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Hosseinian K, Gerami A, Bral M, Venketaraman V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Role of T Cells in Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:730. [PMID: 39066368 PMCID: PMC11281535 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), remains a widespread fatal health issue that becomes significantly detrimental when coupled with HIV. This study explores the host's innate and adaptive immune system response to TB in HIV immunocompromised patients, highlighting the significant role of CD8+ T cells. While the crucial role of macrophages and cytokines, like TNF-α and IFN-γ, in managing the host's immune response to M. tb is examined, the emphasis is on the changes that occur as a result of HIV coinfection. With the progression of HIV infection, the primary source of IFN-γ changes from CD4+ to CD8+ T cells, especially when latent TB advances to an active state. This study sheds light on the necessity of developing new preventative measures such as vaccines and new treatment approaches to TB, especially for immunocompromised patients, who are at a higher risk of life-threatening complications due to TB-HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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2
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BCGΔBCG1419c increased memory CD8 + T cell-associated immunogenicity and mitigated pulmonary inflammation compared with BCG in a model of chronic tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15824. [PMID: 36138053 PMCID: PMC9499934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that a hygromycin resistant version of the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate reduced tuberculosis (TB) disease in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and B6D2F1 mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Here, the second-generation version of BCGΔBCG1419c (based on BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734, without antibiotic resistance markers, and a complete deletion of BCG1419c) was compared to its parental BCG for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against the Mtb clinical isolate M2 in C57BL/6 mice. Both BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c induced production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 by effector memory (CD44+CD62L-), PPD-specific, CD4+ T cells, and only BCGΔBCG1419c increased effector memory, PPD-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the lungs and spleens compared with unvaccinated mice before challenge. BCGΔBCG1419c increased levels of central memory (CD62L+CD44+) T CD4+ and CD8+ cells compared to those of BCG-vaccinated mice. Both BCG strains elicited Th1-biased antigen-specific polyfunctional effector memory CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses at 10 weeks post-infection, and both vaccines controlled Mtb M2 growth in the lung and spleen. Only BCGΔBCG1419c significantly ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and decreased neutrophil infiltration into the lung compared to BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated mice. Both BCG strains reduced pulmonary TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels. Taken together, BCGΔBCG1419c increased memory CD8+T cell-associated immunogenicity and mitigated pulmonary inflammation compared with BCG.
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3
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Bythrow GV, Farhat MF, Levendosky K, Mohandas P, Germain GA, Yoo B, Quadri LEN. Mycobacterium abscessus Mutants with a Compromised Functional Link between the Type VII ESX-3 System and an Iron Uptake Mechanism Reliant on an Unusual Mycobactin Siderophore. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090953. [PMID: 36145386 PMCID: PMC9505556 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (Mab) has become an emerging public health threat due to the increasing number of Mab-associated chronic pulmonary disease cases. Treatment requires multiple drug courses and is often combined with surgical resection. Cure rates are only ~50% due to treatment failure and comorbidities. Deeper understanding of the biology of Mab is required to illuminate potential avenues for the development of better therapeutics against Mab infections. The ESX-3 type VII protein secretion system of Mab has an important role in host inflammatory and pathological responses during infection. In this work, we demonstrate a functional link between ESX-3 and an iron uptake system based on an unusual mycobactin-type siderophore (designated MBT Ab) and exploit this link to implement a large screen for transposon mutants with an impaired ESX-3. Most mutants we identified carry insertions in genes encoding predicted ESX-3 secretion machinery components or potential ESX-3 substrates. The mutants overproduce MBT Ab, a trait consistent with an iron uptake defect. Our characterization of MBT Ab revealed structural features reminiscent of nocardial mycobactin-like compounds with cytotoxicity. This finding raises the possibility that MBT Ab may play roles in pathogenesis unlinked to iron homeostasis. The mutants generated herein will facilitate research to better understand the role of ESX-3 and its interplay with the siderophore system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glennon V. Bythrow
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manal F. Farhat
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Keith Levendosky
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Poornima Mohandas
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gabrielle A. Germain
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luis E. N. Quadri
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biochemistry Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Lee YH, Hyun YS, Jo HA, Baek IC, Kim SM, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. Comprehensive analysis of mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses restricted by single HLA class II allotype in an individual. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897781. [PMID: 35967347 PMCID: PMC9366214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is generally asymptomatic as latent tuberculosis, but it is still known as the world’s leading bacterial cause of death. The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection relies on the evidence of cellular immunity to mycobacterial antigens. Since the association between HLA class II and tuberculosis infection has been reported in several population groups, a detailed study on the CD4+ T cell response to major tuberculosis antigens is needed. To elucidate which HLA class II allotypes in an individual are preferentially used in tuberculosis, CD4+ T cells specific to TB10.4, Ag85b, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens were analyzed comprehensively. A total of 33 healthy donors were analyzed by ex vivo and cultured ELISPOT using panels of artificial antigen-presenting cells expressing a single HLA class II allotype. The CD4+ T cell responses were increased by an average of 39-fold in cultured ELISPOT compared with ex vivo ELISPOT. In ex vivo and cultured ELISPOT, CD4+ T cell responses showed significantly higher by HLA-DR than those of HLA-DQ and HLA-DP locus. In cultured ELISPOT, 9 HLA-DR allotypes, 4 HLA-DQ allotypes, and 3 HLA-DP allotypes showed positive CD4+ T cell responses. Among ten donors with positive CD4+ T cell responses when tested for mixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, seven donors were positive for only a single allotype, and three were positive for two allotypes in an individual. However, only one allotype was used for a single antigen-specific response when a single tuberculosis antigen was used individually. These results on the distribution of HLA class II allotypes showing high CD4+ T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and the intra-individual allotype dominance will provide valuable information for understanding the immunobiology and immunogenetics of tuberculosis, which can contribute to the development of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Seok Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-A Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Tai-Gyu Kim,
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5
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Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA. The Missing Link in Correlates of Protective Tuberculosis Immunity: Recognizing the Infected Cell. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869057. [PMID: 35493495 PMCID: PMC9040373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For most vaccination studies, the assessment of vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has relied upon the measurement of antigen-specific polyfunctional cells, typically using recombinant antigen or peptide pools. However, this approach leaves open the question as to whether or not these cells are responsive to the Mtb-infected cell within the context of Mtb infection and hence leaves open the possibility that a key parameter of vaccine immunogenicity may be overlooked. In this review, we discuss the case that these measurements almost certainly over-estimate the capacity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to recognize the Mtb-infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deborah Anne Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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6
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Han Lew M, Nor Norazmi M, Nordin F, Jun Tye G. A novel peptide vaccination augments cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX antigen. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Anna F, Lopez J, Moncoq F, Blanc C, Authié P, Noirat A, Fert I, Souque P, Nevo F, Pawlik A, Hardy D, Goyard S, Hudrisier D, Brosch R, Guinet F, Neyrolles O, Charneau P, Majlessi L. A lentiviral vector expressing a dendritic cell-targeting multimer induces mucosal anti-mycobacterial CD4 + T-cell immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1389-1404. [PMID: 36104497 PMCID: PMC9473479 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most viral vectors, including the potently immunogenic lentiviral vectors (LVs), only poorly direct antigens to the MHC-II endosomal pathway and elicit CD4+ T cells. We developed a new generation of LVs encoding antigen-bearing monomers of collectins substituted at their C-terminal domain with the CD40 ligand ectodomain to target and activate antigen-presenting cells. Host cells transduced with such optimized LVs secreted soluble collectin-antigen polymers with the potential to be endocytosed in vivo and reach the MHC-II pathway. In the murine tuberculosis model, such LVs induced efficient MHC-II antigenic presentation and triggered both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells at the systemic and mucosal levels. They also conferred a significant booster effect, consistent with the importance of CD4+ T cells for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Given the pivotal role of CD4+ T cells in orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity, this strategy could have a broad range of applications in the vaccinology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Anna
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jodie Lopez
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fanny Moncoq
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Authié
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Amandine Noirat
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Fert
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Souque
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Nevo
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pawlik
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Histopathology Platform, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Platform for Innovation and Development of Diagnostic Tests, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Denis Hudrisier
- grid.508721.9Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Guinet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- grid.508721.9Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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8
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Saha A, Escudero J, Layouni T, Richardson B, Hou S, Mugo N, Mujugira A, Celum C, Baeten JM, Lingappa J, John-Stewart GC, LaCourse SM, Shah JA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cell responses are impaired during late pregnancy with elevated biomarkers of tuberculosis risk postpartum. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1663-1674. [PMID: 34929030 PMCID: PMC9071276 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a risk factor for progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to symptomatic tuberculosis (TB). However, how pregnancy influences T cell responses to M. tuberculosis (Mtb) is unknown. METHODS We measured Mtb-specific cytokines, T-cell memory markers, and overall CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation by flow cytometry from 49 women (18 with and 31 without HIV) who became pregnant while enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. We analyzed these data using COMPASS, an established statistical method for evaluating overall antigen-specific T cell responses. RESULTS Pregnant women with latent TB infection demonstrated significantly diminished Mtb-specific CD4+ cytokine responses in the third trimester (COMPASS score (PFS) 0.07) compared before (PFS 0.15), during (PFS 0.13 and 0.16), and after pregnancy (PFS 0.14; p = 0.0084, Kruskal-Wallis test). Paradoxically, Mtb-specific CD8+ cytokines and nonspecifically activated T-cells increased during late pregnancy. Nonspecific T-cell activation, a validated biomarker for progression from LTBI to TB disease, was increased in LTBI+ women postpartum, compared with LTBI- women. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy-related functional T-cell changes were most pronounced during late pregnancy. Mtb-specific T-cell changes during pregnancy and postpartum, increases in immune activation may contribute to increased risk for TB progression in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jaclyn Escudero
