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Hu X, Li E, Zhou Y, You Q, Jiang Z. Casitas b cell lymphoma‑B (Cbl-b): A new therapeutic avenue for small-molecule immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117677. [PMID: 38457911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the area of cancer treatment. Although most immunotherapies now are antibodies targeting membrane checkpoint molecules, there is an increasing demand for small-molecule drugs that address intracellular pathways. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B cell lymphoma‑b (Cbl-b) has been regarded as a promising intracellular immunotherapy target. Cbl-b regulates the downstream proteins of multiple membrane receptors and co-receptors, restricting the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Recently, Cbl-b inhibitors have been reported with promising effects on immune surveillance activation and anti-tumor efficacy. Several molecules have entered phase Ⅰ clinical trials. In this review, the biological rationale of Cbl-b as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and the latest research progress of Cbl-b are summarized, with special emphasis on the allosteric small-molecule inhibitors of Cbl-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Erdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yangguo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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2
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Zhou L, Yang J, Zhang K, Wang T, Jiang S, Zhang X. Rising Star in Immunotherapy: Development and Therapeutic Potential of Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Casitas B Cell Lymphoma-b (Cbl-b). J Med Chem 2024; 67:816-837. [PMID: 38181380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a vital negative regulator of TCR and BCR signaling pathways, playing a significant role in setting an appropriate threshold for the activation of T cells and controlling the tolerance of peripheral T cells via a variety of mechanisms. Overexpression of Cbl-b leads to immune hyporesponsiveness of T cells. Conversely, the deficiency of Cbl-b in T cells results in markedly increased production of IL-2, even in the lack of CD28 costimulation in vitro. And Cbl-b-/- mice spontaneously reject multifarious cancers. Therefore, Cbl-b may be associated with immune-mediated diseases, and blocking Cbl-b could be considered as a new antitumor immunotherapy strategy. In this review, the possible regulatory mechanisms and biological potential of Cbl-b for antitumor immunotherapy are summarized. Besides, the potential roles of Cbl-b in immune-mediated diseases are comprehensively discussed, with emphasis on Cbl-b immune-oncology agents in the preclinical stage and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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3
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint blockade has improved the outcomes of patients with various malignancies, yet a majority do not benefit or develop resistance. To address this unmet need, efforts across the field are targeting additional coinhibitory receptors, costimulatory proteins, and intracellular mediators that could prevent or bypass anti-PD1 resistance mechanisms. The CD28 costimulatory pathway is necessary for antigen-specific T cell activation, though prior CD28 agonists did not translate successfully to clinic due to toxicity. Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a downstream, master regulator of both CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling. This E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates both innate and adaptive immune cells, ultimately promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Recent advances in pharmaceutical screening and computational biology have enabled the development of novel platforms to target this once 'undruggable' protein. These platforms include DNA encoded library screening, allosteric drug targeting, small-interfering RNA inhibition, CRISPR genome editing, and adoptive cell therapy. Both genetic knock-out models and Cbl-b inhibitors have been shown to reverse immunosuppression in the TME, stimulate cytotoxic T cell activity, and promote tumor regression, findings augmented with PD1 blockade in experimental models. In translating Cbl-b inhibitors to clinic, we propose specific gene expression profiles that may identify patient populations most likely to benefit. Overall, novel Cbl-b inhibitors provide antigen-specific immune stimulation and are a promising therapeutic tool in the field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Augustin
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Expression Profiles of Long Noncoding RNAs and Messenger RNAs in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2023; 2023:6033020. [PMID: 36714328 PMCID: PMC9879695 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6033020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disorder of the central nervous system with a high disability rate. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reported to mediate many biological processes. The aim of this study was to explore lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles and functional networks after SCI. Differentially expressed genes between SCI model rats and sham controls were identified by microarray assays and analyzed by functional enrichment. Key lncRNAs were identified using a support vector machine- (SVM-) recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm. A trans and cis regulation model was used to analyze the regulatory relationships between lncRNAs and their targets. An lncRNA-related ceRNA network was established. We identified 5465 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) and 8366 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) in the SCI group compared with the sham group (fold change > 2.0, p < 0.05). Four genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR which were consistent with the microarray data. GSEA analysis showed that most marked changes occurred in pathways related to immune inflammation and nerve cell function, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and GABAergic synapse. Enrichment analysis identified 30 signaling pathways, including those associated with immune inflammation response. A total of 40 key lncRNAs were identified using the SVM-RFE algorithm. A key lncRNA-mRNAs coexpression network was generated for 230 951 lncRNA-mRNA pairs with half showing positive correlations. Several key DE lncRNAs were predicted to have "cis"- or "trans"-regulated target genes. The transcription factors, Sp1, JUN, and SOX10, may regulate the interaction between XR_001837123.1 and ETS 1. In addition, five pairs of ceRNA regulatory sequences were constructed. Many mRNAs and lncRNAs were found to be dysregulated after SCI. Bioinformatic analysis showed that DE lncRNAs may play crucial roles in SCI. It is anticipated that these findings will provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for SCI.
