1
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Wu K, Zhang Y, Mao D, Iberg CA, Yin-Declue H, Sun K, Keeler SP, Wikfors HA, Young D, Yantis J, Austin SR, Byers DE, Brody SL, Crouch EC, Romero AG, Holtzman MJ. MAPK13 controls structural remodeling and disease after epithelial injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596863. [PMID: 38895360 PMCID: PMC11185504 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
All living organisms are charged with repair after injury particularly at epithelial barrier sites, but in some cases this response leads instead to structural remodeling and long-term disease. Identifying the molecular and cellular control of this divergence is key to disease modification. In that regard, stress kinase control of epithelial stem cells is a rational entry point for study. Here we examine the potential for mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (MAPK13) regulation of epithelial stem cells using models of respiratory viral injury and post-viral lung disease. We show that Mapk13 gene-knockout mice handle acute infectious illness as expected but are protected against structural remodeling manifest as basal-epithelial stem cell (basal-ESC) hyperplasia-metaplasia, immune activation, and mucinous differentiation. In corresponding cell models, Mapk13-deficiency directly attenuates basal-ESC growth and organoid formation. Extension to human studies shows marked induction/activation of basal-cell MAPK13 in clinical samples of comparable remodeling found in asthma and COPD. Here again, MAPK13 gene-knockdown inhibits human basal-ESC growth in culture. Together, the data identify MAPK13 as a control for structural remodeling and disease after epithelial injury and as a suitable target for down-regulation as a disease-modifying strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dailing Mao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Courtney A Iberg
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Huiqing Yin-Declue
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kelly Sun
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hallie A Wikfors
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deanna Young
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jennifer Yantis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen R Austin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek E Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Steven L Brody
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Erika C Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arthur G Romero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- NuPeak Therapeutics Inc., St. Louis, MO 63105
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2
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Holtzman MJ, Zhang Y, Wu K, Romero AG. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-guided drug discovery for post-viral and related types of lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230220. [PMID: 38417971 PMCID: PMC10900067 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0220-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a major public health problem, with much of their morbidity and mortality due to post-viral lung diseases that progress and persist after the active infection is cleared. This paradigm is implicated in the most common forms of chronic lung disease, such as asthma and COPD, as well as other virus-linked diseases including progressive and long-term coronavirus disease 2019. Despite the impact of these diseases, there is a lack of small-molecule drugs available that can precisely modify this type of disease process. Here we will review current progress in understanding the pathogenesis of post-viral and related lung disease with characteristic remodelling phenotypes. We will also develop how this data leads to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in general and MAPK13 in particular as key druggable targets in this pathway. We will also explore recent advances and predict the future breakthroughs in structure-based drug design that will provide new MAPK inhibitors as drug candidates for clinical applications. Each of these developments point to a more effective approach to treating the distinct epithelial and immune cell based mechanisms, which better account for the morbidity and mortality of post-viral and related types of lung disease. This progress is vital given the growing prevalence of respiratory viruses and other inhaled agents that trigger stereotyped progression to acute illness and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NuPeak Therapeutics Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arthur G Romero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Keeler SP, Wu K, Zhang Y, Mao D, Li M, Iberg CA, Austin SR, Glaser SA, Yantis J, Podgorny S, Brody SL, Chartock JR, Han Z, Byers DE, Romero AG, Holtzman MJ. A potent MAPK13-14 inhibitor prevents airway inflammation and mucus production. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L726-L740. [PMID: 37847710 PMCID: PMC11068410 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00183.