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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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2
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Karanikas E. The Gordian knot of the immune-redox systems' interactions in psychosis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:285-296. [PMID: 37351570 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades the attempt to enlighten the pathobiological substrate of psychosis, from merely focusing on neurotransmitters, has expanded into new areas like the immune and redox systems. Indeed, the inflammatory hypothesis concerning psychosis etiopathology has exponentially grown with findings reflecting dysfunction/aberration of the immune/redox systems' effector components namely cytokines, chemokines, CRP, complement system, antibodies, pro-/anti-oxidants, oxidative stress byproducts just to name a few. Yet, we still lie far from comprehending the underlying cellular mechanisms, their causality directions, and the moderating/mediating parameters affecting these systems; let alone the inter-systemic (between immune and redox) interactions. Findings from preclinical studies on the stress field have provided evidence indicative of multifaceted interactions among the immune and redox components so tightly intertwined as a Gordian knot. Interestingly the literature concerning the interactions between these same systems in the context of psychosis appears minimal (if not absent) and ambiguous. This review attempts to draw a frame of the immune-redox systems' interactions starting from basic research on the stress field and expanding on clinical studies with cohorts with psychosis, hoping to instigate new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Karanikas
- Department of Psychiatry, 424 General Military Hospital, Ring Road, Nea Efkarpia, Thessaloniki, Greece
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3
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Kuffler DP. Evolving techniques for reducing phantom limb pain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:561-572. [PMID: 37158119 PMCID: PMC10350801 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231168150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
At least two million people in the United States of America live with lost limbs, and the number is expected to double by 2050, although the incidence of amputations is significantly greater in other parts of the world. Within days to weeks of the amputation, up to 90% of these individuals develop neuropathic pain, presenting as phantom limb pain (PLP). The pain level increases significantly within one year and remains chronic and severe for about 10%. Amputation-induced changes are considered to underlie the causation of PLP. Techniques applied to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are designed to reverse amputation-induced changes, thereby reducing/eliminating PLP. The primary treatment for PLP is the administration of pharmacological agents, some of which are considered but provide no more than short-term pain relief. Alternative techniques are also discussed, which provide only short-term pain relief. Changes induced by various cells and the factors they release are required to change neurons and their environment to reduce/eliminate PLP. It is concluded that novel techniques that utilize autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may provide long-term PLP reduction/elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00901, Puerto Rico
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4
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Deyama S, Kaneda K. Role of neurotrophic and growth factors in the rapid and sustained antidepressant actions of ketamine. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109335. [PMID: 36403852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression proposes that reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contribute to neuronal atrophy or loss in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus and impaired hippocampal adult neurogenesis, which are associated with depressive symptoms. Chronic, but acute, treatment with typical monoaminergic antidepressants can at least partially reverse these deficits, in part via induction of BDNF and/or VEGF expression, consistent with their delayed onset of action. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Rodent studies have revealed that ketamine rapidly increases BDNF and VEGF release and/or expression in the PFC and hippocampus, which in turn increases the number and function of spine synapses in the PFC and hippocampal neurogenesis. Ketamine also induces the persistent release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the PFC of male mice. These neurotrophic effects of ketamine are associated with its rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. In this review, we first provide an overview of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression and then discuss the role of BDNF, VEGF, IGF-1, and other growth factors (IGF-2 and transforming growth factor-β1) in the antidepressant effects of ketamine and its enantiomers. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Zhang X, Tu D, Li S, Li N, Li D, Gao Y, Tian L, Liu J, Zhang X, Hong JS, Hou L, Zhao J, Wang Q. A novel synthetic peptide SVHRSP attenuates dopaminergic neurodegeneration by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:363-374. [PMID: 35760232 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) ameliorates symptoms but fails to block disease progression. This study was conducted to explore the protective effects of SVHRSP, a synthetic heat-resistant peptide derived from scorpion venom, against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental models of PD. Results showed that SVHRSP dose-dependently reduced the loss of dopaminergic neuron in the nigrostriatal pathway and motor impairments in both rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced mouse PD models. Microglial activation and imbalance of M1/M2 polarization were also abrogated by SVHRSP in both models. In rotenone-treated primary midbrain neuron-glial cultures, loss of dopaminergic neuron and microglial activation were mitigated by SVHRSP. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited microglial activation, M1 polarization and related dopaminergic neurodegeneration in primary cultures were also abrogated by SVHRSP, suggesting that inhibition of microglial activation contributed to SVHRSP-afforded neuroprotection. Mechanistic studies revealed that SVHRSP blocked both LPS- and rotenone-induced microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activation by preventing membrane translocation of cytosolic subunit p47phox. NOX2 knockdown by siRNA markedly attenuated the inhibitory effects of SVHRSP against LPS- and rotenone-induced gene expressions of proinflammatory factors and related neurotoxicity. Altogether, SVHRSP protects dopaminergic neurons by blocking NOX2-mediated microglial activation in experimental PD models, providing experimental basis for the screening of clinical therapeutic drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Dezhen Tu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Na Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Donglai Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Liyan Hou
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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Luo K, Chen Y, Wang F. Shrimp Plasma MANF Works as an Invertebrate Anti-Inflammatory Factor via a Conserved Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1214-1223. [PMID: 35149533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, how anti-inflammatory factors evolved was largely unknown. In this study, we chose a marine invertebrate, Litopenaeus vannamei, as a model and identified that shrimp mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) was an LPS-induced plasma protein, which exerted its anti-inflammatory roles on shrimp hemocytes by suppressing ERK phosphorylation and Dorsal expression. In addition, we demonstrated that shrimp MANF could be associated with a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) to mediate negative regulation of ERK activation and Dorsal expression. More interestingly, shrimp RPTP-S overexpression in 293T cells could switch shrimp and human MANF-mediated ERK pathway activation to inhibition. In general, our results indicate that this conserved RPTP is the key component for extracellular MANF-mediated ERK pathway inhibition, which gives a possible explanation about why this neurotropic factor could both protect neuron cells from apoptosis and inhibit immune cell M1 activation in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China;
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China; and
- Shantou University-University Malaysia Terengganu Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Marley AR, Domingues A, Ghosh T, Turcotte LM, Spector LG. Maternal BMI, Diabetes, and Gestational Weight Gain and Risk for Pediatric Cancer in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2022; 6:6537542. [PMID: 35603850 PMCID: PMC8982388 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric cancer incidence has steadily increased concurrent with rising adult obesity, but associations between maternal obesity and associated comorbidities and pediatric cancer risk remain understudied. We aimed to quantitatively characterize associations of pediatric cancer risk with maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, and maternal diabetes. Methods We performed a comprehensive and systematic literature search in Ovid and EMBASE from their inception to March 15, 2021. Eligible studies reported risk estimates and sample sizes and provided sufficient description of outcome and exposure ascertainment. Random effects models were used to estimate pooled effects. Results Thirty-four studies were included in the analysis. Prepregnancy BMI was positively associated with leukemia risk in offspring (odds ratio [OR] per 5-unit BMI increase =1.07, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.04 to 1.11; I2 = 0.0%). Any maternal diabetes was positively associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.28 to 1.67; I2 = 0.0%), even after restricting to birthweight-adjusted analyses (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.29 to 2.34; I2 = 0.0%), and inversely associated with risk of central nervous system tumors (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.97; I2 = 0.0%). Pregestational diabetes (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.24; I2 = 26.8%) and gestational diabetes (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.75; I2 = 0.0%) were also positively associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk. No statistically significant associations were observed for gestational weight gain. Conclusions Maternal obesity and diabetes may be etiologically linked to pediatric cancer, particularly leukemia and central nervous system tumors. Our findings support weight management and glycemic control as important components of maternal and offspring health. Further validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Marley
