated by the co-culture system of (human bronchial epithelial cell lines) 16HBE and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The results showed that EB-A inhibited the typical asthmatic phenotypes, as well as lung injury and inflammation, MC activation and degranulation, and DC maturation in the OVA-sensitized/challenged BALB/c mice. In addition, EB-A inhibited the expression of PAR2 in the lung epithelial cells and significantly interfered with the maturation of DCs after inhibiting PAR2. Taken together, our study firstly demonstrated that EB-A could ameliorate OVA-induced allergic asthma by inhibiting MC activation and DC maturation, and the molecular mechanism of EB-A's anti-asthmatic activity might be mediated by inhibiting PAR2. Our data provide a molecular justification for the use of EB-A in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Denghui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xinmian Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruolan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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5
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Gandhi VD, Shrestha Palikhe N, Vliagoftis H. Protease-activated receptor-2: Role in asthma pathogenesis and utility as a biomarker of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:954990. [PMID: 35966869 PMCID: PMC9372307 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.954990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2, a receptor activated by serine proteases, has primarily pro-inflammatory roles in the airways and may play a role in asthma pathogenesis. PAR2 exerts its effects in the lungs through activation of a variety of airway cells, but also activation of circulating immune cells. There is evidence that PAR2 expression increases in asthma and other inflammatory diseases, although the regulation of PAR2 expression is not fully understood. Here we review the available literature on the potential role of PAR2 in asthma pathogenesis and propose a model of PAR2-mediated development of allergic sensitization. We also propose, based on our previous work, that PAR2 expression on peripheral blood monocyte subsets has the potential to serve as a biomarker of asthma severity and/or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dipak Gandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Harissios Vliagoftis,
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6
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Blockade of protease-activated receptor 2 attenuates allergen-mediated acute lung inflammation and leukocyte recruitment in mice. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Pereira ABM, de Oliveira JR, Teixeira MM, da Silva PR, Rodrigues Junior V, Rogerio ADP. IL-27 regulates IL-4-induced chemokine production in human bronchial epithelial cells. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152029. [PMID: 33278712 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 coordinates the Th2-type immune response in inflammatory diseases such as asthma. IL-27 can inhibit the development of both Th2 and Th1 cells. However, IL-27 can also drive naïve T cells to differentiate toward the Th1 phenotype. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-27 on the activation of IL-4-induced human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Compared to controls, both IL-4 and IL-27 (25-100 ng/mL) increased the concentrations of CCL2 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner. However, compared to cells stimulated individually with IL-4 or IL-27, treatment with a combination of both cytokines reduced CCL2 and IL-8 concentrations in a dose- and time-dependent manner. IL-4 increased the activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, STAT6 and NF-κB, while IL-27 increased the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 but not STAT6 and NF-κB. Compared to IL-4-stimulated cells, cells treated with both IL-27 and IL-4 displayed decreased activation of STAT6 and NF-κB but not ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-27 plays a pro-inflammatory role when administered alone but downregulates bronchial epithelial cell activation when combined with IL-4. Therefore, IL-27 may be an interesting target for the treatment of Th2 inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-350, Brazil
| | - Jhony Robison de Oliveira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-350, Brazil
| | - Maxelle Martins Teixeira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-350, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto da Silva
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-350, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues Junior
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-350, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Paula Rogerio
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-350, Brazil.
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9
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Favarin DC, Pereira ABM, Francischetti IMB, da Silva MV, Rodrigues V, da Silva PR, Valenzuela JG, Teixeira DNS, Oliveira CJF, Rogério ADP. Agaphelin modulates the activation of human bronchial epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide and IL-4. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151937. [PMID: 32201094 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sand fly saliva presents molecules with potential to development of compounds for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Agaphelin, isolated from the saliva of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties such as neutrophils chemotaxis inhibition. Here, we extend these results and evaluated the role of agaphelin (0.1-100 nM) in an in vitro model consisting in the activation of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) by IL-4 (50 ng/mL) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL). Agaphelin is non-cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. Notably, agaphelin markedly reduces CCL2 and IL-8 production induced by IL-4 or LPS, without altering the IL-10 production. The TLR4 expression and STAT1 phosphorylation induced by LPS were inhibited by agaphlin. In addition, agaphelin decreased the phosphorylation of STAT6 induce by IL-4, whose effect was independent of IL-4-binding activity. Taken together, these findings identify agaphelin as a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent for airway inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniely Cornélio Favarin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto da Silva
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - David Nascimento Silva Teixeira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre de Paula Rogério
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
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10
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Zhou G, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H, Kane KP. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Agonist as Adjuvant: Augmenting Development of Protective Memory CD8 T Cell Responses Induced by Influenza Virosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:441-452. [PMID: 31182479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is expressed in various tissues, including lung, and when activated, promotes inflammation, differentiation, and migration of dendritic cells. We found that combining influenza virosomes containing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase with a PAR-2 agonist peptide (PAR-2AP) in an intranasal prime boost approach increased survival of mice challenged weeks later with lethal influenza virus over that by virosome or PAR-2AP prime boost alone. No weight loss occurred from influenza challenge after virosome-plus-PAR-2AP prime boost compared with either virosomes or PAR-2AP alone. Thus, virosomes plus PAR-2AP prevented morbidity as well as mortality. Through adoptive transfer, CD8+ lung T cells but not CD4+ T cells from virosomes plus PAR-2AP-primed mice protected from lethal influenza virus challenge and enhanced survival with less weight loss and faster recovery. Virosome-plus-PAR-2AP prime boost resulted in greater percentages of T effector memory phenotype cells (Tem) in lung, and higher frequencies of CD8 Tem and T central memory cells displayed effector functions in response to virus challenge in vivo. Virosome-plus-PAR-2AP prime boost also resulted in greater percentages of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, both Tem and T central memory cells, in lungs of animals subsequently challenged with live influenza virus. Our findings indicate that PAR-2AP, a short peptide, may be a new and useful mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease and Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, T2N 4N1 Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin P Kane
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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11
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George T, Chakraborty M, Giembycz MA, Newton R. A bronchoprotective role for Rgs2 in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced airways inflammation. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018; 14:40. [PMID: 30305828 PMCID: PMC6166284 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma exacerbations are associated with the recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs. These cells release proteases and mediators, many of which act at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple via Gq to promote bronchoconstriction and inflammation. Common asthma therapeutics up-regulate expression of the regulator of G protein signalling (RGS), RGS2. As RGS2 reduces signaling from Gq-coupled GPCRs, we have defined role(s) for this GTPase-activating protein in an acute neutrophilic model of lung inflammation. Methods Wild type and Rgs2−/− C57Bl6 mice were exposed to nebulized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lung function (respiratory system resistance and compliance) was measured using a SCIREQ flexivent small animal ventilator. Lung inflammation was assessed by histochemistry, cell counting and by cytokine and chemokine expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Results Lipopolysaccharide inhalation induced transient airways hyperreactivity (AHR) and neutrophilic lung inflammation. While AHR and inflammation was greatest 3 h post-LPS exposure, BAL neutrophils persisted for 24 h. At 3 h post-LPS inhalation, multiple inflammatory cytokines (CSF2, CSF3, IL6, TNF) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2) were highly expressed in the BAL fluid, prior to declining by 24 h. Compared to wild type counterparts, Rgs2−/− mice developed significantly greater airflow resistance in response to inhaled methacholine (MCh) at 3 h post-LPS exposure. At 24 h post-LPS exposure, when lung function was recovering in the wild type animals, MCh-induced resistance was increased, and compliance decreased, in Rgs2−/− mice. Thus, Rgs2−/− mice show AHR and stiffer lungs 24 h post-LPS exposure. Histological markers of inflammation, total and differential cell counts, and major cytokine and chemokine expression in BAL fluid were similar between wild type and Rgs2−/− mice. However, 3 and 24 h post-LPS exposure, IL12B expression was significantly elevated in BAL fluid from Rgs2−/− mice compared to wild type animals. Conclusions While Rgs2 is bronchoprotective in acute neutrophilic inflammation, no clear anti-inflammatory effect was apparent. Nevertheless, elevated IL12B expression in Rgs2−/− animals raises the possibility that RGS2 could dampen Th1 responses. These findings indicate that up-regulation of RGS2, as occurs in response to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists, may be beneficial in acute neutrophilic exacerbations of airway disease, including asthma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13223-018-0266-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tresa George