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Common respiratory diseases continue to represent a major public health problem, and much of the morbidity and mortality is due to airway inflammation and mucus production. Previous studies indicated a role for mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) in this type of disease, but clinical trials are unsuccessful to date. Our previous work identified a related but distinct kinase known as MAPK13 that is activated in respiratory airway diseases and is required for mucus production in human cell-culture models. Support for MAPK13 function in these models came from effectiveness of MAPK13 versus MAPK14 gene-knockdown and from first-generation MAPK13-14 inhibitors. However, these first-generation inhibitors were incompletely optimized for blocking activity and were untested in vivo. Here we report the next generation and selection of a potent MAPK13-14 inhibitor (designated NuP-3) that more effectively downregulates type-2 cytokine-stimulated mucus production in air-liquid interface and organoid cultures of human airway epithelial cells. We also show that NuP-3 treatment prevents respiratory airway inflammation and mucus production in new minipig models of airway disease triggered by type-2 cytokine challenge or respiratory viral infection. The results thereby provide the next advance in developing a small-molecule kinase inhibitor to address key features of respiratory disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study describes the discovery of a potent mitogen-activated protein kinase 13-14 (MAPK13-14) inhibitor and its effectiveness in models of respiratory airway disease. The findings thereby provide a scheme for pathogenesis and therapy of lung diseases [e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Covid-19, postviral, and allergic respiratory disease] and related conditions that implicate MAPK13-14 function. The findings also refine a hypothesis for epithelial and immune cell functions in respiratory disease that features MAPK13 as a possible component of this disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Dailing Mao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Courtney A Iberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | | | - Samuel A Glaser
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jennifer Yantis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Stephanie Podgorny
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Steven L Brody
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Joshua R Chartock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Zhenfu Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Arthur G Romero
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- NuPeak Therapeutics Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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4
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Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
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5
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Castro ÍA, Yang Y, Gnazzo V, Kim DH, Van Dyken SJ, López CB. Murine Parainfluenza Virus Persists in Lung Innate Immune Cells Sustaining Chronic Lung Pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566103. [PMID: 37986974 PMCID: PMC10659393 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses including the human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) are a constant burden to human health, with morbidity and mortality frequently increased after the acute phase of the infection. Although is proven that respiratory viruses can persist in vitro, the mechanisms of virus or viral products persistence, their sources, and their impact on chronic respiratory diseases in vivo are unknown. Here, we used Sendai virus (SeV) to model hPIV infection in mice and test whether virus persistence associates with the development of chronic lung disease. Following SeV infection, virus products were detected in lung macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and dendritic cells for several weeks after the infectious virus was cleared. Cells containing viral protein showed strong upregulation of antiviral and type 2 inflammation-related genes that associate with the development of chronic post-viral lung diseases, including asthma. Lineage tracing of infected cells or cells derived from infected cells suggests that distinct functional groups of cells contribute to the chronic pathology. Importantly, targeted ablation of infected cells or those derived from infected cells significantly ameliorated chronic lung disease. Overall, we identified persistent infection of innate immune cells as a critical factor in the progression from acute to chronic post viral respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Araujo Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yanling Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Victoria Gnazzo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Keeler SP, Wu K, Zhang Y, Mao D, Li M, Iberg CA, Austin SR, Glaser SA, Yantis J, Podgorny S, Brody SL, Chartock JR, Han Z, Byers DE, Romero AG, Holtzman MJ. A potent MAPK13-14 inhibitor prevents airway inflammation and mucus production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542451. [PMID: 37292761 PMCID: PMC10246002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Common respiratory diseases continue to represent a major public health problem, and much of the morbidity and mortality is due to airway inflammation and mucus production. Previous studies indicated a role for mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) in this type of disease, but clinical trials are unsuccessful to date. Our previous work identified a related but distinct kinase known as MAPK13 that is activated in respiratory airway diseases and is required for mucus production in human cell-culture models. Support for MAPK13 function in these models came from effectiveness of MAPK13 versus MAPK14 gene-knockdown and from first-generation MAPK13-14 inhibitors. However, these first-generation inhibitors were incompletely optimized for blocking activity and were untested in vivo. Here we report the next generation and selection of a potent MAPK13-14 inhibitor (designated NuP-3) that more effectively down-regulates type-2 cytokine-stimulated mucus production in air-liquid interface and organoid cultures of human airway epithelial cells. We also show that NuP-3 treatment prevents respiratory airway inflammation and mucus production in new minipig models of airway disease triggered by type-2 cytokine challenge or respiratory viral infection. The results thereby provide the next advance in developing a small-molecule kinase inhibitor to address key features of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P. Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dailing Mao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ming Li