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5
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The RING finger protein family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:300. [PMID: 36042206 PMCID: PMC9424811 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) protein, containing the RING domain, exerts E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to target proteins. Multiple reviews have summarized the critical roles of the tripartite-motif (TRIM) protein family, a subgroup of RNF proteins, in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, infectious, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Except for TRIMs, since numerous studies over the past decades have delineated that other RNF proteins also exert widespread involvement in several diseases, their importance should not be underestimated. This review summarizes the potential contribution of dysregulated RNF proteins, except for TRIMs, to the pathogenesis of some diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder. Since viral infection is broadly involved in the induction and development of those diseases, this manuscript also highlights the regulatory roles of RNF proteins, excluding TRIMs, in the antiviral immune responses. In addition, we further discuss the potential intervention strategies targeting other RNF proteins for the prevention and therapeutics of those human diseases.
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Lu T, Chen L, Mansour AG, Yu MJ, Brooks N, Teng KY, Li Z, Zhang J, Barr T, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. Cbl-b Is Upregulated and Plays a Negative Role in Activated Human NK Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:677-685. [PMID: 33419766 PMCID: PMC8184061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b has been characterized as an intracellular checkpoint in T cells; however, the function of Cbl-b in primary human NK cells, an innate immune anti-tumor effector cell, is not well defined. In this study, we show that the expression of Cbl-b is significantly upregulated in primary human NK cells activated by IL-15, IL-2, and the human NK cell-sensitive tumor cell line K562 that lacks MHC class I expression. Pretreatment with JAK or AKT inhibitors prior to IL-15 stimulation reversed Cbl-b upregulation. Downregulation of Cbl-b resulted in significant increases in granzyme B and perforin expression, IFN-γ production, and cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Collectively, we demonstrate upregulation of Cbl-b and its inhibitory effects in IL-15/IL-2/K562-activated human NK cells, suggesting that Cbl-b plays a negative feedback role in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Anthony G Mansour
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Melissa J Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Noah Brooks
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Kun-Yu Teng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Zhenlong Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Tasha Barr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010; and
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010;
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010; and
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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7
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Jafari D, Mousavi MJ, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Jafarzadeh L, Tahmasebi S, Spoor J, Esmaeilzadeh A. E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b and its potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:14-31. [PMID: 33306199 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction of self from non-self is crucial to prevent autoreactivity and ensure protection from infectious agents and tumors. Maintaining the balance between immunity and tolerance of immune cells is strongly controlled by several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Among these, the E3 ligase ubiquitin Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a newly identified component in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, which is thought to be an important negative regulator of immune cells. An update on the current knowledge and new concepts of the relevant immune homeostasis program co-ordinated by Cbl-b in different cell populations could pave the way for future immunomodulatory therapies of various diseases, such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, infections, cancers and other immunopathological conditions. In the present review, the latest findings are comprehensively summarized on the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b and the suppressive signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses, as well as its emerging potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M J Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Spoor
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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8
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Zhang T, Sun J, Cheng J, Yin W, Li J, Miller H, Herrada AA, Gu H, Song H, Chen Y, Gong Q, Liu C. The role of ubiquitinase in B cell development and function. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:395-405. [PMID: 32816356 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0720-185rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitinases are a select group of enzymes that modify target proteins through ubiquitination, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of protein degradation, location, and function. B lymphocytes that originated from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), exert humoral immune functions by differentiating into plasma cells and producing antibodies. Previous studies have shown that ubiquitination is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and signal transduction important for B lymphocyte development and function. In this review, how ubiquitinases regulate B cell development, activation, apoptosis, and proliferation is discussed, which could help in understanding the physiological processes and diseases related to B cells and also provides potential new targets for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxuan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Department of Intracellular Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés A Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Heng Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 1, Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Poels K, Vos WG, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases as Immunotherapeutic Target in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:106. [PMID: 32582770 PMCID: PMC7292335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation drives atherosclerosis and despite optimal pharmacological treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, one third of the patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has elevated inflammatory biomarkers. Additional anti-inflammatory strategies to target this residual inflammatory cardiovascular risk are therefore required. T-cells are a dominant cell type in human atherosclerotic lesions. Modulation of T-cell activation is therefore a potential strategy to target inflammation in atherosclerosis. Ubiquitination is an important regulatory mechanism of T-cell activation and several E3 ubiquitin ligases, including casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene B (Cbl-B), itchy homolog (Itch), and gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), function as a natural brake on T-cell activation. In this review we discuss recent insights on the role of Cbl-B, Itch, and GRAIL in atherosclerosis and explore the therapeutic potential of these E3 ubiquitin ligases in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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The regulators of BCR signaling during B cell activation. BLOOD SCIENCE 2019; 1:119-129. [PMID: 35402811 PMCID: PMC8975005 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes produce antibodies under the stimulation of specific antigens, thereby exerting an immune effect. B cells identify antigens by their surface B cell receptor (BCR), which upon stimulation, directs the cell to activate and differentiate into antibody generating plasma cells. Activation of B cells via their BCRs involves signaling pathways that are tightly controlled by various regulators. In this review, we will discuss three major BCR mediated signaling pathways (the PLC-γ2 pathway, PI3K pathway and MAPK pathway) and related regulators, which were roughly divided into positive, negative and mutual-balanced regulators, and the specific regulators of the specific signaling pathway based on regulatory effects.
