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Radbel J, Meshanni JA, Vayas KN, Le-Hoang O, Abramova E, Zhou P, Joseph LB, Laskin JD, Gow AJ, Laskin DL. Effects of ozone exposure on lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a murine model of nonpneumonic endotoxemia. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:299-311. [PMID: 38749002 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified exposure to environmental levels of ozone as a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) that can develop in humans with sepsis. The aim of this study was to develop a murine model of ALI to mechanistically explore the impact of ozone exposure on ARDS development. Mice were exposed to ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) or air control followed 24 h later by intravenous administration of 3 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PBS. Exposure of mice to ozone + LPS caused alveolar hyperplasia; increased BAL levels of albumin, IgM, phospholipids, and proinflammatory mediators including surfactant protein D and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products were also detected in BAL, along with markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Administration of ozone + LPS resulted in an increase in neutrophils and anti-inflammatory macrophages in the lung, with no effects on proinflammatory macrophages. Conversely, the numbers of resident alveolar macrophages decreased after ozone + LPS; however, expression of Nos2, Arg1, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Ccl2 by these cells increased, indicating that they are activated. These findings demonstrate that ozone sensitizes the lung to respond to endotoxin, resulting in ALI, oxidative stress, and exacerbated pulmonary inflammation, and provide support for the epidemiologic association between ozone exposure and ARDS incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Radbel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Oahn Le-Hoang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Elena Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Peihong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Jin X, Chen Y, Xu B, Tian H. Exercise-Mediated Protection against Air Pollution-Induced Immune Damage: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:247. [PMID: 38666859 PMCID: PMC11047937 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution, a serious risk factor for human health, can lead to immune damage and various diseases. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can trigger oxidative stress and inflammatory responses (the main sources of immune impairment) in the body. Exercise has been shown to modulate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant statuses, enhance immune cell activity, as well as protect against immune damage caused by air pollution. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the protective effects of exercise on pollutant-induced damage and the safe threshold for exercise in polluted environments remain elusive. In contrast to the extensive research on the pathogenesis of air pollution and the preventive role of exercise in enhancing fitness, investigations into exercise resistance to injury caused by air pollution are still in their infancy. In this review, we analyze evidence from humans, animals, and cell experiments on the combined effects of exercise and air pollution on immune health outcomes, with an emphasis on oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and immune cells. We also propose possible mechanisms and directions for future research on exercise resistance to pollutant-induced damage in the body. Furthermore, we suggest strengthening epidemiological studies at different population levels and investigations on immune cells to guide how to determine the safety thresholds for exercise in polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bingxiang Xu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (X.J.); (Y.C.)
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3
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Reilly JP, Zhao Z, Shashaty MGS, Koyama T, Jones TK, Anderson BJ, Ittner CA, Dunn T, Miano TA, Oniyide O, Balmes JR, Matthay MA, Calfee CS, Christie JD, Meyer NJ, Ware LB. Exposure to ambient air pollutants and acute respiratory distress syndrome risk in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:957-965. [PMID: 37470831 PMCID: PMC10561716 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposures to ambient air pollutants may prime the lung enhancing risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in sepsis. Our objective was to determine the association of short-, medium-, and long-term pollutant exposures and ARDS risk in critically ill sepsis patients. METHODS We analyzed a prospective cohort of 1858 critically ill patients with sepsis, and estimated short- (3 days), medium- (6 weeks), and long- (5 years) term exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and PM < 10 μm (PM10) using weighted averages of daily levels from monitors within 50 km of subjects' residences. Subjects were followed for 6 days for ARDS by the Berlin Criteria. The association between each pollutant and ARDS was determined using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for preselected confounders. In 764 subjects, we measured plasma concentrations of inflammatory proteins at presentation and tested for an association between pollutant exposure and protein concentration via linear regression. RESULTS ARDS developed in 754 (41%) subjects. Short- and long-term exposures to SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 were associated with ARDS risk (SO2: odds ratio (OR) for the comparison of the 75-25th long-term exposure percentile 1.43 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16, 1.77); p < 0.01; NO2: 1.36 (1.06, 1.74); p = 0.04, PM2.5: 1.21 (1.04, 1.41); p = 0.03). Long-term exposures to these three pollutants were also associated with plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 concentrations. CONCLUSION Short and long-term exposures to ambient SO2, PM2.5, and NO2 are associated with increased ARDS risk in sepsis, representing potentially modifiable environmental risk factors for sepsis-associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Zhiguo Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Michael G S Shashaty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Tiffanie K Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Brian J Anderson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Caroline A Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Thomas Dunn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Todd A Miano
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Oluwatosin Oniyide
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - John R Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jason D Christie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 5005 Gibson Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
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4
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Li CH, Tsai ML, Chiou HY(C, Lin YC, Liao WT, Hung CH. Role of Macrophages in Air Pollution Exposure Related Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012337. [PMID: 36293195 PMCID: PMC9603963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation. The chronic inflammation of the airway is mediated by many cell types, cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators. Research suggests that exposure to air pollution has a negative impact on asthma outcomes in adult and pediatric populations. Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risks to health, and it impacts the lungs' innate and adaptive defense systems. A major pollutant in the air is particulate matter (PM), a complex component composed of elemental carbon and heavy metals. According to the WHO, 99% of people live in air pollution where air quality levels are lower than the WHO air quality guidelines. This suggests that the effect of air pollution exposure on asthma is a crucial health issue worldwide. Macrophages are essential in recognizing and processing any inhaled foreign material, such as PM. Alveolar macrophages are one of the predominant cell types that process and remove inhaled PM by secreting proinflammatory mediators from the lung. This review focuses on macrophages and their role in orchestrating the inflammatory responses induced by exposure to air pollutants in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying (Clair) Chiou
- Teaching and Research Center of Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); or (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2791) (W.-T.L.); +886-7-311-5140 (C.-H.H.); Fax: +886-7-312-5339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-321-3931 (C.-H.H.)
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); or (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2791) (W.-T.L.); +886-7-311-5140 (C.-H.H.); Fax: +886-7-312-5339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-321-3931 (C.-H.H.)