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Barbra Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sharon Hou
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Nelly Mugo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew Mujugira
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Gilead Sciences, Foster City, USA
| | - Jairam Lingappa
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Grace C John-Stewart
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sylvia M LaCourse
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Javeed A Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, USA
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9
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Sivakumaran D, Blatner G, Bakken R, Hokey D, Ritz C, Jenum S, Grewal HMS. A 2-Dose AERAS-402 Regimen Boosts CD8 + Polyfunctionality in HIV-Negative, BCG-Vaccinated Recipients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673532. [PMID: 34177914 PMCID: PMC8231292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of BCG, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat. Existing vaccine candidates in clinical trials are designed to replace or boost BCG which does not provide satisfying long-term protection. AERAS-402 is a replication-deficient Ad35 vaccine encoding a fusion protein of the M. tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens 85A, 85B, and TB10.4. The present phase I trial assessed the safety and immunogenicity of AERAS-402 in participants living in India – a highly TB-endemic area. Healthy male participants aged 18–45 years with a negative QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test (QFT) were recruited. Enrolled participants (n=12) were randomized 2:1 to receive two intramuscular injections of either AERAS-402 (3 x 1010 viral particles [vp]); (n=8) or placebo (n=4) on study days 0 and 28. Safety and immunogenicity parameters were evaluated for up to 182 days post the second injection. Immunogenicity was assessed by a flow cytometry-based intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay and transcriptional profiling. The latter was examined using dual-color-Reverse-Transcriptase-Multiplex-Ligation-dependent-Probe-Amplification (dc-RT MLPA) assay. AERAS-402 was well tolerated, and no vaccine-related serious adverse events were recorded. The vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell responses were dominated by cells co-expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 (“polyfunctional” cells) and were more robust than CD4+ T-cell responses. Five genes (CXCL10, GNLY, IFI35, IL1B and PTPRCv2) were differentially expressed between the AERAS-402-group and the placebo group, suggesting vaccine-induced responses. Further, compared to pre-vaccination, three genes (CLEC7A, PTPRCv1 and TAGAP) were consistently up-regulated following two doses of vaccination in the AERAS-402-group. No safety concerns were observed for AERAS-402 in healthy Indian adult males. The vaccine-induced predominantly polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in response to Ag85B, humoral immunity, and altered gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) indicative of activation of various immunologically relevant biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekaran Sivakumaran
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gretta Blatner
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States.,Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Rasmus Bakken
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David Hokey
- Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Synne Jenum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harleen M S Grewal
- Department of Clinical Science, Bergen Integrated Diagnostic Stewardship Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Fusion Cytokines IL-7-Linker-IL-15 Promote Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine to Induce Central Memory like T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040715. [PMID: 33271822 PMCID: PMC7712479 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is among the most serious infectious diseases worldwide. Adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines have been demonstrated as a kind of promising novel vaccine. This study proposed to investigate whether cytokines interliukine-7 (IL-7) and interliukine-15 (IL-15) help TB subunit vaccines induce long-term cell-mediated immune responses, which are required for vaccination against TB. In this study, mice were immunized with the M. tuberculosis protein subunit vaccines combined with adnovirus-mediated cytokines IL-7, IL-15, IL-7-IL-15, and IL-7-Linker-IL-15 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Twenty weeks after the last immunization, the long-term immune responses, especially the central memory-like T cells (TCM like cell)-mediated immune responses, were determined with the methods of cultured IFN-γ-ELISPOT, expanded secondary immune responses, cell proliferation, and protective efficacy against Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge, etc. The results showed that the group of vaccine + rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 induced a stronger long-term antigen-specific TCM like cells-mediated immune responses and had higher protective efficacy against BCG challenge than the vaccine + rAd-vector control group, the vaccine + rAd-IL-7 and the vaccine + rAd-IL-15 groups. This study indicated that rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 improved the TB subunit vaccine’s efficacy by augmenting TCM like cells and provided long-term protective efficacy against Mycobacteria.
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11
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine research has reached a unique point in time. Breakthrough findings in both the basic immunology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the clinical development of TB vaccines suggest, for the first time since the discovery of the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine more than a century ago, that a novel, efficacious TB vaccine is imminent. Here, we review recent data in the light of our current understanding of the immunology of TB infection and discuss the identification of biomarkers for vaccine efficacy and the next steps in the quest for an efficacious vaccine that can control the global TB epidemic.
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12
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Liu X, Li F, Niu H, Ma L, Chen J, Zhang Y, Peng L, Gan C, Ma X, Zhu B. IL-2 Restores T-Cell Dysfunction Induced by Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen Stimulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2350. [PMID: 31632413 PMCID: PMC6783502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The function of T cells usually decreased and even exhausted in severe TB such as multiple drug resistant TB (MDR-TB), which might lead to the failure of treatment in return. The mechanism of T cell dysfunction in TB is still not clear. In this study we set up a mouse model of T cell dysfunction by persistent M. tuberculosis antigen stimulation and investigated the therapeutic role of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in it. C57BL/6 mice were primed with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and boosted repeatedly with a combination of M. tuberculosis fusion proteins Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) plus ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64 <190-198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70) or MH plus ESAT6 and CFP10 with adjuvant of N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) plus polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). Following persistent antigen stimulation, the mice were treated with IL-2 and the therapeutic effects were analyzed. The results showed that compared with the mice that received transient antigen stimulation (boost twice), persistent antigen stimulation (boost more than 10 times) resulted in decrease of antigen specific IFN-γ and IL-2 production, reduction of memory CD8+ T cells, over-expression of immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and impaired the protective immunity against bacterial challenge. Treating the T cell functionally exhausted mice with IL-2 restored antigen-specific T cell responses and protective efficacy. In conclusion, persistent stimulation with M. tuberculosis antigens induced T cell dysfunction, which could be restored by complement of IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liang Peng
- Center of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Gan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingming Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation and Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Khan A, Bakhru P, Saikolappan S, Das K, Soudani E, Singh CR, Estrella JL, Zhang D, Pasare C, Ma Y, Sun J, Wang J, Hunter RL, Tony Eissa N, Dhandayuthapani S, Jagannath C. An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:34. [PMID: 31396406 PMCID: PMC6683161 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine against tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills millions of people each year. BCG variably protects children, but not adults against tuberculosis. BCG evades phagosome maturation, autophagy, and reduces MHC-II expression of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affecting T-cell activation. To bypass these defects, an autophagy-inducing, TLR-2 activating C5 peptide from Mtb-derived CFP-10 protein was overexpressed in BCG in combination with Ag85B. Recombinant BCG85C5 induced a robust MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation to CD4 T cells in vitro, and elicited stronger TH1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα) from APCs of C57Bl/6 mice increasing phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK. BCG85C5 also enhanced MHC-II surface expression of MΦs by inhibiting MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase that degrades MHC-II. BCG85C5 infected APCs from MyD88 or TLR-2 knockout mice showed decreased antigen presentation. Furthermore, BCG85C5 induced LC3-dependent autophagy in macrophages increasing antigen presentation. Consistent with in vitro effects, BCG85C5 markedly expanded both effector and central memory T cells in C57Bl/6 mice protecting them against both primary aerosol infection with Mtb and reinfection, but was less effective among TLR-2 knockout mice. Thus, BCG85C5 induces stronger and longer lasting immunity, and is better than BCG against tuberculosis of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sankaralingam Saikolappan
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Kishore Das
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Emily Soudani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christopher R. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jaymie L. Estrella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
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14
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Li F, Liu X, Niu H, Lv W, Han X, Zhang Y, Zhu B. Persistent stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen impairs the proliferation and transcriptional program of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:115-122. [PMID: 31082645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) persistent infection might cause the dysfunction of hematopoiesis. To investigate whether M. tuberculosis persistent antigen stimulation impairs the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells characterized as lineage- c-Kit+ (LK cells), C57BL/6 mice were primed with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and boosted with a cocktail of M. tuberculosis antigens ESAT6, CFP10 and Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) along with adjuvant N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) plus polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) weekly for 12 or 22 weeks. The cytokine production by splenic T cells, proliferation of LK cells and transcriptional events during differentiation of bone marrow (BM) c-Kit+ cells were investigated. Meanwhile, the mice were treated with interleukin 2 (IL-2) and the therapeutic effects were analyzed. We found that antigen specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by splenic CD4+ T cells increased following antigen stimulation for 12 weeks, but it declined after continuous stimulation for 22 weeks. The long-term exposure of mice to M. tuberculosis antigen compromised the proliferation of LK cells. Moreover, the expression of transcription factors in the c-Kit+ cells was adjusted, with up-regulation of IRF8 and Batf2 involved in myeloid differentiation and down-regulation of NOTCH1 and GATA2 participated in T-cell lineage commitment. The concentrations of IFN-γ in BM of the persistent antigen group were higher than that in sham control at the 12th week, while the concentrations of IL-2 in BM of the persistent antigen group were lower compared with the transient antigen stimulation control. Following IL-2 treatment, the concentrations of IL-2 in BM increased while IFN-γ got declined. IL-2 treatment could restore the expression levels of those transcription factors and the proliferating activity of LK cells impaired by persistent antigen stimulation. Our results indicate that M. tuberculosis antigen persistent stimulation decreases the proliferating activity of LK cells, promotes myelopoietic differentiation, and represses lymphopoietic differentiation as a consequence of elevated IFN-γ production. IL-2 supplementation contributes to maintaining the homeostasis of hemopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China.
