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Wang C, Feng Q, Shi S, Qin Y, Lu H, Zhang P, Liu J, Chen B. The Rational Engineered Bacteria Based Biohybrid Living System for Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401538. [PMID: 39051784 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Living therapy based on bacterial cells has gained increasing attention for their applications in tumor treatments. Bacterial cells can naturally target to tumor sites and active the innate immunological responses. The intrinsic advantages of bacteria attribute to the development of biohybrid living carriers for targeting delivery toward hypoxic environments. The rationally engineered bacterial cells integrate various functions to enhance the tumor therapy and reduce toxic side effects. In this review, the antitumor effects of bacteria and their application are discussed as living therapeutic agents across multiple antitumor platforms. The various kinds of bacteria used for cancer therapy are first introduced and demonstrated the mechanism of antitumor effects as well as the immunological effects. Additionally, this study focused on the genetically modified bacteria for the production of antitumor agents as living delivery system to treat cancer. The combination of living bacterial cells with functional nanomaterials is then discussed in the cancer treatments. In brief, the rational design of living therapy based on bacterial cells highlighted a rapid development in tumor therapy and pointed out the potentials in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Qiliner Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Si Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yuxuan Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Hongli Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Baizhu Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
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Ninmer EK, Zhu H, Chianese-Bullock KA, von Mehren M, Haas NB, Ross MI, Dengel LT, Slingluff CL. Multipeptide vaccines for melanoma in the adjuvant setting: long-term survival outcomes and post-hoc analysis of a randomized phase II trial. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2570. [PMID: 38519525 PMCID: PMC10959948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The critical roles of CD4+ T cells have been understudied for cancer vaccines. Here we report long-term clinical outcomes of a randomized multicenter phase II clinical trial (NCT00118274), where patients with high-risk melanoma received a multipeptide vaccine targeting CD8+ T cells (12MP) and were randomized to receive either of two vaccines for CD4+ (helper) T cells: 6MHP (6 melanoma-specific helper peptides), or tet (a nonspecific helper peptide from tetanus toxoid). Cyclophosphamide (Cy) pre-treatment was also assessed. Primary outcomes for T cell responses to 12MP, 6MHP, and tet were previously reported, suggesting immunogenicity of both vaccines but that CD8 T cell responses to 12MP were lower when tet was replaced with 6MHP. Here, in post-hoc analyses, we report durable prolongation of overall survival by adding 6MHP instead of tet. That benefit was experienced only by male patients. A favorable interaction of 6MHP and Cy is also suggested. Multivariable Cox regression analysis of the intent-to-treat population identify vaccine arm (12MP + 6MHP+Cy) and patient sex (male) as the two significant predictors of enhanced survival. These findings support the value of adding cognate T cell help to cancer vaccines and also suggest a need to assess the impact of patient sex on immune therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Ninmer
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Chianese-Bullock
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Naomi B Haas
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Merrick I Ross
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn T Dengel
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Wu W, Wang X, Le W, Lu C, Li H, Zhu Y, Chen X, An W, Xu C, Wu Q, Wang L. Immune microenvironment infiltration landscape and immune-related subtypes in prostate cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1001297. [PMID: 36700224 PMCID: PMC9868452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor microenvironment (TME) primarily comprises cancer cells, cancer-infiltrating immune cells, and stromal cells. The tumor cells alter the TME by secreting signaling molecules to induce immune tolerance. The immune cell infiltrating the TME influences the prognosis of patients with cancers. However, immune cell infiltration (ICI) in the TME of patients with prostate cancer (PC) has not yet been studied. Methods In this study, we used Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) and Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumors using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithms to identify three ICI clusters based on 1,099 genes associated with ICI in the TME. The patients were classified into three distinct ICI gene clusters based on overlapping differentially expressed genes in ICI clusters. Furthermore, the ICI scores were calculated using principal component analysis. Results The results revealed that patients with high ICI scores had poor prognoses and reduced expression of immune-checkpoint genes and immune-related genes. Furthermore, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and WNT-β signaling pathways were enriched in the high ICI score subgroup, which suggests that suppression of T cells could contribute to poor prognosis of patients with PC. A positive correlation was observed between the high-ICI-score subgroup and the high tumor mutation burden (TMB) value. Patients with low ICI scores could benefit from immunotherapy, indicating that the ICI score could be used to predict the efficacy of immunotherapeutic response. Conclusions In summary, we provide a comprehensive overview of the landscape of ICI in PC, which could aid in designing the strategies for immunotherapy for patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin’an Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Le
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin An
- Organ Transplantation Clinical Medical Center of Xiamen University, Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Licheng Wang, ; Qiang Wu, ; Chengdang Xu, ; Wenbin An,
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Licheng Wang, ; Qiang Wu, ; Chengdang Xu, ; Wenbin An,
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Licheng Wang, ; Qiang Wu, ; Chengdang Xu, ; Wenbin An,
| | - Licheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Licheng Wang, ; Qiang Wu, ; Chengdang Xu, ; Wenbin An,