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5
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Tomita K, Okawara T, Ohira C, Morimoto A, Aihara R, Kurihara T, Fukuyama T. An Acceptable Concentration (0.1 ppm) of Ozone Exposure Exacerbates Lung Injury in a Mouse Model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:674-676. [PMID: 34554898 PMCID: PMC8641803 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0302le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Tomita
- Shimizu Corporation Institute of Technology, 74271, Medical Environment Engineering Group, Center for Environmental Engineering, Koto-ku, Japan;
| | - Toa Okawara
- Azabu University, 47710, Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ohira
- Azabu University, 47710, Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ai Morimoto
- Azabu University, 47710, Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ryota Aihara
- Azabu University, 47710, Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Shimizu Corporation Institute of Technology, 74271, Medical Environment Engineering Group, Center for Environmental Engineering, Koto-ku, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Azabu University, 47710, Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Yaeger MJ, Reece SW, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Hodge MX, Pal A, Dunigan-Russell K, Luo B, You DJ, Bonner JC, Spangenburg EE, Tokarz D, Hannan J, Armstrong M, Manke J, Reisdorph N, Tighe RM, Shaikh SR, Gowdy KM. Sex Differences in Pulmonary Eicosanoids and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Response to Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:170-183. [PMID: 34175951 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant known to increase the morbidity and mortality of cardiopulmonary diseases. This occurs through a pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by increased recruitment of immune cells into the airspace, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Recent evidence has demonstrated sex-dependent differences in the O3-induced pulmonary inflammatory response. However, it is unknown if this dimorphic response is evident in pulmonary lipid mediator metabolism. We hypothesized that there are sex-dependent differences in lipid mediator production following acute O3 exposure. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1 part per million O3 for 3 hours and were necropsied at 6 or 24 hours following exposure. Lung lavage was collected for cell differential and total protein analysis, and lung tissue was collected for mRNA analysis, metabololipidomics, and immunohistochemistry. Compared to males, O3-exposed female mice had increases in airspace neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine mRNA, pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) such as resolvin D5 in lung tissue. Likewise, precursor fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) were increased in female lung tissue following O3 exposure compared to males. Experiments with ovariectomized females revealed that loss of ovarian hormones exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and injury. However, eicosanoid and SPM production were not altered by ovariectomy despite depleted pulmonary DHA concentrations. Taken together, these data indicate that O3 drives an increased pulmonary inflammatory and bioactive lipid mediator response in females. Furthermore, ovariectomy increases susceptibility to O3-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury, as well as decreases pulmonary DHA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yaeger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - S W Reece
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - B Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - M X Hodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - A Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - K Dunigan-Russell
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - B Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - D J You
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27107
| | - J C Bonner
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27107
| | - E E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - D Tokarz
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709
| | - J Hannan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - M Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - J Manke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - N Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - R M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710
| | - S R Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - K M Gowdy
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210
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7
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Guttenberg MA, Vose AT, Tighe RM. Role of Innate Immune System in Environmental Lung Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:34. [PMID: 33970346 PMCID: PMC8311569 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung mucosa functions as a principal barrier between the body and inhaled environmental irritants and pathogens. Precise and targeted surveillance mechanisms are required at this lung-environment interface to maintain homeostasis and preserve gas exchange. This is performed by the innate immune system, a germline-encoded system that regulates initial responses to foreign irritants and pathogens. Environmental pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), and other products of combustion (NO2, SO3, etc.), both stimulate and disrupt the function of the innate immune system of the lung, leading to the potential for pathologic consequences. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to explore recent discoveries and investigations into the role of the innate immune system in responding to environmental exposures. This focuses on mechanisms by which the normal function of the innate immune system is modified by environmental agents leading to disruptions in respiratory function. RECENT FINDINGS: This is a narrative review of mechanisms of pulmonary innate immunity and the impact of environmental exposures on these responses. Recent findings highlighted in this review are categorized by specific components of innate immunity including epithelial function, macrophages, pattern recognition receptors, and the microbiome. Overall, the review supports broad impacts of environmental exposures to alterations to normal innate immune functions and has important implications for incidence and exacerbations of lung disease. The innate immune system plays a critical role in maintaining pulmonary homeostasis in response to inhaled air pollutants. As many of these agents are unable to be mitigated, understanding their mechanistic impact is critical to develop future interventions to limit their pathologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC,Corresponding Author: Robert M Tighe, MD, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2969, Durham, North Carolina 27710, Telephone: 919-684-4894, Fax: 919-684-5266,
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8
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Patial S, Saini Y. Lung macrophages: current understanding of their roles in Ozone-induced lung diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:310-323. [PMID: 32458707 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the Clean Air Act of the United States outlines acceptable levels of six different air pollutants considered harmful to humans and the environment. Included in this list is ozone (O3), a highly reactive oxidant gas, respiratory health hazard, and common environmental air pollutant at ground level. The respiratory health effects due to O3 exposure are often associated with molecular and cellular perturbations in the respiratory tract. Periodic review of NAAQS requires comprehensive scientific evaluation of the public health effects of these pollutants, which is formulated through integrated science assessment (ISA) of the most policy-relevant scientific literature. This review focuses on the protective and pathogenic effects of macrophages in the O3-exposed respiratory tract, with emphasis on mouse model-based toxicological studies. Critical findings from 39 studies containing the words O3, macrophage, mice, and lung within the full text were assessed. While some of these studies highlight the presence of disease-relevant pathogenic macrophages in the airspaces, others emphasize a protective role for macrophages in O3-induced lung diseases. Moreover, a comprehensive list of currently known macrophage-specific roles in O3-induced lung diseases is included in this review and the significant knowledge gaps that still exist in the field are outlined. In conclusion, there is a vital need in this field for additional policy-relevant scientific information, including mechanistic studies to further define the role of macrophages in response to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Patial
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yogesh Saini
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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9
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Tighe RM, Birukova A, Yaeger MJ, Reece SW, Gowdy KM. Euthanasia- and Lavage-mediated Effects on Bronchoalveolar Measures of Lung Injury and Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:257-266. [PMID: 29481287 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0357oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reproducible assessments of experimental lung injury and inflammation are critical for basic and translational research. In particular, investigators use various methods for BAL and euthanasia; however, the impact of these methods on assessments of injury and inflammation is unknown. To define potential effects, we compared methods of lavage and euthanasia in uninjured mice and after a mild lung injury model (ozone). C57BL/6J male mice (8-10 weeks old) underwent BAL after euthanasia with ketamine/xylazine, carbon dioxide (CO2), or isoflurane. BAL methods included 800 μl of isotonic solution instilled and withdrawn three times, and one or three passive fills and drainage to 20 cm H2O. Parallel experiments were performed 24 hours after 3 hours of ozone (O3) exposure at 2 ppm. BAL total cell counts/differentials and total protein/albumin were determined. Lung histology was evaluated for lung inflammation or injury. BAL cells were cultured and stimulated with PBS, PMA, or LPS for 4 hours and supernatants were evaluated for cytokine content. In uninjured mice, we observed differences due to the lavage and euthanasia methods used. The lavage method increased total cells and total protein/albumin in uninjured and O3-exposed mice, with the 800-μl instillation having the highest values. Isoflurane increased total BAL cells, whereas CO2 euthanasia increased the total protein/albumin levels in uninjured mice. These effects limited our ability to detect differences in BAL injury measures after O3 exposure. In conclusion, the method used for lavage and euthanasia affects measures of lung inflammation/injury and should be considered a variable in model assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Tighe
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | | | | | - Sky W Reece
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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10
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Kilburg-Basnyat B, Reece SW, Crouch MJ, Luo B, Boone AD, Yaeger M, Hodge M, Psaltis C, Hannan JL, Manke J, Armstrong ML, Reisdorph N, Tighe RM, Shaikh SR, Gowdy KM. Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators Regulate Ozone-Induced Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:466-477. [PMID: 29471542 PMCID: PMC5974791 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ozone (O3) induces lung injury, pulmonary inflammation, and alters lipid metabolism. During tissue inflammation, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) facilitate the resolution of inflammation. SPMs regulate the pulmonary immune response during infection and allergic asthma; however, the role of SPMs in O3-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation is unknown. We hypothesize that O3 exposure induces pulmonary inflammation by reducing SPMs. To evaluate this, male C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or 1 ppm O3 for 3 h and necropsied 24 h after exposure. Pulmonary injury/inflammation was determined by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differentials, protein, and lung tissue cytokine expression. SPMs were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and SPM receptors leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT-1), formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2), chemokine-like receptor 1 (ChemR23), and SPM-generating enzyme (5-LOX and 12/15-LOX) expression were measured by real time PCR. 24 h post-O3 exposure, BAL PMNs and protein content were significantly increased compared to FA controls. O3-induced lung inflammation was associated with significant decreases in pulmonary SPM precursors (14-HDHA, 17-HDHA), the SPM PDX, and in pulmonary ALX/FPR2, ChemR23, and 12/15-LOX expression. Exogenous administration of 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and PDX 1 h prior to O3 exposure rescued pulmonary SPM precursors/SPMs, decreased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, and decreased BAL macrophages and PMNs. Taken together, these data indicate that O3-mediated SPM reductions may drive O3-induced pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | | | | | - Johanna L Hannan