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11
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Tang N, Yang L, Li D, Liu R, Zhang J. Modulation of B cell activation threshold mediated by BCR/CD40 costimulation by targeting Cbl-b for ubiquitination. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100641. [PMID: 31061898 PMCID: PMC6487278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that CD40 is required for optimal B cell activation. Casitas-B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, inhibits B cell activation. In this report, we demonstrate that CD40 stimulation markedly enhances IgM-induced B cell proliferation in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas this cell proliferation was reduced in CD40-deficient (Cd40 -/-) mice. Interestingly, CD40 ligation strongly augments IgM-induced Cbl-b ubiquitination and degradation in primary mouse B cells, which closely correlates with their proliferation capacity. Cbl-b deficiency uncouples BCR-induced B cell proliferation from CD40 costimulation. Our results indicate that Cbl-b negatively regulates costimulation of BCR and CD40, possibly by setting the threshold for B cell activation via controlling Cbl-b expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Immunological Diagnostics (LMMID), Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 25 S. Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dongdong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rushi Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Immunological Diagnostics (LMMID), Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 25 S. Grand Ave., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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12
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Tang R, Langdon WY, Zhang J. Regulation of immune responses by E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Cell Immunol 2018; 340:103878. [PMID: 30442330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as a critical regulator of adaptive immune responses. Cbl-b is essential for establishing the threshold for T cell activation and regulating peripheral T cell tolerance through various mechanisms. Intriguingly, recent studies indicate that Cbl-b also modulates innate immune responses, and plays a key role in host defense to pathogens and anti-tumor immunity. These studies suggest that targeting Cbl-b may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of human immune-related disorders such as autoimmune diseases, infections, tumors, and allergic airway inflammation. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the roles of Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immunity, and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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13
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Li P, Liu HL, Zhang ZQ, Lv XD, Chang YX, Wang HJ, Ma J, Ma ZY, Qu XJ, Teng YE. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b predict outcomes of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer after first-line platinum based doublet chemotherapy. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:1635-1647. [PMID: 29707316 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.02.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (CBLB) influences the threshold of T cell activation and controlling peripheral T cell tolerance. In the present study, we hypothesize that potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CBLB are associated with clinical outcomes in patients advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with the first-line chemotherapy. Methods We genotyped three SNPs (rs2305035, rs3772534 and rs9657904) at CBLB in 116 advanced NSCLC patients with progression free survival (PFS) data and 133 advanced NSCLC patients with overall survival (OS) data, and we assessed their associations, 95% confidence interval (CI), with clinical outcomes by using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. In silico functional analysis was also performed for the SNPs under investigation. Results We found that associations between the three SNPs and PFS/OS were not significant in the overall NSCLC patients. The rs2305035 AA genotype was associated with a worse PFS in female patients and those of non-smokers or light smokers (95% CI, 1.14-11.81, P=0.030; 95% CI, 1.42-10.24, P=0.008; and 95% CI, 1.39-9.93, P=0.009; respectively), compared with the GG+AA genotypes. We also found that the rs9657904 CC genotype was significantly associated with a worse OS than TT + TC genotypes in male advanced NSCLC patients. Further in silico functional analysis revealed that the rs965704 T allele was significantly associated with lower mRNA expression levels of the CBLB gene. Conclusions Our findings identified two CBLB SNPs (rs2305035 and rs9657904) that were significantly associated with PFS and OS in several subgroups of Chinese advanced NSCLC patients after the first-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hong-Liang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lv
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Yu-Xi Chang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yue-E Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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14
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Xu L, Zhang Y, Qu X, Che X, Guo T, Li C, Ma R, Fan Y, Ma Y, Hou K, Li D, Hu X, Liu B, Yu R, Yan H, Gong J, Liu Y. DR5-Cbl-b/c-Cbl-TRAF2 complex inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis by promoting TRAF2-mediated polyubiquitination of caspase-8 in gastric cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1733-1751. [PMID: 28972304 PMCID: PMC5709619 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of caspase‐8 regulates TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) sensitivity in cancer cells, and the preligand assembly complex plays a role in caspase‐8 polyubiquitination. However, whether such a complex exists in gastric cancer cells and its role in TRAIL‐triggered apoptosis is unclear. In this study, DR5, casitas B‐lineage lymphoma‐b (Cbl‐b)/c‐Cbl, and TRAF2 formed a complex in TRAIL‐resistant gastric cancer cells, and Cbl‐b and c‐Cbl were the critical adaptors linking DR5 and TRAF2. Treatment with TRAIL induced caspase‐8 translocation into the DR5‐Cbl‐b/c‐Cbl‐TRAF2 complex to interact with TRAF2, which then mediated the K48‐linked polyubiquitination of caspase‐8. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib markedly enriched the p43/41 products of caspase‐8 activated by TRAIL, indicating proteasomal degradation of caspase‐8. Moreover, TRAF2 knockdown prevented the polyubiquitination of caspase‐8 and thus increased TRAIL sensitivity. In addition, the inhibition of Cbl‐b or c‐Cbl expression and overexpression of miR‐141 targeting Cbl‐b and c‐Cbl partially reversed TRAIL resistance by inhibiting the interaction between TRAF2 and caspase‐8 and the subsequent polyubiquitination of caspase‐8. These results indicate that the DR5‐Cbl‐b/c‐Cbl‐TRAF2 complex inhibited TRAIL‐induced apoptosis by promoting TRAF2‐mediated polyubiquitination of caspase‐8 in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianshu Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ce Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanju Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kezuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejun Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bofang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruoxi Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongfei Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Zhu LL, Luo TM, Xu X, Guo YH, Zhao XQ, Wang TT, Tang B, Jiang YY, Xu JF, Lin X, Jia XM. E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b negatively regulates C-type lectin receptor-mediated antifungal innate immunity. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1555-70. [PMID: 27432944 PMCID: PMC4986534 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses mediated by C-type lectin receptors Dectin-2 and Dectin-3 against fungal infections are negatively regulated by Cbl-b ubiquitination. Activation of various C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) initiates potent proinflammatory responses against various microbial infections. However, how activated CLRs are negatively regulated remains unknown. In this study, we report that activation of CLRs Dectin-2 and Dectin-3 by fungi infections triggers them for ubiquitination and degradation in a Syk-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B–lineage lymphoma protein b (Cbl-b) mediates the ubiquitination of these activated CLRs through associating with each other via adapter protein FcR-γ and tyrosine kinase Syk, and then the ubiquitinated CLRs are sorted into lysosomes for degradation by an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system. Therefore, the deficiency of either Cbl-b or ESCRT subunits significantly decreases the degradation of activated CLRs, thereby resulting in the higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Consistently, Cbl-b–deficient mice are more resistant to fungi infections compared with wild-type controls. Together, our study indicates that Cbl-b negatively regulates CLR-mediated antifungal innate immunity, which provides molecular insight for designing antifungal therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhu
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tian-Ming Luo
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ya-Hui Guo
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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16
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Li P, Wang X, Liu Z, Liu H, Xu T, Wang H, Gomez DR, Nguyen QN, Wang LE, Teng Y, Song Y, Komaki R, Welsh JW, Wei Q, Liao Z. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in CBLB, a Regulator of T-Cell Response, Predict Radiation Pneumonitis and Outcomes After Definitive Radiotherapy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2015; 17:253-262.e5. [PMID: 26732495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system has important roles in tumor development and outcomes after cancer treatment. We evaluated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding casitas B-lineage lymphoma b protein (Cbl-b), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that maintains immune tolerance by negatively regulating T-cell activation and function, were associated with outcomes after treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Samples from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with definitive radiotherapy at a single institution between March 1998 and February 2009 were used to genotype 3 potentially functional SNPs in CBLB (rs1042852 C>T, rs2305035 G>A, and rs7649466 C>G). We evaluated associations between these SNPs and local recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, overall survival, and risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP). RESULTS Having the rs2305035 A variant genotypes (AA or AG) was associated with better local recurrence-free survival (median 15.8 vs. 15.3 months; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.98; P = .033), distant metastasis-free survival (median 15.4 vs. 14.0 months; adjusted HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.96; P = .024) and overall survival (median 23.5 vs. 22.8 months; adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.93; P = .013) after adjustment in a Cox proportional hazard model. Patients with these genotypes were also at greater risk of developing grade 3 or higher RP than were patients with GG genotypes in an adjusted Cox proportional hazard model. CONCLUSION This is the first report that rs2305035 genotypes in CBLB were associated with clinical and RP risk among patients with NSCLC treated with definitive radiotherapy. These findings could assist in generating hypothesis for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - HuiJuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Daniel R Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Li-E Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yipeng Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ritsuko Komaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James W Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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17
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Carson WF, Guernsey LA, Singh A, Secor ER, Wohlfert EA, Clark RB, Schramm CM, Kunkel SL, Thrall RS. Cbl-b Deficiency in Mice Results in Exacerbation of Acute and Chronic Stages of Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2015; 6:592. [PMID: 26635806 PMCID: PMC4653292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) develop allergic airway disease (AAD) with short-term daily OVA aerosol challenge; inflammation resolves with long-term OVA aerosol exposure, resulting in local inhalational tolerance (LIT). Cbl-b is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved with CD28 signaling; Cbl-b−/− effector T cells are resistant to regulatory T cell-mediated suppression in vitro and in vivo. The present study utilized Cbl-b−/− mice to investigate the role of Cbl-b in the development of AAD and LIT. Cbl-b−/− mice exhibited increased airway inflammation during AAD, which failed to resolve with long-term OVA aerosol exposure. Exacerbation of inflammation in Cbl-b−/− mice correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and expansion of effector T cells in the BAL during AAD, but did not result in either a modulation of lymphocyte subsets in systemic tissues or in OVA-specific IgE in serum. These results implicate a role for Cbl-b in the resolution of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Carson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Linda A Guernsey