| | - Xun Liu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China.
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China.
| | - Wei Lv
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China; Gansu Provincial Hospital, 204 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China.
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, China.
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15
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Chen S, Sandford S, Kirman JR, Rehm BHA. Innovative antigen carrier system for the development of tuberculosis vaccines. FASEB J 2019; 33:7505-7518. [PMID: 30870010 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802501rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle to tuberculosis (TB)-subunit-vaccine development has been the induction of inadequate levels of protective immunity due to the limited breadth of antigen in vaccine preparations. In this study, immunogenic mycobacterial fusion peptides Ag85B-TB10.4 and Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c were covalently displayed on the surface of self-assembled polyester particles. This study investigated whether polyester particles displaying mycobacterial antigens could provide augmented immunogenicity (i.e., offer an innovative vaccine formulation) when compared with free soluble antigens. Herein, polyester particle-based particulate vaccines were produced in an endotoxin-free Escherichia coli strain and emulsified with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide. C57BL/6 mice were used to study the immunogenicity of formulated particulate vaccines. The result of humoral immunity showed the antibodies only interacted with target antigens and not with PhaC and the background proteins of the production host. The analysis of T helper 1 cellular immunity indicated that a relatively strong production of cellular immunity biomarkers, IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines, was induced by particulate vaccines when compared with the respective soluble controls. This study demonstrated that polyester particles have the potential to perform as a mycobacterial antigen-delivery agent to induce augmented antigen-specific immune responses in contrast to free soluble vaccines.-Chen, S., Sandford, S., Kirman, J. R., Rehm, B. H. A. Innovative antigen carrier system for the development of tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Chen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Sandford
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, AlMandeal H, Eker E, Kayar B, Var I, Köksal F. Does the Development of Vaccines Advance Solutions for Tuberculosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 12:83-104. [PMID: 30474542 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Freiburg Universität, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 karlsruhe Augenklinik, Germany
| | - Emel Eker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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17
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Zhang R, Xi X, Wang C, Pan Y, Ge C, Zhang L, Zhang S, Liu H. Therapeutic effects of recombinant human interleukin 2 as adjunctive immunotherapy against tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201025. [PMID: 30024982 PMCID: PMC6053227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a cytokine secreted by activated T cells. Studies exploring recombinant human interleukin 2 (rhuIL-2) as an adjunctive immunotherapeutic agent to treat tuberculosis (TB) have shown variable results; however, the true therapeutic efficacy of rhuIL-2 administration in TB patients has not been determined. Methods A systematic review to identify publications exploring the association between rhuIL-2-based immunotherapy for TB and outcomes (sputum culture conversion, sputum smear conversion, radiographic changes, and leukocyte phenotype changes) in patients with pulmonary TB published before June 8, 2018 was performed. Data were extracted and analyzed by two investigators independently. Results A total of 2,272 records were screened. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comprising 656 pulmonary TB patients were finally included. The rhuIL-2 treatment could significantly improve the sputum culture conversion of TB (RR, 1.18; 95%CI: 1.03–1.36; I2 < 0.01; P = 0.019) after at least 3 months of anti-TB therapy and the sputum smear conversion of TB during anti-TB therapy. Treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) with rhuIL-2 could improve the sputum culture conversion (RR, 1.28; 95%CI: 1.05–1.57; I2 < 0.01; P = 0.016) and smear conversion (RR, 1.28; 95%CI: 1.09–1.51; I2 < 0.01; P = 0.003) at the end of anti-TB treatment. Meanwhile, rhuIL-2-based adjunctive immunotherapy could expand the proliferation and conversion of CD4+ and natural killer (NK) cells. Three of the included studies suggested that radiographic changes could not be improved by the use of rhuIL-2 as adjunctive immunotherapy. Publication bias did not exist. Conclusions Based on this first meta-analysis, rhuIL-2-based adjunctive immunotherapy appears to expand the proliferation and conversion of CD4+ and NK cells, as well as improve the sputum culture (at 3 months and later) and smear conversion of TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Xi
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chunying Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yong Pan
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Changhua Ge
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Huimei Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis, Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bai C, He J, Niu H, Hu L, Luo Y, Liu X, Peng L, Zhu B. Prolonged intervals during Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine boosting contributes to eliciting immunity mediated by central memory-like T cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:104-111. [PMID: 29779765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that central memory T cells (TCM) provide long-term protection against tuberculosis (TB). However, the effects of TB subunit vaccine immunization schedule, especially the vaccination intervals, on T cell immune memory is still unclear. In this study, mice were immunized with fusion protein ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64 (190-198)-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70) based subunit vaccine three times according to the following schedules: ① 0, 3rd and 6th week respectively (0-3-6w), ② 0, 4th and 12th week (0-4-12w), and ③ 0, 4th and 24th week (0-4-24w). We found that both schedules of 0-4-12w and 0-4-24w induced higher level of antigen specific IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α than 0-3-6w immunization. Among them, 0-4-12w induced the highest level of IL-2, which is a key cytokine mainly produced by TCM. Moreover, by cultured IFN-γ ELISPOT and cell proliferation assay etc., we found that the vaccination schedule of 0-4-12w elicited higher numbers of TCM like cells, stronger TCM - mediated immune responses and higher protective efficacy against M. bovis BCG challenge than 0-3-6w did. It suggests that prolonging the vaccination interval of TB subunit vaccine to some extent contributes to inducing more abundant TCM like cells and providing stronger immune protection against mycobacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Bai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Juanjuan He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Lina Hu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yanping Luo
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xun Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Liang Peng
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation &Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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19
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Cerqueira-Rodrigues B, Mendes A, Correia-Neves M, Nobrega C. Ag85-focused T-cell immune response controls Mycobacterium avium chronic infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193596. [PMID: 29499041 PMCID: PMC5834192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are essential players for the control of mycobacterial infections. Several mycobacterial antigens have been identified for eliciting a relevant CD4+ T cell mediated-immune response, and numerous studies explored this issue in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Antigen 85 (Ag85), a highly conserved protein across Mycobacterium species, is secreted at the early phase of M. tuberculosis infection leading to the proliferation of Ag85-specific CD4+ T cells. However, in the context of Mycobacterium avium infection, little is known about the expression of this antigen and the elicited immune response. In the current work, we investigated if a T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire mostly, but not exclusively, directed at Ag85 is sufficient to mount a protective immune response against M. avium. We show that P25 mice, whose majority of T cells express a transgenic TCR specific for Ag85, control M. avium infection at the same level as wild type (WT) mice up to 20 weeks post-infection (wpi). During M. avium infection, Ag85 antigen is easily detected in the liver of 20 wpi mice by immunohistochemistry. In spite of the propensity of P25 CD4+ T cells to produce higher amounts of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) upon ex vivo stimulation, no differences in serum IFNγ levels are detected in P25 compared to WT mice, nor enhanced immunopathology is detected in P25 mice. These results indicate that a T cell response dominated by Ag85-specific T cells is appropriate to control M. avium infection with no signs of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cerqueira-Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Claudia Nobrega
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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20
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Yang JD, Mott D, Sutiwisesak R, Lu YJ, Raso F, Stowell B, Babunovic GH, Lee J, Carpenter SM, Way SS, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007060. [PMID: 29782535 PMCID: PMC6013218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires T cell recognition of infected macrophages. Mtb has evolved to tolerate, evade, and subvert host immunity. Despite a vigorous and sustained CD8+ T cell response during Mtb infection, CD8+ T cells make limited contribution to protection. Here, we ask whether the ability of Mtb-specific T cells to restrict Mtb growth is related to their capacity to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We derived CD8+ T cell lines that recognized the Mtb immunodominant epitope TB10.44-11 and compared them to CD4+ T cell lines that recognized Ag85b240-254 or ESAT63-17. While the CD4+ T cells recognized Mtb-infected macrophages and inhibited Mtb growth in vitro, the TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells neither recognized Mtb-infected macrophages nor restricted Mtb growth. TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes expressing TB10.4. However, over-expression of TB10.4 in Mtb did not confer recognition by TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells recognized macrophages pulsed with irradiated Mtb, indicating that macrophages can efficiently cross-present the TB10.4 protein and raising the possibility that viable bacilli might suppress cross-presentation. Importantly, polyclonal CD8+ T cells specific for Mtb antigens other than TB10.4 recognized Mtb-infected macrophages in a MHC-restricted manner. As TB10.4 elicits a dominant CD8+ T cell response that poorly recognizes Mtb-infected macrophages, we propose that TB10.4 acts as a decoy antigen. Moreover, it appears that this response overshadows subdominant CD8+ T cell response that can recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. The ability of Mtb to subvert the CD8+ T cell response may explain why CD8+ T cells make a disproportionately small contribution to host defense compared to CD4+ T cells. The selection of Mtb antigens for vaccines has focused on antigens that generate immunodominant responses. We propose that establishing whether vaccine-elicited, Mtb-specific T cells recognize Mtb-infected macrophages could be a useful criterion for preclinical vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mott