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Jonathan Manke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Michael L Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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11
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Xu F, Qiu X, Hu X, Shang Y, Pardo M, Fang Y, Wang J, Rudich Y, Zhu T. Effects on IL-1β signaling activation induced by water and organic extracts of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018. [PMID: 29525626 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution poses a major risk to human health worldwide, and absorbed chemicals play a key role in determining the toxicity of PM2.5. After inhalation and entry into the lungs, PM2.5 components induce pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-1β) in pulmonary cells. To test whether PM2.5 components induce IL-1β through signing pathways that include the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3), we exposed the mouse macrophage cell-line RAW264.7 to both water and organic extracts of PM2.5 sampled over a 1-year period in Beijing, China. Varying degrees of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were induced following exposure, while organic extracts of PM2.5 collected during the heating season induced more significant responses. This response is attributed to high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originating from coal combustion and biomass burning for domestic heating. The inhibition of signaling molecules suggested that increased IL-1β was associated with the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, with a slightly difference between water and organic extracts exposure groups, which was likely the result of different chemical components. Our study elucidated a potentially important mechanism by which PM2.5 components could trigger pulmonary inflammation, thus improving our understanding of the deleterious effects of this important and prevalent form of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Xinyan Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yanhua Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Junxia Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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12
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Nway NC, Fujitani Y, Hirano S, Mar O, Win-Shwe TT. Role of TLR4 in olfactory-based spatial learning activity of neonatal mice after developmental exposure to diesel exhaust origin secondary organic aerosol. Neurotoxicology 2017; 63:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Francis M, Sun R, Cervelli JA, Choi H, Mandal M, Abramova EV, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Editor's Highlight: Role of Spleen-Derived Macrophages in Ozone-Induced Lung Inflammation and Injury. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:182-195. [PMID: 27708193 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and inflammatory mediators have been implicated in ozone toxicity. In these studies, we used splenectomized (SPX) mice to assess the contribution of splenic monocytes to pulmonary inflammation and injury induced by ozone. Cells and tissue were collected 24-72 h after exposure of mice to air or ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h). Following ozone exposure, increased numbers of pro-inflammatory CD11b + Ly6CHi and anti-inflammatory CD11b + Ly6CLo monocytes were observed in spleens of control (CTL) mice. CD11b + Ly6CHi and MMP-9+ pro-inflammatory macrophages were also observed in lungs of CTL mice after ozone, along with CD11b + Ly6CLo and mannose receptor (MR)+ anti-inflammatory macrophages. This was accompanied by increased lung expression of proteins involved in monocyte/macrophage trafficking including CCL3, CCL4, CCR1, and AT1R. Splenectomy resulted in decreases in pro-inflammatory macrophages in the lung and down regulation of CCR2, CCL2, and CCL4, but increases in CD11b + Ly6CLo anti-inflammatory macrophages. CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+ granulocytic (G)- and monocytic (M)-myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC)s were also detected in the lungs and spleens of CTL mice; these increased after ozone exposure. Splenectomy was associated with a decrease in G-MDSCs in the lung, with no effect on M-MDSCs. Changes in lung macrophage subpopulations and MDSCs in SPX mice were correlated with reduced ozone toxicity, as measured by decreases in bronchoalveolar lavage protein content and reduced 4-hydroxynonenal expression in the lung. These data suggest that the spleen is a source of pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic macrophages that contribute to ozone-induced lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Richard Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Mili Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey;
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14
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Frush BW, Li Z, Stiles JV, Cotter SF, Shofer SL, Foster WM, Hollingsworth JW, Tighe RM. Ozone primes alveolar macrophage-derived innate immunity in healthy human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1213-1215.e1. [PMID: 27325435 PMCID: PMC5056795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that acute ozone exposure of healthy human subjects enhances lung immune responses to subsequent bacterial stimuli. This highlights common air pollutant exposures as modifiers of the intensity of pulmonary immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Frush
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Zhuowei Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jane V Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sarah F Cotter
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Scott L Shofer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - W Michael Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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15
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Reilly JP. Ozone and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. It’s in the Air We Breathe. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:1079-80. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201512-2517ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Ciencewicki JM, Verhein KC, Gerrish K, McCaw ZR, Li J, Bushel PR, Kleeberger SR. Effects of mannose-binding lectin on pulmonary gene expression and innate immune inflammatory response to ozone. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L280-91. [PMID: 27106289 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00205.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a common, potent oxidant pollutant in industrialized nations. Ozone exposure causes airway hyperreactivity, lung hyperpermeability, inflammation, and cell damage in humans and laboratory animals, and exposure to ozone has been associated with exacerbation of asthma, altered lung function, and mortality. The mechanisms of ozone-induced lung injury and differential susceptibility are not fully understood. Ozone-induced lung inflammation is mediated, in part, by the innate immune system. We hypothesized that mannose-binding lectin (MBL), an innate immunity serum protein, contributes to the proinflammatory events caused by ozone-mediated activation of the innate immune system. Wild-type (Mbl(+/+)) and MBL-deficient (Mbl(-/-)) mice were exposed to ozone (0.3 ppm) for up to 72 h, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was examined for inflammatory markers. Mean numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils and levels of the neutrophil attractants C-X-C motif chemokines 2 [Cxcl2 (major intrinsic protein 2)] and 5 [Cxcl5 (limb expression, LIX)] in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly lower in Mbl(-/-) than Mbl(+/+) mice exposed to ozone. Using genome-wide mRNA microarray analyses, we identified significant differences in transcript response profiles and networks at baseline [e.g., nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response] and after exposure (e.g., humoral immune response) between Mbl(+/+) and Mbl(-/-) mice. The microarray data were further analyzed to discover several informative differential response patterns and subsequent gene sets, including the antimicrobial response and the inflammatory response. We also used the lists of gene transcripts to search the LINCS L1000CDS(2) data sets to identify agents that are predicted to perturb ozone-induced changes in gene transcripts and inflammation. These novel findings demonstrate that targeted deletion of Mbl caused differential levels of inflammation-related gene sets at baseline and after exposure to ozone and significantly reduced pulmonary inflammation, thus indicating an important innate immunomodulatory role of the gene in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ciencewicki
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kirsten C Verhein
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Zachary R McCaw
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jianying Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Pierre R Bushel
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;
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17
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Che L, Jin Y, Zhang C, Lai T, Zhou H, Xia L, Tian B, Zhao Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wu Y, Du J, Li W, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H. Ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18680. [PMID: 26739627 PMCID: PMC4703985 DOI: 10.1038/srep18680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a common environmental air pollutant leading to respiratory illness. The mechanisms regulating ozone-induced airway inflammation remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that ozone-triggered inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1 production regulate neutrophilic airway inflammation through IL-17A. Pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation was induced by extended (72 h) low-dose (0.7 ppm) exposure to ozone. IL-1 receptor 1 (Il1r1)−/−, Il17a−/− mice and the caspase-1 inhibitor acetyl-YVAD-chloromethylketone (Ac-YVAD-cmk) were used for in vivo studies. Cellular inflammation and protein levels in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), cytokines, and IL-17A-producing γδT-cells, as well as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, and inflammasome activation in lung macrophages were analyzed. Ozone-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation, accompanied an increased production of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17A, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), Interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and BALF protein in the lung. Ozone-induced IL-17A production was predominantly in γδT-cells, and Il17a-knockout mice exhibited reduced airway inflammation. Lung macrophages from ozone-exposed mice exhibited higher levels of mitochondrial ROS, enhanced cytosolic mtDNA, increased caspase-1 activation, and higher production of IL-1β. Il1r1-knockout mice or treatment with Ac-YVAD-cmk decreased the IL-17A production and subsequent airway inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanqing Che
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Tianwen Lai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Hongbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Baoping Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, The Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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18
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Verhein KC, McCaw Z, Gladwell W, Trivedi S, Bushel PR, Kleeberger SR. Novel Roles for Notch3 and Notch4 Receptors in Gene Expression and Susceptibility to Ozone-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:799-805. [PMID: 25658374 PMCID: PMC4529014 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is a highly toxic air pollutant and global health concern. Mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to ozone-induced lung inflammation are not completely understood. We hypothesized that Notch3 and Notch4 are important determinants of susceptibility to ozone-induced lung inflammation. METHODS Wild-type (WT), Notch3 (Notch3-/-), and Notch4 (Notch4-/-) knockout mice were exposed to ozone (0.3 ppm) or filtered air for 6-72 hr. RESULTS Relative to air-exposed controls, ozone increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, a marker of lung permeability, in all genotypes, but significantly greater concentrations were found in Notch4-/- compared with WT and Notch3-/- mice. Significantly greater mean numbers of BALF neutrophils were found in Notch3-/- and Notch4-/- mice compared with WT mice after ozone exposure. Expression of whole lung Tnf was significantly increased after ozone in Notch3-/- and Notch4-/- mice, and was significantly greater in Notch3-/- compared with WT mice. Statistical analyses of the transcriptome identified differentially expressed gene networks between WT and knockout mice basally and after ozone, and included Trim30, a member of the inflammasome pathway, and Traf6, an inflammatory signaling member. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings are consistent with Notch3 and Notch4 as susceptibility genes for ozone-induced lung injury, and suggest that Notch receptors protect against innate immune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Verhein
