1
|
Zhang SY, Zhang LY, Wen R, Yang N, Zhang TN. Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117295. [PMID: 39146765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable research efforts, inflammatory diseases remain a heavy burden on human health, causing significant economic losses annually. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a significant role in regulating inflammation (via histone and non-histone protein deacetylation) and chromatin structure and gene expression regulation. Herein, we present a detailed description of the different HDACs and their functions and analyze the role of HDACs in inflammatory diseases, including pro-inflammatory cytokine production reduction, immune cell function modulation, and anti-inflammatory cell activity enhancement. Although HDAC inhibitors have shown broad inflammatory disease treatment potentials, their clinical applicability remains limited because of their non-specific effects, adverse effects, and drug resistance. With further research and insight, these inhibitors are expected to become important tools for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. This review aims to explore the mechanisms and application prospects of HDACs and their inhibitors in multiple inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ri Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Tie-Ning Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou C, Zhao D, Wu C, Wu Z, Zhang W, Chen S, Zhao X, Wu S. Role of histone deacetylase inhibitors in non-neoplastic diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33997. [PMID: 39071622 PMCID: PMC11283006 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in the development and progression of a variety of human diseases, but epigenetic changes are reversible, and epigenetic enzymes and regulatory proteins can be targeted using small molecules. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), as a class of epigenetic drugs, are widely used to treat various cancers and other diseases involving abnormal gene expression. Results Specially, HDACis have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic effect of non-neoplastic conditions, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases and rare diseases, along with their related mechanisms. However, their clinical efficacy has been limited by drug resistance and toxicity. Conclusions To date, most clinical trials of HDAC inhibitors have been related to the treatment of cancer rather than the treatment of non-cancer diseases, for which experimental studies are gradually underway. Discussions regarding non-neoplastic diseases often concentrate on specific disease types. Therefore, this review highlights the development of HDACis and their potential therapeutic applications in non-neoplastic diseases, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs or therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhou
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Dengke Zhao
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shilv Chen
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xindong Zhao
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shaoling Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ozarslan N, Robinson JF, Buarpung S, Kim MY, Ansbro MR, Akram J, Montoya DJ, Kamya MR, Kakuru A, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Cheng G, Feeney ME, Fisher SJ, Gaw SL. Gravidity influences distinct transcriptional profiles of maternal and fetal placental macrophages at term. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384361. [PMID: 38994356 PMCID: PMC11237841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maternal intervillous monocytes (MIMs) and fetal Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are myeloid-derived immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Maternal reproductive history is associated with differential risk of pregnancy complications. The molecular phenotypes and roles of these distinct monocyte/macrophage populations and the influence of gravidity on these phenotypes has not been systematically investigated. Methods Here, we used RNA sequencing to study the transcriptional profiles of MIMs and HBCs in normal term pregnancies. Results Our analyses revealed distinct transcriptomes of MIMs and HBCs. Genes involved in differentiation and cell organization pathways were more highly expressed in MIMs vs. HBCs. In contrast, HBCs had higher expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and cell surface receptor signaling. Maternal gravidity influenced monocyte programming, as expression of pro-inflammatory molecules was significantly higher in MIMs from multigravidae compared to primigravidae. In HBCs, multigravidae displayed enrichment of gene pathways involved in cell-cell signaling and differentiation. Discussion Our results demonstrated that MIMs and HBCs have highly divergent transcriptional signatures, reflecting their distinct origins, locations, functions, and roles in inflammatory responses. Furthermore, maternal gravidity influences the gene signatures of MIMs and HBCs, potentially modulating the interplay between tolerance and trained immunity. The phenomenon of reproductive immune memory may play a novel role in the differential susceptibility of primigravidae to pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ozarslan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joshua F. Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sirirak Buarpung
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - M. Yvonne Kim
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Megan R. Ansbro
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jason Akram
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dennis J. Montoya
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Division of HIV, Global Medicine, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Division of HIV, Global Medicine, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan J. Fisher