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fiona Raso
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Britni Stowell
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Greg Hunter Babunovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Petruccioli E, Chiacchio T, Pepponi I, Vanini V, Urso R, Cuzzi G, Barcellini L, Cirillo DM, Palmieri F, Ippolito G, Goletti D. First characterization of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to QuantiFERON-TB Plus. J Infect 2016; 73:588-597. [PMID: 27717779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) is the new generation of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test to identify latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). QFT-Plus includes TB1 and TB2 tubes which contain selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptides designed to stimulate both CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Aim of this study is the flow cytometric characterization of the specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to Mtb antigens contained within QFT-Plus. METHODS We enrolled 27 active tuberculosis (TB) patients and 30 LTBI individuals. Following stimulation with TB1 and TB2, antigen-specific T-cells were characterized by flow cytometry. Data were also correlated with the grade of TB severity. RESULTS TB1 mainly elicited a CD4 T-cell response while TB2 induced both CD4 and CD8 responses. Moreover, the TB2-specific CD4 response was detected for both active TB and LTBI patients, whereas the TB2-specific CD8 response was primarily associated with active TB (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we report the first characterization of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell response to QFT-Plus. CD8 T-cell response is mainly due to TB2 stimulation which is largely associated to active TB. These results provide a better knowledge on the use of this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Petruccioli
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Chiacchio
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pepponi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Barcellini
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani (INMI), Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy.
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Wu M, Li M, Yue Y, Xu W. DNA vaccine with discontinuous T-cell epitope insertions into HSP65 scaffold as a potential means to improve immunogenicity of multi-epitope Mycobacterium tuberculosis
vaccine. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:634-45. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manli Wu
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University; Building 703, 199 Ren-ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University; Building 703, 199 Ren-ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yan Yue
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University; Building 703, 199 Ren-ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University; Building 703, 199 Ren-ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
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23
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Nonclassical MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T Cells Recognize Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Derived Protein Antigens and Contribute to Protection Against Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005688. [PMID: 27272249 PMCID: PMC4896622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells have been implicated in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the relative contribution of various MHC Ib-restricted T cell populations to anti-mycobacterial immunity remains elusive. In this study, we used mice that lack MHC Ia (Kb-/-Db-/-), MHC Ia/H2-M3 (Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/-), or β2m (β2m-/-) to study the role of M3-restricted and other MHC Ib-restricted T cells in immunity against Mtb. Unlike their dominant role in Listeria infection, we found that M3-restricted CD8+ T cells only represented a small proportion of the CD8+ T cells responding to Mtb infection. Non-M3, MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells expanded preferentially in the lungs of Mtb-infected Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/- mice, exhibited polyfunctional capacities and conferred protection against Mtb. These MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells recognized several Mtb-derived protein antigens at a higher frequency than MHC Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. The presentation of Mtb antigens to MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells was mostly β2m-dependent but TAP-independent. Interestingly, a large proportion of Mtb-specific MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells in Kb-/-Db-/-M3-/- mice were Qa-2-restricted while no considerable numbers of MR1 or CD1-restricted Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells were detected. Our findings indicate that nonclassical CD8+ T cells other than the known M3, CD1, and MR1-restricted CD8+ T cells contribute to host immune responses against Mtb infection. Targeting these MHC Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells would facilitate the design of better Mtb vaccines with broader coverage across MHC haplotypes due to the limited polymorphism of MHC class Ib molecules.
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Prendergast KA, Counoupas C, Leotta L, Eto C, Bitter W, Winter N, Triccas JA. The Ag85B protein of the BCG vaccine facilitates macrophage uptake but is dispensable for protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:2608-15. [PMID: 27060378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Defining the function and protective capacity of mycobacterial antigens is crucial for progression of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates to clinical trials. The Ag85B protein is expressed by all pathogenic mycobacteria and is a component of multiple TB vaccines under evaluation in humans. In this report we examined the role of the BCG Ag85B protein in host cell interaction and vaccine-induced protection against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Ag85B was required for macrophage infection in vitro, as BCG deficient in Ag85B expression (BCG:(Δ85B)) was less able to infect RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to parental BCG, while an Ag85B-overexpressing BCG strain (BCG:(oex85B)) demonstrated improved uptake. A similar pattern was observed in vivo after intradermal delivery to mice, with significantly less BCG:(Δ85B) present in CD64(hi)CD11b(hi) macrophages compared to BCG or BCG:(oex85B). After vaccination of mice with BCG:(Δ85B) or parental BCG and subsequent aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge, similar numbers of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detected in the lungs of infected mice for both groups, suggesting the reduced macrophage uptake observed by BCG:(Δ85B) did not alter host immunity. Further, vaccination with both BCG:(Δ85B) and parental BCG resulted in a comparable reduction in pulmonary M. tuberculosis load. These data reveal an unappreciated role for Ag85B in the interaction of mycobacteria with host cells and indicates that single protective antigens are dispensable for protective immunity induced by BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Prendergast
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Leotta
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolina Eto
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Winter
- INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Teng X, Tian M, Li J, Tan S, Yuan X, Yu Q, Jing Y, Zhang Z, Yue T, Zhou L, Fan X. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DMT liposome-adjuvanted tuberculosis subunit CTT3H vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1456-64. [PMID: 25905680 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1037057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strategies have been proposed for the development of protein subunit vaccine candidates for tuberculosis (TB), which shows better safety than other types of candidates and the currently used Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. In order to develop more effective protein subunits depending on the mechanism of cell-mediated immunity against TB, a polyprotein CTT3H, based on 5 immunodominant antigens (CFP10, TB10.4, TB8.4, Rv3615c, and HBHA) with CD8(+) epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was constructed in this study. We vaccinated C57BL/6 mice with a TB subunit CTT3H protein in an adjuvant of dimethyldioctadecylammonium/monophosphoryl lipid A/trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (DDA/MPL/TDB, DMT) liposome to investigate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this novel vaccine. Our results demonstrated that DMT liposome-adjuvanted CTT3H vaccine not only induced an antigen-specific CD4(+) Th1 response, but also raised the number of PPD- and CTT3H-specific IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) T cells and elicited strong CTL responses against TB10.4, which provided more effective protection against a 60 CFU M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge than PBS control and DMT adjuvant alone. Our findings indicate that DMT-liposome is an effective adjuvant to stimulate CD8(+) T cell responses and the DMT-adjuvanted subunit CTT3H vaccine is a promising candidate for the next generation of TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Teng
- a Department of Pathogen Biology; School of Basic Medicine; Huazhong University of Science & Technology ; Wuhan , PR China
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26