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Allison Domingues
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Taumoha Ghosh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lucie M Turcotte
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Soares NL, Vieira HLA. Microglia at the Centre of Brain Research: Accomplishments and Challenges for the Future. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:218-233. [PMID: 34586585 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), with critical functions in development, maintenance of homeostatic tissue balance, injury and repair. For a long time considered a forgotten 'third element' with basic phagocytic functions, a recent surge in interest, accompanied by technological progress, has demonstrated that these distinct myeloid cells have a wide-ranging importance for brain function. This review reports microglial origins, development, and function in the healthy brain. Moreover, it also targets microglia dysfunction and how it contributes to the progression of several neurological disorders, focusing on particular molecular mechanisms and whether these may present themselves as opportunities for novel, microglia-targeted therapeutic approaches, an ever-enticing prospect. Finally, as it has been recently celebrated 100 years of microglia research, the review highlights key landmarks from the past century and looked into the future. Many challenging problems have arisen, thus it points out some of the most pressing questions and experimental challenges for the ensuing century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno L Soares
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Wang K, Shi Y, Liu W, Liu S, Sun MZ. Taurine improves neuron injuries and cognitive impairment in a mouse Parkinson's disease model through inhibition of microglial activation. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:129-136. [PMID: 33450328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental findings support the view that activation of hippocampus microglia through NADPH oxidase contributes to cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). Taurine, an antioxidant, displays an exclusive physical property on brain function, such as learning and memory. To date, the role of taurine in improving cognitive impairment in PD is not fully uncovered. Hence, we evaluated the protective effect of taurine on cognitive ability and explored the related mechanism in the model built by paraquat and maneb (P + M)-induced PD mice. Then the ability of learning and memory was observed by Morris water maze, neuron loss was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in hippocampus, the level of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and microglia activation was assessed by immunostaining, the molecules (gp91phox, p47phox, mac1, p-Src/Src and p-Erk/Erk) were examined by western blot. The results showed that taurine could alleviate the impairments in learning and memory induced by P + M injection in mice (decreased escape latency on day 4, P < 0.01; decreased swimming distance on day 4, P < 0.05; increased percent time in target quadrant, P < 0.05), corresponding with activation of microglia (decreased IBa-1 density, P < 0.001; decreased the protein expression of p47phox, P < 0.05; decreased protein expression of gp91phox, P < 0.01; decreased p-Src/Src, P < 0.01; decreased p-Erk/Erk, P < 0.01; decreased mac 1, P < 0.01), decreased neuron loss (increased number of NeurN+ neuron, P < 0.001; increased protein expression of NeruN, P < 0.01; decreased protein expression of caspase 3, P < 0.01) and increased PSD95 level in hippocampus (P < 0.01). The results indicated that mac1 and Src-Erk signaling was involved in increased NADPH oxidase expression in hippocampus microglia of P + M mice, and taurine could improve injuries in learning and memory through mac1 reduction. The new findings in mac1 triggering hippocampal microglia NADPH oxidase through Src/Erk pathway of the present study might provide a therapy target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Ming-Zhong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Melanocortin receptor activation alleviates amyloid pathology and glial reactivity in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4359. [PMID: 33623128 PMCID: PMC7902646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying treatment. AD progression is characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Neuropeptides govern diverse pathophysiological processes and represent key players in AD pathogenesis, regulating synaptic plasticity, glial cell functions and amyloid pathology. Activation of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptide and its receptor from the melanocortin receptor (MCR) family have previously been shown to rescue the impairment in hippocampus-dependent synaptic plasticity in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. However, the functional roles of MCR signaling in AD conditions, particularly in glial functions, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of MCR activation in AD. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that MCR activation mediated by the central administration of its agonist D-Tyr MTII substantially reduces Aβ accumulation, while alleviating global inflammation and astrocytic activation, particularly in the hippocampus. MCR activation prominently reduces the A1 subtype of reactive astrocytes, which is considered a key source of astrocytic neurotoxicity in AD. Concordantly, MCR activation suppresses microglial activation, while enhancing their association with amyloid plaques. The blunted activation of microglia may contribute to the reduction in the neurotoxic phenotypes of astrocytes. Importantly, transcriptome analysis reveals that MCR activation restores the impaired homeostatic processes and microglial reactivity in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potential of MCR signaling as therapeutic target for AD.
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Hernandez I, Chissey A, Guibourdenche J, Atasoy R, Coumoul X, Fournier T, Beaudeux JL, Zerrad-Saadi A. Human Placental NADPH Oxidase Mediates sFlt-1 and PlGF Secretion in Early Pregnancy: Exploration of the TGF-β1/p38 MAPK Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020281. [PMID: 33673360 PMCID: PMC7918586 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder occurring during pregnancy, is characterized by excessive oxidative stress and trophoblast dysfunction with dysregulation of soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) production. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) is the major source of placental superoxide in early pregnancy and its activation with the subsequent formation of superoxide has been demonstrated for various agents including Transforming Growth Factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), a well-known p38 MAPK pathway activator. However, the bridge between Nox and sFlt-1 remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible signaling pathway of TGF-β1/Nox/p38 induced sFlt-1 production in human chorionic villi (CV). Methods: Human chorionic villi from first trimester placenta (7–9 Gestational Weeks (GW)) were treated with TGF-β1 or preincubated with p38 inhibitor, SB203580. For NADPH oxidase inhibition, CV were treated with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). The protein levels of phospho-p38, p38, phospho-Mothers Against Decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2), and SMAD2 were detected by Western blot. The secretion of sFlt-1 and PlGF by chorionic villi were measured with Electrochemiluminescence Immunologic Assays, and NADPH oxidase activity was monitored by lucigenin method. Results: We demonstrate for the first time that NADPH oxidase is involved in sFlt-1 and PlGF secretion in first trimester chorionic villi. Indeed, the inhibition of Nox by DPI decreases sFlt-1, and increases PlGF secretions. We also demonstrate the involvement of p38 MAPK in sFlt-1 secretion and Nox activation as blocking the p38 MAPK phosphorylation decreases both sFlt-1 secretion and superoxide production. Nevertheless, TGF-β1-mediated p38 activation do not seem to be involved in regulation of the first trimester placental angiogenic balance and no crosstalk was found between SMAD2 and p38 MAPK pathways. Conclusions: Thus, the placental NADPH oxidase play a major role in mediating the signal transduction cascade of sFlt-1 production. Furthermore, we highlight for the first time the involvement of p38 activation in first trimester placental Nox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hernandez
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
- Correspondence: (I.H.); (A.Z.-S.); Tel.: +33-1-53-73-96-03 (A.Z.-S.)
| | - Audrey Chissey
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
- UF d’hormonologie Adulte de Cochin AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Roger Atasoy
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1124, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
| | - Jean-Louis Beaudeux
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
| | - Amal Zerrad-Saadi
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.G.); (R.A.); (T.F.); (J.-L.B.)