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Mainak Chakraborty
- 2Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
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12
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Asaduzzaman M, Davidson C, Nahirney D, Fiteih Y, Puttagunta L, Vliagoftis H. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 blockade inhibits changes seen in a chronic murine asthma model. Allergy 2018; 73:416-420. [PMID: 28940559 DOI: 10.1111/all.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR2 ) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by serine proteinases. We have shown that PAR2 activation in the airways is involved in the development of allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in acute murine models. We hypothesized that functional inhibition of PAR2 prevents allergic inflammation, AHR and airway remodeling in chronic allergic airway inflammation models. MATERIAL AND METHODS We developed and used a 12 week model of cockroach extract (CE)-mediated AHR, airway inflammation and remodeling in BALB/c mice. RESULTS Mice sensitized and challenged with CE for 12 weeks exhibit AHR, increased numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and increased collagen content in the lung tissue compared to saline controls. Administration of an anti-PAR2 antibody, SAM-11, after the initial development of airway inflammation significantly inhibited all these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PAR2 signaling plays a key role in CE-induced AHR and airway inflammation/remodeling in long term models of allergic airway inflammation. Targeting PAR2 activation may be a successful therapeutic strategy for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Asaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine; Pulmonary Research Group; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - C. Davidson
- Department of Medicine; Pulmonary Research Group; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - D. Nahirney
- Department of Medicine; Pulmonary Research Group; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Y. Fiteih
- Department of Medicine; Pulmonary Research Group; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - L. Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - H. Vliagoftis
- Department of Medicine; Pulmonary Research Group; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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13
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Teufelberger AR, Nordengrün M, Braun H, Maes T, De Grove K, Holtappels G, O'Brien C, Provoost S, Hammad H, Gonçalves A, Beyaert R, Declercq W, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Bröker BM, Bachert C, Krysko O. The IL-33/ST2 axis is crucial in type 2 airway responses induced by Staphylococcus aureus –derived serine protease–like protein D. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:549-559.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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AT-RvD1 modulates the activation of bronchial epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 805:46-50. [PMID: 28322829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial epithelial cells are essential to airways homeostasis; however, they are also involved in exacerbation of airway inflammatory responses of patients with conditions such as asthma. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), the most important allergen, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both of which are present in house dust mites (HDM), can activate immune and structural cells (such as bronchial epithelial cells) and modulate the airway inflammation in asthma patients. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its epimer aspirin-triggered-resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) are lipid mediators that are produced during the resolution of inflammation and demonstrate anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects in several experimental models including experimental models of allergic airway inflammation. Here, we evaluated the effects of AT-RvD1 (10-12-10-10 M) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with LPS (2μg/ml) or Dp (10μg/ml). After 24h, the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2) production was increased in cells that had been stimulated with LPS and Dp compared to the control. However, AT-RvD1 (10-11 and 10-10 M) significantly reduced the concentration of CCL-2 in a manner that was dependent on the N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways in cells stimulated with LPS or Dp compared to controls. In addition, AT-RvD1 reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 and STAT1 in cells stimulated with Dp and LPS, respectively. In conclusion, AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells that were stimulated with LPS or Dp, which provides new perspectives for therapeutic strategies to control inflammatory airway diseases.
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15
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George T, Bell M, Chakraborty M, Siderovski DP, Giembycz MA, Newton R. Protective Roles for RGS2 in a Mouse Model of House Dust Mite-Induced Airway Inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170269. [PMID: 28107494 PMCID: PMC5249169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase-accelerating protein, regulator of G-protein signalling 2 (RGS2) reduces signalling from G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that signal via Gαq. In humans, RGS2 expression is up-regulated by inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) such that synergy is produced in combination. This may contribute to the superior clinical efficacy of ICS/LABA therapy in asthma relative to ICS alone. In a murine model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced airways inflammation, three weeks of intranasal HDM (25 μg, 3×/week) reduced lung function and induced granulocytic airways inflammation. Compared to wild type animals, Rgs2-/- mice showed airways hyperresponsiveness (increased airways resistance and reduced compliance). While HDM increased pulmonary inflammation observed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, there was no difference between wild type and Rgs2-/- animals. HDM-induced mucus hypersecretion was also unaffected by RGS2 deficiency. However, inflammatory cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Rgs2-/- animals were significantly increased (57%) compared to wild type animals and this correlated with increased granulocyte (neutrophil and eosinophil) numbers. Likewise, cytokine and chemokine (IL4, IL17, IL5, LIF, IL6, CSF3, CXCLl, CXCL10 and CXCL11) release was increased by HDM exposure. Compared to wild type, Rgs2-/- animals showed a trend towards increased expression for many cytokines/chemokines, with CCL3, CCL11, CXCL9 and CXCL10 being significantly enhanced. As RGS2 expression was unaffected by HDM exposure, these data indicate that RGS2 exerts tonic bronchoprotection in HDM-induced airways inflammation. Modest anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling roles for RGS2 are also suggested. If translatable to humans, therapies that maximize RGS2 expression may prove advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tresa George
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Bell
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mainak Chakraborty
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David P. Siderovski
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Nadeem A, Al-Harbi NO, Ansari MA, Al-Harbi MM, El-Sherbeeny AM, Zoheir KMA, Attia SM, Hafez MM, Al-Shabanah OA, Ahmad SF. Psoriatic inflammation enhances allergic airway inflammation through IL-23/STAT3 signaling in a murine model. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 124:69-82. [PMID: 27984001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease characterized by activated IL-23/STAT3/Th17 axis. Recently psoriatic inflammation has been shown to be associated with asthma. However, no study has previously explored how psoriatic inflammation affects airway inflammation. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic inflammation on cockroach extract (CE)-induced airway inflammation in murine models. Mice were subjected to topical and intranasal administration of IMQ and CE to develop psoriatic and airway inflammation respectively. Various analyses in lung/spleen related to inflammation, Th17/Th2/Th1 cell immune responses, and their signature cytokines/transcription factors were carried out. Psoriatic inflammation in allergic mice was associated with increased airway inflammation with concurrent increase in Th2/Th17 cells/signature cytokines/transcription factors. Splenic CD4+ T and CD11c+ dendritic cells in psoriatic mice had increased STAT3/RORC and IL-23 mRNA expression respectively. This led us to explore the effect of systemic IL-23/STAT3 signaling on airway inflammation. Topical application of STA-21, a small molecule STAT3 inhibitor significantly reduced airway inflammation in allergic mice having psoriatic inflammation. On the other hand, adoptive transfer of IL-23-treated splenic CD4+ T cells from allergic mice into naive recipient mice produced mixed neutrophilic/eosinophilic airway inflammation similar to allergic mice with psoriatic inflammation. Our data suggest that systemic IL-23/STAT3 axis is responsible for enhanced airway inflammation during psoriasis. The current study also suggests that only anti-asthma therapy may not be sufficient to alleviate airway inflammatory burden in asthmatics with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Sherbeeny
- Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Hafez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman A Al-Shabanah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Pera T, Penn RB. Bronchoprotection and bronchorelaxation in asthma: New targets, and new ways to target the old ones. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:82-96. [PMID: 27113408 PMCID: PMC4942340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 50years of inhaled beta-agonists and corticosteroids as the default management or rescue drugs for asthma, recent research suggests that new therapeutic options are likely to emerge. This belief stems from both an improved understanding of what causes and regulates airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction, and the identification of new targets whose inhibition or activation can relax ASM. In this review we discuss the recent findings that provide new insight into ASM contractile regulation, a revolution in pharmacology that identifies new ways to "tune" G protein-coupled receptors to improve therapeutic efficacy, and the discovery of several novel targets/approaches capable of effecting bronchoprotection or bronchodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonio Pera