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Li L. Tumor Microenvironment Characterization in Breast Cancer and an Immune Cell Infiltration Score Development, Validation, and Application. Front Oncol 2022; 12:844082. [PMID: 35832543 PMCID: PMC9273207 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.844082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the cellular environment in which tumors exist. An increasing number of reports have emphasized its role in tumor progression, prognosis, relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic response with breast cancer (BRCA). Few studies have revealed a systematic landscape of immune cell infiltration (ICI) in BRCA. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the immune cells infiltrating TME in BRCA. Three ICI patterns were identified through an unsupervised clustering method and an ICI score was developed by a principal component analysis (PCA). A Kaplan-Meier survival with log-rank test revealed a significant overall survival (OS) difference of BRCA patients with these three ICI patterns. We also found that a high ICI score was characterized by an elevated tumor mutation burden (TMB), effector T-cell infiltration, INF-γ-related cytotoxicity, and cytolytic activity score. An independent cohort validated that this ICI score could be a prognostic indicator for BRCA. Two immunotherapeutic cohorts and two chemotherapeutic cohorts confirmed that patients with higher ICI scores showed significant chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic advantages. In summary, these results suggest that the ICI patterns could act as a prognostic indicator and that the ICI score could precisely predict the clinical outcome for BRCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Li
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
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Xue S, Zheng T, Yan J, Ma J, Lin C, Dong S, Wei C, Li T, Zhang X, Li G. Identification of a 3-Gene Model as Prognostic Biomarker in Patients With Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:930586. [PMID: 35912206 PMCID: PMC9329618 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.930586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAlthough the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is decreasing, GC remains one of the leading cancers in the world. Surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant therapy have advanced, but patients still face the risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. This study provides new insights for assessment of prognosis and postoperative recurrence of GC patients.MethodsWe collected paired cancer and adjacent tissues of 17 patients with early primary GC for bulk transcriptome sequencing. By comparing the transcriptome information of cancer and adjacent cancer, 321 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. These DEGs were further screened and analyzed with the GC cohort of TCGA to establish a 3-gene prognostic model (PLCL1, PLOD2 and ABCA6). At the same time, the predictive ability of this risk model is validated in multiple public data sets. Besides, the differences in immune cells proportion between the high- and low-risk groups were analyzed by the CIBERSORT algorithm with the Leukocyte signature matrix (LM22) gene signature to reveal the role of the immune microenvironment in the occurrence and development of GC.ResultsThe model could divide GC samples from TCGA cohorts into two groups with significant differences in overall and disease-free survival. The excellent predictive ability of this model was also validated in multiple other public data sets. The proportion of these immune cells such as resting mast cells, T cells CD4+ memory activated and Macrophages M2 are significantly different between high and low risk group.ConclusionThese three genes used to build the models were validated as biomarkers for predicting tumor recurrence and survival. They may have potential significance for the treatment and diagnosis of patients in the future, and may also promote the development of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Xue
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tianjiao Zheng
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGl) College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Yan
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGl) College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shichen Dong
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tong Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center of Infectious Disease, The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Li, ; Xiaoyin Zhang,
| | - Guibo Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Li, ; Xiaoyin Zhang,
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A Framework to Predict the Molecular Classification and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients and Characterize the Landscape of Immune Cell Infiltration. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4635806. [PMID: 35720039 PMCID: PMC9201713 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4635806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is known that all current cancer therapies can only benefit a limited proportion of patients; thus, molecular classification and prognosis evaluation are critical for correctly classifying breast cancer patients and selecting the best treatment strategy. These processes usually involve the disclosure of molecular information like mutation, expression, and immune microenvironment of a breast cancer patient, which are not been fully studied until now. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to identify potential markers to enhance molecular classification, precision prognosis, and therapy stratification for breast cancer patients. In this study, we explored the gene expression profiles of 1,721 breast cancer patients through CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms; then, we obtained a comprehensive intratumoral immune landscape. The immune cell infiltration (ICI) patterns of breast cancer were classified into 3 separate subtypes according to the infiltration levels of 22 immune cells. The differentially expressed genes between these subtypes were further identified, and ICI scores were calculated to assess the immune landscape of BRCA patients. Importantly, we demonstrated that ICI scores correlate with patients' survival, tumor mutation burden, neoantigens, and sensitivity to specific drugs. Based on these ICI scores, we were able to predict the prognosis of patients and their response to immunotherapy. Together, these findings provide a realistic scenario to stratify breast cancer patients for precision medicine.