- Correspondence: (I.H.); (A.Z.-S.); Tel.: +33-1-53-73-96-03 (A.Z.-S.)
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Teixeira-Santos L, Albino-Teixeira A, Pinho D. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and their interplay in neuropathic pain: Focus on specialized pro-resolving mediators and NADPH oxidase inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105280. [PMID: 33161139 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic condition that results from a lesion or disease of the nervous system, greatly impacting patients' quality of life. Current pharmacotherapy options deliver inadequate and/or insufficient responses and thus a significant unmet clinical need remains for alternative treatments in NP. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and their reciprocal relationship are critically involved in NP pathophysiology. In this context, new pharmacological approaches, aiming at enhancing the resolution phase of inflammation and/or restoring redox balance by targeting specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources, are emerging as potential therapeutic strategies for NP, with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Several reports have demonstrated that administration of exogenous specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) ameliorates NP pathophysiology. Likewise, deletion or inhibition of the ROS-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX), particularly its isoforms 2 and 4, results in beneficial effects in NP models. Notably, SPMs also modulate oxidative stress and NOX also regulates neuroinflammation. By targeting neuroinflammatory and oxidative pathways, both SPMs analogues and isoform-specific NOX inhibitors are promising therapeutic strategies for NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Teixeira-Santos
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| | - Dora Pinho
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Xu W, Wang Y, Quan H, Liu D, Zhang H, Qi Y, Li Q, Liao J, Gao HM, Zhou H, Huang J. Double-stranded RNA-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra in the presence of Mac1 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1148-1154. [PMID: 33046245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanism of viral infection as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We used Mac-1-/- and gp91phox-/- transgene animal models to investigate the mechanisms by which poly I:C, a mimic of virus double-stranded RNA, induces PD neurodegeneration. METHOD Poly I:C was stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of wild-type (WT), Mac-1-knockout (Mac-1-/-) and gp91 phox-knockout (gp91 phox-/-) mice (10 μg/μl), and nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration, α-synuclein accumulation and neuroinflammation were evaluated. RESULT Dopaminergic neurons in the nigra and striatum were markedly reduced in WT mice after administration of poly I:C together with abundant microglial activation in the SN, and the expression of α-synuclein was also elevated. However, these pathological changes were greatly dampened in Mac-1-/- and gp91 phox-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that viral infection could result in the activation of microglia as well as NADPH oxidase, which may lead to neuron loss and the development of Parkinson's-like symptoms. Mac-1 is a key receptor during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Yinxi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Huihui Quan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Yuze Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Qingru Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Jieying Liao
- Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China.
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14
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Hou L, Zhang L, Hong JS, Zhang D, Zhao J, Wang Q. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:374-393. [PMID: 31968994 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The growing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases significantly impacts the individuals who suffer from these disorders and is a major health concern globally. Although the specific mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases are still far from being acknowledged, it is becoming clear that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are critical contributing factors to the progression of neurodegeneration. Thus, it is conceivable that the inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Advances: Recently, the strategy for neurodegenerative disease therapy has shifted from the use of antioxidants and conventional anti-inflammatory targets to upstream mediators due to the failure of most antioxidants and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical trials. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs), a family of superoxide-producing enzyme complexes, have been identified as an upstream factor that controls both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of NOX enzymes displays potent neuroprotective effects in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disease models. Critical Issues: The detailed mechanisms of how NOX enzymes regulate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation still remain unclear. Moreover, the currently available inhibitors of NOX enzymes exhibit nonspecificity, off-target effects, unsuitable pharmacokinetic properties, and even high toxicity, markedly limiting their potential clinical applications. Future Directions: This review provides novel insights into the roles of NOXs in neurodegenerative pharmacology, and indicates the types of NOX enzyme inhibitors that should be identified and developed as candidates for future applications, which might reveal novel neurodegenerative disease therapies based on NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Hou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functions, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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15
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Gray SC, Kinghorn KJ, Woodling NS. Shifting equilibriums in Alzheimer's disease: the complex roles of microglia in neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1208-1219. [PMID: 31960800 PMCID: PMC7047786 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia. Its increased prevalence in developed countries, due to the sharp rise in ageing populations, presents one of the costliest challenges to modern medicine. In order to find disease-modifying therapies to confront this challenge, a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is necessary. Recent studies have revealed increasing evidence for the roles played by microglia, the resident innate immune system cells of the brain. Reflecting the well-established roles of microglia in reacting to pathogens and inflammatory stimuli, there is now a growing literature describing both protective and detrimental effects for individual cytokines and chemokines produced by microglia in Alzheimer's disease. A smaller but increasing number of studies have also addressed the divergent roles played by microglial neurotrophic and neurogenic factors, and how their perturbation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Here we review recent findings on the roles played by microglia in neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. In each case, landmark studies have provided evidence for the divergent ways in which microglia can either promote neuronal function and survival, or perturb neuronal function, leading to cell death. In many cases, the secreted molecules of microglia can lead to divergent effects depending on the magnitude and context of microglial activation. This suggests that microglial functions must be maintained in a fine equilibrium, in order to support healthy neuronal function, and that the cellular microenvironment in the Alzheimer's disease brain disrupts this fine balance, leading to neurodegeneration. Thus, an understanding of microglial homeostasis, both in health and across the trajectory of the disease state, will improve our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease, and will hopefully lead to the development of microglial-based therapeutic strategies to restore equilibrium in the Alzheimer's disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C. Gray
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerri J. Kinghorn
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathaniel S. Woodling
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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16