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Jia H, Liu S, Wu J, Hou S, Xin T, Guo X, Yuan W, Gao X, Zhang G, Li M, Qu H, Zhu H. Recombinant TB9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis Triggers the Production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 in RAW264.7 Macrophages via Activation of the p38, ERK, and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2016; 38:1337-46. [PMID: 25577342 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The TB9.8 of Mycobacterium bovis can induce strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in proliferation assays and IFN-γ assays. However, whether and how TB9.8 activates innate immune cells remain unclear. Therefore, recombinant protein TB9.8 (rTB9.8)-induced proinflammatory cytokine profile by RAW264.7 cells was investigated and the related signaling pathway was studied. Stimulation with rTB9.8 triggered RAW264.7 cells to produce IL-6 and IL-12 p40. In addition, rTB9.8 activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in RAW264.7 cells by inducing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase (p38) and also promoted nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p38 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, rTB9.8 activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by inducing p65 translocation into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of IκBα in the cytosol. Blocking assays showed that specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, p38, and IκBα can significantly reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-12 p40, which demonstrated that rTB9.8-mediated cytokine production is dependent on the activation of these kinases. Thus, this study demonstrates that rTB9.8 can activate RAW264.7 and trigger IL-6 and IL-12 p40 production via the ERK, p38, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Tufariello JM, Chapman JR, Kerantzas CA, Wong KW, Vilchèze C, Jones CM, Cole LE, Tinaztepe E, Thompson V, Fenyö D, Niederweis M, Ueberheide B, Philips JA, Jacobs WR. Separable roles for Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-3 effectors in iron acquisition and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E348-57. [PMID: 26729876 PMCID: PMC4725510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523321113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes five type VII secretion systems (T7SS), designated ESX-1-ESX-5, that are critical for growth and pathogenesis. The best characterized is ESX-1, which profoundly impacts host cell interactions. In contrast, the ESX-3 T7SS is implicated in metal homeostasis, but efforts to define its function have been limited by an inability to recover deletion mutants. We overcame this impediment using medium supplemented with various iron complexes to recover mutants with deletions encompassing select genes within esx-3 or the entire operon. The esx-3 mutants were defective in uptake of siderophore-bound iron and dramatically accumulated cell-associated mycobactin siderophores. Proteomic analyses of culture filtrate revealed that secretion of EsxG and EsxH was codependent and that EsxG-EsxH also facilitated secretion of several members of the proline-glutamic acid (PE) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) protein families (named for conserved PE and PPE N-terminal motifs). Substrates that depended on EsxG-EsxH for secretion included PE5, encoded within the esx-3 locus, and the evolutionarily related PE15-PPE20 encoded outside the esx-3 locus. In vivo characterization of the mutants unexpectedly showed that the ESX-3 secretion system plays both iron-dependent and -independent roles in Mtb pathogenesis. PE5-PPE4 was found to be critical for the siderophore-mediated iron-acquisition functions of ESX-3. The importance of this iron-acquisition function was dependent upon host genotype, suggesting a role for ESX-3 secretion in counteracting host defense mechanisms that restrict iron availability. Further, we demonstrate that the ESX-3 T7SS secretes certain effectors that are important for iron uptake while additional secreted effectors modulate virulence in an iron-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn M Tufariello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jessica R Chapman
- Office of Collaborative Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Christopher A Kerantzas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Education/Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Catherine Vilchèze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Laura E Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Emir Tinaztepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Victor Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David Fenyö
- Laboratory of Computational Proteomics, Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Office of Collaborative Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461;
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28
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Sarkar P, Mitra S, Pant P, Kotwal A, Kakati B, Masih V, Sindhwani G, Biswas D. Granzyme B as a diagnostic marker of tuberculosis in patients with and without HIV coinfection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:47-52. [PMID: 26915636 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) are based on the estimation of interferon γ (IFN-γ) or IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cells following ex vivo stimulation with ESAT6 and CFP-10. Sensitivity of these tests is likely to be compromised in CD4(+) T-cell-depleted situations, like HIV-TB coinfection. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, isolated from 3 groups, viz., HIV-negative patients with active TB, HIV-TB coinfected patients, and healthy household contacts (HHCs) were cocultivated with autologous dendritic cells, and the cytokine response to rESAT6 stimulation was compared between groups in supernatants. While CD4(+) T-cell stimulation yielded significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ and interleukin 4 in HIV-negative TB patients, compared to HHCs, the levels of both these cytokines were nondiscriminatory between HIV-positive TB patients and HHCs. However, CD8(+) T-cell stimulation yielded significantly elevated granzyme B titers in both groups of patients, irrespective of HIV coinfection status. Hence, contrary to IFN-γ, granzyme B might be a useful diagnostic marker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection particularly in HIV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronoti Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Soumik Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Priyannk Pant
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Aarti Kotwal
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Barnali Kakati
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Victor Masih
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Girish Sindhwani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun 248140, India.
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29
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Majlessi L, Prados-Rosales R, Casadevall A, Brosch R. Release of mycobacterial antigens. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:25-45. [PMID: 25703550 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved from a Mycobacterium canettii-like progenitor pool into one of the most successful and widespread human pathogens. The pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis is linked to its ability to secrete/export/release selected mycobacterial proteins, and it is also established that active release of mycobacterial antigens is a prerequisite for strong immune recognition. Recent research has enabled mycobacterial secretion systems and vesicle-based release of mycobacterial antigens to be elucidated, which together with host-related specificities constitute key variables that determine the outcome of infection. Here, we discuss recently discovered, novel aspects on the nature and the regulation of antigen release of the tuberculosis agent with particular emphasis on the biological characterization of mycobacteria-specific ESX/type VII secretion systems and their secreted proteins, belonging to the Esx, PE, and PPE categories. The importance of specific mycobacterial antigen release is probably best exemplified by the striking differences observed between the cellular events during infection with the ESX-1-deficient, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG compared to the virulent M. tuberculosis, which are clearly important for design of more specific diagnostics and more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Paris, France
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30
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Differential influence of nutrient-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis on adaptive immunity results in progressive tuberculosis disease and pathology. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4731-9. [PMID: 26416911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01055-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most individuals will remain clinically healthy but latently infected. Latent infection has been proposed to partially involve M. tuberculosis in a nonreplicating stage, which therefore represents an M. tuberculosis phenotype that the immune system most likely will encounter during latency. It is therefore relevant to examine how this particular nonreplicating form of M. tuberculosis interacts with the host immune system. To study this, we first induced a state of nonreplication through prolonged nutrient starvation of M. tuberculosis in vitro. This resulted in nonreplicating persistence even after prolonged culture in phosphate-buffered saline. Infection with either exponentially growing M. tuberculosis or nutrient-starved M. tuberculosis resulted in similar lung CFU levels in the first phase of the infection. However, between week 3 and 6 postinfection, there was a very pronounced increase in bacterial levels and associated lung pathology in nutrient-starved-M. tuberculosis-infected mice. This was associated with a shift from CD4 T cells that coexpressed gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or IFN-γ, TNF-α, and interleukin-2 to T cells that only expressed IFN-γ. Thus, nonreplicating M. tuberculosis induced through nutrient starvation promotes a bacterial form that is genetically identical to exponentially growing M. tuberculosis yet characterized by a differential impact on the immune system that may be involved in undermining host antimycobacterial immunity and facilitate increased pathology and transmission.
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31
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Synthetic Long Peptide Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Latency Antigen Rv1733c Protects against Tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015. [PMID: 26202436 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00271-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Responsible for 9 million new cases of active disease and nearly 2 million deaths each year, tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health threat of overwhelming dimensions. Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only licensed vaccine available, fails to confer lifelong protection and to prevent reactivation of latent infection. Although 15 new vaccine candidates are now in clinical trials, an effective vaccine against TB remains elusive, and new strategies for vaccination are vital. BCG vaccination fails to induce immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigens. Synthetic long peptides (SLPs) combined with adjuvants have been studied mostly for therapeutic cancer vaccines, yet not for TB, and proved to induce efficient antitumor immunity. This study investigated an SLP derived from Rv1733c, a major M. tuberculosis latency antigen which is highly expressed by "dormant" M. tuberculosis and well recognized by T cells from latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. In order to assess its in vivo immunogenicity and protective capacity, Rv1733c SLP in CpG was administered to HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Immunization with Rv1733c SLP elicited gamma interferon-positive/tumor necrosis factor-positive (IFN-γ(+)/TNF(+)) and IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells and Rv1733c-specific antibodies and led to a significant reduction in the bacterial load in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-challenged mice. This was observed both in a pre- and in a post-M. tuberculosis challenge setting. Moreover, Rv1733c SLP immunization significantly boosted the protective efficacy of BCG, demonstrating the potential of M. tuberculosis latency antigens to improve BCG efficacy. These data suggest a promising role for M. tuberculosis latency antigen Rv1733c-derived SLPs as a novel TB vaccine approach, both in a prophylactic and in a postinfection setting.