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7
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Xu Q, Chen S, Hu Y, Huang W. Landscape of Immune Microenvironment Under Immune Cell Infiltration Pattern in Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711433. [PMID: 34512634 PMCID: PMC8429934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evdence supports the suggestion that the immune cell infiltration (ICI) patterns play a pivotal role in tumor progression in breast cancer (BRCA). Nonetheless, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the ICI patterns effects on the clinical outcomes and immunotherapy. Methods Multiomic data for BRCA samples were downloaded from TCGA. ESTIMATE algorithm, ssGSEA method, and CIBERSORT analysis were used to uncover the landscape of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). BRCA subtypes based on the ICI pattern were identified by consensus clustering and principal-component analysis was performed to obtain the ICI scores to quantify the ICI patterns in individual tumors. Their prognostic value was validated by the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied for functional annotation. Immunophenoscore (IPS) was employed to explore the immunotherapeutic role of the ICI scores. Finally, the mutation data was analyzed by using the “maftools” R package. Results Three different immune infiltration patterns with a distinct prognosis and biological signature were recognized among 1,198 BRCA samples. The characteristics of TIME under these three patterns were highly consistent with three known immune profiles: immune- excluded, immune-desert, and immune-inflamed phenotypes, respectively. The identification of the ICI patterns within individual tumors based on the ICI score, developed under the ICI-related signature genes, contributed into dissecting biological processes, clinical outcome, immune cells infiltration, immunotherapeutic effect, and genetic variation. High ICI score subtype, characterized with a suppression of immunity, suggested an immune-exhausted phenotype. Abundant effective immune cells were discovered in the low ICI score patients, which corresponded to an immune-activated phenotype and might present an immunotherapeutic advantage. Immunophenoscore was implemented as a surrogate of immunotherapeutic outcome, low-ICI scores samples obtained a significantly higher immunophenoscore. Enrichment of the JAK/STAT and VEGF signal pathways were activated in the ICI low-score subgroup. Finally, the synergistic effect between the ICI score and the tumor mutation burden (TMB) was confirmed. Conclusion This work comprehensively elucidated that the ICI patterns served as an indispensable player in complexity and diversity of TIME. Quantitative identification of the ICI patterns in individual tumor will contribute into mapping the landscape of TIME further optimizing precision immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohuai Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanbo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Stevens AD, Bullock TNJ. Therapeutic vaccination targeting CD40 and TLR3 controls melanoma growth through existing intratumoral CD8 T cells without new T cell infiltration. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2139-2150. [PMID: 33452626 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are potently activated by the synergistic action of CD40 stimulation in conjunction with signaling through toll like receptors, subsequently priming T cells. Cancer vaccines targeting the activation of dendritic cells in this manner show promise in murine models and are being developed for human patients. While the efficacy of vaccines based on CD40 and toll like receptor stimulation has been established, further investigation is needed to understand the mechanism of tumor control and how vaccination alters tumor infiltrating immune cells. In this study we vaccinated mice bearing established murine melanoma tumors with agonistic anti-CD40, polyI:C, and tumor antigen. Vaccination led to increased intratumoral T cell numbers and delayed tumor growth, yet did not require trafficking of T cells from the periphery. Pre-existing intratumoral T cells exhibited an acute burst in proliferation but became less functional in response to vaccination. However, the increased intratumoral T cell numbers yielded increased numbers of effector T cells per tumor. Together, our data indicate that the existing T cell response and intratumoral dendritic cells are critical for vaccination efficacy. It also suggests that circulating T cells responding to vaccination may not be an appropriate biomarker for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Stevens
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Novel Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus 1 VC2 Promotes Long-Lasting, Systemic Anti-melanoma Tumor Immune Responses and Increased Survival in an Immunocompetent B16F10-Derived Mouse Melanoma Model. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01359-20. [PMID: 33177208 PMCID: PMC7925097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01359-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current oncolytic virotherapies possess limited response rates. However, when certain patient selection criteria are used, oncolytic virotherapy response rates have been shown to increase. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is now understood to be an immunotherapy that uses viral infection to liberate tumor antigens in an immunogenic context to promote the development of antitumor immune responses. The only currently FDA-approved oncolytic virotherapy, T-Vec, is a modified type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). While T-Vec is associated with limited response rates, its modest efficacy supports the continued development of novel OVT viruses. Herein, we test the efficacy of a recombinant HSV-1, VC2, as an OVT in a syngeneic B16F10-derived mouse model of melanoma. VC2 possesses mutations that block its ability to enter neurons via axonal termini. This greatly enhances its safety profile by precluding the ability of the virus to establish latent infection. VC2 has been shown to be a safe, effective vaccine against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection in mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates. We found that VC2 slows tumor growth rates and that VC2 treatment significantly enhances survival of tumor-engrafted, VC2-treated mice over control treatments. VC2-treated mice that survived initial tumor engraftment were resistant to a second engraftment as well as colonization of lungs by intravenous introduction of tumor cells. We found that VC2 treatment induced substantial increases in intratumoral T cells and a decrease in immunosuppressive regulatory T cells. This immunity was critically dependent on CD8+ T cells and less dependent on CD4+ T cells. Our data provide significant support for the continued development of VC2 as an OVT for the treatment of human and animal cancers. IMPORTANCE Current oncolytic virotherapies possess limited response rates. However, when certain patient selection criteria are used, oncolytic virotherapy response rates have been shown to increase. This, in addition to the increased response rates of oncolytic virotherapy in combination with other immunotherapies, suggests that oncolytic viruses possess significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer. As such, it is important to continue to develop novel oncolytic viruses as well as support basic research into their mechanisms of efficacy. Our data demonstrate significant clinical potential for VC2, a novel type 1 oncolytic herpes simplex virus. Additionally, due to the high rates of survival and the dependence on CD8+ T cells for efficacy, our model will enable study of the immunological correlates of protection for VC2 oncolytic virotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy in general. Understanding the mechanisms of efficacious oncolytic virotherapy will inform the rational design of improved oncolytic virotherapies.