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García-Revilla J, Alonso-Bellido IM, Burguillos MA, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Ruiz R, Cruz-Hernández L, García-Domínguez I, Roca-Ceballos MA, Santiago M, Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Soto MS, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Reformulating Pro-Oxidant Microglia in Neurodegeneration. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1719. [PMID: 31627485 PMCID: PMC6832973 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are central events. Recent genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of microglial cells under different disease conditions have uncovered a new subpopulation named disease-associated microglia (DAM). These studies have challenged the classical view of the microglia polarization state's proinflammatory M1 (classical activation) and immunosuppressive M2 (alternative activation). Molecular signatures of DAM and proinflammatory microglia (highly pro-oxidant) have shown clear differences, yet a partial overlapping gene profile is evident between both phenotypes. The switch activation of homeostatic microglia into reactive microglia relies on the selective activation of key surface receptors involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis (a.k.a. pattern recognition receptors, PRRs). Two relevant PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), whose selective activation is believed to generate either a proinflammatory or a DAM phenotype, respectively. However, the recent identification of endogenous disease-related ligands, which bind to and activate both TLRs and TREM2, anticipates the existence of rather complex microglia responses. Examples of potential endogenous dual ligands include amyloid β, galectin-3, and apolipoprotein E. These pleiotropic ligands induce a microglia polarization that is more complicated than initially expected, suggesting the possibility that different microglia subtypes may coexist. This review highlights the main microglia polarization states under disease conditions and their leading role orchestrating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Revilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Isabel M Alonso-Bellido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Burguillos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Luis Cruz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - María A Roca-Ceballos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Marti Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José A Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Departament of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José L Venero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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17
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Ma W, Qin Y, Chapuy B, Lu C. LRRC33 is a novel binding and potential regulating protein of TGF-β1 function in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213482. [PMID: 31600200 PMCID: PMC6786621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF-β1) is a versatile cytokine. It has context-dependent pro- and anti-cell proliferation functions. Activation of latent TGF-β1 requires release of the growth factor from pro-complexes and is regulated through TGF-β binding proteins. Two types of TGF-β binding partners, latent TGF-β-binding proteins (LTBPs) and leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein 32 (LRRC32), have been identified and their expression are cell specific. TGF-β1 also plays important roles in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, the expression of LTBPs and LRRC32 are lacking in myeloid lineage cells and the binding protein of TGF-β1 in these cells are unknown. Here we show that a novel leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein family member, LRRC33, with high mRNA level in AML cells, to be the binding and regulating protein of TGF-β1 in AML cells. Using two representative cell lines MV4-11 and AML193, we demonstrate that the protein expression of LRRC33 and TGF-β1 are correlated. LRRC33 co-localizes and forms complex with latent TGF-β1 protein on the cell surface and intracellularly in these cells. Similar as in other cell types, the activation of TGF-β1 in MV4-11 and AML193 cells are also integrin dependent. We anticipate our study to be a starting point of more comprehensive research on LRRC33 as novel TGF-β regulating protein and potential non-genomic based drug target for AML and other myeloid malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Humans
- Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins/genetics
- Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yan Qin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Bjoern Chapuy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chafen Lu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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18
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Mechanism underlying β2-AR agonist-mediated phenotypic conversion of LPS-activated microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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A Parkinson's disease gene, DJ-1, regulates anti-inflammatory roles of astrocytes through prostaglandin D2 synthase expression. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:482-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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20
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Nasrolahi A, Safari F, Farhoudi M, Khosravi A, Farajdokht F, Bastaminejad S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mahmoudi J. Immune system and new avenues in Parkinson’s disease research and treatment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:709-727. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Departmant of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Saiyad Bastaminejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , P.O. 51666-14756, Tabriz , Iran , e-mail:
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21
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Xue X, Zhang W, Zhu J, Chen X, Zhou S, Xu Z, Hu G, Su C. Aquaporin-4 deficiency reduces TGF-β1 in mouse midbrains and exacerbates pathology in experimental Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2568-2582. [PMID: 30680924 PMCID: PMC6433854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the main water-selective membrane transport protein in the brain, is localized to the astrocyte plasma membrane. Following the establishment of a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model, AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/- ) mice displayed significantly stronger microglial inflammatory responses and remarkably greater losses of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+ )-positive neurons than did wild-type AQP4 (AQP4+/+ ) controls. Microglia are the most important immune cells that mediate immune inflammation in PD. However, recently, few studies have reported why AQP4 deficiency results in more severe hypermicrogliosis and neuronal damage after MPTP treatment. In this study, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a key suppressive cytokine in PD onset and development, failed to increase in the midbrain and peripheral blood of AQP4-/- mice after MPTP treatment. Furthermore, the lower level of TGF-β1 in AQP4-/- mice partially resulted from impairment of its generation by astrocytes; reduced TGF-β1 may partially contribute to the uncontrolled microglial inflammatory responses and subsequent severe loss of TH+ neurons in AQP4-/- mice after MPTP treatment. Our study provides not only a better understanding of both aetiological and pathogenical factors implicated in the neurodegenerative mechanism of PD but also a possible approach to developing new treatments for PD via intervention in AQP4-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Burmeister AR, Marriott I. The Interleukin-10 Family of Cytokines and Their Role in the CNS. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:458. [PMID: 30542269 PMCID: PMC6277801 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in detecting insults and initiating protective or sometimes detrimental host immunity. At peripheral sites, immune responses follow a biphasic course with the rapid, but transient, production of inflammatory mediators giving way to the delayed release of factors that promote resolution and repair. Within the CNS, it is well known that glial cells contribute to the onset and progression of neuroinflammation, but it is only now becoming apparent that microglia and astrocytes also play an important role in producing and responding to immunosuppressive factors that serve to limit the detrimental effects of such responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is generally considered to be the quintessential immunosuppressive cytokine, and its ability to resolve inflammation and promote wound repair at peripheral sites is well documented. In the present review article, we discuss the evidence for the production of IL-10 by glia, and describe the ability of CNS cells, including microglia and astrocytes, to respond to this suppressive factor. Furthermore, we review the literature for the expression of other members of the IL-10 cytokine family, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22 and IL-24, within the brain, and discuss the evidence of a role for these poorly understood cytokines in the regulation of infectious and sterile neuroinflammation. In concert, the available data indicate that glia can produce IL-10 and the related cytokines IL-19 and IL-24 in a delayed manner, and these cytokines can limit glial inflammatory responses and/or provide protection against CNS insult. However, the roles of other IL-10 family members within the CNS remain unclear, with IL-20 appearing to act as a pro-inflammatory factor, while IL-22 may play a protective role in some instances and a detrimental role in others, perhaps reflecting the pleiotropic nature of this cytokine family. What is clear is that our current understanding of the role of IL-10 and related cytokines within the CNS is limited at best, and further research is required to define the actions of this understudied family in inflammatory brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Burmeister