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Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Carpenter SM, Rothchild AC, Martin CJ, Desjardins D, Steblenko K, Kløverpris HN, Madansein R, Ramsuran D, Leslie A, Correia-Neves M, Behar SM. Human and Murine Clonal CD8+ T Cell Expansions Arise during Tuberculosis Because of TCR Selection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004849. [PMID: 25945999 PMCID: PMC4422591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system can recognize virtually any antigen, yet T cell responses against several pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are restricted to a limited number of immunodominant epitopes. The host factors that affect immunodominance are incompletely understood. Whether immunodominant epitopes elicit protective CD8+ T cell responses or instead act as decoys to subvert immunity and allow pathogens to establish chronic infection is unknown. Here we show that anatomically distinct human granulomas contain clonally expanded CD8+ T cells with overlapping T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. Similarly, the murine CD8+ T cell response against M. tuberculosis is dominated by TB10.44-11-specific T cells with extreme TCRβ bias. Using a retrogenic model of TB10.44-11-specific CD8+ T cells, we show that TCR dominance can arise because of competition between clonotypes driven by differences in affinity. Finally, we demonstrate that TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells mediate protection against tuberculosis, which requires interferon-γ production and TAP1-dependent antigen presentation in vivo. Our study of how immunodominance, biased TCR repertoires, and protection are inter-related, provides a new way to measure the quality of T cell immunity, which if applied to vaccine evaluation, could enhance our understanding of how to elicit protective T cell immunity. While T cells are required for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, attempts to prevent tuberculosis by vaccines designed to elicit memory T cells have only been partially successful. Several vaccine candidates are in clinical trials, but progress has been slow because their ability to prevent disease must be empirically tested. There is little understanding of why certain antigens are targets of protective immunity. We have characterized an immunodominant CD8+ T cell response to the M. tuberculosis antigen TB10.4 (EsxH). CD8+ T cells specific for the TB10.44–11 epitope are primed early during infection and account for 30–50% of lung CD8+ T cells during chronic infection. Now we have used deep sequencing to characterize the TCR repertoire of TB10.44-11-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs of infected mice. Interestingly, TB10.44-11-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit extreme clonal expansion of certain TCRβ with common structural features, most likely because of affinity selection. Affinity selection of T cells is more important when antigen presentation is limiting. Although the lung contains numerous bacteria during infection, antigen-presentation by infected APC may be limiting, mimicking a “low antigen” state. Thus, even T cells that have the potential to mediate protection may function inefficiently because of suboptimal T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Matthew G. Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alissa C. Rothchild
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Constance J. Martin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Danielle Desjardins
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Steblenko
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, Durban, South Africa
- Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Duran Ramsuran
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, Durban, South Africa
- Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu S, Jia H, Hou S, Zhang G, Xin T, Li H, Yuan W, Guo X, Gao X, Li M, Wu J, Zhu H. Recombinant TB10.4 of Mycobacterium bovis induces cytokine production in RAW264.7 macrophages through activation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways via TLR2. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Andersen P, Woodworth JS. Tuberculosis vaccines--rethinking the current paradigm. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:387-95. [PMID: 24875637 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vaccine discovery paradigm in tuberculosis (TB) has been to mimic the natural immune response to infection. With an emphasis on interferon (IFN)-γ as the main protective cytokine, researchers have selected dominant antigens and administered them in delivery systems to promote strong T helper (Th)1 responses. However, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a strong inducer of Th1 cells, yet has limited protection in adults, and further boosting by the Modified-Vaccinia-Ankara (MVA)85A vaccine failed to enhance efficacy in a clinical trial. We review the current understanding of host-pathogen interactions in TB infection and propose that rather than boosting Th1 responses, we should focus on understanding protective immune responses that are lacking or insufficiently promoted by BCG that can intervene at critical stages of the TB life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional cytotoxic CD8+ T cells express CD69. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lindenstrøm T, Aagaard C, Christensen D, Agger EM, Andersen P. High-frequency vaccine-induced CD8⁺ T cells specific for an epitope naturally processed during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis do not confer protection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1699-709. [PMID: 24677089 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few MHC class I epitopes have been identified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but during the late stage of infection, CD8(+) T-cell responses to these epitopes are often primed at an extraordinary high frequency. Although clearly available for recognition during infection, their role in resistance to mycobacterial infections still remain unclear. As an alternative to DNA and viral vaccination platforms, we have exploited a novel CD8(+) T-cell-inducing adjuvant, cationic adjuvant formulation 05 (dimethyldioctadecylammonium/trehalose dibehenate/poly (inositic:cytidylic) acid), to prime high-frequency CD8 responses to the immunodominant H2-K(b) -restricted IMYNYPAM epitope contained in the vaccine Ag tuberculosis (TB)10.4/Rv0288/ESX-H (where ESX is mycobacterial type VII secretion system). We report that the amino acid C-terminal to this minimal epitope plays a decisive role in proteasomal cleavage and epitope priming. The primary structure of TB10.4 is suboptimal for proteasomal processing of the epitope and amino acid substitutions in the flanking region markedly increased epitope-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. One of the optimized sequences was contained in the closely related TB10.3/Rv3019c/ESX-R Ag and when recombinantly expressed and administered in the cationic adjuvant formulation 05 adjuvant, this Ag promoted very high CD8(+) T-cell responses. This abundant T-cell response was functionally active but provided no protection against challenge, suggesting that CD8(+) T cells play a limited role in protection against M. tuberculosis in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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Woodworth JS, Aagaard CS, Hansen PR, Cassidy JP, Agger EM, Andersen P. Protective CD4 T cells targeting cryptic epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resist infection-driven terminal differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3247-58. [PMID: 24574499 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are crucial to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and are a key component of current vaccine strategies. Conversely, immune-mediated pathology drives disease, and recent evidence suggests that adaptive and innate responses are evolutionarily beneficial to M. tuberculosis. We compare the functionality of CD4 T cell responses mounted against dominant and cryptic epitopes of the M. tuberculosis 6-kDa early secreted Ag (ESAT-6) before and postinfection. Protective T cells against cryptic epitopes not targeted during natural infection were induced by vaccinating mice with a truncated ESAT-6 protein, lacking the dominant epitope. The ability to generate T cells that recognize multiple cryptic epitopes was MHC-haplotype dependent, including increased potential via heterologous MHC class II dimers. Before infection, cryptic epitope-specific T cells displayed enhanced proliferative capacity and delayed cytokine kinetics. After aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge, vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells expanded and recruited to the lung. In chronic infection, dominant epitope-specific T cells developed a terminal differentiated KLRG1(+)/PD-1(lo) surface phenotype that was significantly reduced in the cryptic epitope-specific T cell populations. Dominant epitope-specific T cells in vaccinated animals developed into IFN-γ- and IFN-γ,TNF-α-coproducing effector cells, characteristic of the endogenous response. In contrast, cryptic epitope-specific CD4 T cells maintained significantly greater IFN-γ(+)TNF-α(+)IL-2(+) and TNF-α(+)IL-2(+) memory-associated polyfunctionality and enhanced proliferative capacity. Vaccine-associated IL-17A production by cryptic CD4 T cells was also enhanced, but without increased neutrophilia/pathology. Direct comparison of dominant/cryptic epitope-specific CD4 T cells within covaccinated mice confirmed the superior ability of protective cryptic epitope-specific T cells to resist M. tuberculosis infection-driven T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Triccas JA, Nambiar JK. Challenge of developing new tuberculosis vaccines to generate life-long protective immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:823-5. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li L, Yang B, Yu S, Zhang X, Lao S, Wu C. Human CD8+ T cells from TB pleurisy respond to four immunodominant epitopes in Mtb CFP10 restricted by HLA-B alleles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82196. [PMID: 24349220 PMCID: PMC3861325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are essential for host defense to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes from Mtb is of importance for the development of effective peptide-based diagnostics and vaccines. We previously demonstrated that the secreted 10-KDa culture filtrate protein (CFP10) from Mtb is a potent CD8+ T cell antigen but the repertoire and dominance pattern of human CD8 epitopes for CFP10 remained poorly characterized. In the present study, we undertook to define immunodominant CD8 epitopes involved in CFP10 using a panel of CFP10-derived 13–15 amino acid (aa) peptides overlapping by 11 aa. Four peptides in CFP10 were observed to induce significant CD8+ T cell responses and we further determined the size of the epitopes involved in each individual peptide tested. Four 9 aa CD8 epitopes were finally identified and deleting a single amino acid from the N or C terminus of either peptide markedly reduced IFN-γ production, suggesting that they are minimum of CD8 epitopes. In the individuals tested, each epitope represented a single immunodominant response in CD8+ T cells. The epitope-specific CD8+ T cells displayed effector or effector memory phenotypes and could upregulate the expression of CD107a/b upon antigen stimulation. In addition, we found that epitope-specific CD8+ T cells shared biased usage of T cell receptor (TCR) variable region of β chain (Vβ) 12, 9, 7.2 or Vβ4 chains. As judged from HLA-typing results and using bioinformatics technology for prediction of MHC binding affinity, we found that the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells are all restricted by HLA-B alleles. Our findings suggest that the four epitopes in CFP10 recognized by CD8+ T cells might be of importance for the development of Mtb peptide-based vaccines and for improved diagnosis of TB in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlan Zhang