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Courtney A. Iberg
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Samuel A. Glaser
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jennifer Yantis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephanie Podgorny
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joshua R. Chartock
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhenfu Han
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arthur G. Romero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- NuPeak Therapeutics Inc., St. Louis, MO 63105
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7
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Martin RA, Keeler SP, Wu K, Shearon WJ, Patel D, Li J, Hoang M, Hoffmann CM, Hughes ME, Holtzman MJ. An alternative mechanism for skeletal muscle dysfunction in long-term post-viral lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L870-L878. [PMID: 37130808 PMCID: PMC10259859 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00338.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease is often accompanied by disabling extrapulmonary symptoms, notably skeletal muscle dysfunction and atrophy. Moreover, the severity of respiratory symptoms correlates with decreased muscle mass and in turn lowered physical activity and survival rates. Previous models of muscle atrophy in chronic lung disease often modeled chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and relied on cigarette smoke exposure and LPS stimulation, but these conditions independently affect skeletal muscle even without accompanying lung disease. Moreover, there is an emerging and pressing need to understand the extrapulmonary manifestations of long-term post-viral lung disease (PVLD) as found in COVID-19. Here, we examine the development of skeletal muscle dysfunction in the setting of chronic pulmonary disease caused by infection due to the natural pathogen Sendai virus using a mouse model of PVLD. We identify a significant decrease in myofiber size when PVLD is maximal at 49 days after infection. We find no change in the relative types of myofibers, but the greatest decrease in fiber size is localized to fast-twitch-type IIB myofibers based on myosin heavy chain immunostaining. Remarkably, all biomarkers of myocyte protein synthesis and degradation (total RNA, ribosomal abundance, and ubiquitin-proteasome expression) were stable throughout the acute infectious illness and chronic post-viral disease process. Together, the results demonstrate a distinct pattern of skeletal muscle dysfunction in a mouse model of long-term PVLD. The findings thereby provide new insights into prolonged limitations in exercise capacity in patients with chronic lung disease after viral infections and perhaps other types of lung injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study used a mouse model of post-viral lung disease to study the impact of chronic lung disease on skeletal muscle. The model reveals a decrease in myofiber size that is selective for specific types of myofibers and an alternative mechanism for muscle atrophy that might be independent of the usual markers of protein synthesis and degradation. The findings provide a basis for new therapeutic strategies to correct skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Martin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - William J Shearon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Devin Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jiajia Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - My Hoang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Christy M Hoffmann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael E Hughes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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8
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Wu K, Zhang Y, Austin SR, Declue HY, Byers DE, Crouch EC, Holtzman MJ. Lung Remodeling Regions in Long-Term Coronavirus Disease 2019 Feature Basal Epithelial Cell Reprogramming. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023:S0002-9440(23)00056-1. [PMID: 36868468 PMCID: PMC9977469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can trigger chronic lung disease that persists and even progresses after expected clearance of infectious virus. To gain an understanding of this process, we examined a series of consecutive fatal cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that came to autopsy at 27 to 51 days after hospital admission. In each patient, we identify a stereotyped bronchiolar-alveolar pattern of lung remodeling with basal epithelial cell hyperplasia, immune activation, and mucinous differentiation. Remodeling regions also feature macrophage infiltration and apoptosis and a marked depletion of alveolar type 1 and 2 epithelial cells. This entire pattern closely resembles findings from an experimental model of post-viral lung disease that requires basal-epithelial stem cell growth, immune activation, and differentiation. Together, the results provide evidence of basal epithelial cell reprogramming in long-term COVID-19 and thereby yield a pathway for explaining and correcting lung dysfunction in this type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen R Austin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Huqing Yin Declue