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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18
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Matriptase activation connects tissue factor-dependent coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Blood 2016; 127:3260-9. [PMID: 27114461 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is designed to sense tissue injury by physical separation of the membrane-anchored cofactor tissue factor (TF) from inactive precursors of coagulation proteases circulating in plasma. Once TF on epithelial and other extravascular cells is exposed to plasma, sequential activation of coagulation proteases coordinates hemostasis and contributes to host defense and tissue repair. Membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) play critical roles in the development and homeostasis of epithelial barrier tissues; how MASPs are activated in mature epithelia is unknown. We here report that proteases of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation transactivate the MASP matriptase, thus connecting coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Exposure of TF-expressing cells to factors (F) VIIa and Xa triggered the conversion of latent pro-matriptase to an active protease, which in turn cleaved the pericellular substrates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and pro-urokinase. An activation pathway-selective PAR2 mutant resistant to direct cleavage by TF:FVIIa and FXa was activated by these proteases when cells co-expressed pro-matriptase, and matriptase transactivation was necessary for efficient cleavage and activation of wild-type PAR2 by physiological concentrations of TF:FVIIa and FXa. The coagulation initiation complex induced rapid and prolonged enhancement of the barrier function of epithelial monolayers that was dependent on matriptase transactivation and PAR2 signaling. These observations suggest that the coagulation cascade engages matriptase to help coordinate epithelial defense and repair programs after injury or infection, and that matriptase may contribute to TF-driven pathogenesis in cancer and inflammation.
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19
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AT-RvD1 modulates CCL-2 and CXCL-8 production and NF-κB, STAT-6, SOCS1, and SOCS3 expression on bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with IL-4. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:178369. [PMID: 26075216 PMCID: PMC4436447 DOI: 10.1155/2015/178369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial epithelial cells represent the first line of defense against microorganisms and allergens in the airways and play an important role in chronic inflammatory processes such as asthma. In an experimental model, both RvD1 and AT-RvD1, lipid mediators of inflammation resolution, ameliorated some of the most important phenotypes of experimental asthma. Here, we extend these results and demonstrate the effect of AT-RvD1 on bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with IL-4. AT-RvD1 (100 nM) decreased both CCL2 and CXCL-8 production, in part by decreasing STAT6 and NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, the effects of AT-RvD1 were ALX/FRP2 receptor dependent, as the antagonist of this receptor (BOC1) reversed the inhibition of these chemokines by AT-RvD1. In addition, AT-RvD1 decreased SOCS1 and increased SOCS3 expression, which play important roles in Th1 and Th17 modulation, respectively. In conclusion, AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant effects on the IL-4-induced activation of bronchial epithelial cells and consequently the potential to modulate neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma. Taken together, these findings identify AT-RvD1 as a potential proresolving therapeutic agent for allergic responses in the airways.
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20
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Matěj R, Smětáková M, Vašáková M, Nováková J, Sterclová M, Kukal J, Olejár T. PAR-2, IL-4R, TGF-β and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage distinguishes extrinsic allergic alveolitis from sarcoidosis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:533-538. [PMID: 25009615 PMCID: PMC4079423 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis (SARC) and extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) share certain markers, making a differential diagnosis difficult even with histopathological investigation. In lung tissue, proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is primarily investigated with regard to epithelial and inflammatory perspectives. Varying levels of certain chemokines can be a useful tool for distinguishing EAA and SARC. Thus, in the present study, differences in the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) and PAR-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were compared, using an ELISA method, between 14 patients with EAA and six patients with SARC. Statistically significant higher levels of IL-4R, PAR-2 and the PAR-2/TGF-β1 and PAR-2/TNF-α ratios were observed in EAA patients as compared with SARC patients. Furthermore, the ratios of TNF-α/total protein, TGF-β1/PAR-2 and TNF-α/PAR-2 were significantly lower in EAA patients than in SARC patients. The results indicated a higher detection of PAR-2 in EAA samples in association with TNF-α and TGF-β levels. As EAA and PAR-2 in parallel belong to the Th2-mediated pathway, the results significantly indicated an association between this receptor and etiology. In addition, the results indicated that SARC is predominantly a granulomatous inflammatory disease, thus, higher levels of TNF-α are observed. Therefore, the detection of PAR-2 and investigated chemokines in BALF may serve as a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between EAA and SARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Matěj
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic ; Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Smětáková
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vašáková
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Nováková
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Sterclová
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Kukal
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Olejár
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague 140 59, Czech Republic ; Department No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
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21
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Davidson CE, Asaduzzaman M, Arizmendi NG, Polley D, Wu Y, Gordon JR, Hollenberg MD, Cameron L, Vliagoftis H. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation participates in allergic sensitization to house dust mite allergens in a murine model. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:1274-85. [PMID: 24152160 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many aeroallergens contain proteinase activity and are able to induce allergic sensitization when presented to mucosal surfaces. Some of these allergens activate proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2 ). OBJECTIVE To determine the role of PAR2 activation in a murine house dust mite (HDM) allergy model. METHODS We sensitized and challenged PAR2 -deficient mice with HDM, and examined allergic outcomes compared to wild-type animals. To focus on the role of PAR2 in allergic sensitization, we administered a PAR2 blocking antibody to wild-type animals during the sensitization phase and examined the outcomes immediately after sensitization or following subsequent allergen challenge. RESULTS We found PAR2 -deficient mice sensitized and challenged with HDM failed to develop airway inflammation, did not produce HDM-specific IgG1 and had less IL-4 mRNA in the lungs than wild-type animals. Prevention of PAR2 activation during sensitization in wild-type mice diminished the levels of Th2 mediators, including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, in the lungs. Blocking PAR2 during the sensitization phase also led to decreased manifestations of allergic disease, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation following subsequent allergen challenge. HDM-induced proliferation of splenocytes obtained from animals sensitized in the presence of PAR2 antibody was reduced relative to those that did not receive antibody. The effect of PAR2 blockade could be transferred to naïve mice through splenic CD4(+) T cells from sensitized mice. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PAR2 activation plays a key role during the sensitization phase of our HDM allergy model, leading to increased lung cytokine production and augmented lung reactivity. PAR2 activation is a common mechanism for sensitization to a wide variety of allergens and is therefore a potential pharmacological target to prevent allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Walker JKL, DeFea KA. Role for β-arrestin in mediating paradoxical β2AR and PAR2 signaling in asthma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:142-7. [PMID: 24907413 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) utilize (at least) two signal transduction pathways to elicit cellular responses including the classic G protein-dependent, and the more recently discovered β-arrestin-dependent, signaling pathways. In human and murine models of asthma, agonist-activation of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) or Protease-activated-receptor-2 (PAR2) results in relief from bronchospasm via airway smooth muscle relaxation. However, chronic activation of these receptors, leads to pro-inflammatory responses. One plausible explanation underlying the paradoxical effects of β2AR and PAR2 agonism in asthma is that the beneficial and harmful effects are associated with distinct signaling pathways. Specifically, G protein-dependent signaling mediates relaxation of airway smooth muscle, whereas β-arrestin-dependent signaling promotes inflammation. This review explores the evidence supporting the hypothesis that β-arrestin-dependent signaling downstream of β2AR and PAR2 is detrimental in asthma and examines the therapeutic opportunities for selectively targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K L Walker