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Sheffield PE, Zhou J, Shmool JLC, Clougherty JE. Ambient ozone exposure and children's acute asthma in New York City: a case-crossover analysis. Environ Health 2015; 14:25. [PMID: 25889205 PMCID: PMC4373115 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood asthma morbidity has been associated with ambient ozone in case-crossover studies. Varying effects of ozone by child age and sex, however, have been less explored. METHODS This study evaluates associations between ozone exposure and asthma emergency department visits and hospitalizations among boys and girls aged 5-17 years in New York City for the 2005-2011 warm season period. Time-stratified case-crossover analysis was conducted and, for comparison, time-series analysis controlling for season, day-of-week, same-day and delayed effects of temperature and relative humidity were also performed. RESULTS We found associations between ambient ozone levels and childhood asthma emergency department visits and hospitalizations in New York City, although the relationships varied among boys and girls and by age group. For an increase of interquartile range (0.013 ppm) in ozone, there was a 2.9-8.4% increased risk for boys and 5.4-6.5% for girls in asthma emergency department visits; and 8.2% increased risk for girls in hospitalizations. Among girls, we observed stronger associations among older children (10-13 and 14-17 year age groups). We did not observe significant modification by age for boys. Boys exhibited a more prompt response (lag day 1) to ozone than did girls (lag day 3), but significant associations for girls were retained longer, through lag day 6. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates significant variance in associations between short-term ozone concentrations and asthma events by child sex and age. Differences in ozone response for boys and girls, before and after puberty, may point towards both social (gendered) and biological (sex-linked) sources of effect modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Elizabeth Sheffield
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl., Box 1057, DPM, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Jessie Loving Carr Shmool
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Jane Ellen Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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20
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Mikerov AN, Phelps DS, Gan X, Umstead TM, Haque R, Wang G, Floros J. Effect of ozone exposure and infection on bronchoalveolar lavage: sex differences in response patterns. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:333-344. [PMID: 24769259 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Female mice exhibit a better survival rate than males after infection, but if infection follows an ozone-induced oxidative stress, male survival exceeds that of females. Our goal was to study bronchoalveolar lavage factors that contribute to these sex differences in outcome. We studied parameters at 4, 24, and 48 h after ozone exposure and infection, including markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, and surfactant phospholipids and surfactant protein A (SP-A). A multianalyte immunoassay at the 4h time point measured 59 different cytokines, chemokines, and other proteins. We found that: (1) Although some parameters studied revealed sex differences, no sex differences were observed in LDH, total protein, MIP-2, and SP-A. Males showed more intragroup significant differences in SP-A between filtered air- and ozone-exposed mice compared to females. (2) Oxidized dimeric SP-A was higher in FA-exposed female mice. (3) Surfactant phospholipids were typically higher in males. (4) The multianalyte data revealed differences in the exuberance of responses under different conditions - males in response to infection and females in response to oxidative stress. These more exuberant, and presumably less well-controlled responses associate with the poorer survival. We postulate that the collective effects of these sex differences in response patterns of lung immune cells may contribute to the clinical outcomes previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N Mikerov
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - David S Phelps
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiaozhuang Gan
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guirong Wang
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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21
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Possible molecular mechanisms linking air pollution and asthma in children. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:31. [PMID: 24581224 PMCID: PMC3941253 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has many effects on the health of both adults and children, but children's vulnerability is unique. The aim of this review is to discuss the possible molecular mechanisms linking air pollution and asthma in children, also taking into account their genetic and epigenetic characteristics. RESULTS Air pollutants appear able to induce airway inflammation and increase asthma morbidity in children. A better definition of mechanisms related to pollution-induced airway inflammation in asthmatic children is needed in order to find new clinical and therapeutic strategies for preventing the exacerbation of asthma. Moreover, reducing pollution-induced oxidative stress and consequent lung injury could decrease children's susceptibility to air pollution. This would be extremely useful not only for the asthmatic children who seem to have a genetic susceptibility to oxidative stress, but also for the healthy population. In addition, epigenetics seems to have a role in the lung damage induced by air pollution. Finally, a number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to common air pollutants plays a role in the susceptibility to, and severity of respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution has many negative effects on pediatric health and it is recognised as a serious health hazard. There seems to be an association of air pollution with an increased risk of asthma exacerbations and acute respiratory infections. However, further studies are needed in order to clarify the specific mechanism of action of different air pollutants, identify genetic polymorphisms that modify airway responses to pollution, and investigate the effectiveness of new preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for subjects with low antioxidant enzyme levels. Moreover, as that epigenetic changes are inheritable during cell division and may be transmitted to subsequent generations, it is very important to clarify the role of epigenetics in the relationship between air pollution and lung disease in asthmatic and healthy children.
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Vawda S, Mansour R, Takeda A, Funnell P, Kerry S, Mudway I, Jamaludin J, Shaheen S, Griffiths C, Walton R. Associations between inflammatory and immune response genes and adverse respiratory outcomes following exposure to outdoor air pollution: a HuGE systematic review. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:432-42. [PMID: 24243740 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants of inflammatory and immune response genes have been associated with adverse respiratory outcomes following exposure to air pollution. However, the genes involved and their associations are not well characterized, and there has been no systematic review. Thus, we conducted a review following the guidelines of the Human Genome Epidemiology Network. Six observational studies and 2 intervention studies with 14,903 participants were included (2001-2010). Six studies showed at least 1 significant gene-pollutant interaction. Meta-analysis was not possible due to variations in genes, pollutants, exposure estimates, and reported outcomes. The most commonly studied genes were tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA) (n = 6) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (n = 3). TNFA -308G>A modified the action of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on lung function, asthma risk, and symptoms; however, the direction of association varied between studies. The TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1927911, rs10759931, and rs6478317 modified the association of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide with asthma. The transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) polymorphism -509C>T also modified the association of pollutants with asthma. This review indicates that genes controlling innate immune recognition of foreign material (TLR4) and the subsequent inflammatory response (TGFB1, TLR4) modify the associations of exposure to air pollution with respiratory function. The associations observed have biological plausibility; however, larger studies with improved reporting are needed to confirm these findings.
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Sahu D, Kannan GM, Vijayaraghavan R. Size-dependent effect of zinc oxide on toxicity and inflammatory potential of human monocytes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:177-91. [PMID: 24555677 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.853224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanomedicines, it is important to understand their potential immunotoxicity. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have several applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedicine industries. This study investigates the effect of particles size (nano and micro) of ZnO on viability, phagocytosis, and cytokine induction in human monocytes, THP-1 cells, a model of the innate immune system. Cells were incubated with nano (approximately 100 nm) and micro (approximately 5 μm) sized ZnO particles in a concentration range of 10-100 μg/ml. The parameters measured included the MTT assay, phagocytosis assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gene expression, and DNA analysis. ZnO particles significantly decreased cell viability in a size- and concentration-dependent manner associated with significant alterations in phagocytic capacity of monocytes. Exposure of THP-1 cells to both sizes of ZnO stimulated and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6, as well as chemokine IL-8, and upregulated the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 genes. However, ZnO particles did not markedly affect monocytes DNA. Collectively, these results suggest higher propensity of nano ZnO particles in inducing cytotoxicity and inflammation in human monocytes regardless of micro size, and caution needs to be taken concerning their biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashri Sahu
- a Pharmacology and Toxicology Division , Defence Research and Development Establishment , Jhansi Road , Gwalior , India
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Saravia J, Lee GI, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B, Cormier SA. Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals and adverse infant respiratory health effects: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:56-68. [PMID: 23281110 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The health impacts of airborne particulate matter (PM) are of global concern, and the direct implications to the development/exacerbation of lung disease are immediately obvious. Most studies to date have sought to understand mechanisms associated with PM exposure in adults/adult animal models; however, infants are also at significant risk for exposure. Infants are affected differently than adults due to drastic immaturities, both physiologically and immunologically, and it is becoming apparent that they represent a critically understudied population. Highlighting our work funded by the ONES award, in this review we argue the understated importance of utilizing infant models to truly understand the etiology of PM-induced predisposition to severe, persistent lung disease. We also touch upon various mechanisms of PM-mediated respiratory damage, with a focus on the emerging importance of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) ubiquitously present in combustion-derived PM. In conclusion, we briefly comment on strengths/challenges facing current PM research, while giving perspective on how we may address these challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Li Z, Tighe RM, Feng F, Ledford JG, Hollingsworth JW. Genes of innate immunity and the biological response to inhaled ozone. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:3-16. [PMID: 23169704 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ozone has a significant impact on human health. We have made considerable progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the biological response to ozone. It is increasingly clear that genes of innate immunity play a central role in both infectious and noninfectious lung disease. The biological response to ambient ozone provides a clinically relevant environmental exposure that allows us to better understand the role of innate immunity in noninfectious airways disease. In this brief review, we focus on (1) specific cell types in the lung modified by ozone, (2) ozone and oxidative stress, (3) the relationship between genes of innate immunity and ozone, (4) the role of extracellular matrix in reactive airways disease, and (5) the effect of ozone on the adaptive immune system. We summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that ozone contributes to environmental airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Yanagisawa R, Warabi E, Inoue KI, Yanagawa T, Koike E, Ichinose T, Takano H, Ishii T. Peroxiredoxin I null mice exhibits reduced acute lung inflammation following ozone exposure. J Biochem 2012; 152:595-601. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Oakes JL, O'Connor BP, Warg LA, Burton R, Hock A, Loader J, Laflamme D, Jing J, Hui L, Schwartz DA, Yang IV. Ozone enhances pulmonary innate immune response to a Toll-like receptor-2 agonist. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:27-34. [PMID: 23002100 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0187oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that pre-exposure to ozone primes innate immunity and increases Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-mediated responses to subsequent stimulation with LPS. To explore the pulmonary innate immune response to ozone exposure further, we investigated the effects of ozone in combination with Pam3CYS, a synthetic TLR2/TLR1 agonist. Whole-lung lavage (WLL) and lung tissue were harvested from C57BL/6 mice after exposure to ozone or filtered air, followed by saline or Pam3CYS 24 hours later. Cells and cytokines in the WLL, the surface expression of TLRs on macrophages, and lung RNA genomic expression profiles were examined. We demonstrated an increased WLL cell influx, increased IL-6 and chemokine KC (Cxcl1), and decreased macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and TNF-α in response to Pam3CYS as a result of ozone pre-exposure. We also observed the increased cell surface expression of TLR4, TLR2, and TLR1 on macrophages as a result of ozone alone or in combination with Pam3CYS. Gene expression analysis of lung tissue revealed a significant increase in the expression of genes related to injury repair and the cell cycle as a result of ozone alone or in combination with Pam3CYS. Our results extend previous findings with ozone/LPS to other TLR ligands, and suggest that the ozone priming of innate immunity is a general mechanism. Gene expression profiling of lung tissue identified transcriptional networks and genes that contribute to the priming of innate immunity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Oakes
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Groves AM, Gow AJ, Massa CB, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Prolonged injury and altered lung function after ozone inhalation in mice with chronic lung inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:776-83. [PMID: 22878412 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0433oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein-D (Sftpd) is a pulmonary collectin important in down-regulating macrophage inflammatory responses. In these experiments, we analyzed the effects of chronic macrophage inflammation attributable to loss of Sftpd on the persistence of ozone-induced injury, macrophage activation, and altered functioning in the lung. Wild-type (Sftpd(+/+)) and Sftpd(-/-) mice (aged 8 wk) were exposed to air or ozone (0.8 parts per million, 3 h). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and tissue were collected 72 hours later. In Sftpd(-/-) mice, but not Sftpd(+/+) mice, increased BAL protein and nitrogen oxides were observed after ozone inhalation, indicating prolonged lung injury and oxidative stress. Increased numbers of macrophages were also present in BAL fluid and in histologic sections from Sftpd(-/-) mice. These cells were enlarged and foamy, suggesting that they were activated. This conclusion was supported by findings of increased BAL chemotactic activity, and increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung macrophages. In both Sftpd(+/+) and Sftpd(-/-) mice, inhalation of ozone was associated with functional alterations in the lung. Although these alterations were limited to central airway mechanics in Sftpd(+/+) mice, both central airway and parenchymal mechanics were modified by ozone exposure in Sftpd(-/-) mice. The most notable changes were evident in resistance and elastance spectra and baseline lung function, and in lung responsiveness to changes in positive end-expiratory pressure. These data demonstrate that a loss of Sftpd is associated with prolonged lung injury, oxidative stress, and macrophage accumulation and activation in response to ozone, and with more extensive functional changes consistent with the loss of parenchymal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Groves
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Hussain S, Al-Nsour F, Rice AB, Marshburn J, Yingling B, Ji Z, Zink JI, Walker NJ, Garantziotis S. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis and autophagy in human peripheral blood monocytes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5820-9. [PMID: 22717232 PMCID: PMC4582414 DOI: 10.1021/nn302235u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO(2) NPs) have diversified industrial uses, and novel therapeutic applications are actively being pursued. There is a lack of mechanistic data concerning the effects of CeO(2) NPs on primary human cells. We aimed at characterizing the cytotoxic effects of CeO(2) NPs in human peripheral blood monocytes. CeO(2) NPs and their suspensions were thoroughly characterized, including using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. Blood from healthy human volunteers was drawn through phlebotomy, and CD14+ cells were isolated. Cells were exposed to CeO(2) NPs (0.5-10 μg/mL) for 20 or 40 h, and mechanisms of cell injury were studied. TEM revealed that CeO(2) NPs are internalized by monocytes and are found either in vesicles or free in the cytoplasm. CeO(2) NP exposure leads to decrease in cell viability, and treated cells exhibit characteristic hallmarks of apoptosis (activation of Bax, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation). CeO(2) NP toxicity is caused by mitochondrial damage and overexpression of apoptosis inducing factor, but is not due to caspase activation or reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, CeO(2) NP exposure leads to autophagy, which is further increased after pharmacological inhibition of tumor suppressor protein p53. Inhibition of autophagy partially reverses cell death by CeO(2) NPs. It is concluded that CeO(2) NPs are toxic to primary human monocytes at relatively low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park 27709, North Carolina, United States.
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Hussain S, Al-Nsour F, Rice AB, Marshburn J, Ji Z, Zink JI, Yingling B, Walker NJ, Garantziotis S. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles do not modulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human monocytes. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1387-97. [PMID: 22457596 PMCID: PMC3310407 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerium dioxide (CeO(2)) nanoparticles have potential therapeutic applications and are widely used for industrial purposes. However, the effects of these nanoparticles on primary human cells are largely unknown. The ability of nanoparticles to exacerbate pre-existing inflammatory disorders is not well documented for engineered nanoparticles, and is certainly lacking for CeO(2) nanoparticles. We investigated the inflammation-modulating effects of CeO(2) nanoparticles at noncytotoxic concentrations in human peripheral blood monocytes. METHODS CD14(+) cells were isolated from peripheral blood samples of human volunteers. Cells were exposed to either 0.5 or 1 μg/mL of CeO(2) nanoparticles over a period of 24 or 48 hours with or without lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/mL) prestimulation. Modulation of the inflammatory response was studied by measuring secreted tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, interferon-gamma, and interferon gamma-induced protein 10. RESULTS CeO(2) nanoparticle suspensions were thoroughly characterized using dynamic light scattering analysis (194 nm hydrodynamic diameter), zeta potential analysis (-14 mV), and transmission electron microscopy (irregular-shaped particles). Transmission electron microscopy of CD14(+) cells exposed to CeO(2) nanoparticles revealed that these nanoparticles were efficiently internalized by monocytes and were found either in vesicles or free in the cytoplasm. However, no significant differences in secreted cytokine profiles were observed between CeO(2) nanoparticle-treated cells and control cells at noncytotoxic doses. No significant effects of CeO(2) nanoparticle exposure subsequent to lipopolysaccharide priming was observed on cytokine secretion. Moreover, no significant difference in lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production was observed after exposure to CeO(2) nanoparticles followed by lipopolysaccharide exposure. CONCLUSION CeO(2) nanoparticles at noncytotoxic concentrations neither modulate pre-existing inflammation nor prime for subsequent exposure to lipopolysaccharides in human monocytes from healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
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Bezemer GFG, Sagar S, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Georgiou NA, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. Dual role of Toll-like receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:337-58. [PMID: 22407613 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, significant research has been focused on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that play pivotal roles in the detection of and response to pathogens. Because of the involvement of TLRs in innate and adaptive immunity, these receptors are currently being exploited as possible targets for drug development. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic inflammatory airway diseases in which innate and adaptive immunity play an important role. To date, asthma is the most common chronic disease in children aged 5 years and older. COPD is prevalent amongst the elderly and is currently the fifth-leading cause of death worldwide with still-growing prevalence. Both of these inflammatory diseases result in shortness of breath, which is treated, often ineffectively, with bronchodilators and glucocorticosteroids. Symptomatic treatment approaches are similar for both diseases; however, the underlying immunological mechanisms differ greatly. There is a clear need for improved treatment specific for asthma and for COPD. This review provides an update on the role of TLRs in asthma and in COPD and discusses the merits and difficulties of targeting these proteins as novel treatment strategies for airway diseases. TLR agonist, TLR adjuvant, and TLR antagonist therapies could all be argued to be effective in airway disease management. Because of a possible dual role of TLRs in airway diseases with shared symptoms and risk factors but different immunological mechanisms, caution should be taken while designing pulmonary TLR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillina F G Bezemer
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Peden DB. The role of oxidative stress and innate immunity in O(3) and endotoxin-induced human allergic airway disease. Immunol Rev 2011; 242:91-105. [PMID: 21682740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked phenotyping studies of volunteers exposed to O(3) and endotoxin were used to identify the response characteristics of volunteers to these pollutants. New studies support the hypotheses that similar innate immune and oxidant processes modulate response to these agents. These include TLR4 and inflammasome-mediated signaling and cytokine production. Innate immune responses are also impacted by oxidative stress. It is likely that continued discovery of common molecular processes which modulate response to these pollutants will occur. Understanding the pathways that modulate response to pollutants will also allow for discovery of genetic and epigenetic factors that regulate response to these pollutants and determine risk of disease exacerbation. Additionally, defining the mechanisms of response will allow rational selection of interventions to examine. Interventions focused on inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasome represent promising new approaches to preventing pollutant-induced asthma exacerbations. Such interventions include specific inhibitors of innate immunity and antioxidant therapies designed to counter the effects of pollutants on cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Peden
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Ambient ozone is a criteria air pollutant that impacts both human morbidity and mortality. The effect of ozone inhalation includes both toxicity to lung tissue and alteration of the host immunologic response. The innate immune system facilitates immediate recognition of both foreign pathogens and tissue damage. Emerging evidence supports that ozone can modify the host innate immune response and that this response to inhaled ozone is dependent on genes of innate immunity. Improved understanding of the complex interaction between environmental ozone and host innate immunity will provide fundamental insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory airways disease. We review the current evidence supporting that environmental ozone inhalation: (1) modifies cell types required for intact innate immunity, (2) is partially dependent on genes of innate immunity, (3) primes pulmonary innate immune responses to LPS, and (4) contributes to innate-adaptive immune system cross-talk.