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Eric R Secor
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wohlfert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Robert B Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
| | - Craig M Schramm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Roger S Thrall
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
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18
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Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Li M, Li C, Xue C, Huang X, Zhou P. NF-κB downregulates Cbl-b through binding and suppressing Cbl-b promoter in T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3778-83. [PMID: 25762784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation causes the translocation of NF-κB dimers from the cytoplasm into the nucleus where NF-κB regulates inflammatory and immune response genes. Cbl-b is a negative regulator of T cell activation. However, the correlation between NF-κB activity and Cbl-b expression remains unclear. We showed that IκBαΔN-Tg T cells exhibited less NF-κB activity but higher levels of Cbl-b when compared with wild-type T cells. Furthermore, ursolic acid suppressed NF-κB activation and inhibited the downregulation of Cbl-b in wild-type T cells. NF-κBp65 specifically bound to an 11-bp NF-κB consensus sequence (gcaggaagtcc) in the Cbl-b promoter. Binding of NF-κB to this sequence suppressed Cbl-b transcription, thereby resulting in the negative regulation of Cbl-b expression. In addition, Cbl-b knockout led to the loss of cardiac allograft tolerance in IκBαΔN-Tg mice. These results indicated that NF-κB downregulated Cbl-b by binding and suppressing Cbl-b promoter in T cell activation. Our findings provide a novel role for NF-κB signaling in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Li
- St.-Antonius-Hospital Kleve, Katholisches Karl-Leisner-Klinikum, Kleve 47533, Germany
| | - LiMin Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - MingQiang Li
- The Center Hospital of TaiAn, 271000 TaiAn, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300000 Tianjin, China; and
| | - ChengBiao Xue
- Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060 Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, 430030 Wuhan, China;
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19
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Lutz-Nicoladoni C, Wolf D, Sopper S. Modulation of Immune Cell Functions by the E3 Ligase Cbl-b. Front Oncol 2015; 5:58. [PMID: 25815272 PMCID: PMC4356231 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of immunological tolerance is a critical hallmark of the immune system. Several signaling checkpoints necessary to balance activating and inhibitory input to immune cells have been described so far, among which the E3 ligase Cbl-b appears to be a central player. Cbl-b is expressed in all leukocyte subsets and regulates several signaling pathways in T cells, NK cells, B cells, and different types of myeloid cells. In most cases, Cbl-b negatively regulates activation signals through antigen or pattern recognition receptors and co-stimulatory molecules. In line with this function, cblb-deficient immune cells display lower activation thresholds and cblb knockout mice spontaneously develop autoimmunity and are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmunity. Interestingly, genetic association studies link CBLB-polymorphisms with autoimmunity also in humans. Vice versa, the increased activation potential of cblb-deficient cells renders them more potent to fight against malignancies or infections. Accordingly, several reports have shown that cblb knockout mice reject tumors, which mainly depends on cytotoxic T and NK cells. Thus, targeting Cbl-b may be an interesting strategy to enhance anti-cancer immunity. In this review, we summarize the findings on the molecular function of Cbl-b in different cell types and illustrate the potential of Cbl-b as target for immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lutz-Nicoladoni
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria ; Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Haematology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Bonn (UKB) , Bonn , Germany
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria ; Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute , Innsbruck , Austria
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20
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Hobeika E, Nielsen PJ, Medgyesi D. Signaling mechanisms regulating B-lymphocyte activation and tolerance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:143-58. [PMID: 25627575 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming more and more accepted that, in addition to producing autoantibodies, B lymphocytes have other important functions that influence the development of autoimmunity. For example, autoreactive B cells are able to produce inflammatory cytokines and activate pathogenic T cells. B lymphocytes can react to extracellular signals with a range of responses from anergy to autoreactivity. The final outcome is determined by the relative contribution of signaling events mediated by activating and inhibitory pathways. Besides the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), several costimulatory receptors expressed on B cells can also induce B cell proliferation and survival, or regulate antibody production. These include CD19, CD40, the B cell activating factor receptor, and Toll-like receptors. Hyperactivity of these receptors clearly contributes to breaking B-cell tolerance in several autoimmune diseases. Inhibitors of these activating signals (including protein tyrosine phosphatases, deubiquitinating enzymes and several adaptor proteins) are crucial to control B-cell activation and maintain B-cell tolerance. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory signaling mechanisms that counteract B-cell activation triggered by the BCR and the coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg and Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Monson MS, Settlage RE, Mendoza KM, Rawal S, El-Nezami HS, Coulombe RA, Reed KM. Modulation of the spleen transcriptome in domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in response to aflatoxin B1 and probiotics. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:163-78. [PMID: 25597949 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poultry are highly susceptible to the immunotoxic effects of the food-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Exposure impairs cell-mediated and humoral immunity, limits vaccine efficacy, and increases the incidence of costly secondary infections. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of AFB1 immunotoxicity and the ability of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic to protect against aflatoxicosis in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The spleen transcriptome was examined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 12 individuals representing four treatment groups. Sequences (6.9 Gb) were de novo assembled to produce over 270,000 predicted transcripts and transcript fragments. Differential expression analysis identified 982 transcripts with statistical significance in at least one comparison between treatment groups. Transcripts with known immune functions comprised 27.6 % of significant expression changes in the AFB1-exposed group. Short exposure to AFB1 suppressed innate immune transcripts, especially from antimicrobial genes, but increased the expression of transcripts from E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B and multiple interleukin-2 response genes. Up-regulation of transcripts from lymphotactin, granzyme A, and perforin 1 could indicate either increased cytotoxic potential or activation-induced cell death in the spleen during aflatoxicosis. Supplementation with probiotics was found to ameliorate AFB1-induced expression changes for multiple transcripts from antimicrobial and IL-2-response genes. However, probiotics had an overall suppressive effect on immune-related transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Monson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 295 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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22
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Liu Q, Zhou H, Langdon WY, Zhang J. E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1875-84. [PMID: 24875217 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in establishing the threshold for T-cell activation and controlling peripheral T-cell tolerance via multiple mechanisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that Cbl-b also regulates innate immune responses and plays an important role in host defense to pathogens. Understanding the signaling pathways regulated by Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immune cells is therefore essential for efficient manipulation of Cbl-b in emerging immunotherapies for human disorders such as autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation, infections, and cancer. In this article, we review the latest developments in the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b function, the regulation of Cbl-b expression, the signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in immune cells, as well as the biological function of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Laboratory of Immunohematology; Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Beijing, PR China; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunohematology; Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine; Beijing, PR China
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Western Australia; Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
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23
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Malekzadeh A, Teunissen C. Recent progress in omics-driven analysis of MS to unravel pathological mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:1001-16. [PMID: 24053344 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.835602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, the pathophysiology and specific biological markers reflecting pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain undetermined. The risk of developing MS is considered to depend on genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The interaction of environmental factors with epigenetic mechanisms could affect the transcriptional level and therefore also the translational level. In the last decade, growing amount of hypothesis-free 'omics' studies have shed light on the potential MS mechanisms and raised potential biomarker targets. To understand MS pathophysiology and discover a subset of biomarkers, it is becoming essential to take a step forward and integrate the findings of the different fields of 'omics' into a systems biology network. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings of the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic fields for MS and aim to make a unifying model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Malekzadeh
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Veselits M, Tanaka A, Lipkowitz S, O'Neill S, Sciammas R, Finnegan A, Zhang J, Clark MR. Recruitment of Cbl-b to B cell antigen receptor couples antigen recognition to Toll-like receptor 9 activation in late endosomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89792. [PMID: 24651487 PMCID: PMC3961229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a ubiquitin ligase (E3) that modulates signaling by tagging molecules for degradation. It is a complex protein with multiple domains and binding partners that are not involved in ubiquitinating substrates. Herein, we demonstrate that Cbl-b, but not c-Cbl, is recruited to the clustered B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and that Cbl-b is required for entry of endocytosed BCRs into late endosomes. The E3 activity of Cbl-b is not necessary for BCR endocytic trafficking. Rather, the ubiquitin associated (UBA) domain is required. Furthermore, the Cbl-b UBA domain is sufficient to confer the receptor trafficking functions of Cbl-b on c-Cbl. Cbl-b is also required for entry of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) into late endosomes and for the in vitro activation of TLR9 by BCR-captured ligands. These data indicate that Cbl-b acts as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the delivery of the BCR and TLR9 into subcellular compartments required for productively delivering BCR-captured ligands to TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Veselits
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Azusa Tanaka
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shannon O'Neill
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alison Finnegan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhang
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcus R. Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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25
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Qiao G, Ying H, Zhao Y, Liang Y, Guo H, Shen H, Li Z, Solway J, Tao E, Chiang YJ, Lipkowitz S, Penninger JM, Langdon WY, Zhang J. E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b suppresses proallergic T cell development and allergic airway inflammation. Cell Rep 2014; 6:709-23. [PMID: 24508458 PMCID: PMC3969736 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b has emerged as a gatekeeper that controls the activation threshold of the T cell antigen receptor and maintains the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity. Here, we report that the loss of Cbl-b facilitates T helper 2 (Th2) and Th9 cell differentiation in vitro. In a mouse model of asthma, the absence of Cbl-b results in severe airway inflammation and stronger Th2 and Th9 responses. Mechanistically, Cbl-b selectively associates with Stat6 upon IL-4 ligation and targets Stat6 for ubiquitination and degradation. These processes are heightened in the presence of T cell receptor (TCR)/ CD28 costimulation. Furthermore, we identify K108 and K398 as Stat6 ubiquitination sites. Intriguingly, introducing Stat6 deficiency into Cblb−/− mice abrogates hyper-Th2 responses but only partially attenuates Th9 responses. Therefore, our data reveal a function for Cbl-b in the regulation of Th2 and Th9 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Qiao