- Duke University School of Nursing, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Katherine A DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Post S, Heijink IH, Petersen AH, de Bruin HG, van Oosterhout AJM, Nawijn MC. Protease-activated receptor-2 activation contributes to house dust mite-induced IgE responses in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91206. [PMID: 24651123 PMCID: PMC3961228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeroallergens such as house dust mite (HDM), cockroach, and grass or tree pollen are innocuous substances that can induce allergic sensitization upon inhalation. The serine proteases present in these allergens are thought to activate the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, on the airway epithelium, thereby potentially inducing allergic sensitization at the expense of inhalation tolerance. We hypothesized that the proteolytic activity of allergens may play an important factor in the allergenicity to house dust mite and is essential to overcome airway tolerance. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of PAR-2 activation in allergic sensitization and HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. In our study, Par-2 deficient mice were treated with two different HDM extracts containing high and low serine protease activities twice a week for a period of 5 weeks. We determined airway inflammation through quantification of percentages of mononuclear cells, eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and measured total IgE and HDM-specific IgE and IgG1 levels in serum. Furthermore, Th2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-5, IL-13, Eotaxin-1, IL-17, KC, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), were measured in lung tissue homogenates. We observed that independent of the serine protease content, HDM was able to induce elevated levels of eosinophils and neutrophils in the airways of both wild-type (WT) and Par-2 deficient mice. Furthermore, we show that induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by HDM exposure is independent of Par-2 activation. In contrast, serine protease activity of HDM does contribute to enhanced levels of total IgE, but not HDM-specific IgE. We conclude that, while Par-2 activation contributes to the development of IgE responses, it is largely dispensable for the HDM-induced induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and airway inflammation in an experimental mouse model of HDM-driven allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijranke Post
- Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H. Heijink
- Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen H. Petersen
- Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold G. de Bruin
- Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J. M. van Oosterhout
- Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C. Nawijn
- Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Choi JP, Kim YM, Choi HI, Choi SJ, Park HT, Lee WH, Gho YS, Jee YK, Jeon SG, Kim YK. An important role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 on natural killer T cells on the development of dsRNA-enhanced Th2 cell response to inhaled allergens. Allergy 2014; 69:186-98. [PMID: 24191851 DOI: 10.1111/all.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that TNF-α is a key mediator of the development of dsRNA-enhanced Th2 cell response to inhaled allergens. Natural killer T (NKT) cells may be a candidate source of Th2-polarizing cytokines. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of lung NKT cells on the development of TNF-α-mediated Th2 cell response. METHODS A virus-associated asthma mouse model was generated by the administration of ovalbumin (OVA, 75 μg) and poly[I:C] (0.1 μg). Role of NKT and type I NKT cells was evaluated using CD1d- and Jα18-deficient mice. TNF-α receptors (TNFRs) were antagonized by using TNFR blocking peptides. RESULTS The number of infiltrated NKT cells was increased in a virus-associated asthma mouse model. Increase in Th2 and Th17 cytokine levels in wild-type mice were abolished in both CD1d- and Jα18-deficient mice. In vitro co-culture experiments with alveolar macrophages and NKT cells showed that TNF-α produced by macrophages in the presence of poly[I:C] acts on NKT cells, inducing production of Th2-polarizing cytokines. Moreover, the induction of Th2-polarizing cytokines by poly[I:C] or recombinant TNF-α was impaired in both CD1d- and Jα18-deficient mice and that the above effect was reversed by a TNF-α receptor-2 (TNFR2) blocking peptide, but not by a TNFR1 blocker. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that NKT cells play a key role in the development of Th2 cell response to inhaled allergens and that TNF-α produced by alveolar macrophages induces Th2 cell response, via TNFR2 on NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Choi
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - Y.-M. Kim
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - H.-I. Choi
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - S.-J. Choi
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - H. T. Park
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - W.-H. Lee
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - Y. S. Gho
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - Y.-K. Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Dankook University College of Medicine; Cheonan Korea
| | - S. G. Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
| | - Y.-K. Kim
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang Korea
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25
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Gordon JR, Ma Y, Churchman L, Gordon SA, Dawicki W. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:7. [PMID: 24550907 PMCID: PMC3907717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recognize well the abilities of dendritic cells to activate effector T cell (Teff cell) responses to an array of antigens and think of these cells in this context as pre-eminent antigen-presenting cells, but dendritic cells are also critical to the induction of immunologic tolerance. Herein, we review our knowledge on the different kinds of tolerogenic or regulatory dendritic cells that are present or can be induced in experimental settings and humans, how they operate, and the diseases in which they are effective, from allergic to autoimmune diseases and transplant tolerance. The primary conclusions that arise from these cumulative studies clearly indicate that the agent(s) used to induce the tolerogenic phenotype and the status of the dendritic cell at the time of induction influence not only the phenotype of the dendritic cell, but also that of the regulatory T cell responses that they in turn mobilize. For example, while many, if not most, types of induced regulatory dendritic cells lead CD4+ naïve or Teff cells to adopt a CD25+Foxp3+ Treg phenotype, exposure of Langerhans cells or dermal dendritic cells to vitamin D leads in one case to the downstream induction of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell responses, while in the other to Foxp3− type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) responses. Similarly, exposure of human immature versus semi-mature dendritic cells to IL-10 leads to distinct regulatory T cell outcomes. Thus, it should be possible to shape our dendritic cell immunotherapy approaches for selective induction of different types of T cell tolerance or to simultaneously induce multiple types of regulatory T cell responses. This may prove to be an important option as we target diseases in different anatomic compartments or with divergent pathologies in the clinic. Finally, we provide an overview of the use and potential use of these cells clinically, highlighting their potential as tools in an array of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Yanna Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Laura Churchman
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Sara A Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Wojciech Dawicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
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26
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Kouzaki H, Tojima I, Kita H, Shimizu T. Transcription of interleukin-25 and extracellular release of the protein is regulated by allergen proteases in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:741-50. [PMID: 23590308 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0304oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces are integral components of innate and adaptive immunity. IL-25 is reportedly produced by epithelial cells and likely plays vital roles in regulating type-2 immune responses. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms that control production and extracellular releases of IL-25. We hypothesized that proteases from the multiple allergens may induce IL-25 production in airway epithelial cells. In this study, we found that IL-25 is constitutively produced and detectable in cytoplasm of resting normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. When exposed to airborne allergens such as house dust mite (HDM), stored IL-25 was released rapidly to the extracellular space. IL-25 release was not accompanied by cell death, suggesting involvement of active secretory mechanism(s). HDM also enhanced IL-25 mRNA transcription, which was dependent on their protease activities. Furthermore, activation of NHBE cells with authentic proteases, such as trypsin and papain, or with a peptide agonist for protease-activated receptor 2 was sufficient to enhance IL-25 mRNA transcription and protein. Protease-driven increase in mRNA transcription and allergen-driven extracellular release of IL-25 protein was also observed in primary nasal epithelial cells from healthy individuals. These findings suggest that IL-25 production by airway epithelial cells is regulated by the transcription and protein release levels and that allergen proteases likely play pivotal roles in both biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kouzaki
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
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27
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7,3',4'-Trihydroxyisoflavone Ameliorates the Development of Dermatophagoides farinae-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:636597. [PMID: 24324516 PMCID: PMC3845246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/636597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory and chronically relapsing skin disorder that commonly occurs in children; the number of atopic dermatitis patients is increasing. The cause and mechanism of atopic dermatitis have not been defined clearly, although many studies are ongoing. Epidemiological studies suggest that soybean and its isoflavones have immunoregulatory activities. Here, we report that 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (7,3′,4′-THIF), a major metabolite of daidzin, effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells, and also reduced β-hexosaminidase secretion in RBL-2H3 cells. Moreover, 7,3′,4′-THIF significantly reduced scratching time, transepidermal water loss, and mast cell infiltration. It also decreased protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 and IL-4 expression and increased filaggrin expression in skin lesions of NC/Nga mice. These results suggest that 7,3′,4′-THIF improves Dermatophagoides farina body extract-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice.