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California (UCSF), San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee SY, Fontana F, Sugatani T, Portales Castillo I, Leanza G, Coler-Reilly A, Civitelli R. Connexin43 in mesenchymal lineage cells regulates body adiposity and energy metabolism in mice. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e170016. [PMID: 38349739 PMCID: PMC11063945 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein present in the mesenchymal lineage. In mature adipocytes, Cx43 mediates white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging in response to cold exposure and maintains the mitochondrial integrity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We found that genetic deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) in cells that give rise to chondro-osteogenic and adipogenic precursors driven by the Dermo1/Twist2 promoter led to lower body adiposity and partial protection against the weight gain and metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in both sexes. These protective effects were related to increased locomotion, fuel utilization, energy expenditure, nonshivering thermogenesis, and better glucose tolerance in conditionally Gja1-ablated mice. Accordingly, Gja1-mutant mice exhibited reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, partially preserved insulin sensitivity, increased BAT lipolysis, and decreased whitening under HFD. This metabolic phenotype was not reproduced with more restricted Gja1 ablation in differentiated adipocytes, suggesting that Cx43 in adipocyte progenitors or other targeted cells restrains energy expenditures and promotes fat accumulation. These results reveal what we believe is a hitherto unknown action of Cx43 in adiposity, and offer a promising new pharmacologic target for improving metabolic balance in diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee SY, Fontana F, Sugatani T, Castillo IP, Leanza G, Coler-Reilly A, Civitelli R. Connexin43 in mesenchymal lineage cells regulates body adiposity and energy metabolism in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.05.574415. [PMID: 38260624 PMCID: PMC10802316 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.05.574415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein present in the mesenchymal lineage. In mature adipocytes, Cx43 mediates white adipose tissue (WAT) "beiging" in response to cold exposure and maintains the mitochondrial integrity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We found that genetic deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) in cells that give rise to chondro-osteogenic and adipogenic precursors driven by the Dermo1/Twist2 promoter leads to lower body adiposity and partial protection against the weight gain and metabolic syndrome induced by a high fat diet (HFD) in both sexes. These protective effects from obesogenic diet are related to increased locomotion, fuel utilization, energy expenditure, non-shivering thermogenesis, and better glucose tolerance in conditionally Gja1 ablated mice. Accordingly, Gja1 mutant mice exhibit reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, partially preserved insulin sensitivity, increased BAT lipolysis and decreased whitening under HFD. This metabolic phenotype is not reproduced with more restricted Gja1 ablation in differentiated adipocytes, suggesting that Cx43 has a hitherto unknown function in adipocyte progenitors or other targeted cells, resulting in restrained energy expenditures and fat accumulation. These results disclose an hitherto unknown action of Cx43 in adiposity, and offer a promising new pharmacologic target for improving metabolic balance in diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Francesca Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Toshifumi Sugatani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Ignacio Portales Castillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Giulia Leanza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Roberto Civitelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases; Musculoskeletal Research Center; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ozarslan N, Robinson JF, Buarpung S, Kim MY, Ansbro MR, Akram J, Montoya DJ, Kamya MR, Kakuru A, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Cheng G, Feeney ME, Fisher SJ, Gaw SL. Distinct transcriptional profiles of maternal and fetal placental macrophages at term are associated with gravidity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559419. [PMID: 37808856 PMCID: PMC10557660 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Maternal intervillous monocytes (MIMs) and fetal Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are myeloid-derived immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Little is known regarding the molecular phenotypes and roles of these distinct monocyte/macrophage populations. Here, we used RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptional profiles of MIMs and HBCs in six normal term pregnancies. Our analyses revealed distinct transcriptomes of MIMs and HBCs. Genes involved in differentiation and cell organization pathways were more highly expressed in MIMs vs. HBCs. In contrast, HBCs had higher expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses and cell surface receptor signaling. Maternal gravidity influenced monocyte programming, as expression of pro-inflammatory molecules was significantly higher in MIMs from multigravidas compared to primigravidas. In HBCs, multigravidas displayed enrichment of gene pathways involved in cell-cell signaling and differentiation. In summary, our results demonstrated that MIMs and HBCs have highly divergent transcriptional signatures, reflecting their distinct origins, locations, functions, and roles in inflammatory responses. Our data further suggested that maternal gravidity influences the gene signatures of MIMs