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Haiyan Ying
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yixia Zhao
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yanran Liang
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huifeng Shen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhenping Li
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Julian Solway
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Enxiang Tao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Y Jeffrey Chiang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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26
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Moffat JM, Mintern JD, Villadangos JA. Control of MHC II antigen presentation by ubiquitination. Curr Opin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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27
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Jansen van Vuren P, Tiemessen CT, Paweska JT. Anti-nucleocapsid protein immune responses counteract pathogenic effects of Rift Valley fever virus infection in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25027. [PMID: 21949840 PMCID: PMC3174991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The known virulence factor of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), the NSs protein, counteracts the antiviral effects of the type I interferon response. In this study we evaluated the expression of several genes in the liver and spleen involved in innate and adaptive immunity of mice immunized with a RVFV recombinant nucleocapsid protein (recNP) combined with Alhydrogel adjuvant and control animals after challenge with wild type RVFV. Mice immunized with recNP elicited an earlier IFNβ response after challenge compared to non-immunized controls. In the acute phase of liver infection in non-immunized mice there was a massive upregulation of type I and II interferon, accompanied by high viral titers, and the up- and downregulation of several genes involved in the activation of B- and T-cells, indicating that both humoral and cellular immunity is modulated during RVFV infection. Various genes involved in pro-inflammatory responses and with pro-apoptotic effects were strongly upregulated and anti-apoptotic genes were downregulated in liver of non-immunized mice. Expression of many genes involved in B- and T-cell immunity were downregulated in spleen of non-immunized mice but normal in immunized mice. A strong bias towards apoptosis and inflammation in non-immunized mice at an acute stage of liver infection associated with suppression of several genes involved in activation of humoral and cellular immunity in spleen, suggests that RVFV evades the host immune response in more ways than only by inhibition of type I interferon, and that immunopathology of the liver plays a crucial role in RVF disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Cell Biology/AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Division Virology and Communicable Diseases Surveillance, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Vieyra M, Leisman S, Raedler H, Kwan WH, Yang M, Strainic MG, Medof ME, Heeger PS. Complement regulates CD4 T-cell help to CD8 T cells required for murine allograft rejection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:766-74. [PMID: 21704012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although induction of CD8 T-cell responses to transplants requires CD4-cell help, how this help is transmitted remains incompletely characterized. In vitro, cognate interactions between CD4 T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) induce C3a and C5a production. CD8(+) T cells lacking C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor (C5aR) proliferate weakly to allogeneic DCs despite CD4 help, indicating that CD4-cell help is mediated, in part, through DC-derived C3a/C5a acting on CD8(+) T cell-expressed C3aR/C5aR. In support of this concept, augmenting DC C5a/C3a production bypasses the requirement for CD4- and CD40-dependent help to wild-type CD8(+) T cells. CD4-deficient recipients of allogeneic heart transplants prime weak CD8 responses and do not acutely reject their grafts. In contrast, CD4-deficient chimeric mice possessing decay accelerating factor deficient (Daf1(-/-)) bone marrow, in which DC C3a/C5a production is potentiated, acutely reject transplants through a CD8 cell-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, hearts transplanted into CD40(-/-) mice prime weak CD8-cell responses and survive indefinitely, but hearts transplanted into Daf1(-/-)CD40(-/-) recipients undergo CD8 cell-dependent rejection. Together, the data indicate that heightened production and activation of immune cell-derived complement bypasses the need for CD40/CD154 interactions and implicate antigen-presenting cell-produced C5a and C3a as molecular bridges linking CD4 help to CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vieyra
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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29
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Paolino M, Thien CBF, Gruber T, Hinterleitner R, Baier G, Langdon WY, Penninger JM. Essential role of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in Cbl-b-regulated T cell functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2138-47. [PMID: 21248250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases have been placed among the essential molecules involved in the regulation of T cell functions and T cell tolerance. However, it has never been experimentally proven in vivo whether these functions indeed depend on the catalytic E3 ligase activity. The Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl) family protein Cbl-b was the first E3 ubiquitin ligase directly implicated in the activation and tolerance of the peripheral T cell. In this study, we report that selective genetic inactivation of Cbl-b E3 ligase activity phenocopies the T cell responses observed when total Cbl-b is ablated, resulting in T cell hyperactivation, spontaneous autoimmunity, and impaired induction of T cell anergy in vivo. Moreover, mice carrying a Cbl-b E3 ligase-defective mutation spontaneously reject tumor cells that express human papilloma virus Ags. These data demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that the catalytic function of an E3 ligase, Cbl-b, is essential for negative regulation of T cells in vivo. Thus, modulation of the E3 ligase activity of Cbl-b might be a novel modality to control T cell immunity in vaccination, cancer biology, or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paolino