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Tran HQ, Park SJ, Shin EJ, Tran TV, Sharma N, Lee YJ, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Kim DJ, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Clozapine attenuates mitochondrial burdens and abnormal behaviors elicited by phencyclidine in mice via inhibition of p47 phox; Possible involvements of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1233-1251. [PMID: 30207504 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118795244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. AIMS We investigated whether antipsychotic clozapine modulates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and mitochondrial burdens induced by phencyclidine in mice. METHODS We examined the effect of clozapine on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation, mitochondrial burdens (i.e. oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction), and activities of enzymatic antioxidant in the prefrontal cortex, and subsequent abnormal behaviors induced by repeated treatment with phencyclidine. p47 phox Knockout mice and LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, were employed to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of clozapine. RESULTS Phencyclidine treatment resulted in an early increase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, membrane translocation of p47 phox, interaction between p-Akt and p47 phox, and mitochondrial burdens in wild-type mice. Although these increases returned to near control level four days post-phencyclidine, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased at that time. Clozapine, LY294002, or p47 phox knockout significantly ameliorated social withdrawal and recognition memory deficits produced by phencyclidine. Importantly, LY294002 did not significantly alter the effects of clozapine against abnormal behaviors and the interaction between p-Akt and p47 phox induced by phencyclidine. Furthermore, neither LY294002 nor clozapine exhibited any additive effects to the protection afforded by p47 phox knockout against phencyclidine insult. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that p47 phox gene mediates phencyclidine-induced mitochondrial burdens and abnormal behaviors, and that the interactive modulation between p47 phox and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt is important for the understanding on the pharmacological mechanism of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se J Park
- 2 School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - The-Vinh Tran
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu J Lee
- 3 Clinical Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji H Jeong
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- 6 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- 7 Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.,9 Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Tran HQ, Shin EJ, Hoai Nguyen BC, Phan DH, Kang MJ, Jang CG, Jeong JH, Nah SY, Mouri A, Saito K, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. 5-HT 1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT induces serotonergic behaviors in mice via interaction between PKCδ and p47phox. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:125-141. [PMID: 30366073 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin syndrome is an adverse reaction due to increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan: 5-HT) concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS). The full 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) has been recognized to elicit traditional serotonergic behaviors. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT selectively increased PKCδ expression out of PKC isoforms and 5-HT turnover rate in the hypothalamus of wild-type mice. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT resulted in oxidative burdens, co-immunoprecipitation of 5-HT1AR and PKCδ, and phosphorylation and membrane translocation of p47phox. Importantly, p47phox also interacted with 5-HT1AR or PKCδ in the presence of 8-OH-DPAT. Consistently, the interaction and oxidative burdens were attenuated by 5-HT1AR antagonism (i.e., WAY100635), PKCδ inhibition (i.e., rottlerin and genetic depletion of PKCδ), or NADPH oxidase/p47phox inhibition (i.e., apocynin and genetic depletion of p47phox). However, WAY100635, apocynin, or rottlerin did not exhibit any additive effects against the protective effect by inhibition of PKCδ or p47phox. Furthermore, apocynin, rottlerin, or WAY100635 also significantly protected from pro-inflammatory/pro-apoptotic changes induced by 8-OH-DPAT. Therefore, we suggest that 8-OH-DPAT-induced serotonergic behaviors requires oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic changes, that PKCδ or p47phox mediates the serotonergic behaviors induced by 8-OH-DPAT, and that the inhibition of PKCδ-dependent p47phox activation is critical for protecting against serotonergic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao-Chau Hoai Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu-Hien Phan
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan; Aino University, Ibaraki, 576-0012, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Wang TY, Lee SY, Chang YH, Chen SL, Chen PS, Chu CH, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Lee IH, Chen KC, Yang YK, Chen SH, Hong JS, Lu RB. Correlation of cytokines, BDNF levels, and memory function in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:6-13. [PMID: 30071446 PMCID: PMC6487886 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) show memory deficiencies and impaired treatment outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that opioid abuse activates proinflammatory processes by increasing cytokine production and impairing neuroprotection, which damages the memory function in OUD patients. Therefore, we investigated whether plasma-based inflammatory and neurotrophic markers correlate with memory function in OUD patients. METHOD OUD patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) were investigated and followed up for 12 weeks. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) scores were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of MMT. Multiple linear regressions and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to examine the correlation between cytokines and memory performance. RESULTS We enrolled 89 patients at baseline; 47 patients completed the end-of-study assessments. Although Pearson correlations showed that CRP and TGF-β1 levels were significantly, negatively associated with some memory indices, the results were not significant after correction. The GEE results, controlled for several confounding factors and multiple testing, showed that changes in TNF-α levels were negatively correlated with changes in the visual memory index (P = 0.01), and that changes in IL-6 levels were negatively correlated with changes in the verbal memory index (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Memory performance, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in OUD patients were negative correlated. Additional studies on regulating TNF-α and IL-6 expression to improve memory function in OUD patients might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, No. 345, Zhuangjing Road, Douliu, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No.386, Dazhong 1st Rd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Department of Psychology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine;,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 3F, No.367, Sheng-Li Rd., North District, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No.325, Sec.2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No.325, Sec.2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;,Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, No.161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei 11490, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kao Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, No.345, Zhuangjing Rd., Douliu, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan;,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709, USA
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan;,Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;,Beijing YiNing Hospital, No.9 Minzhuang Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100195, China;,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
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Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Neuroinflammation and Hypertensive Encephalopathy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:483-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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de Kloet ER, Meijer OC, de Nicola AF, de Rijk RH, Joëls M. Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:124-145. [PMID: 29428549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors were identified as mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) that are involved in appraisal processes, choice of coping style, encoding and retrieval. The MR-mediated actions on cognition are complemented by slower actions via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on contextualization, rationalization and memory storage of the experience. These sequential phases in cognitive performance depend on synaptic metaplasticity that is regulated by coordinate MR- and GR activation. The receptor activation includes recruitment of coregulators and transcription factors as determinants of context-dependent specificity in steroid action; they can be modulated by genetic variation and (early) experience. Interestingly, inflammatory responses to damage seem to be governed by a similarly balanced MR:GR-mediated action as the initiating, terminating and priming mechanisms involved in stress-adaptation. We conclude with five questions challenging the MR:GR balance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - O C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A F de Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - R H de Rijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands & Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - M Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Martin NM, Griffin DE. Interleukin-10 Modulation of Virus Clearance and Disease in Mice with Alphaviral Encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2018; 92:e01517-17. [PMID: 