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derek E Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Erika C Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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9
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Martin RA, Keeler SP, Wu K, Shearon WJ, Patel D, Hoang M, Hoffmann CM, Hughes ME, Holtzman MJ. An alternative mechanism for skeletal muscle dysfunction in long-term post-viral lung disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.10.07.511313. [PMID: 36238722 PMCID: PMC9558431 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.07.511313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung disease is often accompanied by disabling extrapulmonary symptoms, notably skeletal muscle dysfunction and atrophy. Moreover, the severity of respiratory symptoms correlates with decreased muscle mass and in turn lowered physical activity and survival rates. Previous models of muscle atrophy in chronic lung disease often modeled COPD and relied on cigarette smoke exposure and LPS-stimulation, but these conditions independently affect skeletal muscle even without accompanying lung disease. Moreover, there is an emerging and pressing need to understand the extrapulmonary manifestations of long-term post-viral lung disease (PVLD) as found in Covid-19. Here, we examine the development of skeletal muscle dysfunction in the setting of chronic pulmonary disease using a mouse model of PVLD caused by infection due to the natural pathogen Sendai virus. We identify a significant decrease in myofiber size when PVLD is maximal at 49 d after infection. We find no change in the relative types of myofibers, but the greatest decrease in fiber size is localized to fast-twitch type IIB myofibers based on myosin heavy chain immunostaining. Remarkably, all biomarkers of myocyte protein synthesis and degradation (total RNA, ribosomal abundance, and ubiquitin-proteasome expression) were stable throughout the acute infectious illness and chronic post-viral disease process. Together, the results demonstrate a distinct pattern of skeletal muscle dysfunction in a mouse model of long-term PVLD. The findings thereby provide new insight into prolonged limitations in exercise capacity in patients with chronic lung disease after viral infections and perhaps other types of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Martin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P. Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - William J. Shearon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Devin Patel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - My Hoang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christy M. Hoffmann
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael E. Hughes
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
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10
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Wu K, Zhang Y, Austin SR, Declue HY, Byers DE, Crouch EC, Holtzman MJ. Lung remodeling regions in long-term Covid-19 feature basal epithelial cell reprogramming. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.17.22280043. [PMID: 36172126 PMCID: PMC9516857 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.17.22280043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can trigger chronic lung disease that persists and even progresses after expected clearance of infectious virus. To gain an understanding of this process, we examined a series of consecutive fatal cases of Covid-19 that came to autopsy at 27-51 d after hospital admission. In each patient, we identify a stereotyped bronchiolar-alveolar pattern of lung remodeling with basal epithelial cell hyperplasia and mucinous differentiation. Remodeling regions also feature macrophage infiltration and apoptosis and a marked depletion of alveolar type 1 and 2 epithelial cells. This entire pattern closely resembles findings from an experimental model of post-viral lung disease that requires basal-epithelial stem cell growth, immune activation, and differentiation. The present results thereby provide evidence of possible basal epithelial cell reprogramming in long-term Covid-19 as well and thereby a pathway for explaining and correcting lung dysfunction in this type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen R. Austin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Huqing Yin Declue
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Erika C. Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
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11