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Graham JP, Arcipowski KM, Bishop GA. Differential B-lymphocyte regulation by CD40 and its viral mimic, latent membrane protein 1. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:226-48. [PMID: 20727039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 plays a vital role in humoral immunity, via its potent and multifaceted function as an activating receptor of various immune cells, most notably B lymphocytes. The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded transforming protein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) serves as a functional mimic of CD40 signals to B cells but lacks key regulatory controls that restrain CD40 signaling. This allows LMP1 to activate B cells in an abnormal manner that can contribute to the pathogenesis of human B-cell lymphoma and autoimmune disease. This review focuses upon a comparative analysis of CD40 versus LMP1 functions and mechanisms of action in B lymphocytes, discussing how this comparison can provide valuable information on both how CD40 signaling is normally regulated and how LMP1 disrupts the normal CD40 pathways, which can provide information of value to therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Graham
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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31
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Ying H, Li Z, Yang L, Zhang J. Syk mediates BCR- and CD40-signaling integration during B cell activation. Immunobiology 2010; 216:566-70. [PMID: 21074890 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is essential for optimal B cell activation. It has been shown that CD40 stimulation can augment BCR-induced B cell responses, but the molecular mechanism(s) by which CD40 regulates BCR signaling is poorly understood. In this report, we attempted to characterize the signaling synergy between BCR- and CD40-mediated pathways during B cell activation. We found that spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in CD40 signaling, and is synergistically activated in B cells in response to BCR/CD40 costimulation. CD40 stimulation alone also activates B cell linker (BLNK), Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), and Vav-2 downstream of Syk, and significantly enhances BCR-induced formation of complex consisting of, Vav-2, Btk, BLNK, and phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLC-γ2) leading to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and NF-κB required for optimal B cell activation. Therefore, our data suggest that CD40 can strengthen BCR-signaling pathway and quantitatively modify BCR signaling during B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ying
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., IL 60637, United States
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32
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Variants within the immunoregulatory CBLB gene are associated with multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet 2010; 42:495-7. [PMID: 20453840 DOI: 10.1038/ng.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association scan of approximately 6.6 million genotyped or imputed variants in 882 Sardinian individuals with multiple sclerosis (cases) and 872 controls suggested association of CBLB gene variants with disease, which was confirmed in 1,775 cases and 2,005 controls (rs9657904, overall P = 1.60 x 10(-10), OR = 1.40). CBLB encodes a negative regulator of adaptive immune responses, and mice lacking the ortholog are prone to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of multiple sclerosis.
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Paolino M, Penninger JM. Cbl-b in T-cell activation. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:137-48. [PMID: 20458601 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral activation of antigen-specific T cells is stringently controlled to prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Only after a T cell is presented with two signals, an antigen and a co-stimulatory signal, can they be fully activated. In case antigen presentation occurs without co-stimulation, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways are regulated to prevent T-cell activation and induce T-cell tolerance. Thus, for a productive T-cell response to occur, co-stimulatory receptors need to serve the dual role of amplifying the TCR signaling while concomitantly releasing T cells from suppression. Biochemical and genetic studies during the last 10 years have documented the critical role of the E3 ubiquitin-ligase Cbl-b in this fundamental two-signal modulation of T-cell responses. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding on how Cbl-b controls T-cell activation and tolerance, its in vivo implications, as well as mechanisms for tuning T-cell-mediated immune responses by this essential E3 ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paolino
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Elgueta R, Benson MJ, de Vries VC, Wasiuk A, Guo Y, Noelle RJ. Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:152-72. [PMID: 19426221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1022] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY During the generation of a successful adaptive immune response, multiple molecular signals are required. A primary signal is the binding of cognate antigen to an antigen receptor expressed by T and B lymphocytes. Multiple secondary signals involve the engagement of costimulatory molecules expressed by T and B lymphocytes with their respective ligands. Because of its essential role in immunity, one of the best characterized of the costimulatory molecules is the receptor CD40. This receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is expressed by B cells, professional antigen-presenting cells, as well as non-immune cells and tumors. CD40 binds its ligand CD40L, which is transiently expressed on T cells and other non-immune cells under inflammatory conditions. A wide spectrum of molecular and cellular processes is regulated by CD40 engagement including the initiation and progression of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the downstream signaling pathways initiated by CD40 and overview how CD40 engagement or antagonism modulates humoral and cellular immunity. Lastly, we discuss the role of CD40 as a target in harnessing anti-tumor immunity. This review underscores the essential role CD40 plays in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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