and HBCs, potentially modulating the interplay between tolerance and trained immunity. The phenomenon of reproductive immune memory may play a novel role in the differential susceptibility of primigravidas to pregnancy complications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kloc M, Kubiak JZ, Zdanowski R, Ghobrial RM. Memory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010038. [PMID: 36613481 PMCID: PMC9819859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is a crucial part of the immune defense that allows organisms to respond against previously encountered pathogens or other harmful factors. Immunological memory is based on the establishment of epigenetic modifications of the genome. The ability to memorize encounters with pathogens and other harmful factors and mount enhanced defense upon subsequent encounters is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism operating in all animals and plants. However, the term immunological memory is usually restricted to the organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) possessing the immune system. The mammalian immune system, with innate and adaptive branches, is the most sophisticated among vertebrates. The concept of innate memory and memory macrophages is relatively new and thus understudied. We introduce the concept of immunological memory and describe types of memory in different species and their evolutionary status. We discuss why the traditional view of innate immune cells as the first-line defenders is too restrictive and how the innate immune cells can accumulate and retain immunologic memory. We describe how the initial priming leads to chromatin remodeling and epigenetic changes, which allow memory macrophage formation. We also summarize what is currently known about the mechanisms underlying development of memory macrophages; their molecular and metabolic signature and surface markers; and how they may contribute to immune defense, diseases, and organ transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Dynamics and Mechanics of Epithelia Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35043 Rennes, France
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine National Research Institute, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine National Research Institute, Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gast M, Nageswaran V, Kuss AW, Tzvetkova A, Wang X, Mochmann LH, Rad PR, Weiss S, Simm S, Zeller T, Voelzke H, Hoffmann W, Völker U, Felix SB, Dörr M, Beling A, Skurk C, Leistner DM, Rauch BH, Hirose T, Heidecker B, Klingel K, Nakagawa S, Poller WC, Swirski FK, Haghikia A, Poller W. tRNA-like Transcripts from the NEAT1-MALAT1 Genomic Region Critically Influence Human Innate Immunity and Macrophage Functions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243970. [PMID: 36552736 PMCID: PMC9777231 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved NEAT1-MALAT1 gene cluster generates large noncoding transcripts remaining nuclear, while tRNA-like transcripts (mascRNA, menRNA) enzymatically generated from these precursors translocate to the cytosol. Whereas functions have been assigned to the nuclear transcripts, data on biological functions of the small cytosolic transcripts are sparse. We previously found NEAT1-/- and MALAT1-/- mice to display massive atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Here, employing selective targeted disruption of menRNA or mascRNA, we investigate the tRNA-like molecules as critical components of innate immunity. CRISPR-generated human ΔmascRNA and ΔmenRNA monocytes/macrophages display defective innate immune sensing, loss of cytokine control, imbalance of growth/angiogenic factor expression impacting upon angiogenesis, and altered cell-cell interaction systems. Antiviral response, foam cell formation/oxLDL uptake, and M1/M2 polarization are defective in ΔmascRNA/ΔmenRNA macrophages, defining first biological functions of menRNA and describing new functions of mascRNA. menRNA and mascRNA represent novel components of innate immunity arising from the noncoding genome. They appear as prototypes of a new class of noncoding RNAs distinct from others (miRNAs, siRNAs) by biosynthetic pathway and intracellular kinetics. Their NEAT1-MALAT1 region of origin appears as archetype of a functionally highly integrated RNA processing system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gast
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanasa Nageswaran
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ana Tzvetkova
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliana H Mochmann
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pegah Ramezani Rad
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry Voelzke
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan B Felix
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje Beling
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - David-Manuel Leistner
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Department Human Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Research Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Wolfram C Poller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liotti A, Ferrara AL, Loffredo S, Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Di Rella F, Maniscalco GT, Belardo M, Vastano R, Prencipe R, Pignata L, Romano R, Spadaro G, de Candia P, Pezone A, De Rosa V. Epigenetics: an Opportunity to Shape Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:451-470. [PMID: 36043705 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics connects genetic and environmental factors: it includes DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and the regulation of chromatin accessibility by non-coding RNAs, all of which control constitutive or inducible gene transcription. This plays a key role in harnessing the transcriptional programs of both innate and adaptive immune cells due to its plasticity and