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28
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Salazar F, Ghaemmaghami AM. Allergen recognition by innate immune cells: critical role of dendritic and epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:356. [PMID: 24204367 PMCID: PMC3816228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy is an exacerbated response of the immune system against non-self-proteins called allergens and is typically characterized by biased type-2 T helper cell and deleterious IgE mediated immune responses. The allergic cascade starts with the recognition of allergens by antigen presenting cells, mainly dendritic cells (DCs), leading to Th2 polarization, switching to IgE production by B cells, culminating in mast cell sensitization and triggering. DCs have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in orchestrating allergic diseases. Using different C-type lectin receptors DCs are able to recognize and internalize a number of allergens from diverse sources leading to sensitization. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence highlighting the role of epithelial cells in triggering and modulating immune responses to allergens. As well as providing a physical barrier, epithelial cells can interact with allergens and influence DCs behavior through the release of a number of Th2 promoting cytokines. In this review we will summarize current understanding of how allergens are recognized by DCs and epithelial cells and what are the consequences of such interaction in the context of allergic sensitization and downstream events leading to allergic inflammation. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of allergen recognition and associated signaling pathways could enable developing more effective therapeutic strategies that target the initial steps of allergic sensitization hence hindering development or progression of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham , UK
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29
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de Boer JD, Van't Veer C, Stroo I, van der Meer AJ, de Vos AF, van der Zee JS, Roelofs JJTH, van der Poll T. Protease-activated receptor-2 deficient mice have reduced house dust mite-evoked allergic lung inflammation. Innate Immun 2013; 20:618-25. [PMID: 24048772 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913503387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is abundantly expressed in the pulmonary compartment. House dust mite (HDM) is a common cause of allergic asthma and contains multiple PAR2 agonistic proteases. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PAR2 in HDM-induced allergic lung inflammation. For this, the extent of allergic lung inflammation was studied in wild type (Wt) and PAR2 knockout (KO) mice after repeated airway exposure to HDM. HDM exposure of Wt mice resulted in a profound influx of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and accumulation of eosinophils in lung tissue, which both were strongly reduced in PAR2 KO mice. PAR2 KO mice demonstrated attenuated lung pathology and protein leak in the bronchoalveolar space, accompanied by lower BALF levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. This study reveals, for the first time, an important role for PAR2 in allergic lung inflammation induced by the clinically relevant allergens contained in HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daan de Boer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Stroo
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J van der Meer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaring S van der Zee
- Department of Pulmonology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Leino MS, Loxham M, Blume C, Swindle EJ, Jayasekera NP, Dennison PW, Shamji BWH, Edwards MJ, Holgate ST, Howarth PH, Davies DE. Barrier disrupting effects of alternaria alternata extract on bronchial epithelium from asthmatic donors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71278. [PMID: 24009658 PMCID: PMC3751915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization and exposure to the allergenic fungus Alternaria alternata has been associated with increased risk of asthma and asthma exacerbations. The first cells to encounter inhaled allergens are epithelial cells at the airway mucosal surface. Epithelial barrier function has previously been reported to be defective in asthma. This study investigated the contribution of proteases from Alternaria alternata on epithelial barrier function and inflammatory responses and compared responses of in vitro cultures of differentiated bronchial epithelial cells derived from severely asthmatic donors with those from non-asthmatic controls. Polarised 16HBE cells or air-liquid interface (ALI) bronchial epithelial cultures from non-asthmatic or severe asthmatic donors were challenged apically with extracts of Alternaria and changes in inflammatory cytokine release and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) were measured. Protease activity in Alternaria extracts was characterised and the effect of selectively inhibiting protease activity on epithelial responses was examined using protease inhibitors and heat-treatment. In 16HBE cells, Alternaria extracts stimulated release of IL-8 and TNFα, with concomitant reduction in TER; these effects were prevented by heat-treatment of the extracts. Examination of the effects of protease inhibitors suggested that serine proteases were the predominant class of proteases mediating these effects. ALI cultures from asthmatic donors exhibited a reduced IL-8 response to Alternaria relative to those from healthy controls, while neither responded with increased thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) release. Only cultures from asthmatic donors were susceptible to the barrier-weakening effects of Alternaria. Therefore, the bronchial epithelium of severely asthmatic individuals may be more susceptible to the deleterious effects of Alternaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Leino
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Loxham
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Swindle
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nivenka P. Jayasekera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W. Dennison
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Betty W. H. Shamji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Edwards
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Howarth
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, South Block, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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31
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Gandhi VD, Davidson C, Asaduzzaman M, Nahirney D, Vliagoftis H. House Dust Mite Interactions with Airway Epithelium: Role in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13:262-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is on the rise in developed countries, and cockroach exposure is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated the importance of allergen-associated proteases in modulating allergic airway inflammation. Many of the studies have suggested the importance of allergen-associated proteases as having a direct role on airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells. In most cases, activation of the protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 has been implicated as a mechanism behind the potent allergenicity associated with cockroaches. In this review, we focus on recent evidence linking cockroach proteases to activation of a variety of cells important in allergic airway inflammation and the role of PAR-2 in this process. We will highlight recent data exploring the potential mechanisms involved in the biological effects of the allergen.