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Keeler SP, Yantis J, Gerovac BJ, Youkilis SL, Podgorny S, Mao D, Zhang Y, Whitworth KM, Redel B, Samuel MS, Wells KD, Prather RS, Holtzman MJ. Chloride channel accessory 1 gene deficiency causes selective loss of mucus production in a new pig model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L842-L852. [PMID: 35438004 PMCID: PMC9142155 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00443.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases are linked to airway obstruction by mucus but there are still no specific, safe, and effective drugs to correct this phenotype. The need for better treatment requires a new understanding of the basis for mucus production. In that regard, studies of human airway epithelial cells in primary culture show that a mucin granule constituent known as chloride channel accessory 1 (CLCA1) is required for inducible expression of the inflammatory mucin MUC5AC in response to potent type 2 cytokines. However, it remained uncertain whether CLCLA1 is necessary for mucus production in vivo. Conventional approaches to functional biology using targeted gene knockout were difficult due to the functional redundancy of additional Clca genes in mice not found in humans. We reasoned that CLCA1 function might be better addressed in pigs that maintain the same four-member CLCA gene locus and the corresponding mucosal and submucosal populations of mucous cells found in humans. Here we develop to our knowledge the first CLCA1-gene-deficient (CLCA1-/-) pig and show that these animals exhibit loss of MUC5AC+ mucous cells throughout the airway mucosa of the lung without affecting comparable cells in the tracheal mucosa or MUC5B+ mucous cells in submucosal glands. Similarly, CLCA1-/- pigs exhibit loss of MUC5AC+ mucous cells in the intestinal mucosa without affecting MUC2+ mucous cells. These data establish CLCA1 function for controlling MUC5AC expression as a marker of mucus production and provide a new animal model to study mucus production at respiratory and intestinal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P Keeler
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Yantis
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Benjamin J Gerovac
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Samuel L Youkilis
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie Podgorny
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dailing Mao
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yong Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bethany Redel
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Drug Discovery Program, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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12
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Resiliac J, Santoro J, Hussain SRA, Rohlfing M, Grayson MH. Mouse Model of Sendai Virus-Induced Lung Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2506:57-65. [PMID: 35771463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2364-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV), also known as the murine parainfluenza virus 1, is an enveloped negative-sense RNA paramyxovirus from the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. The virus was named after Sendai, city in Japan, where it was first isolated (Kuroya, Ishida, Yokohama Med Bull 4:217-233, 1953). Antigenically, SeV is closely related to human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3. SeV is pneumotropic and naturally infects the respiratory tract of rodents. At the proper inoculum (2 × 105 pfu), SeV causes infection that is limited to the airway mucosa and inflammation mainly restricted to bronchiolar tissues as seen in asthma pathogenesis models using C57BL/6 wild-type mice (Walter et al, J Clin Invest 110:165-175, 2002). We utilize SeV to explore the mechanism(s) by which a respiratory viral infection translates into postviral airway disease in mice. This chapter primarily describes the protocols we use to infect mice in vivo, assay viral replication, and assess outcomes in the lungs of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Resiliac
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Santoro
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michelle Rohlfing
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Wu K, Kamimoto K, Zhang Y, Yang K, Keeler SP, Gerovac BJ, Agapov EV, Austin SP, Yantis J, Gissy KA, Byers DE, Alexander-Brett J, Hoffmann CM, Wallace M, Hughes ME, Crouch EC, Morris SA, Holtzman MJ. Basal epithelial stem cells cross an alarmin checkpoint for postviral lung disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e149336. [PMID: 34343135 PMCID: PMC8483760 DOI: 10.1172/jci149336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are charged with protection at barrier sites, but whether this normally beneficial response might sometimes become dysfunctional still needs definition. Here, we recognized a pattern of imbalance marked by basal epithelial cell growth and differentiation that replaced normal airspaces in a mouse model of progressive postviral lung disease due to the Sendai virus. Single-cell and lineage-tracing technologies identified a distinct subset of basal epithelial stem cells (basal ESCs) that extended into gas-exchange tissue to form long-term bronchiolar-alveolar remodeling regions. Moreover, this cell subset was selectively expanded by crossing a cell-growth and survival checkpoint linked to the nuclear-localized alarmin IL-33 that was independent of IL-33 receptor signaling and instead connected to autocrine chromatin accessibility. This mechanism creates an activated stem-progenitor cell lineage with potential for physiological or pathological function. Thus, conditional loss of Il33 gene function in basal epithelial cells disrupted the homeostasis of the epithelial barrier at skin and gut sites but also markedly attenuated postviral disease in the lung based on the downregulation of remodeling and inflammation. Thus, we define a basal ESC strategy to deploy innate immune machinery that appears to overshoot the primordial goal of self-defense. Our findings reveal new targets to stratify and correct chronic and often deadly postviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Kenji Kamimoto
- Department of Genetics
- Department of Developmental Biology
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Kuangying Yang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Division of Biostatistics