29263262 PMCID: PMC5827374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01517-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are an important cause of mosquito-borne outbreaks of arthritis, rash, and encephalomyelitis. Previous studies in mice with a virulent strain (neuroadapted SINV [NSV]) of the alphavirus Sindbis virus (SINV) identified a role for Th17 cells and regulation by interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pathogenesis of fatal encephalomyelitis (K. A. Kulcsar, V. K. Baxter, I. P. Greene, and D. E. Griffin, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:16053-16058, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418966111). To determine the role of virus virulence in generation of immune responses, we analyzed the modulatory effects of IL-10 on disease severity, virus clearance, and the CD4+ T cell response to infection with a recombinant strain of SINV of intermediate virulence (TE12). The absence of IL-10 during TE12 infection led to longer morbidity, more weight loss, higher mortality, and slower viral clearance than in wild-type mice. More severe disease and impaired virus clearance in IL-10-/- mice were associated with more Th1 cells, fewer Th2 cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, regulatory cells, and B cells, and delayed production of antiviral antibody in the central nervous system (CNS) without an effect on Th17 cells. Therefore, IL-10 deficiency led to more severe disease in TE12-infected mice by increasing Th1 cells and by hampering development of the local B cell responses necessary for rapid production of antiviral antibody and virus clearance from the CNS. In addition, the shift from Th17 to Th1 responses with decreased virus virulence indicates that the effects of IL-10 deficiency on immunopathologic responses in the CNS during alphavirus infection are influenced by virus strain.IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses cause mosquito-borne outbreaks of encephalomyelitis, but determinants of outcome are incompletely understood. We analyzed the effects of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 on disease severity and virus clearance after infection with an alphavirus strain of intermediate virulence. The absence of IL-10 led to longer illness, more weight loss, more death, and slower viral clearance than in mice that produced IL-10. IL-10 influenced development of disease-causing T cells and entry into the brain of B cells producing antiviral antibody. The Th1 pathogenic cell subtype that developed in IL-10-deficient mice infected with a less virulent virus was distinct from the Th17 subtype that developed in response to a more virulent virus, indicating a role for virus strain in determining the immune response. Slow production of antibody in the nervous system led to delayed virus clearance. Therefore, both the virus strain and the host response to infection are important determinants of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Martin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zhang C, Hou L, Yang J, Che Y, Sun F, Li H, Wang Q. 2,5-Hexanedione induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration through integrin α Mβ2/NADPH oxidase axis-mediated microglial activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 29352205 PMCID: PMC5833449 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent study demonstrated that chronic exposure to solvents increases the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SN). n-Hexane, a widely used organic solvent, displays central-peripheral neurotoxicity, which is mainly mediated by its active metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). However, whether HD exposure contributes to PD remains unclear. In this study, we found that rats exposed to HD displayed progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system. Microglial activation was also detected in HD-treated rats, which occurred prior to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, depletion of microglia markedly reduced HD-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Mechanistic study revealed an essential role of microglial integrin αMβ2-NADPH oxidase (NOX2) axis in HD-elicited neurotoxicity. HD activated NOX2 by inducing membrane translocation of NOX2 cytosolic subunit, p47phox. Integrin αMβ2 was critical for HD-induced NOX2 activation since inhibition or genetic deletion of αMβ2 attenuated NOX2-generated superoxide and p47phox membrane translocation in response to HD. Src and Erk, two downstream signals of αMβ2, were recognized to bridge HD/αMβ2-mediated NOX2 activation. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of αMβ2-NOX2 axis attenuated HD-induced microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Our findings revealed that HD exposure damaged nigrostriatal dopaminergic system through αMβ2-NOX2 axis-mediated microglial activation, providing, for the first time, experimental evidence for n-hexane exposure contributing to the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Liyan Hou
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Jie Yang
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yuning Che
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Fuqiang Sun
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Huihua Li
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China ,grid.452435.1Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- 0000 0000 9558 1426grid.411971.bSchool of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044 China
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Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside Produces Neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-Induced Dopamine Neurotoxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7927568. [PMID: 29576855 PMCID: PMC5821944 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7927568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) was one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases with a slow and progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra (SN). Neuroinflammation was identified to be an important contributor to PD pathogenesis with the hallmark of microglia activation. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) was the main active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum and held amounts of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, free radical-scavenging, anti-inflammation, and cardioprotective properties. Recent studies demonstrated that TSG exerted neuroprotection from several neurodegenerative disease models. However, the underlying mechanisms were not completely elucidated. In the present study, rat nigral stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA-) elicited DA neuronal injury was performed to investigate TSG-mediated neuroprotection on DA neurons. In addition, primary rat midbrain neuron-glia cocultures were applied to explore the mechanisms underlying TSG-exerted neuroprotection. Results showed that daily intraperitoneal injection of TSG for 14 consecutive days significantly protected DA neurons from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and suppressed microglia activation. Similar neuroprotection was shown in primary neuron-glia cocultures. In vitro studies further demonstrated that TSG inhibited microglia activation and subsequent release of proinflammatory factors. Moreover, TSG-mediated neuroprotection was closely related with the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Together, TSG protects DA neurons from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity via the inhibition of microglia-elicited neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that TSG might hold potential therapeutic effects on PD.
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Zhou X, Spittau B. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglia Activation Promotes the Survival of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons In Vitro. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:856-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Complement receptor 3 mediates NADPH oxidase activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration through a Src-Erk-dependent pathway. Redox Biol 2017; 14:250-260. [PMID: 28978491 PMCID: PMC5975223 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial NADPH oxidase (Nox2) plays a key role in chronic neuroinflammation and related dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms behind Nox2 activation remain unclear. Here, we revealed the critical role of complement receptor 3 (CR3), a microglia-specific pattern recognition receptor, in Nox2 activation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration by using paraquat and maneb-induced PD model. Suppression or genetic deletion of CR3 impeded paraquat and maneb-induced activation of microglial Nox2, which was associated with attenuation of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Mechanistic inquiry revealed that blocking CR3 reduced paraquat and maneb-induced membrane translocation of Nox2 cytosolic subunit p47phox, an essential step for Nox2 activation. Src and Erk (extracellular regulated protein kinases) were subsequently recognized as the downstream signals of CR3. Moreover, inhibition of Src or Erk impaired Nox2 activation in response to paraquat and maneb co-exposure. Finally, we found that CR3-deficient mice were more resistant to paraquat and maneb-induced Nox2 activation and nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration as well as motor dysfunction than the wild type controls. Taken together, our results showed that CR3 regulated Nox2 activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration through a Src-Erk-dependent pathway in a two pesticide-induced PD model, providing novel insights into the immune pathogenesis of PD.