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33
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Kim JY, Sohn JH, Choi JM, Lee JH, Hong CS, Lee JS, Park JW. Alveolar macrophages play a key role in cockroach-induced allergic inflammation via TNF-α pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47971. [PMID: 23094102 PMCID: PMC3477122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the serine protease in the German cockroach allergen is important to the development of allergic disease. The protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, which is expressed in numerous cell types in lung tissue, is known to mediate the cellular events caused by inhaled serine protease. Alveolar macrophages express PAR-2 and produce considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined whether the serine protease in German cockroach extract (GCE) enhances TNF-α production by alveolar macrophages through the PAR-2 pathway and whether the TNF-α production affects GCE-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effects of GCE on alveolar macrophages and TNF-α production were evaluated using in vitro MH-S and RAW264.6 cells and in vivo GCE-induced asthma models of BALB/c mice. GCE contained a large amount of serine protease. In the MH-S and RAW264.7 cells, GCE activated PAR-2 and thereby produced TNF-α. In the GCE-induced asthma model, intranasal administration of GCE increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammatory cell infiltration, productions of serum immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and TNF-α production in alveolar macrophages. Blockade of serine proteases prevented the development of GCE induced allergic pathologies. TNF-α blockade also prevented the development of such asthma-like lesions. Depletion of alveolar macrophages reduced AHR and intracellular TNF-α level in pulmonary cell populations in the GCE-induced asthma model. These results suggest that serine protease from GCE affects asthma through an alveolar macrophage and TNF-α dependent manner, reflecting the close relation of innate and adaptive immune response in allergic asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Kim
- Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Sohn
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chein-Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Choi JP, Kim YS, Kim OY, Kim YM, Jeon SG, Roh TY, Park JS, Gho YS, Kim YK. TNF-alpha is a key mediator in the development of Th2 cell response to inhaled allergens induced by a viral PAMP double-stranded RNA. Allergy 2012; 67:1138-48. [PMID: 22765163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as dsRNA, disrupt airway tolerance to inhaled allergens. Specifically, the Th2 and Th17 cell responses are induced by low-dose dsRNA and the Th1-dominant response by high-dose dsRNA. OBJECTIVE In this model, we evaluate the role of TNF-α in the development of adaptive immune dysfunction to inhaled allergens induced by airway sensitization with dsRNA-containing allergens. METHODS A virus-associated asthma mouse model was generated via simultaneous airway administration of ovalbumin (OVA) and low (0.1 μg) or high (10 μg) doses of polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]). The effect of TNF-α on Th2 airway inflammation was evaluated using TNF-α-deficient mice and recombinant TNF-α. RESULTS TNF-α production was enhanced by airway exposure to low and high doses of poly[I:C]. After airway sensitization with OVA plus low-dose poly[I:C], TNF-α-deficient mice exhibited less OVA-induced airway inflammation than did wild-type (WT) mice. However, this did not occur upon sensitization with high-dose poly[I:C]. In terms of T-cell response, the production of IL-4 from lung T cells after OVA challenge was enhanced by airway sensitization with OVA plus low-dose poly[I:C] in WT mice, and this phenotype was inhibited by the absence of TNF-α. Moreover, the Th2 cell response induced by sensitization with OVA plus low-dose poly[I:C], which was abolished in TNF-α-deficient mice, was restored in these mice upon addition of recombinant TNF-α. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that TNF-α produced by airway exposure to low-dose dsRNA is a key mediator in the development of Th2 cell response to inhaled allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Choi
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - Y.-S. Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - O. Y. Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - Y.-M. Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - S. G. Jeon
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - T.-Y. Roh
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - J.-S. Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang; Korea
| | - Y. S. Gho
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
| | - Y.-K. Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Department of Life Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang
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Shin YS, Sohn JH, Kim JY, Lee JH, Cho SH, Hong SJ, Lee JS, Hong CS, Park JW. Endotoxin is not essential for the development of cockroach induced allergic airway inflammation. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:593-602. [PMID: 22477005 PMCID: PMC3343443 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.3.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cockroach (CR) is an important inhalant allergen and can induce allergic asthma. However, the mechanism by which CR induces airway allergic inflammation and the role of endotoxin in CR extract are not clearly understood in regards to the development of airway inflammation. In this study, we evaluated whether endotoxin is essential to the development of CR induced airway allergic inflammation in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Airway allergic inflammation was induced by intranasal administration of either CR extract, CR with additional endotoxin, or endotoxin depleted CR extract, respectively, in BALB/c wild type mice. CR induced inflammation was also evaluated with toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mutant (C3H/HeJ) and wild type (C3H/HeN) mice. RESULTS Intranasal administration of CR extracts significantly induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of endotoxin along with CR allergen attenuated eosinophilic inflammation, interleukin (IL)-13 level, and goblet cell hyperplasia of respiratory epithelium; however, it did not affect the development of AHR. Endotoxin depletion in CR extract did not attenuate eosinophilic inflammation and lymphocytosis in BAL fluid, AHR and IL-13 expression in the lungs compared to CR alone. The attenuation of AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia induced by CR extract alone was not different between TLR-4 mutant and the wild type mice. In addition, heat inactivated CR extract administration induced attenuated AHR and eosinophilic inflammation. CONCLUSION Endotoxin in CR extracts may not be essential to the development of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Chein-Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
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Role of Allergen Source-Derived Proteases in Sensitization via Airway Epithelial Cells. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:903659. [PMID: 22523502 PMCID: PMC3303585 DOI: 10.1155/2012/903659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activity is a characteristic common to many allergens. Allergen source-derived proteases interact with lung epithelial cells, which are now thought to play vital roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Allergen source-derived proteases act on airway epithelial cells to induce disruption of the tight junctions between epithelial cells, activation of protease-activated receptor-2, and the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These facilitate allergen delivery across epithelial layers and enhance allergenicity or directly activate the immune system through a nonallergic mechanism. Furthermore, they cleave regulatory cell surface molecules involved in allergic reactions. Thus, allergen source-derived proteases are a potentially critical factor in the development of allergic sensitization and appear to be strongly associated with heightened allergenicity.
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Deifl S, Bohle B. Factors influencing the allergenicity and adjuvanticity of allergens. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:881-93. [PMID: 21751956 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergic disorders affect up to 25% of the population in industrialized countries and result in a Th2-polarized immune response to innocuous environmental proteins, so-called allergens. Among a large number of proteins to which humans are exposed to, only a minute fraction are allergens. This observation suggests that allergens share special features of allergenicity (i.e., the capacity to induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals). However, the question 'what makes a protein allergenic' still remains unanswered although some biochemical characteristics of allergens and their capacity to interact with the innate immune system could be associated with their allergenic potential. Allergen-specific immunotherapy aims at an alteration of the disease-eliciting immune response by repeated administration of allergens. Recently, approaches emerged to endow allergens with adjuvanticity, in particular aiming at an increase of their immunomodulatory capacity. This article summarizes factors of allergenicity and introduces recent concepts of adjuvanticity to improve allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Deifl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology & Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by paroxysmal airflow obstruction evoked by irritative stimuli on a background of allergic lung inflammation. Currently, there is no cure for asthma, only symptomatic treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the involvement of coagulation and anticoagulant pathways, the fibrinolytic system, and platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma has increased considerably. Asthma is associated with a procoagulant state in the bronchoalveolar space, further aggravated by impaired local activities of the anticoagulant protein C system and fibrinolysis. Protease-activated receptors have been implicated as the molecular link between coagulation and allergic inflammation in asthma. This review summarizes current knowledge of the impact of the disturbed hemostatic balance in the lungs on asthma severity and manifestations and identifies new possible targets for asthma treatment.
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Targeting proteinase-activated receptors: therapeutic potential and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:69-86. [PMID: 22212680 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a family of four seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, act as targets for signalling by various proteolytic enzymes. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving the proteolytic unmasking of a tethered ligand that stimulates the receptor. Given the emerging roles of these receptors in cancer as well as in disorders of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, respiratory and central nervous system, PARs have become attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this Review we summarize the mechanisms by which PARs modulate cell function and the roles they can have in physiology and diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of possible strategies for developing PAR antagonists.