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Karavitis J, Kovacs EJ. Macrophage phagocytosis: effects of environmental pollutants, alcohol, cigarette smoke, and other external factors. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1065-78. [PMID: 21878544 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a pathogen to evade host immunity successfully, in contrast to the host's capacity to defend itself against a foreign invader, is a complex struggle, in which eradication of infection is dictated by a robust immunologic response. Often, there are external factors that can alter the outcome by tipping the scale to benefit pathogen establishment rather than resolution by the host's defense system. These external sources, such a cigarettes, alcohol, or environmental pollutants, can negatively influence the effectiveness of the immune system's response to a pathogen. The observed suppression of immune function can be attributed to dysregulated cytokine and chemokine production, the loss of migratory potential, or the inability to phagocytose pathogens by immune cells. This review will focus on the mechanisms involved during the toxin-induced suppression of phagocytosis. The accumulated data support the importance of studying the mechanisms of phagocytosis following exposure to these factors, in that this effect alone cannot only leave the host susceptible to infection but also promote alterations in many other macrophage functions necessary for pathogen clearance and restoration of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Karavitis
- Program of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Sharkhuu T, Doerfler DL, Copeland C, Luebke RW, Gilmour MI. Effect of maternal exposure to ozone on reproductive outcome and immune, inflammatory, and allergic responses in the offspring. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:183-94. [PMID: 21534884 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.568978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy affects health outcomes in the offspring due to alterations in the development of immune and other homeostatic processes. To assess the risks of maternal inhalation exposure to ozone (O(3)), timed pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to different concentrations of O(3) (0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 ppm) for 4 h/day for 10 days during gestation (GD9-GD18), and pulmonary inflammation and immune responses were assessed in the offspring at 6 weeks-of-age. Maternal O(3) exposure reduced the number of productive dams by 25% at the highest O(3) concentration (1.2 ppm) and decreased the rate of weight gain in the offspring. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to bovine serum albumin were suppressed in the female offspring by maternal exposure to the two highest concentrations of O(3), whereas humoral immune responses to sheep red blood cells were not altered in either sex. Maternal exposure to 1.2 ppm O(3) increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the offspring but did not affect the number of inflammatory cells or levels of total protein, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-4 cytokines in BALF, or CD4(+), CD8(+), CD25(+), and TCRβ(+)CD1d(+) T-cells in the spleen. Offspring born from air-exposed dams sensitized early in life (postnatal day [PND] 3) to ovalbumin (OVA) antigen and then challenged as adults developed eosinophilia, elevated levels of LDH activity and total protein in BALF, and increased pulmonary responsiveness to methacholine, compared with animals sensitized at PND42. Maternal O(3) exposure in the 1.2 ppm O(3) group decreased BALF eosinophilia and serum OVA-specific IgE in the female offspring sensitized early in life but did not affect development of allergic airway inflammation by offspring sensitized late in life. In summary, maternal exposure to O(3) affected reproductive outcome and produced modest decreases in immune function and indicators of allergic lung disease in surviving offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuya Sharkhuu
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Exercise and leukocyte interchange among central circulation, lung, spleen, and muscle. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:658-66. [PMID: 21238578 PMCID: PMC4666294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating leukocytes increase rapidly with exercise then quickly decrease when the exercise ends. We tested whether exercise acutely led to bidirectional interchange of leukocytes between the circulation and the lung, spleen, and active skeletal muscle. To accomplish this it was necessary to label a large number of immune cells (granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes) in a way that resulted in minimal perturbation of cell function. Rats were injected intravenously with a single bolus of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinamidyl ester (CFSE) dye which is rapidly and irreversibly taken up by circulating cells. The time course of the disappearance of labeled cells and their reappearance in the circulation following exercise was determined via flow cytometry. The majority of circulating leukocytes were labeled at 4h. post-injection and this proportion slowly declined out to 120 h. At both 24 and 120 h, running resulted in an increase in the proportion of labeled leukocytes in the circulation. Analysis of the skeletal muscle, spleen and lung indicated that labeled leukocytes had accumulated in those tissues and were mobilized to the circulation in response to exercise. This indicates that there is an ongoing exchange of leukocytes between the circulation and tissues and that exercise can stimulate their redistribution. Exchange was slower with muscle than with spleen and lung, but in all cases, influenced by exercise. Exercise bouts redistribute leukocytes between the circulation and the lung, spleen and muscle. The modulatory effects of exercise on the immune system may be regulated in part by the systemic redistribution of immune cells.
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Gastrin-releasing peptide blockade as a broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2100-5. [PMID: 21252304 PMCID: PMC3033299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014792108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is synthesized by pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in inflammatory lung diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Many BPD infants develop asthma, a serious disorder of intermittent airway obstruction. Despite extensive research, early mechanisms of asthma remain controversial. The incidence of asthma is growing, now affecting >300 million people worldwide. To test the hypothesis that GRP mediates asthma, we used two murine models: ozone exposure for air pollution-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease. BALB/c mice were given small molecule GRP blocking agent 77427, or GRP blocking antibody 2A11, before exposure to ozone or OVA challenge. In both models, GRP blockade abrogated AHR and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages and granulocytes, and decreased BAL cytokines implicated in asthma, including those typically derived from Th1 (e.g., IL-2, TNFα), Th2 (e.g., IL-5, IL-13), Th17 (IL-17), macrophages (e.g., MCP-1, IL-1), and neutrophils (KC = IL-8). Dexamethasone generally had smaller effects on all parameters. Macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils express GRP receptor (GRPR). GRP blockade diminished serine phosphorylation of GRPR with ozone or OVA. Thus, GRP mediates AHR and airway inflammation in mice, suggesting that GRP blockade is promising as a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach to treat and/or prevent asthma in humans.