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Fabian KP, Malamas AS, Padget MR, Solocinski K, Wolfson B, Fujii R, Abdul Sater H, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Therapy of Established Tumors with Rationally Designed Multiple Agents Targeting Diverse Immune-Tumor Interactions: Engage, Expand, Enable. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:239-252. [PMID: 33355290 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of immunologically cold solid tumors may require multiple agents to engage immune effector cells, expand effector populations and activities, and enable immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To target these distinct phenomena, we strategically chose five clinical-stage immuno-oncology agents, namely, (i) a tumor antigen-targeting adenovirus-based vaccine (Ad-CEA) and an IL15 superagonist (N-803) to activate tumor-specific T cells, (ii) OX40 and GITR agonists to expand and enhance the activated effector populations, and (iii) an IDO inhibitor (IDOi) to enable effector-cell activity in the TME. Flow cytometry, T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses showed that in the CEA-transgenic murine colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA) tumor model, Ad-CEA + N-803 combination therapy resulted in immune-mediated antitumor effects and promoted the expression of costimulatory molecules on immune subsets, OX40 and GITR, and the inhibitory molecule IDO. Treatment with Ad-CEA + N-803 + OX40 + GITR + IDOi, termed the pentatherapy regimen, resulted in the greatest inhibition of tumor growth and protection from tumor rechallenge without toxicity. Monotherapy with any of the agents had little to no antitumor activity, whereas combining two, three, or four agents had minimal antitumor effects. Immune analyses demonstrated that the pentatherapy combination induced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activity in the periphery and tumor, and antitumor activity associated with decreased regulatory T-cell (Treg) immunosuppression in the TME. The pentatherapy combination also inhibited tumor growth and metastatic formation in 4T1 and LL2-CEA murine tumor models. This study provides the rationale for the combination of multimodal immunotherapy agents to engage, enhance, and enable adaptive antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye P Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony S Malamas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristen Solocinski
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin Wolfson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rika Fujii
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Brar G, Farhat NA, Sukhina A, Lam AK, Kim YH, Hsu T, Tong L, Lin WW, Ware CF, Blackman MA, Sun R, Wu TT. Deletion of immune evasion genes provides an effective vaccine design for tumor-associated herpesviruses. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:102. [PMID: 33298958 PMCID: PMC7644650 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses often induce broad, multifaceted immune responses. However, they also usually sacrifice immunogenicity for attenuation. It is particularly difficult to elicit an effective vaccine for herpesviruses due to an armament of immune evasion genes and a latent phase. Here, to overcome the limitation of attenuation, we developed a rational herpesvirus vaccine in which viral immune evasion genes were deleted to enhance immunogenicity while also attaining safety. To test this vaccine strategy, we utilized murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) as a proof-of-concept model for the cancer-associated human γ-herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We engineered a recombinant MHV-68 virus by targeted inactivation of viral antagonists of type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway and deletion of the latency locus responsible for persistent infection. This recombinant virus is highly attenuated with no measurable capacity for replication, latency, or persistence in immunocompetent hosts. It stimulates robust innate immunity, differentiates virus-specific memory T cells, and elicits neutralizing antibodies. A single vaccination affords durable protection that blocks the establishment of latency following challenge with the wild type MHV-68 for at least six months post-vaccination. These results provide a framework for effective vaccination against cancer-associated herpesviruses through the elimination of latency and key immune evasion mechanisms from the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Brar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nisar A Farhat
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alisa Sukhina
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alex K Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yong Hoon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tiffany Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Leming Tong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wai Wai Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Zhang X, Shi M, Chen T, Zhang B. Characterization of the Immune Cell Infiltration Landscape in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Aid Immunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:298-309. [PMID: 33230435 PMCID: PMC7522342 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) chiefly consists of tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells admixed with the stromal component. A recent clinical trial has shown that the tumor immune cell infiltration (ICI) is correlated with the sensitivity to immunotherapy and the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) prognosis. However, to date, the immune infiltrative landscape of HNSC has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we proposed two computational algorithms to unravel the ICI landscape of 1,029 HNSC patients. Three ICI patterns were defined, and the ICI scores were determined by using principal-component analysis. A high ICI score was characterized by an increased tumor mutation burden (TMB) and the immune-activating signaling pathways. Activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and WNT signaling pathways were observed in low ICI score subtypes, indicating T cell suppression, and may be responsible for poor prognosis. Two immunotherapy cohorts confirmed patients with higher ICI scores demonstrated significant therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits. This study demonstrated that the ICI scores serve as an effective prognostic biomarker and predictive indicator for immunotherapy. Evaluating the ICI patterns of a larger cohort of samples will extend our understanding of TME, and it may provide directions to the current research investigations on immunotherapeutic strategies for HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Zhang
- Oral Research Center of CPLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 15 Dongjiangwan Road, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Mengqi Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Navy Speciality Medical Center of Peoples’ Liberation Army Navy, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Tielou Chen
- Oral Research Center of CPLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 15 Dongjiangwan Road, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding author: Boxin Zhang, Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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13