- Chest Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Suihua Lao
- Chest Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Nyendak MR, Park B, Null MD, Baseke J, Swarbrick G, Mayanja-Kizza H, Nsereko M, Johnson DF, Gitta P, Okwera A, Goldberg S, Bozeman L, Johnson JL, Boom WH, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific CD8(+) T cells rapidly decline with antituberculosis treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81564. [PMID: 24324704 PMCID: PMC3852504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Biomarkers associated with response to therapy in tuberculosis could have broad clinical utility. We postulated that the frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specific CD8+ T cells, by virtue of detecting intracellular infection, could be a surrogate marker of response to therapy and would decrease during effective antituberculosis treatment. Objectives: We sought to determine the relationship of Mtb specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells with duration of antituberculosis treatment. Materials and Methods We performed a prospective cohort study, enrolling between June 2008 and August 2010, of HIV-uninfected Ugandan adults (n = 50) with acid-fast bacillus smear-positive, culture confirmed pulmonary TB at the onset of antituberculosis treatment and the Mtb specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 were measured by IFN-γ ELISPOT at enrollment, week 8 and 24. Results There was a significant difference in the Mtb specific CD8+ T response, but not the CD4+ T cell response, over 24 weeks of antituberculosis treatment (p<0.0001), with an early difference observed at 8 weeks of therapy (p = 0.023). At 24 weeks, the estimated Mtb specific CD8+ T cell response decreased by 58%. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the Mtb specific CD4+ T cell during the treatment. The Mtb specific CD4+ T cell response, but not the CD8+ response, was negatively impacted by the body mass index. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that the Mtb specific CD8+ T cell response declines with antituberculosis treatment and could be a surrogate marker of response to therapy. Additional research is needed to determine if the Mtb specific CD8+ T cell response can detect early treatment failure, relapse, or to predict disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Nyendak
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MRN); (DML)
| | - Byung Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Megan D. Null
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joy Baseke
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gwendolyn Swarbrick
- Department of Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary Nsereko
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denise F. Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Phineas Gitta
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alphonse Okwera
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stefan Goldberg
- Tuberculosis Trials Consortium, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lorna Bozeman
- Tuberculosis Trials Consortium, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John L. Johnson
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MRN); (DML)
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Kong H, Dong C, Xiong S. A novel vaccine p846 encoding Rv3615c, Mtb10.4, and Rv2660c elicits robust immune response and alleviates lung injury induced by Mycobacterium infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:378-90. [PMID: 24280763 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of effective anti-tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is one of the important steps to improve control of TB. Cell-mediated immune response significantly affects the control of M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, vaccines able to elicit strong cellular immune response hold special advantages against TB. In this study, three well-defined mycobacterial antigens (Rv3615c, Mtb10.4 [Rv0228], and Rv2660c) were engineered as a novel triple-antigen fusion DNA vaccine p846. The p846 vaccine consists of a high density of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes. Intramuscular immunization of p846 induced robust T cells mediated immune response comparable to that of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination but more effective than that of individual antigen vaccination. After mycobacterial challenge, p846 immunization decreased bacterial burden at least 15-fold compared with individual antigen-based vaccination. Notably, the lungs of mice immunized with p846 exhibited fewer inflammatory cell infiltrates and less damage than those of control group mice. Our data demonstrate that the potential of p846 vaccine to protect against TB and the feasibility of this design strategy for further TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou, PR China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou, PR China
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Billeskov R, Christensen JP, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Comparing adjuvanted H28 and modified vaccinia virus ankara expressingH28 in a mouse and a non-human primate tuberculosis model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72185. [PMID: 23977248 PMCID: PMC3747044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report for the first time on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a vaccine strategy involving the adjuvanted fusion protein “H28” (consisting of Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara expressing H28. We show that a heterologous prime-boost regimen involving priming with H28 in a Th1 adjuvant followed by boosting with H28 expressed by MVA (H28/MVA28) induced the highest percentage of IFN-γ expressing T cells, the highest production of IFN-γ per single cell and the highest induction of CD8 T cells compared to either of the vaccines given alone. In contrast, in mice vaccinated with adjuvanted recombinant H28 alone (H28/H28) we observed the highest production of IL-2 per single cell and the highest frequency of antigen specific TNF-α/IL-2 expressing CD4 T cells pre and post infection. Interestingly, TNF-α/IL-2 expressing central memory-like CD4 T cells showed a significant positive correlation with protection at week 6 post infection, whereas the opposite was observed for post infection CD4 T cells producing only IFN-γ. Moreover, as a BCG booster vaccine in a clinically relevant non-human primate TB model, the H28/H28 vaccine strategy induced a slightly more prominent reduction of clinical disease and pathology for up to one year post infection compared to H28/MVA28. Taken together, our data showed that the adjuvanted subunit and MVA strategies led to different T cell subset combinations pre and post infection and that TNF-α/IL-2 double producing but not IFN-γ single producing CD4 T cell subsets correlated with protection in the mouse TB model. Moreover, our data demonstrated that the H28 vaccine antigen was able to induce strong protection in both a mouse and a non-human primate TB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan P. Christensen
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Cayabyab MJ, Qin L, Kashino SS, Izzo A, Campos-Neto A. An unbiased peptide-wide discovery approach to select Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens that target CD8+ T cell response during infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:4834-40. [PMID: 23933335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accruing data strongly support the possible role of CD8+ T cells in immunity against tuberculosis (TB). Multivalent vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that incorporate CD8+ T cell antigens with those that elicit CD4+ T cells are therefore highly desirable. To screen for potential CD8+ T cell antigens that are produced by Mtb during infection, we isolated pathogen-derived peptides that bound to MHC Class I molecules expressed in adherent splenocytes obtained from Mtb-infected mice. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed the following four nonamer peptides that had 100% homology with Mtb proteins: DGYVGAPAH (MT_0401), TTMPLFAD (MT_1164), RSGAATPVR (MT_2160.1) and LAAVVGVVL (MT_0078). The gene MT_0401 codes the protein 5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide transformylase 2 and the other three genes code for hypothetical proteins with unknown function. The NCBI/Blast analysis showed that among the four peptides DGYVGAPAH had the highest maximum alignment score and lowest E value (number of alignments expected by chance). Therefore, we assessed whether MT_0401 expressed in two genetic vaccine formulations was capable of stimulating CD8+ T cell response that is specific to DGYVGAPAH peptide. When mice were immunized with a recombinant plasmid DNA and an E1/E3-deleted Adenovirus 5 expressing MT0401 protein, using both homologous and heterologous prime-boost protocols, they developed strong DGYVGAPAH-specific CD8+ T cell response as well as antibody and CD4+ specific T cell response to the full length MT0401 protein. Equally important was the observation that mice infected with Mtb developed DGYVGAPAH-specific CD8+ T cell responses in both spleen and lungs. These results demonstrate that Mtb antigens that are processed and presented via MHC Class I machinery can be readily identified by the described approach and may be useful candidate antigens to stimulate specific CD8+ T cell responses in vaccine development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cayabyab