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Maniar-Hew K, Postlethwait EM, Fanucchi MV, Ballinger CA, Evans MJ, Harkema JR, Carey SA, McDonald RJ, Bartolucci AA, Miller LA. Postnatal episodic ozone results in persistent attenuation of pulmonary and peripheral blood responses to LPS challenge. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L462-71. [PMID: 21131396 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00254.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life is a dynamic period of growth for the lung and immune system. We hypothesized that ambient ozone exposure during postnatal development can affect the innate immune response to other environmental challenges in a persistent fashion. To test this hypothesis, we exposed infant rhesus macaque monkeys to a regimen of 11 ozone cycles between 30 days and 6 mo of age; each cycle consisted of ozone for 5 days (0.5 parts per million at 8 h/day) followed by 9 days of filtered air. Animals were subsequently housed in filtered air conditions and challenged with a single dose of inhaled LPS at 1 yr of age. After completion of the ozone exposure regimen at 6 mo of age, total peripheral blood leukocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) numbers were reduced, whereas eosinophil counts increased. In lavage, total cell numbers at 6 mo were not affected by ozone, however, there was a significant reduction in lymphocytes and increased eosinophils. Following an additional 6 mo of filtered air housing, only monocytes were increased in blood and lavage in previously exposed animals. In response to LPS challenge, animals with a prior history of ozone showed an attenuated peripheral blood and lavage PMN response compared with controls. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with LPS resulted in reduced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 protein in association with prior ozone exposure. Collectively, our findings suggest that ozone exposure during infancy can result in a persistent effect on both pulmonary and systemic innate immune responses later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Maniar-Hew
- California National Primate Research Center, Univ. of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution less than 2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)), which is now an all-pervading element of modern-day society, is associated with heightened cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Not only can short-term PM(2.5) exposure trigger acute cardiovascular events, but longer-term exposure over years augments cardiovascular risk to an even greater extent. One biological mechanism capable of explaining this observation is that chronic exposure may promote the progression and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between ambient PM(2.5) exposure and the presence or extent of atherosclerosis in humans. Several animal experiments have provided corroborating evidence that chronic exposures in fact do enhance the progression and perhaps vulnerability of atherosclerotic lesions. Due to the billions of people continually exposed to PM(2.5), the long-term pro-atherosclerotic effects of this ubiquitous air pollutant are likely to be of enormous and growing global public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Dr., PO Box 322, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
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Li Z, Potts EN, Piantadosi CA, Foster WM, Hollingsworth JW. Hyaluronan fragments contribute to the ozone-primed immune response to lipopolysaccharide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6891-8. [PMID: 21037098 PMCID: PMC3691842 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a high-molecular mass component of pulmonary extracelluar matrix, and lung injury can generate a low-molecular mass hyaluronan (HA) fragment that functions as endogenous ligand to cell surface receptors CD44 and TLR4. This leads to activation of intracellular NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production. Based on previous information that ozone exposure causes increased HA in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and ozone pre-exposure primes immune response to inhaled LPS, we hypothesized that HA production during ozone exposure augments the inflammatory response to LPS. We demonstrate that acute ozone exposure at 1 part per million for 3 h primes the immune response to low-dose aerosolized LPS in C57BL/6J mice, resulting in increased neutrophil recruitment into the airspaces, increased levels of protein and proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Intratracheal instillation of endotoxin-free HA (25 μg) enhances the biological response to inhaled LPS in a manner similar to ozone pre-exposure. In vitro studies using bone marrow-derived macrophages indicate that HA enhances LPS responses measured by TNF-α production, while immunofluorescence staining of murine alveolar macrophages demonstrates that HA induces TLR4 peripheralization and lipid raft colocalization. Collectively, our observations support that ozone primes macrophage responsiveness to low-dose LPS, in part, due to HA-induced TLR4 peripheralization in lung macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hernandez ML, Lay JC, Harris B, Esther CR, Brickey WJ, Bromberg PA, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB, Kleeberger SR, Alexis NE, Peden DB. Atopic asthmatic subjects but not atopic subjects without asthma have enhanced inflammatory response to ozone. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:537-44.e1. [PMID: 20816188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a known risk factor for acute ozone-associated respiratory disease. Ozone causes an immediate decrease in lung function and increased airway inflammation. The role of atopy and asthma in modulation of ozone-induced inflammation has not been determined. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether atopic status modulates ozone response phenotypes in human subjects. METHODS Fifty volunteers (25 healthy volunteers, 14 atopic nonasthmatic subjects, and 11 atopic asthmatic subjects not requiring maintenance therapy) underwent a 0.4-ppm ozone exposure protocol. Ozone response was determined based on changes in lung function and induced sputum composition, including airway inflammatory cell concentration, cell-surface markers, and cytokine and hyaluronic acid concentrations. RESULTS All cohorts experienced similar decreases in lung function after ozone. Atopic and atopic asthmatic subjects had increased sputum neutrophil numbers and IL-8 levels after ozone exposure; values did not significantly change in healthy volunteers. After ozone exposure, atopic asthmatic subjects had significantly increased sputum IL-6 and IL-1beta levels and airway macrophage Toll-like receptor 4, Fc(epsilon)RI, and CD23 expression; values in healthy volunteers and atopic nonasthmatic subjects showed no significant change. Atopic asthmatic subjects had significantly decreased IL-10 levels at baseline compared with healthy volunteers; IL-10 levels did not significantly change in any group with ozone. All groups had similar levels of hyaluronic acid at baseline, with increased levels after ozone exposure in atopic and atopic asthmatic subjects. CONCLUSION Atopic asthmatic subjects have increased airway inflammatory responses to ozone. Increased Toll-like receptor 4 expression suggests a potential pathway through which ozone generates the inflammatory response in allergic asthmatic subjects but not in atopic subjects without asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hernandez
- Center for Environmental Medicine Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA
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Chung KF, Marwick JA. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in airways and lungs with reference to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1203:85-91. [PMID: 20716288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological component of airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress leads to the activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways, partly through the activation of the innate immune response through toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Such activation leads to the release of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, adaptive immune responses are initiated through activation of dendritic cells and antigen presentation to T-helper cells, with direct activation of NKT cells. Corticosteroid insensitivity is a feature of severe asthma and COPD, and oxidative stress is an important factor in its development by inhibition of HDAC-2 activity and expression through serine hyperphosphorylation. Activation of kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or phospho-inositol 3-kinase delta may also be involved through phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Antioxidants may prove to be beneficial in inhibiting inflammatory responses and restoring corticosteroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, MRC Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
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Sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK-1) regulates Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10657. [PMID: 20498849 PMCID: PMC2871783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase-1 is known to mediate Mycobacterium smegmatis induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, but its role in controlling infection has not been reported to date. We aimed to unravel the significance of SphK-1 in controlling M. smegmatis infection in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results demonstrated for the first time that selective inhibition of SphK-1 by either D, L threo dihydrosphingosine (DHS; a competitive inhibitor of Sphk-1) or Sphk-1 siRNA rendered RAW macrophages sensitive to M. smegmatis infection. This was due to the reduction in the expression of iNOs, p38, pp-38, late phagosomal marker, LAMP-2 and stabilization of the RelA (pp-65) subunit of NF-kappaB. This led to a reduction in the generation of NO and secretion of TNF-alpha in infected macrophages. Congruently, overexpression of SphK-1 conferred resistance in macrophages to infection which was due to enhancement in the generation of NO and expression of iNOs, pp38 and LAMP-2. In addition, our results also unraveled a novel regulation of p38MAPK by SphK-1 during M. smegmatis infection and generation of NO in macrophages. Enhanced NO generation and expression of iNOs in SphK-1++ infected macrophages demonstrated their M-1(bright) phenotype of these macrophages. These findings thus suggested a novel antimycobacterial role of SphK-1 in macrophages.