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Zhang SC, Hu ZQ, Long JH, Zhu GM, Wang Y, Jia Y, Zhou J, Ouyang Y, Zeng Z. Clinical Implications of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2019; 10:6175-6184. [PMID: 31762828 PMCID: PMC6856577 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune infiltration of tumors is closely related to clinical outcomes. The composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) can serve as biomarkers for predicting response to treatment and survival in different patient subgroups in terms of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This study is focused on investigating the clinical implications of TIICs in breast cancer patients. We performed several in silico analyses of gene expression profiles in 2976 nonmetastatic tumor samples. CIBERSORT was used to estimate the proportion of 22 immune cell types to analyze their correlation with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in different breast cancer subtypes and stages. Our results showed that a higher fraction of plasma cells in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients indicated an increase in DFS (hazard ratio [HR]=0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54~0.82, p<0.01), while a decreased OS was correlated with a greater number of M0 macrophages (HR=2.02, 95% CI 1.27~3.30, p=0.01) and regulatory T cells (HR=1.90, 95% CI 1.20~3.02, p=0.02). In ER-negative or progesterone receptor (PR)-negative subtypes or in a combined subtype, the increase in activated memory CD4+ T cells was correlated with increased DFS (HR=0.46, 95% CI 0.33~0.63, p<0.01). In all breast cancer patients, a higher proportion of M0 macrophages indicated a decreased DFS (HR=1.67, 95% CI 1.22~2.27, p<0.01), while increased OS was associated with relatively larger fractions of resting memory CD4+ T cells (HR=0.70, 95% CI 0.55~0.90, p=0.02) and γδ T cells (HR=0.66, 95% CI 0.51~0.85, p<0.01). Therefore, this study revealed that the composition of TIICs is different in patients with various subtypes of breast cancer and is directly related to prognosis, suggesting that TIICs are important participants in tumor progression and may, potentially be used for future diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chao Zhang
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zu-Quan Hu
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jin-Hua Long
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Gui-Ming Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Jia
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
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14
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Varypataki EM, Hasler F, Waeckerle-Men Y, Vogel-Kindgen S, Høgset A, Kündig TM, Gander B, Halin C, Johansen P. Combined Photosensitization and Vaccination Enable CD8 T-Cell Immunity and Tumor Suppression Independent of CD4 T-Cell Help. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1548. [PMID: 31333674 PMCID: PMC6624637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are key players in fighting cancer, and their induction is a major focus in the design of therapeutic vaccines. Yet, therapeutic vaccine efficacy is limited, in part due to the suboptimal vaccine processing by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Such processing typically takes place via the MHC class II pathway for CD4 T-cell activation and MHC class I pathway for activation of CD8 CTLs. We show that a combination of skin photochemical treatment and immunization, so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) facilitated CTL activation due to the photochemical adjuvant effect induced by photosensitizer, oxygen, and light. Mice were immunized intradermally with antigen and photosensitizer, followed by controlled light exposure. PCI-treated mice showed strong activation of CD8 T cells, with improved IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity, as compared to mice immunized without parallel PCI treatment. Surprisingly, the CD8 T-cell effector functions were not impaired in MHC class II- or CD4 T-cell-deficient mice. Moreover, PCI-based vaccination caused tumor regression independent of MHC class II or CD4 T cells presence in melanoma bearing mice. Together, the data demonstrate that PCI can act as a powerful adjuvant in cancer vaccines, even in hosts with impaired T-helper functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Hasler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Thomas M Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Zeng D, Li M, Zhou R, Zhang J, Sun H, Shi M, Bin J, Liao Y, Rao J, Liao W. Tumor Microenvironment Characterization in Gastric Cancer Identifies Prognostic and Immunotherapeutically Relevant Gene Signatures. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:737-750. [PMID: 30842092 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Meiyi Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jinjun Rao
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening of Guangdong Province. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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16
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Gemta LF, Siska PJ, Nelson ME, Gao X, Liu X, Locasale JW, Yagita H, Slingluff CL, Hoehn KL, Rathmell JC, Bullock TNJ. Impaired enolase 1 glycolytic activity restrains effector functions of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaap9520. [PMID: 30683669 PMCID: PMC6824424 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aap9520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the context of solid tumors, there is a positive correlation between the accumulation of cytotoxic CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and favorable clinical outcomes. However, CD8+ TILs often exhibit a state of functional exhaustion, limiting their activity, and the underlying molecular basis of this dysfunction is not fully understood. Here, we show that TILs found in human and murine CD8+ melanomas are metabolically compromised with deficits in both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism. Although several studies have shown that tumors can outcompete T cells for glucose, thus limiting T cell metabolic activity, we report that a down-regulation in the activity of ENOLASE 1, a critical enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, represses glycolytic activity in CD8+ TILs. Provision of pyruvate, a downstream product of ENOLASE 1, bypasses this inactivity and promotes both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in improved effector function of CD8+ TILs. We found high expression of both enolase 1 mRNA and protein in CD8+ TILs, indicating that the enzymatic activity of ENOLASE 1 is regulated posttranslationally. These studies provide a critical insight into the biochemical basis of CD8+ TIL dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelisa F Gemta
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Marin E Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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17