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Arizmendi NG, Abel M, Puttagunta L, Asaduzzaman M, Davidson C, Karimi K, Forsythe P, Vliagoftis H. Mucosal exposure to cockroach extract induces allergic sensitization and allergic airway inflammation. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2011; 7:22. [PMID: 22168152 PMCID: PMC3264496 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic sensitization to aeroallergens develops in response to mucosal exposure to these allergens. Allergic sensitization may lead to the development of asthma, which is characterized by chronic airway inflammation. The objective of this study is to describe in detail a model of mucosal exposure to cockroach allergens in the absence of an exogenous adjuvant. Methods Cockroach extract (CE) was administered to mice intranasally (i.n.) daily for 5 days, and 5 days later mice were challenged with CE for 4 consecutive days. A second group received CE i.n. for 3 weeks. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed 24 h after the last allergen exposure. Allergic airway inflammation was assessed by BAL and lung histology 48 h after the last allergen exposure. Antigen-specific antibodies were assessed in serum. Lungs were excised from mice from measurement of cytokines and chemokines in whole lung lysate. Results Mucosal exposure of Balb/c mice to cockroach extract induced airway eosinophilic inflammation, AHR and cockroach-specific IgG1; however, AHR to methacholine was absent in the long term group. Lung histology showed patchy, multicentric damage with inflammatory infiltrates at the airways in both groups. Lungs from mice from the short term group showed increased IL-4, CCL11, CXCL1 and CCL2 protein levels. IL4 and CXCL1 were also increased in the BAL of cockroach-sensitized mice in the short-term protocol. Conclusions Mucosal exposure to cockroach extract in the absence of adjuvant induces allergic airway sensitization characterized by AHR, the presence of Th2 cytokines in the lung and eosinophils in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcy G Arizmendi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada.
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Virtanen T, Kinnunen T, Rytkönen-Nissinen M. Mammalian lipocalin allergens--insights into their enigmatic allergenicity. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:494-504. [PMID: 22093088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Most of the important mammal-derived respiratory allergens, as well as a milk allergen and a few insect allergens, belong to the lipocalin protein family. As mammalian lipocalin allergens are found in dander, saliva and urine, they disperse effectively and are widely present in the indoor environments. Initially, lipocalins were characterized as transport proteins for small, principally hydrophobic molecules, but now they are known to be involved in many other biological functions. Although the amino acid identity between lipocalins is generally at the level of 20-30%, it can be considerably higher. Lipocalin allergens do not exhibit any known physicochemical, functional or structural property that would account for their allergenicity, that is, the capacity to induce T-helper type 2 immunity against them. A distinctive feature of mammalian lipocalin allergens is their poor capacity to stimulate the cellular arm of the human or murine immune system. Nevertheless, they induce IgE production in a large proportion of atopic individuals exposed to the allergen source. The poor capacity of mammalian lipocalin allergens to stimulate the cellular immune system does not appear to result from the function of regulatory T cells. Instead, the T cell epitopes of mammalian lipocalin allergens are few and those examined have proved to be suboptimal. Moreover, the frequency of mammalian lipocalin allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells is very low in the peripheral blood. Importantly, recent research suggests that the lipocalin allergen-specific T cell repertoires differ considerably between allergic and healthy subjects. These observations are compatible with our hypothesis that the way CD4(+) T-helper cells recognize the epitopes of mammalian lipocalin allergens may be implicated in their allergenicity. Indeed, as several lipocalins exhibit homologies of 40-60% over species, mammalian lipocalin allergens may be immunologically at the borderline of self and non-self, which would not allow a strong anti-allergenic immune response against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Virtanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Lewkowich IP, Day SB, Ledford JR, Zhou P, Dienger K, Wills-Karp M, Page K. Protease-activated receptor 2 activation of myeloid dendritic cells regulates allergic airway inflammation. Respir Res 2011; 12:122. [PMID: 21936897 PMCID: PMC3184630 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A common characteristic of allergens is that they contain proteases that can activate protease-activated receptor (PAR-2); however the mechanism by which PAR-2 regulates allergic airway inflammation is unclear. Methods Mice (wild type and PAR-2-deficient) were sensitized using German cockroach (GC) feces (frass), the isolated protease from GC frass, or through adoptive transfer of GC frass-treated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and measurements of airway inflammation (cellular infiltration, cytokine expression, and mucin production), serum IgE levels and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were assessed. BMDC were cultured, treated with GC frass and assessed for cytokine production. PAR-2 expression on pulmonary mDCs was determined by flow cytometry. Results Exposure to GC frass induced AHR and airway inflammation in wild type mice; however PAR-2-deficient mice had significantly attenuated responses. To directly investigate the role of the protease, we isolated the protease from GC frass and administered the endotoxin-free protease into the airways of mice in the presence of OVA. GC frass proteases were sufficient to promote the development of AHR, serum IgE, and Th2 cytokine production. PAR-2 expression on mDC was upregulated following GC frass exposure, but the presence of a functional PAR-2 did not alter antigen uptake. To determine if PAR-2 activation led to differential cytokine production, we cultured BMDC in the presence of GM-CSF and treated these cells ex vivo with GC frass. PAR-2-deficient BMDC released significantly less IL-6, IL-23 and TNFα compared to BMDC from wild type mice, suggesting PAR-2 activation was important in Th2/Th17 skewing cytokine production. To determine the role for PAR-2 on mDCs on the initiation of allergic airway inflammation, BMDCs from wild type and PAR-2-deficient mice were treated in the presence or absence of GC frass and then adoptively transferred into the airway of wild type mice. Importantly, GC frass-stimulated wild type BMDCs were sufficient to induce AHR and allergic airway inflammation, while GC frass-stimulated PAR-2-deficient BMDC had attenuated responses. Conclusions Together these data suggest an important role for allergen activation of PAR-2 on mDCs in mediating Th2/Th17 cytokine production and allergic airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Lewkowich
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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A synonymous variation in protease-activated receptor-2 is associated with atopy in Korean children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1326-1334.e3. [PMID: 21839502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic diseases are the most common chronic diseases of childhood, and the genetics of atopy are complex and heterogeneous. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is involved in various inflammatory diseases, but the association of PAR-2 with allergic diseases remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of genetic variation of PAR-2 to atopic phenotypes in the Korean childhood cohort. METHODS We identified PAR-2 variations in a Korean population and conducted association analyses by using 316 unrelated atopic and 210 nonatopic subjects. We analyzed serum IgE and total eosinophil count levels and examined PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression levels. RESULTS In the case-control association analysis, atopy was significantly associated with a single c.621C>T (p.I207I, rs631465) polymorphism of PAR-2 (P = .001, odds ratio = 1.95). Subjects with the c.621T risk allele had significantly higher serum IgE (P = .004) and total eosinophil count (P = .03) levels. Moreover, the positive association of c.621T was reproduced in the replication study (P = .01, joint P value of the replication < .001). An in silico analysis of RNA secondary structure prediction revealed that the C to T conversion at c.621 greatly increased predicted PAR-2 mRNA stability. This was also confirmed by an in vitro assay for mRNA stability. Furthermore, following an in vivo approach on gene expression in PBMCs showed that the expression levels of PAR-2 mRNA and protein in subjects with the c.621CT or TT genotype were significantly higher than in those with the c.621CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the synonymous c.621C>T polymorphism in PAR-2 might be associated with the risk of atopy, potentially by altering PAR-2 gene expression.