environmental-driven nature, piloting myeloid and lymphoid cell fate decision with no change in their genomic sequence. In particular, epigenetic marks at the site of lineage specific transcription factors and maintenance of cell type-specific epigenetic modifications, referred to as "epigenetic memory", dictate cell differentiation, cytokine production and functional capacity following repeated antigenic exposure in memory T cells. Moreover, metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming occurring during a primary innate immune response leads to enhanced responses to secondary challenges, a phenomenon known as "trained immunity". Here we discuss how stable and dynamic epigenetic states control immune cell identity and plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions. Dissecting the regulatory circuits of cell fate determination and maintenance is of paramount importance for understanding the delicate balance between immune cell activation and tolerance, in healthy conditions and in autoimmune diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Liotti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Department of Breast and Thoracic Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit and Multiple Sclerosis Center "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Belardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Vastano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Prencipe
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Pignata
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paola de Candia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abraham C, Abreu MT, Turner JR. Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Cytokine Networks in Microbial Defenses and Regulation of Intestinal Barriers: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1602-1616.e6. [PMID: 35149024 PMCID: PMC9112237 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by defects in epithelial function and dysregulated inflammatory signaling by lamina propria mononuclear cells including macrophages and dendritic cells in response to microbiota. In this review, we focus on the role of pattern recognition receptors in the inflammatory response as well as epithelial barrier regulation. We explore cytokine networks that increase inflammation, regulate paracellular permeability, cause epithelial damage, up-regulate epithelial proliferation, and trigger restitutive processes. We focus on studies using patient samples as well as speculate on pathways that can be targeted to more holistically treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sherwood ER, Burelbach KR, McBride MA, Stothers CL, Owen AM, Hernandez A, Patil NK, Williams DL, Bohannon JK. Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:785-792. [PMID: 35115374 PMCID: PMC8982914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has classically been characterized as being devoid of memory functions. However, recent research shows that innate myeloid and lymphoid cells have the ability to retain memory of prior pathogen exposure and become primed to elicit a robust, broad-spectrum response to subsequent infection. This phenomenon has been termed innate immune memory or trained immunity. Innate immune memory is induced via activation of pattern recognition receptors and the actions of cytokines on hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in bone marrow and innate leukocytes in the periphery. The trained phenotype is induced and sustained via epigenetic modifications that reprogram transcriptional patterns and metabolism. These modifications augment antimicrobial functions, such as leukocyte expansion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing, to facilitate an augmented host response to infection. Alternatively, innate immune memory may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | | | - Margaret A McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cody L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Benjaskulluecha S, Boonmee A, Pattarakankul T, Wongprom B, Klomsing J, Palaga T. Screening of compounds to identify novel epigenetic regulatory factors that affect innate immune memory in macrophages. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1912. [PMID: 35115604 PMCID: PMC8814160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity and tolerance are part of the innate immune memory that allow innate immune cells to differentially respond to a second encounter with stimuli by enhancing or suppressing responses. In trained immunity, treatment of macrophages with β-glucan (BG) facilitates the production of proinflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. For the tolerance response, LPS stimulation leads to suppressed inflammatory responses during subsequent LPS exposure. Epigenetic reprogramming plays crucial roles in both phenomena, which are tightly associated with metabolic flux. In this study, we performed a screening of an epigenetics compound library that affects trained immunity or LPS tolerance in macrophages using TNFα as a readout. Among the 181 compounds tested, one compound showed suppressive effects, while 2 compounds showed promoting effects on BG-trained TNFα production. In contrast, various inhibitors targeting Aurora kinase, histone methyltransferase, histone demethylase, histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase showed inhibitory activity against LPS tolerance. Several proteins previously unknown to be involved in innate immune memory, such as MGMT, Aurora kinase, LSD1 and PRMT5, were revealed. Protein network analysis revealed that the trained immunity targets are linked via Trp53, while LPS tolerance targets form three clusters of histone-modifying enzymes, cell division and base-excision repair. In trained immunity, the histone lysine methyltransferase SETD7 was identified, and its expression was increased during BG treatment. Level of the histone lysine demethylase, LSD1, increased during LPS priming and siRNA-mediated reduction resulted in increased expression of Il1b in LPS tolerance. Taken together, this screening approach confirmed the importance of epigenetic modifications in innate immune memory and provided potential novel targets for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salisa Benjaskulluecha