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Jiang L, Dong R, Ying M, He Q, Cao J, Yang B. Immune cells in the tumour: new routes of retinoids for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4285-4294. [PMID: 30298911 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoids, vitamin A and its natural and synthetic analogues have various functions, including being involved in cell proliferation and differentiation and participating in the formation of vertebrate morphology. In addition, they may activate certain tumour suppressor genes that then act as tumour inhibitors. In the past decades, retinoids have been regarded as promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents; however, their mechanisms are still not fully understood. Immune cells that participate in or are associated with the immune response play vital roles in the initiation and development of many cancers. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that retinoids can also exert various effects on immune cells including macrophages, T cells and dendritic cells in tumour tissues to execute anti-tumour actions, providing new insights into chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. In this review, we focus on the effects of retinoids on immune cells in the tumour, which may provide new approaches for antineoplastic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Tang M, Liu Y, Zhang QC, Zhang P, Wu JK, Wang JN, Ruan Y, Huang Y. Antitumor efficacy of the Runx2-dendritic cell vaccine in triple-negative breast cancer in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2813-2822. [PMID: 30127867 PMCID: PMC6096217 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and limited effective treatment. The rise in immunotherapeutic strategies prompted the establishment of a genetic vaccine against TNBC in vitro using a possible biological marker of TNBC. In the present study, different detection methods were used to evaluate the distribution and expression of runt-associated transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in various breast cancer cell lines. Following the development of the Runx2-dendritic cell (DC) vaccine using a lentivirus, the transfection efficacy was recorded. The T lymphocytes co-cultured with the vaccine were collected to assess the antitumor potency. Increased levels of Runx2 were expressed in breast cancer cells; however, different breast cancer cell lines expressed various levels of Runx2. Runx2 demonstrated particularly high expression in TNBC cells, compared with non-TNBC cells. A Runx2 lentivirus transfection system was successfully engineered, and Runx2 was transduced into dendritic cells whilst maintaining stable expression. The sustained and stable cytotoxic T cells induced in the transfected group had higher and more specific antitumor efficacy against TNBC, compared with the other cell lines. Runx2 may be a novel target for TNBC treatment. The Runx2-DC vaccine may induce specific and efficient antitumor effects in TNBC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Chu Zhang
- Department of VIP, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Lingnan Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Jue-Kun Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ni Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ruan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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19
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Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines enhance CD8 + T cell responses against human viral proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14273. [PMID: 29079845 PMCID: PMC5660197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An important goal of vaccination against viruses and virus-driven cancers is to elicit cytotoxic CD8+ T cells specific for virus-derived peptides. CD8+ T cell responses can be enhanced by engaging help from natural killer T (NKT) cells. We have produced synthetic vaccines that induce strong peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo by incorporating an NKT cell-activating glycolipid. Here we examine the effect of a glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccine incorporating an NKT cell-activating glycolipid linked to an MHC class I-restricted peptide from a viral antigen in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The vaccine induces CD1d-dependent activation of human NKT cells following enzymatic cleavage, activates human dendritic cells in an NKT-cell dependent manner, and generates a pool of activated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with cytotoxic potential. Compared to unconjugated peptide, the vaccine upregulates expression of genes encoding interferon-γ, CD137 and granzyme B. A similar vaccine incorporating a peptide from the clinically-relevant human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 E7 oncoprotein induces cytotoxicity against peptide-expressing targets in vivo, and elicits a better antitumor response in a model of E7-expressing lung cancer than its unconjugated components. Glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccines may prove useful for the prevention or treatment of viral infections and tumors that express viral antigens.
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20
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The clinical significance of memory T cells and its subsets in gastric cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:257-65. [PMID: 23793812 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long life of memory T cell (Tm) determines its crucial role in the carcinogenesis and carcinogenic progression which usually take long time. The Tm compartment contains two populations, central memory T cells (Tcm) and effector memory T cells (Tem), based on their phenotypic markers, functional attributes, and migratory properties. METHODS We investigated the subsets of the Tm in peripheral blood and tumor microenvironments in patients with gastric cancer by flow cytometry, and aimed to explore the correlation between the Tm and clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer. RESULTS The percentages of CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tm and CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tcm in peripheral blood from gastric cancer patients were statistically lower, whereas the percentages of CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tem were significantly higher than healthy controls. The proportion of CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tcm increased after tumor resection, while the percentage of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tem decreased significantly. Significant associations were detected between the peripheral CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tm and clinical stage, as well as the CD8(+) Tcm and clinical stage and nodal involvement. Tumor infiltrating CD8(+) Tm expressed both central and effector memory phenotypes, whereas CD4(+) Tm displayed predominantly an effector memory phenotype. Higher percentages of tumor infiltrating CD4(+)/CD8(+) Tm were significantly associated with the early disease stage. CONCLUSIONS Tm and its subsets were good immune indicators for the disease stage of gastric cancer. The proportion of Tm subsets may reflect the immune suppressive and immune response to the tumor associated antigen.
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21
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Umeshappa CS, Xie Y, Xu S, Nanjundappa RH, Freywald A, Deng Y, Ma H, Xiang J. Th cells promote CTL survival and memory via acquired pMHC-I and endogenous IL-2 and CD40L signaling and by modulating apoptosis-controlling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64787. [PMID: 23785406 PMCID: PMC3681805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells is crucial for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity. However, CD4+ Th’s signals that govern CTL survival and functional memory are still not completely understood. In this study, we assessed the role of CD4+ Th cells with acquired antigen-presenting machineries in determining CTL fates. We utilized an adoptive co-transfer into CD4+ T cell-sufficient or -deficient mice of OTI CTLs and OTII Th cells or Th cells with various gene deficiencies pre-stimulated in vitro by ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed dendritic cell (DCova). CTL survival was kinetically assessed in these mice using FITC-anti-CD8 and PE-H-2Kb/OVA257-264 tetramer staining by flow cytometry. We show that by acting via endogenous CD40L and IL-2, and acquired peptide-MHC-I (pMHC-I) complex signaling, CD4+ Th cells enhance survival of transferred effector CTLs and their differentiation into the functional memory CTLs capable of protecting against highly-metastasizing tumor challenge. Moreover, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis demonstrate that increased survival of CD4+ Th cell-helped CTLs is matched with enhanced Akt1/NF-κB activation, down-regulation of TRAIL, and altered expression profiles with up-regulation of prosurvival (Bcl-2) and down-regulation of proapoptotic (Bcl-10, Casp-3, Casp-4, Casp-7) molecules. Taken together, our results reveal a previously unexplored mechanistic role for CD4+ Th cells in programming CTL survival and memory recall responses. This knowledge could also aid in the development of efficient adoptive CTL cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shulin Xu
- Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ryu SJ, Kang B, Kim SH, Kim TW, Chang J, Choi EY. Requirement of CD4 help for induction of CD8 T cell response specific for virally derived h60. Immune Netw 2012; 12:118-25. [PMID: 22916048 PMCID: PMC3422710 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.3.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40-CD40L-mediated help from CD4 T cells is essential to induce primary CD8 T cell responses specific to the non-inflammatory cell-based antigen H60. In this study, using H60 as a model antigen, we generated recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing the H60 CD8 epitope and investigated whether CD4 help was required to activate the CD8 T cell response specific to the virally expressed H60. The immune response after infection with rVVs expressing H60 was similar to that after immunization with H60 congenic splenocytes, with a peak frequency of H60-specific CD8 T cells detected in the blood on day 10 post-infection. A CD8 T cell response specific for virally derived H60 was not induced in CD4-depleted mice, but was in CD40-deficient mice. These results provide insights into the characterization of the CD8 T cell response specifically for antigens originating from cellular sources compared to viral sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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23
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Abstract
Activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells has long been regarded as a major antitumor mechanism of the immune system. Emerging evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells are required for the generation and maintenance of effective CD8+ cytotoxic and memory T cells, a phenomenon known as CD4+ T-cell help. CD4+ T-cell help facilitates the optimal expansion, trafficking, and effector function of CD8+ T cells, thereby enhancing tumor destruction. In addition, a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (TRegs), effectively hampers anti-tumor immune responses, which has been proposed to be one of the major tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Here, we review recent advances in deciphering how anti-tumor immune responses are orchestrated by CD4+ T cells. We will also discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of CD4+ T-cell manipulation in anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ping Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 122, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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24
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Côté AL, Byrne KT, Steinberg SM, Zhang P, Turk MJ. Protective CD8 memory T cell responses to mouse melanoma are generated in the absence of CD4 T cell help. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26491. [PMID: 22046294 PMCID: PMC3202545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that temporary depletion of CD4 T cells in mice with progressive B16 melanoma, followed by surgical tumor excision, induces protective memory CD8 T cell responses to melanoma/melanocyte antigens. We also showed that persistence of these CD8 T cells is supported, in an antigen-dependent fashion, by concurrent autoimmune melanocyte destruction. Herein we explore the requirement of CD4 T cell help in priming and maintaining this protective CD8 T cell response to melanoma. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To induce melanoma/melanocyte antigen-specific CD8 T cells, B16 tumor bearing mice were depleted of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) by either temporary, or long-term continuous treatment with anti-CD4 (mAb clone GK1.5). Total depletion of CD4 T cells led to significant priming of IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cell responses to TRP-2 and gp100. Surprisingly, treatment with anti-CD25 (mAb clone PC61), to specifically deplete T(reg) cells while leaving help intact, was ineffective at priming CD8 T cells. Thirty to sixty days after primary tumors were surgically excised, mice completely lacking CD4 T cell help developed autoimmune vitiligo, and maintained antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses that were highly effective at producing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). Mice lacking total CD4 T cell help also mounted protection against re-challenge with B16 melanoma sixty days after primary tumor excision. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This work establishes that CD4 T cell help is dispensable for the generation of protective memory T cell responses to melanoma. Our findings support further use of CD4 T cell depletion therapy for inducing long-lived immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik L. Côté
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Katelyn T. Byrne
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Steinberg
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Control of established melanoma by CD27 stimulation is associated with enhanced effector function and persistence, and reduced PD-1 expression of tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. J Immunother 2011; 33:769-79. [PMID: 20842060 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181ee238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to the tumor can be enhanced by targeting costimulatory molecules on T cells. As the CD70-CD27 costimulatory axis plays an important role in the activation, survival, and differentiation of lymphocytes, we have examined the efficacy of agonistic anti-CD27 antibodies as monotherapies for established melanoma in a murine model. We show that this approach leads to a substantial reduction in the outgrowth of both experimental lung metastases and subcutaneous tumors. Anti-CD27 treatment supports the maintenance of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells within the tumor, reduces the frequency of FoxP3-expressing CD4(+) T cells within tumors, and potentiates the ability of NK1.1(+) and CD8(+) tumor infiltrating cells to secrete IFNγ upon coculture with tumor cells. The enhanced effector function correlated with lower levels of PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells from anti-CD27-treated mice. Despite the modulating effect of anti-CD27 on multiple cell types, only CD8(+) T cells were absolutely required for tumor control. The CD4(+) T cells were dispensable, whereas NK1.1(+) cells were needed during early stages of tumor growth but not for the effectiveness of anti-CD27. Thus, CD27-mediated costimulation provides a potent boost to multiple aspects of the endogenous responses to tumor, and may be exploited to enhance tumor immunity.