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Matsuwaki Y, Wada K, Moriyama H, Kita H. Human eosinophil innate response to Alternaria fungus through protease-activated receptor-2. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155 Suppl 1:123-8. [PMID: 21646807 DOI: 10.1159/000327498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. An association between eosinophilic inflammation and infection or colonization by fungi has also been long recognized. However, the mechanisms underlying how eosinophils are activated and how they release proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators such as major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin remain largely unknown. We used a fungus, i.e. Alternaria, as a model microbe relevant to human asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune recognition of ubiquitous environmental allergens. Human eosinophils are activated by live Alternaria alternata organisms, release their granule proteins, and kill the fungi. Eosinophils, but not neutrophils, respond to secreted products from A. alternata. We found that eosinophils are equipped with innate cellular activation machinery that responds to an extracellular aspartate protease secreted by Alternaria. Aspartate protease activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 probably involves a novel mechanism different from that for serine protease activation of PAR-2. Thus, human eosinophils may recognize certain danger signals or virulence factors produced by fungi and provoke inflammatory responses against these organisms. Dysregulation of such an innate immune mechanism may be involved in the pathophysiology of certain human inflammatory diseases, including asthma and CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Matsuwaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Foucault ML, Moules V, Rosa-Calatrava M, Riteau B. Role for proteases and HLA-G in the pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:155-9. [PMID: 21612979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans occurring as seasonal epidemic and sporadic pandemic outbreaks. The ongoing infections of humans with avian H5N1 influenza A viruses (IAV) and the past 2009 pandemic caused by the quadruple human/avian/swine reassortant (H1N1) virus highlights the permanent threat caused by these viruses. This review aims to describe the interaction between the virus and the host, with a particular focus on the role of proteases and HLA-G in the pathogenicity of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Foucault
- CNRS FRE 3011 VirPath, Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
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Kool M, Willart MAM, van Nimwegen M, Bergen I, Pouliot P, Virchow JC, Rogers N, Osorio F, Reis e Sousa C, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. An unexpected role for uric acid as an inducer of T helper 2 cell immunity to inhaled antigens and inflammatory mediator of allergic asthma. Immunity 2011; 34:527-40. [PMID: 21474346 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although deposition of uric acid (UA) crystals is known as the cause of gout, it is unclear whether UA plays a role in other inflammatory diseases. We here have shown that UA is released in the airways of allergen-challenged asthmatic patients and mice, where it was necessary for mounting T helper 2 (Th2) cell immunity, airway eosinophilia, and bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled harmless proteins and clinically relevant house dust mite allergen. Conversely, administration of UA crystals together with protein antigen was sufficient to promote Th2 cell immunity and features of asthma. The adjuvant effects of UA did not require the inflammasome (Nlrp3, Pycard) or the interleukin-1 (Myd88, IL-1r) axis. UA crystals promoted Th2 cell immunity by activating dendritic cells through spleen tyrosine kinase and PI3-kinase δ signaling. These findings provide further molecular insight into Th2 cell development and identify UA as an essential initiator and amplifier of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kool
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Boitano S, Flynn AN, Sherwood CL, Schulz SM, Hoffman J, Gruzinova I, Daines MO. Alternaria alternata serine proteases induce lung inflammation and airway epithelial cell activation via PAR2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L605-14. [PMID: 21296894 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00359.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergens are diverse proteins from mammals, birds, arthropods, plants, and fungi. Allergens associated with asthma (asthmagens) share a common protease activity that may directly impact respiratory epithelial biology and lead to symptoms of asthma. Alternaria alternata is a strong asthmagen in semiarid regions. We examined the impact of proteases from A. alternata on lung inflammation in vivo and on cleaving protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) in vitro. A. alternata filtrate applied to the airway in nonsensitized Balb/c mice induced a protease-dependent lung inflammation. Moreover, A. alternata filtrate applied to human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) induced changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), consistent with PAR(2) activation. These effects were blocked by heat inactivation or by serine protease inhibition of A. alternata filtrates, and mimicked by PAR(2) specific ligands SLIGRL-NH(2) or 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2), but not the PAR(1)-specific ligand TFLLR-NH(2). Desensitization of PAR(2) in 16HBE14o- cells with 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2) or trypsin prevented A. alternata-induced [Ca(2+)](i) changes while desensitization of PAR(1), PAR(3), and PAR(4) with thrombin had no effect on A. alternata-induced Ca(2+) responses. Furthermore, the Ca(2+) response to A. alternata filtrates was dependent on PAR(2) expression in stably transfected HeLa cell models. These data demonstrate that A. alternata proteases act through PAR(2) to induce rapid increases in human airway epithelial [Ca(2+)](i) in vitro and cell recruitment in vivo. These responses are likely critical early steps in the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Boitano
- Dept. of Physiology, Arizona Respiratory Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Arizmendi NG, Abel M, Mihara K, Davidson C, Polley D, Nadeem A, El Mays T, Gilmore BF, Walker B, Gordon JR, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H. Mucosal allergic sensitization to cockroach allergens is dependent on proteinase activity and proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3164-72. [PMID: 21270400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) activation in the airways leads to allergic sensitization to concomitantly inhaled Ags, thus implicating PAR(2) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Many aeroallergens with proteinase activity activate PAR(2). To study the role of PAR(2) in allergic sensitization to aeroallergens, we developed a murine model of mucosal sensitization to cockroach proteins. We hypothesized that PAR(2) activation in the airways by natural allergens with serine proteinase activity plays an important role in allergic sensitization. Cockroach extract (CE) was administered to BALB/c mice intranasally on five consecutive days (sensitization phase) and a week later for four more days (challenge phase). Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic airway inflammation were assessed after the last challenge. To study the role of PAR(2), mice were exposed intranasally to a receptor-blocking anti-PAR(2) Ab before each administration of CE during the sensitization phase. Mucosal exposure to CE induced eosinophilic airway inflammation, AHR, and cockroach-specific IgG1. Heat-inactivated or soybean trypsin inhibitor-treated CE failed to induce these effects, indicating that proteinase activity plays an important role. The use of an anti-PAR(2) blocking Ab during the sensitization phase completely inhibited airway inflammation and also decreased AHR and the production of cockroach-specific IgG1. PAR(2) activation by CE acts as an adjuvant for allergic sensitization even in the absence of functional TLR4. We conclude that CE induces PAR(2)-dependent allergic airway sensitization in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. PAR(2) activation may be a general mechanism used by aeroallergens to induce allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcy G Arizmendi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Templeton SP, Buskirk AD, Green BJ, Beezhold DH, Schmechel D. Murine models of airway fungal exposure and allergic sensitization. Med Mycol 2010; 48:217-28. [PMID: 20055736 DOI: 10.3109/13693780903420658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of common indoor filamentous fungi has been associated with the induction or exacerbation of allergic respiratory disease. The understanding of fungal inhalation and allergic sensitization has significantly advanced with the use of small animal models, especially mouse models. Numerous studies have employed different animal exposure and sensitization techniques, each with inherent advantages and disadvantages that are addressed in this review. In addition, most studies involve exposure of animals to fungal spores or spore extracts while neglecting the influence of hyphal or subcellular fragment exposures. Recent literature examining the potential for hyphae and fungal fragments to induce or exacerbate allergy is discussed. Innate immune recognition of fungal elements and their contribution to lung allergic inflammation in animal models are also reviewed. Though physical properties of fungi play an important role following exposure, host immune development is also critical in airway inflammation and allergy. We discuss the importance of environmental factors that influence early immune development and subsequent susceptibility to allergy. Murine studies that examine the role of intestinal microflora and prenatal or early life environmental factors that promote allergic sensitization are also evaluated. Future studies will require animal models that accurately reflect natural fungal exposures and identify environmental factors that influence immune development and thus promote respiratory fungal allergy and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Templeton
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Reddy VB, Lerner EA. Plant cysteine proteases that evoke itch activate protease-activated receptors. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:532-5. [PMID: 20491769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bromelain, ficin and papain are cysteine proteases from plants that produce itch upon injection into skin. Their mechanism of action has not been considered previously. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanism by which these proteases function. METHODS The ability of these proteases to activate protease-activated receptors was determined by ratiometric calcium imaging. RESULTS We show here that bromelain, ficin and papain activate protease-activated receptors 2 and 4. CONCLUSIONS Bromelain, ficin and papain function as signalling molecules and activate protease-activated receptors. Activation of these receptors is the likely mechanism by which these proteases evoke itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Reddy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, U.S.A
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