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Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith SC, Whitsel L, Kaufman JD. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 121:2331-78. [PMID: 20458016 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3803] [Impact Index Per Article: 271.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, the first American Heart Association scientific statement on "Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease" concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the interim, numerous studies have expanded our understanding of this association and further elucidated the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. The main objective of this updated American Heart Association scientific statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking PM exposure with cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on highlighting the clinical implications for researchers and healthcare providers. The writing group also sought to provide expert consensus opinions on many aspects of the current state of science and updated suggestions for areas of future research. On the basis of the findings of this review, several new conclusions were reached, including the following: Exposure to PM <2.5 microm in diameter (PM(2.5)) over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease-related mortality and nonfatal events; longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent than exposures over a few days and reduces life expectancy within more highly exposed segments of the population by several months to a few years; reductions in PM levels are associated with decreases in cardiovascular mortality within a time frame as short as a few years; and many credible pathological mechanisms have been elucidated that lend biological plausibility to these findings. It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM(2.5) exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This body of evidence has grown and been strengthened substantially since the first American Heart Association scientific statement was published. Finally, PM(2.5) exposure is deemed a modifiable factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Draper DW, Madenspacher JH, Dixon D, King DH, Remaley AT, Fessler MB. ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 deficiency dysregulates host defense in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:404-12. [PMID: 20395559 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200910-1580oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mice with genetic deletion of the cholesterol efflux transporter, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G1, have pulmonary lipidosis and chronic pulmonary inflammation. Whether ABCG1 regulates host defense is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether ABCG1 regulates pulmonary innate immunity and host defense, and to investigate the underlying molecular/cellular mechanisms. METHODS Abcg1(+/+) and Abcg1(-/-) mice were challenged with intrapulmonary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Klebsiella pneumoniae, intravenous K. pneumoniae, or intraperitoneal LPS. Phenotypic responses were profiled. Bone marrow chimeras and in vitro assays were used to differentiate and characterize the role of hematopoietic versus nonhematopoietic ABCG1 in host defense. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Unexposed Abcg1(-/-) mice had normal numbers of circulating neutrophils, but increased neutrophil recruitment to the airspace and lung parenchyma, and increased airspace cytokines and chemokines in the steady state. After intrapulmonary LPS or K. pneumoniae, Abcg1(-/-) mice displayed exaggerated further neutrophil recruitment to and degranulation in the airspace, and elevated airspace cytokine/chemokine induction. Alveolar macrophage ABCG1 was critical, as ABCG1 deficiency in hematopoietic cells was sufficient to enhance responses in vivo, and Abcg1(-/-) alveolar macrophages adopted a "foam cell" phenotype, and were hyperresponsive ex vivo. Pulmonary compartmentalization and clearance of K. pneumoniae were increased in Abcg1(-/-) mice, indicating enhanced host defense. By contrast, Abcg1(+/+) and Abcg1(-/-) mice had equivalent responses to intravenous K. pneumoniae and intraperitoneal LPS, suggesting that ABCG1 regulates innate immunity in a tissue-selective manner. CONCLUSIONS Abcg1(-/-) mice have an enhanced pulmonary host defense response driven predominantly by hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Draper
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Relationship between visits to emergency departments for asthma and ozone exposure in greater Seattle, Washington. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 103:474-9. [PMID: 20084840 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is known to affect asthma symptoms in controlled and epidemiologic studies. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ozone exposure in Seattle is associated with increased use of hospital emergency departments. METHODS Hospital data on daily asthma cases for all ages were obtained for 1998 through 2002. Ozone and fine particulate matter (< or = 2.5 microm in diameter) (PM2.5) data were obtained from local air agencies. Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between asthma visits to emergency departments and air pollutants. Maximum daily 1- and 8-hour average ozone concentrations and the daily PM2.5 concentration were used. RESULTS We observed associations between both ozone metrics and emergency department visits in children. For the maximum daily 1- and 8-hour average ozone concentrations, the relative risks (RRs) were 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.18) and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.02-1.21), respectively, at 3 days' lag. Weaker but significant associations were also observed for adults. For the maximum daily 1-hour average ozone concentration, the RR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.11) at 4 days' lag, and for the maximum daily 8-hour average ozone concentration, the RR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.12) at 2 days' lag and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02-1.14) at 4 days' lag. CONCLUSION Ozone exposure exacerbates asthma in people in the Seattle area, especially in children.
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Garantziotis S, Li Z, Potts EN, Lindsey JY, Stober VP, Polosukhin VV, Blackwell TS, Schwartz DA, Foster WM, Hollingsworth JW. TLR4 is necessary for hyaluronan-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness after ozone inhalation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:666-75. [PMID: 20007931 PMCID: PMC2868499 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0381oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Ozone is a common environmental air pollutant that contributes to hospitalizations for respiratory illness. The mechanisms, which regulate ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, remain poorly understood. We have previously reported that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient animals are protected against ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and that hyaluronan (HA) mediates ozone-induced AHR. However, the relation between TLR4 and hyaluronan in the airway response to ozone remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that HA acts as an endogenous TLR4 ligand for the development of AHR after ozone-induced environmental airway injury. METHODS TLR4-deficient and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were exposed to either inhaled ozone or intratracheal HA and the inflammatory and AHR response was measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TLR4-deficient mice have similar levels of cellular inflammation, lung injury, and soluble HA levels as those of C57BL/6 mice after inhaled ozone exposure. However, TLR4-deficient mice are partially protected from AHR after ozone exposure as well as after direct intratracheal instillation of endotoxin-free low molecular weight HA. Similar patterns of TLR4-dependent cytokines were observed in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid after exposure to either ozone or HA. Exposure to ozone increased immunohistological staining of TLR4 on lung macrophages. Furthermore, in vitro HA exposure of bone marrow-derived macrophages induced NF-kappaB and production of a similar pattern of proinflammatory cytokines in a manner dependent on TLR4. CONCLUSIONS Our observations support the observation that extracellular matrix HA contributes to ozone-induced airways disease. Furthermore, our results support that TLR4 contributes to the biological response to HA by mediating both the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the development of ozone-induced AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Spraggins JM, Lloyd JA, Johnston MV, Laskin J, Ridge DP. Fragmentation mechanisms of oxidized peptides elucidated by SID, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1579-1592. [PMID: 19560936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase fragmentation reactions of singly charged angiotensin II (AngII, DR(+)VYIHPF) and the ozonolysis products AngII+O (DR(+)VY*IHPF), AngII+3O (DR(+)VYIH*PF), and AngII+4O (DR(+)VY*IH*PF) were studied using SID FT-ICR mass spectrometry, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. Oxidation of Tyr (AngII+O) leads to a low-energy charge-remote selective fragmentation channel resulting in the b(4)+O fragment ion. Modification of His (AngII+3O and AngII+4O) leads to a series of new selective dissociation channels. For AngII+3O and AngII+4O, the formation of [MH+3O](+)-45 and [MH+3O](+)-71 are driven by charge-remote processes while it is suggested that b(5) and [MH+3O](+)-88 fragments are a result of charge-directed reactions. Energy-resolved SID experiments and RRKM modeling provide threshold energies and activation entropies for the lowest energy fragmentation channel for each of the parent ions. Fragmentation of the ozonolysis products was found to be controlled by entropic effects. Mechanisms are proposed for each of the new dissociation pathways based on the energies and entropies of activation and parent ion conformations sampled using molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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49
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Ritz SA. Air pollution as a potential contributor to the 'epidemic' of autoimmune disease. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:110-7. [PMID: 19665849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There has been remarkable progress over the past 20 years in pushing forward our understanding of many facets of autoimmune disease. Indeed, knowledge of the genetic basis of autoimmunity and the molecular and cellular pathways involved in its pathogenesis has reached an unprecedented level. Yet this knowledge has not served to prevent autoimmune disease nor to curtail the dramatic rise in its incidence over the same interval. Population-level genetic changes cannot explain this trend; thus, environmental factors are strongly implicated. Among the possible environmental contributors to autoimmune disease, air pollution exposure has received very little attention. Although there is only a small amount of published data directly examining a possible causal relationship between air pollution exposure and autoimmunity, data from related fields suggests that it could facilitate autoimmunity as well. If correct, this hypothesis could prove to have sizeable public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Ritz
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, East Campus - Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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Sandikci M, Seyrek K, Aksit H, Kose H. Inhalation of formaldehyde and xylene induces apoptotic cell death in the lung tissue. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:455-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the localization and number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of newborns, young, and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde (6 ppm) or technical xylene (300 ppm) for 6 weeks (8 h/day). A total of 27 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Apoptotic cells were mainly localized around the bronchus and bronchioles and relatively less frequently on the walls of alveoli and interalveolar septa both in control and experimental groups. In the BALT, reactive cells were localized in the area under the epithelium and distributed homogenously within the lymphoid follicles. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue including the BALT were significantly higher in young and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde and xylene than those detected in control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandikci
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey,
| | - K. Seyrek
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Aksit
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Kose
- Department of Biophisic, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
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