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Brocca ME, Pietranera L, Meyer M, Lima A, Roig P, de Kloet ER, De Nicola AF. Mineralocorticoid receptor associates with pro-inflammatory bias in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28523794 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Damage observed in the hippocampus of the adult spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) resembles the neuropathology of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension, supporting a similar endocrine dysfunction in both entities. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that increased expression of the hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in SHR animals is associated with a prevalent expression of pro-inflammatory over anti-inflammatory factors. Accordingly, in the hippocampus, we measured mRNA expression and immunoreactivity of the MR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histochemistry. We also measured serum-glucocorticoid-activated kinase 1 (Sgk1 mRNA), the number and phenotype of Iba1+ microglia, as well as mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors cyclo-oxygenase 2 (Cox2), Nlrp3 inflammasome and tumour necrosis factor α (Tnfα). Expression of anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor (Tgf)β mRNA and the NADPH-diaphorase activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were also determined. The results showed that, in the hippocampus of SHR rats, expression of MR and the number of immunoreactive MR/GR co-expressing cells were increased compared to Wistar-Kyoto control animals. Expression of Sgk1, Cox2, Nlrp3 and the number of ramified glia cells positive for Iba1+ were also increased, whereas Tgfβ mRNA expression and the NADPH-diaphorase activity of NOS were decreased. We propose that, in the SHR hippocampus, increased MR expression causes a bias towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype characteristic for hypertensive encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Brocca
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Pietranera
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Meyer
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Roig
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E R de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Coplan JD, Gopinath S, Abdallah CG, Margolis J, Chen W, Scharf BA, Rosenblum LA, Batuman OA, Smith ELP. Effects of Acute Confinement Stress-induced Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Activation and Concomitant Peripheral and Central Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Measures in Nonhuman Primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 28393139 PMCID: PMC5381663 DOI: 10.1177/2470547016688693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and neuroprotective properties. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system exert bidirectional influences on each other, via cortisol and TGF-β1, but the exact nature of the interaction is not well characterized. The current study examined the effects, in bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), of two consecutive acute confinement stress periods in an unfamiliar room while mildly restrained, first without and then with dexamethasone pretreatment (0.01 mg/kg intramuscular). Preceding the confinement studies, a non-stress control condition obtained contemporaneous levels of cortisol and TGF-β1 in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid to match the confinement stress studies. Subjects were reared under either normative or variable foraging demand conditions. Since there were no rearing effects at baseline or for any of the conditions tested—either for cortisol or TGF-β—the study analyses were conducted on the combined rearing groups. The stress condition increased both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid cortisol levels whereas dexamethasone pretreatment decreased cortisol concentrations to below baseline levels despite stress. The stress condition decreased TGF-β1 concentrations only in cerebrospinal fluid but not in serum. Together, the data suggested that stress-induced reductions of a centrally active neuroprotective cytokine occur in the face of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, potentially facilitating glucocortoid-induced neurotoxicity. Stress-induced reductions of neuroprotective cytokines prompt exploration of protective measures against glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Srinath Gopinath
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Bruce A Scharf
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Leonard A Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Olcay A Batuman
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Eric L P Smith
- Division of hematology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Broioklyn, NY, USA
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Kelly A, Houston SA, Sherwood E, Casulli J, Travis MA. Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by TGFβ. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:137-233. [PMID: 28413021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune regulation by cytokines is crucial in maintaining immune homeostasis, promoting responses to infection, resolving inflammation, and promoting immunological memory. Additionally, cytokine responses drive pathology in immune-mediated disease. A crucial cytokine in the regulation of all aspects of an immune response is transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Although best known as a crucial regulator of T cell responses, TGFβ plays a vital role in regulating responses mediated by virtually every innate and adaptive immune cell, including dendritic cells, B cells, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells, and granulocytes. Here, we review our current knowledge of how TGFβ regulates the immune system, highlighting the multifunctional nature of TGFβ and how its function can change depending on location and context of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Kelly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A Houston
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Sherwood
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Casulli
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Travis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Grace PM, Gaudet AD, Staikopoulos V, Maier SF, Hutchinson MR, Salvemini D, Watkins LR. Nitroxidative Signaling Mechanisms in Pathological Pain. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:862-879. [PMID: 27842920 PMCID: PMC5148691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury can initiate bidirectional signaling between neurons, glia, and immune cells that creates and amplifies pain. While the ability for neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cytokines to initiate and maintain pain has been extensively studied, recent work has identified a key role for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS; nitroxidative species), including superoxide, peroxynitrite, and hydrogen peroxide. In this review we describe how nitroxidative species are generated after tissue injury and the mechanisms by which they enhance neuroexcitability in pain pathways. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for normalizing nitroxidative signaling, which may also enhance opioid analgesia, to help to alleviate the enormous burden of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Grace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Current address: Department of Critical Care Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew D Gaudet
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vasiliki Staikopoulos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, and the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, and the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Dong TF, Lv HX, Niu XL, Gui YK, Zhang P, Yan HQ, Li T. Effect of Urinary Kallidinogenase on Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Expression in Rat Focal Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2852-8. [PMID: 27521289 PMCID: PMC4988362 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study we investigated the effect of urinary kallidinogenase (UK) on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression in brain tissue. We also explored the neuroprotective mechanism of UK against ischemic injury by measuring serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level changes after rat cerebral ischemic injury. Material/Methods The rat middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion model was established using the suture method. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: treatment, Gegen control, and blank control. Each group was subsequently divided into 5 subgroups according to time (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Rats in the treatment group were administered UK as treatment. TGF-β1 expression was observed at each time point using SABC and immunohistochemical staining methods to estimate cerebral infarct volume percentage. Serum hs-CRP levels were also measured. Results TGF-β1 protein expression in ischemic brain tissues of the treatment group significantly increased at each time point (P<0.01) compared with both control groups. Treatment group serum hs-CRP levels significantly decreased at each time point (P<0.05) compared with both control groups. Conclusions UK exerts a neuroprotective effect by upregulating TGF-β1 expression and inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Afiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Weihui, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-Xia Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Lu Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Afiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Weihui, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Yong-Kun Gui
- Department of Neurology, The First Afiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Weihui, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Afiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Weihui, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-Qing Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Afiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Weihui, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Afiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Weihui, Henan, China (mainland)