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Yantis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Kelly A. Gissy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Jennifer Alexander-Brett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
| | | | - Matthew Wallace
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Michael E. Hughes
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Genetics
| | | | | | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Schweitzer KS, Crue T, Nall JM, Foster D, Sajuthi S, Correll KA, Nakamura M, Everman JL, Downey GP, Seibold MA, Bridges JP, Serban KA, Chu HW, Petrache I. Influenza virus infection increases ACE2 expression and shedding in human small airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.03988-2020. [PMID: 33419885 PMCID: PMC8378143 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03988-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demonstrate high rates of co-infection with respiratory viruses, including influenza A (IAV), suggesting pathogenic interactions. Methods We investigated how IAV may increase the risk of COVID-19 lung disease, focusing on the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 and the protease TMPRSS2, which cooperate in the intracellular uptake of SARS-CoV-2. Results We found, using single-cell RNA sequencing of distal human nondiseased lung homogenates, that at baseline, ACE2 is minimally expressed in basal, goblet, ciliated and secretory epithelial cells populating small airways. We focused on human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), central to the pathogenesis of lung injury following viral infections. Primary SAECs from nondiseased donor lungs apically infected (at the air-liquid interface) with IAV (up to 3×105 pfu; ~1 multiplicity of infection) markedly (eight-fold) boosted the expression of ACE2, paralleling that of STAT1, a transcription factor activated by viruses. IAV increased the apparent electrophoretic mobility of intracellular ACE2 and generated an ACE2 fragment (90 kDa) in apical secretions, suggesting cleavage of this receptor. In addition, IAV increased the expression of two proteases known to cleave ACE2, sheddase ADAM17 (TACE) and TMPRSS2 and increased the TMPRSS2 zymogen and its mature fragments, implicating proteolytic autoactivation. Conclusion These results indicate that IAV amplifies the expression of molecules necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the distal lung. Furthermore, post-translational changes in ACE2 by IAV may increase vulnerability to lung injury such as acute respiratory distress syndrome during viral co-infections. These findings support efforts in the prevention and treatment of influenza infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Influenza virus infection of cells lining the small airways increases the expression of molecules required for SARS-CoV-2 uptake in a manner that predicts increased severity of lung disease in those co-infected with influenza and coronaviruses https://bit.ly/3nu1WAo
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Schweitzer
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Taylor Crue
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jordan M Nall
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Foster
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Satria Sajuthi
- Dept of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Mari Nakamura
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Gregory P Downey
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Dept of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - James P Bridges
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karina A Serban
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Both authors contributed equally as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Irina Petrache
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA .,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Both authors contributed equally as lead authors and supervised the work
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15
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Wang X, Wu K, Keeler SP, Mao D, Agapov EV, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ. TLR3-Activated Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Trigger Progression from Acute Viral Infection to Chronic Disease in the Lung. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:1297-1314. [PMID: 33514511 PMCID: PMC7946811 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute infection is implicated as a trigger for chronic inflammatory disease, but the full basis for this switch is uncertain. In this study, we examine this issue using a mouse model of chronic lung disease that develops after respiratory infection with a natural pathogen (Sendai virus). We investigate this model using a combination of TLR3-deficient mice and adoptive transfer of immune cells into these mice versus the comparable responses in wild-type mice. We found that acute and transient expression of TLR3 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) was selectively required to induce long-term expression of IL-33 and consequent type 2 immune-driven lung disease. Unexpectedly, moDC participation was not based on canonical TLR3 signaling and relied instead on a trophic effect to expand the alveolar epithelial type 2 cell population beyond repair of tissue injury and thereby provide an enriched and persistent cell source of IL-33 required for progression to a disease phenotype that includes lung inflammation, hyperreactivity, excess mucus production, and remodeling. The findings thereby provide a framework wherein viral infection activates TLR3 in moDCs as a front-line immune cell niche upstream of lung epithelial cells to drive the type 2 immune response, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung (such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans) and perhaps progressive and long-term postviral disease in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kangyun Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dailing Mao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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16