- Global Infectious Disease Research Center, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Lindenstrøm T, Knudsen NPH, Agger EM, Andersen P. Control of chronic mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by CD4 KLRG1- IL-2-secreting central memory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6311-9. [PMID: 23677471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine provides very efficient protection in standard animal models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. We show in this article that although bacille Calmette-Guérin controlled M. tuberculosis growth for 7 wk of infection, the protection was gradually lost as the infection entered the chronic phase. The regrowth of M. tuberculosis coincided with an almost complete disappearance of IL-2-producing CD4 T cells. Booster vaccination with a subunit vaccine (Ag85B-ESAT-6+CAF01) expanded IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cell coexpressing either TNF-α or TNF-α/IFN-γ, and the maintenance of this population in the late stage of infection was associated with enhanced control of bacterial growth. The IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cell subsets were KLRG1(-) (nonterminally differentiated), were found to be CD62L(high), and further maintained a pronounced proliferative and cytokine-producing potential in the draining lymph nodes, when the animals were challenged 2 y postvaccination. These results suggest that the CD4(+) KLRG1(-) IL-2-secreting subsets are central memory T cells with the potential to continuously replenish the T cells at the site of infection and prevent attrition and functional exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Tuberculosis Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Feng G, Jiang Q, Xia M, Lu Y, Qiu W, Zhao D, Lu L, Peng G, Wang Y. Enhanced immune response and protective effects of nano-chitosan-based DNA vaccine encoding T cell epitopes of Esat-6 and FL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61135. [PMID: 23637790 PMCID: PMC3634041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel and effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a challenging for preventing TB infection. In this study, a novel nanoparticle-based recombinant DNA vaccine was developed, which contains Esat-6 three T cell epitopes (Esat-6/3e) and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL) genes (termed Esat-6/3e-FL), and was enveloped with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (nano-chitosan). The immunologic and protective efficacy of the nano-chitosan-based DNA vaccine (termed nano-Esat-6/3e-FL) was assessed in C57BL/6 mice after intramuscular prime vaccination with the plasmids DNA and nasal boost with the Esat-6/3e peptides. The results showed that the immunized mice remarkably elicited enhanced T cell responses and protection against M.tb H37Rv challenge. These findings indicate that the nano-chitosan can significantly elevate the immunologic and protective effects of the DNA vaccine, and the nano-Esat-6/3e-FL is a useful vaccine for preventing M.tb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganzhu Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingtao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanlai Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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46
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Gold MC, Eid T, Smyk-Pearson S, Eberling Y, Swarbrick GM, Langley SM, Streeter PR, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Human thymic MR1-restricted MAIT cells are innate pathogen-reactive effectors that adapt following thymic egress. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:35-44. [PMID: 22692454 PMCID: PMC3443511 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express the semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) Vα7.2 and are restricted by the major histocompatibility complex-Ib molecule MR1. While MAIT cells share similarities with other innate T cells, the extent to which MAIT cells are innate and their capacity to adapt is unknown. We evaluated the function of Vα7.2(+) T cells from the thymus, cord blood, and peripheral blood. Although antigen-inexperienced MAIT cells displayed a naïve phenotype, these had intrinsic effector capacity in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells. Vα7.2(+) effector thymocytes contained signal joint TCR gene excision circles (sjTRECs) suggesting limited replication and thymic origin. In evaluating the capacity of Mtb-reactive MAIT cells to adapt, we found that those from the peripheral blood demonstrated a memory phenotype and had undergone substantial expansion, suggesting that they responded to antigenic stimulation. MAIT cells, an evolutionarily conserved T-cell subset that detects a variety of intracellular infections, share features of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle C. Gold
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Tarek Eid
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Sue Smyk-Pearson
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Yvonne Eberling
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Gwendolyn M. Swarbrick
- Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Stephen M. Langley
- Doernbecher Cardiothoracic Surgery, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Portland, Oregon, 97239, U.S.A
| | - Philip R. Streeter
- Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, U.S.A
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Behar SM. Antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and protective immunity to tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:141-63. [PMID: 23468108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic and the spread of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has led to the perpetuation of the worldwide tuberculosis epidemic. While M. bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine, it lacks efficacy in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis in adults [1]. To combat this ongoing scourge, vaccine development for tuberculosis is a global priority. Most infected individuals develop long-lived protective immunity, which controls and contains M. tuberculosis in a T cell-dependent manner. An effective T cells response determines whether the infection resolves or develops into clinically evident disease. Consequently, there is great interest in determining which T cells subsets mediate anti-mycobacterial immunity, delineating their effector functions, and evaluating whether vaccination can elicit these T cells subsets and induce protective immunity. CD4(+) T cells are critical for resistance to M. tuberculosis in both humans and rodent models. CD4(+) T cells are required to control the initial infection as well as to prevent recrudescence in both humans and mice [2]. While it is generally accepted that class II MHC-restricted CD4(+) T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis infection elicits CD8(+) T cells responses in both people and in experimental animals. CD8(+) T cells are also recruited to the lung during M. tuberculosis infection and are found in the granulomas of infected people. Thus, how CD8(+) T cells contribute to overall immunity to tuberculosis and whether antigens recognized by CD8(+) T cells would enhance the efficacy of vaccine strategies continue to be important questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Behar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nikolova M, Markova R, Drenska R, Muhtarova M, Todorova Y, Dimitrov V, Taskov H, Saltini C, Amicosante M. Antigen-specific CD4- and CD8-positive signatures in different phases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 75:277-81. [PMID: 23276770 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current diagnostic standards for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection do not distinguish between active and latent tuberculosis (TB). To identify specific biomarkers characterizing the different forms of TB infection, we investigated in parallel with the QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) the use of flow cytometry measuring CD4 and CD8 MTB-specific immune response in 17 active-TB patients, 21 health care workers (HCW), 14 recent contacts of TB patients (RC-TB), and 10 bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated healthy controls (BCG-HC). A correlation (r = 0.4526, P = 0.0002) was found only between the amount of IFN-γ measured by QFT-IT and the frequency of CD4+/CD69+/IFN-γ+ T cells. The frequency of CD4+/CD69+/IFNγ+ responding T cells was higher in active-TB patients (0.254 ± 0.336%, P < 0.01) compared to the other groups. The response of QFT-IT antigen-specific CD8+/CD69+/IFNγ+ T cells was significantly higher in RC-TB (0.245 ± 0.305%, P < 0.05) compared to the other study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 26 Yanko Sakazov, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Cayabyab MJ, Macovei L, Campos-Neto A. Current and novel approaches to vaccine development against tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:154. [PMID: 23230563 PMCID: PMC3515764 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and vaccines are the two most successful medical countermeasures that humans have created against a number of pathogens. However a select few e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) have evaded eradication by vaccines and therapeutic approaches. TB is a global public health problem that kills 1.4 million people per year. The past decade has seen significant progress in developing new vaccine candidates, but the most fundamental questions in understanding disease progression and protective host responses that are responsible for controlling Mtb infection still remain poorly resolved. Current TB treatment requires intense chemotherapy with several antimicrobials, while the only approved vaccine is the classical viable whole-cell based Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) that protects children from severe forms of TB, but fails to protect adults. Taken together, there is a growing need to conduct basic and applied research to develop novel vaccine strategies against TB. This review is focused on the discussion surrounding current strategies and innovations being explored to discover new protective antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems in the hopes of creating an efficacious TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cayabyab
- Forsyth Institute Cambridge, MA, USA ; Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Wang Y, Sun M, He M, Cui H, Zhang J, Shi L, Wang W, Xu W, Gao B, Ding J. Weak binder for MHC molecule is a potent Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CTL epitope in the context of HLA-A24 allele. Microb Pathog 2012; 53:162-7. [PMID: 22819798 PMCID: PMC7127545 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis causes serious health problem for the world population. Antigenic peptides selected by pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC; or human leukocyte antigen [HLA] in humans) molecules, and HLA-A restricted responses may be of interest for vaccine development and the understanding of cellular immunity. A series of peptides derived from the 10-KDa culture filtrate protein (CFP10) and the 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have been screened and a CTL epitope restricted by the human leukocyte antigen HLA-A24, a common HLA allele in Asian people, has been identified. In this study, we studied a panel of CFP10 and ESAT-6-derived peptides to identify those with binding motifs for HLA-A24 molecules. The antigenicity of candidate peptides was assessed with in vitro refolding tests and an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, and by tetramer staining to determine the capacity to stimulate CTLs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A24-positive TB Patients. We report that one novel candidate peptide at positions 5-14 of ESAT-6 of Mtb could induce peptide-specific CTLs from PBMCs of HLA-A24-positive patients, but not from HLA-A24-negative patients and HLA-A24-positive healthy controls. Identified epitope is a weak binder for HLA-A24 molecule in a mini MHC refolding assay. Since the peptide is presented by a common HLA class I molecule, it may be useful for immunotherapy against Mtb infection and vaccine development in the large population of Mtb-infected patients.
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Key Words
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- hla-a24
- epitope
- esat-6
- mtb, mycobacterium tuberculosis
- ctls, cytotoxic t lymphocytes
- ifn-γ, interferon gamma
- pbmcs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- cfp10, 10-kda culture filtrate protein
- esat-6, 6 kda early secretory antigenic target
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- tb, tuberculosis
- β2m, β2 microglobulin
- sfcs, spot-forming cells
- hplc, high performance liquid chromatography
- pha, phytohaemagglutinin
- rhil-2, recombinant human interleukine-2
- rhil-7, recombinant human interleukine-7
- afb, acid-fast bacilli
- pe, phycoerythrin
- bcg, bacillus calmette-guérin
- ltbi, latent tb infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Zizhulin 2, Nanjing 210003, China
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