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26
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Steer HJ, Lake RA, Nowak AK, Robinson BWS. Harnessing the immune response to treat cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29:6301-13. [PMID: 20856204 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the immune system has the capacity to attack malignant cells. During malignant transformation cells acquire numerous molecular and biochemical changes that render them potentially vulnerable to immune cells. Yet it is self-evident that a growing tumour has managed to evade these host defence mechanisms. The exact ways in which the immune system interacts with tumour cells and how cancers are able to escape immunological eradication have only recently started to be fully elucidated. Understanding the relationship between the tumour and the anti-tumour immune response and how this can be altered with conventional treatments and immune-targeted therapies is crucial to developing new treatments for patients with cancer. In this review, focusing on the anti-tumour T-cell response, we summarize our understanding of how tumours, cancer treatments and the immune system interact, how tumours evade the immune response and how this process could be manipulated for the benefit of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Steer
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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27
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Abstract
While many aspects of memory T-cell immunobiology have been characterized, we suggest that we know only a fraction of the effector functions that CD4 T cells can bring to bear during secondary challenges. Exploring the full impact of memory CD4 T-cell responses is key to the development of improved vaccines against many prominent pathogens, including influenza viruses, and also to a better understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmunity. Here we discuss factors regulating the generation of memory CD4 T cells during the activation of naïve cells and how the nature of the transition from highly activated effector to resting memory upon the resolution of primary responses might impact memory CD4 T-cell heterogeneity in vivo. We stress that memory CD4 T cells have unique functional attributes beyond the secretion of T helper (Th) subset-associated cytokines that can shape highly effective secondary responses through novel mechanisms. These include the recruitment of innate inflammatory responses at early phases of secondary responses as well as the action of enhanced direct effector functions at later phases, in addition to well-established helper roles for CD8 T-cell and B-cell responses.
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28
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Van Deusen KE, Rajapakse R, Bullock TNJ. CD70 expression by dendritic cells plays a critical role in the immunogenicity of CD40-independent, CD4+ T cell-dependent, licensed CD8+ T cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:477-85. [PMID: 19952354 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of DC by CD4(+) T cells is known to condition DC to activate naïve CD8(+) T cells, predominantly via CD40-CD40L interactions. It has been proposed that a critical consequence of DC conditioning is the induction of CD70 expression. Whether and how CD70 induction contributes to CD8(+) T cell responses in the absence of CD40-CD40L interactions are unknown. CD8(+) T cell responses to adenoviral- or DC-based immunization of CD40-deficient mice revealed a CD40-independent, CD4(+) T cell-dependent pathway for CD70 induction on conventional DC. This pathway and subsequent CD8(+) T cell responses were enhanced by, but not dependent on, concomitant activation of TLR and in part, used TRANCE and LIGHT/LTalphabeta stimulation. Blocking TRANCE and LIGHT/LTalphabeta during stimulation reduced the immunogenicity of CD40-deficient DC. These data support the hypothesis that induction of CD70 expression on DC after an encounter with activated CD4(+) T cells is a major component of CD4(+) T cell-mediated licensing of DC. Further, multiple pathways exist for CD4(+) T cells to elicit CD70 expression on DC. These data in part explain the capacity of CD40-deficient mice to mount CD8(+) T cell responses and may provide additional targets for immunotherapy in situations when CD40-mediated licensing is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Van Deusen
- Department of Pathology, Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia Health System, Carter-Harrison MR6, Room G526, 345 Crispell Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, and although initially responsive to surgery and chemotherapy, has a high rate of recurrence and mortality. Cellular immunotherapy may offer the prospect of treatment to prevent or delay recurrent metastatic disease. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of current innovations in cellular immunotherapy for ovarian cancer, with an emphasis on dendritic cell vaccination and adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. METHODS Three key areas are explored in this review: first, an appraisal of the current state of the art of cellular immunotherapy for treatment of ovarian cancer; second, a discussion of the immunological defenses erected by ovarian cancer to prevent immunological attack, with an emphasis on the role of tumor-associated regulatory T cells; and third, an exploration of innovative techniques that may enhance the ability of cellular immunotherapy to overcome ovarian tumor-associated immune suppression. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Ovarian cancer is recognized as a paradigm for tumor-associated immune suppression. Innovative approaches for antagonism of tumor-associated regulatory T-cell infiltration and redirection of self antigen-driven regulatory T-cell activation may provide the key to development of future strategies for cellular immunotherapy against ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Cannon
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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30
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Kalli KR, Krco CJ, Hartmann LC, Goodman K, Maurer MJ, Yu C, Johnson EM, Erskine CL, Disis ML, Wettstein PJ, Fikes JD, Beebe M, Ishioka G, Knutson KL. An HLA-DR-degenerate epitope pool detects insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2-specific immunity in patients with cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4893-901. [PMID: 18559537 PMCID: PMC2744636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the importance of helper CD4 T cells in initiating and sustaining tumor-specific CD8 T-cell immunity. This has paved the way for identifying MHC class II epitopes that could be incorporated into class I-based vaccines. In this study, the goal was to identify an HLA-DR-degenerate epitope pool derived from insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). IGFBP-2, a regulator of insulin-like growth factor action, is overexpressed in the majority of breast and ovarian cancers. Using algorithms, we predicted 29 HLA-DR1-binding epitopes. Binding assays targeting 15 different HLA-DRs revealed that 10 epitopes were degenerate, binding to at least four different HLA-DR variants. An IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay was used to assess immunity to these 10 epitopes in 48 patients with either breast or ovarian cancer and 18 controls. Elevated T-cell immunity in patients was detected in 4 of the 10 epitopes (IGFBP2.17, IGFBP2.22, IGFBP2.249, and IGFBP2.293). The cumulative T-cell frequency of these four epitopes was elevated in patients relative to controls. All four peptides are naturally processed and presented to CD4 T-cells. The degenerate pool of peptides covers nearly 80% of patients and may be useful for augmenting CD4 T-cell immunity in patients undergoing immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karin Goodman
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew J. Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Mary L. Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, Seattle, Washington
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