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Wu K, Wang X, Keeler SP, Gerovac BJ, Agapov EV, Byers DE, Gilfillan S, Colonna M, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Must Partner with the Myeloid-Macrophage Lineage for Long-Term Postviral Lung Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1084-1101. [PMID: 32641386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are implicated in host defense and inflammatory disease, but these potential functional roles need more precise definition, particularly using advanced technologies to better target ILC2s and engaging experimental models that better manifest both acute infection and chronic, even lifelong, disease. In this study, we use a mouse model that applies an improved genetic definition of ILC2s via IL-7r-conditional Rora gene targeting and takes advantage of a distinct progression from acute illness to chronic disease, based on a persistent type 2 immune response to respiratory infection with a natural pathogen (Sendai virus). We first show that ILC2s are activated but are not required to handle acute illness after respiratory viral infection. In contrast, we find that this type of infection also activates ILC2s chronically for IL-13 production and consequent asthma-like disease traits that peak and last long after active viral infection is cleared. However, to manifest this type of disease, the Csf1-dependent myeloid-macrophage lineage is also active at two levels: first, at a downstream level, this lineage provides lung tissue macrophages (interstitial macrophages and tissue monocytes) that represent a major site of Il13 gene expression in the diseased lung; and second, at an upstream level, this same lineage is required for Il33 gene induction that is necessary to activate ILC2s for participation in disease at all, including IL-13 production. Together, these findings provide a revised scheme for understanding and controlling the innate immune response leading to long-term postviral lung diseases with features of asthma and related progressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin J Gerovac
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eugene V Agapov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Yong Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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17
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Huang S, Goplen NP, Zhu B, Cheon IS, Son Y, Wang Z, Li C, Dai Q, Jiang L, Xiang M, Carmona EM, Vassallo R, Limper AH, Sun J. Macrophage PPAR-γ suppresses long-term lung fibrotic sequelae following acute influenza infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223430. [PMID: 31584978 PMCID: PMC6777801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes a heterogeneous respiratory infectious disease ranging from self-limiting symptoms to non-resolving pathology in the lungs. Worldwide, seasonal influenza infections claim ~500,000 lives annually. Recent reports describe pathologic pulmonary sequelae that result in remodeling the architecture of lung parenchyma following respiratory infections. These dysfunctional recovery processes that disproportionately impact the elderly have been understudied. Macrophages are involved in tissue remodeling and are critical for survival of severe influenza infection. Here, we found intrinsic deficiency of the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ in myeloid cells delayed the resolution of pulmonary inflammation following influenza infection. Mice with myeloid cell-specific PPAR-γ deficiency subsequently presented with increased influenza-induced deposition of pulmonary collagen compared to control mice. This dysfunctional lung remodeling was progressive and sustained for at least 3 months following infection of mice with myeloid PPAR-γ deficiency. These progressive changes were accompanied by a pro-fibrotic gene signature from lung macrophages and preceded by deficiencies in activation of genes involved with damage repair. Importantly similar aberrant gene expression patterns were also found in a secondary analysis of a study where macrophages were isolated from patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Quite unexpectedly, mice with PPAR-γ deficient macrophages were more resistant to bleomycin-induced weight loss whereas extracellular matrix deposition was unaffected compared to controls. Therefore PPAR-γ expression in macrophages may be a pathogen-specific limiter of organ recovery rather than a ubiquitous effector pathway in response to generic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nick P. Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bibo Zhu
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - In Su Cheon
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Youngmin Son
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chaofan Li
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Qigang Dai
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Li Jiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Min Xiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eva M. Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew H. Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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