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Atsadang Boonmee
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Pattarakankul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials and Bio-Interfaces, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Wongprom
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jeerameth Klomsing
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Role of Histone Deacetylases in Monocyte Function in Health and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 180:1-47. [PMID: 33974124 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of 18 members that participate in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In addition to histones, some HDACs also deacetylate transcription factors and specific cytoplasmic proteins.Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, maintain tissue homeostasis and help fight infections and cancer. In these cells, HDACs are involved in multiple processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammatory response, infections, and tumorigenesis. Here, a systematic description of the role that most HDACs play in these functions is reviewed. Specifically, some HDACs induce a pro-inflammatory response and play major roles in host defense. Conversely, other HDACs reprogram monocytes and macrophages towards an immunosuppressive phenotype. The right balance between both types helps monocytes to respond correctly to the different physiological/pathological stimuli. However, aberrant expressions or activities of specific HDACs are associated with autoimmune diseases along with other chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, or cancer.This paper critically reviews the interesting and extensive knowledge regarding the role of some HDACs in these pathologies. It also shows that as yet, very little progress has been made toward the goal of finding effective HDAC-targeted therapies. However, given their obvious potential, we conclude that it is worth the effort to develop monocyte-specific drugs that selectively target HDAC subtypes with the aim of finding effective treatments for diseases in which our innate immune system is involved.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu C, Mo LH, Feng BS, Jin QR, Li Y, Lin J, Shu Q, Liu ZG, Liu Z, Sun X, Yang PC. Twist1 contributes to developing and sustaining corticosteroid resistance in ulcerative colitis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7797-7812. [PMID: 34335965 PMCID: PMC8315068 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Corticosteroid resistance (CR) is a serious drawback to steroid therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC); the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Twist1 protein (TW1) is an apoptosis inhibitor and has immune regulatory functions. This study aims to elucidate the roles of TW1 in inducing and sustaining the CR status in UC. Methods: Surgically removed colon tissues of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were collected, from which neutrophils were isolated by flow cytometry. The inflammation-related gene activities in neutrophils were analyzed by RNA sequencing. A CR colitis mouse model was developed with the dextran sulfate sodium approach in a hypoxia environment. Results: Higher TW1 gene expression was detected in neutrophils isolated from the colon tissues of UC patients with CR and the CR mouse colon tissues. TW1 physically interacted with glucocorticoid receptor (GR)α in CR neutrophils that prevented GRα from interacting with steroids; which consequently abrogated the effects of steroids on regulating the cellular activities of neutrophils. STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3) interacted with Ras protein activator like 1 to sustain the high TW1 expression in colon mucosal neutrophils of CR patients and CR mice. Inhibition of TW1 restored the sensitivity to corticosteroid of neutrophils in the colon tissues of a CR murine model. Conclusions: UC patients at CR status showed high TW1 expression in neutrophils. TW1 prevented steroids from regulating neutrophil activities. Inhibition of TW1 restored the sensitivity to corticosteroids in the colon tissues at the CR status.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ren J, Crowley SD. Twist1: A Double-Edged Sword in Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES 2020; 6:247-257. [PMID: 32903940 DOI: 10.1159/000505188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Twist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix domain containing transcription factor that regulates cell differentiation, migration, proliferation, survival, and inflammatory responses by transcriptionally regulating a wide range of downstream target genes. Its homologous protein, Twist2, shares many structural and functional similarities with Twist1. Summary Accumulating evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggests that Twist1 is a pivotal regulator of several forms of renal disease. Twist1 is persistently activated following renal insults, particularly in chronic kidney diseases, and contributes to the renal inflammatory responses, tubular cell transformation programs, and possibly fibroblast activation, all of which are involved in the initiation and progression of kidney diseases. Key Message This review will specifically focus on Twist1 and outline our understanding of its functions in kidney disorders along with the introduction of Twist2 where pertinent. The thorough knowledge of Twist1's actions in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafa Ren
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|