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Wang S, Chu CH, Guo M, Jiang L, Nie H, Zhang W, Wilson B, Yang L, Stewart T, Hong JS, Zhang J. Identification of a specific α-synuclein peptide (α-Syn 29-40) capable of eliciting microglial superoxide production to damage dopaminergic neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:158. [PMID: 27329107 PMCID: PMC4915166 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates participate in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease. Whereas much is known about how the various domains within full-length α-Syn (FL-α-Syn) contribute to the formation of α-Syn aggregates and therefore to their neurotoxicity, little is known about whether the individual peptides that can be generated from α-syn, possibly as intermediate metabolites during degradation of misfolded α-Syn aggregates, are neurotoxic themselves. METHODS A series of synthesized α-Syn peptides, corresponding to the locus in FL-α-Syn containing alanine 30, substitution of which with a proline causes a familial form of Parkinson's disease, were examined for their capacity of inducing release of microglial superoxide. The neurotoxicity of these peptides was measured according to their influence on the ability of neuroglial cultures deficient in gp91 (phox) , the catalytic unit of NADPH oxidase (Nox2), or wild-type cultures to take up (3)H-labeled dopamine and on the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-staining-positive neurons. Western blots and confocal images were utilized to analyze membrane translocation of p47 (phox) and p67 (phox) , phosphorylation of p47 (phox) and Erk1/2 kinase, and binding of α-Syn peptides to gp91 (phox) . Activation of brain microglia in mice injected with α-Syn peptides was demonstrated by immunostaining for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II along with qPCR for Iba-1 and MHC-II. RESULTS We report α-Syn (29-40) as a specific peptide capable of activating microglial Nox2 to produce superoxide and cause dopaminergic neuronal damage. Administered to mice, this peptide also activated brain microglia to increase expression of MHC-II and Iba-1 and stimulated oxidation reaction. Exploring the underlying mechanisms showed that α-Syn (29-40) peptide triggered Nox2 to generate extracellular superoxide and its metabolite H2O2 by binding to the catalytic unit gp91 (phox) of Nox2; diffusing into cytosol, H2O2 activated Erk1/2 kinase to phosphorylate p47 (phox) and p67 (phox) and further activated Nox2, establishing a positive feedback loop to amplify the Nox2-mediated response. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study suggests novel information regarding how α-Syn causes neuronal injury, possibly including mechanisms involving abnormal metabolites of α-Syn aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA.,Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Mingri Guo
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Jiang L, Wu X, Wang S, Chen SH, Zhou H, Wilson B, Jin CY, Lu RB, Xie K, Wang Q, Hong JS. Clozapine metabolites protect dopaminergic neurons through inhibition of microglial NADPH oxidase. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:110. [PMID: 27184631 PMCID: PMC4869380 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic medication, has been effectively used to treat refractory schizophrenia. However, the clinical usage of clozapine is limited due to a high incidence of neutropenia or agranulocytosis. We previously reported that clozapine protected dopaminergic neurons through inhibition of microglial activation. The purpose of this study was to explore the neuroprotective effects of clozapine metabolites clozapine N-oxide (CNO) and N-desmethylclozapine (NDC), as well as their propensity to cause neutropenia. Methods The primary midbrain neuron-glia culture was applied to detect the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of clozapine and its metabolites in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MPP+-induced toxicity. And the subsequent mechanism was demonstrated by gp91phox mutant cell cultures as well as microgliosis cell lines. In vivo, to confirm the neuroprotective effect of clozapine and CNO, we measured the dopaminergic neuronal loss and rotarod motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-generated mouse Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. The neutropenia or agranulocytosis of clozapine and its metabolites was illustrated by white blood cell count of the treated mice. Results We found that, in midbrain neuron-glia cultures, CNO and NDC were more potent than clozapine in protecting dopaminergic neurons against LPS and MPP+-induced toxicity. CNO and NDC-afforded neuroprotection was linked to inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, as demonstrated by abolished neuroprotection in microglia-depleted cultures and their capacity of inhibiting LPS-induced release of proinflammatory factors from activated microglia. NADPH oxidase (NOX2) was subsequently recognized as the main target of CNO and NDC since genetic ablation of gp91phox, the catalytic subunit of NOX2, abolished their neuroprotective effects. CNO and NDC inhibited NOX2 activation through interfering with the membrane translocation of the NOX2 cytosolic subunit, p47phox. The neuroprotective effects of CNO were further verified in vivo as shown by attenuation of dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor deficits, and reactive microgliosis in MPTP-generated mouse PD model. More importantly, unlike clozapine, CNO did not lower the white blood cell count. Conclusions Altogether, our results show that clozapine metabolites elicited neuroprotection through inactivation of microglia by inhibiting NOX2. The robust neuroprotective effects and lack of neutropenia suggest that clozapine metabolites may be promising candidates for potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0573-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Jiang
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chun-Yang Jin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Behavioral Medicine, Institute of Allied Health Sciences and Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35035, Taiwan
| | - Keqin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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40
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Norden DM, Trojanowski PJ, Walker FR, Godbout JP. Insensitivity of astrocytes to interleukin 10 signaling following peripheral immune challenge results in prolonged microglial activation in the aged brain. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:22-41. [PMID: 27318131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune-activated microglia from aged mice produce exaggerated levels of cytokines. Despite high levels of microglial interleukin (IL)-10 in the aged brain, neuroinflammation was prolonged and associated with depressive-like deficits. Because astrocytes respond to IL-10 and, in turn, attenuate microglial activation, we investigated if astrocyte-mediated resolution of microglial activation was impaired with age. Here, aged astrocytes had a dysfunctional profile with higher glial fibrillary acidic protein, lower glutamate transporter expression, and significant cytoskeletal re-arrangement. Moreover, aged astrocytes had reduced expression of growth factors and IL-10 receptor-1 (IL-10R1). After in vivo lipopolysaccharide immune challenge, aged astrocytes had a molecular signature associated with reduced responsiveness to IL-10. This IL-10 insensitivity of aged astrocytes resulted in a failure to induce IL-10R1 and transforming growth factor β and resolve microglial activation. In addition, adult astrocytes reduced microglial activation when co-cultured ex vivo, whereas aged astrocytes did not. Consistent with the aging studies, IL-10R(KO) astrocytes did not augment transforming growth factor β after immune challenge and failed to resolve microglial activation. Collectively, a major cytokine-regulatory loop between activated microglia and astrocytes is impaired in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Norden
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Haslund-Vinding J, McBean G, Jaquet V, Vilhardt F. NADPH oxidases in oxidant production by microglia: activating receptors, pharmacology and association with disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:1733-1749. [PMID: 26750203 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS and constitute a self-sustaining population of CNS-adapted tissue macrophages. As mononuclear phagocytic cells, they express high levels of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases (NOX). The sole function of the members of the NOX family is to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are believed to be important in CNS host defence and in the redox signalling circuits that shape the different activation phenotypes of microglia. NOX are also important in pathological conditions, where over-generation of ROS contributes to neuronal loss via direct oxidative tissue damage or disruption of redox signalling circuits. In this review, we assess the evidence for involvement of NOX in CNS physiopathology, with particular emphasis on the most important surface receptors that lead to generation of NOX-derived ROS. We evaluate the potential significance of the subcellular distribution of NOX isoforms for redox signalling or release of ROS to the extracellular medium. Inhibitory mechanisms that have been reported to restrain NOX activity in microglia and macrophages in vivo are also discussed. We provide a critical appraisal of frequently used and recently developed NOX inhibitors. Finally, we review the recent literature on NOX and other sources of ROS that are involved in activation of the inflammasome and discuss the potential influence of microglia-derived oxidants on neurogenesis, neural differentiation and culling of surplus progenitor cells. The degree to which excessive, badly timed or misplaced NOX activation in microglia may affect neuronal homeostasis in physiological or pathological conditions certainly merits further investigation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haslund-Vinding
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G McBean
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - V Jaquet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Vilhardt
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dang DK, Shin EJ, Nam Y, Ryoo S, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Hong JS, Kim HC. Apocynin prevents mitochondrial burdens, microglial activation, and pro-apoptosis induced by a toxic dose of methamphetamine in the striatum of mice via inhibition of p47phox activation by ERK. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26780950 PMCID: PMC4717833 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of NADPH oxidase (PHOX) plays a critical role in mediating dopaminergic neuroinflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of PHOX in methamphetamine (MA)-induced neurotoxic and inflammatory changes in mice. METHODS We examined changes in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), mitochondrial function [i.e., mitochondrial membrane potential, intramitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, mitochondrial oxidative burdens, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression, and mitochondrial translocation of the cleaved form of protein kinase C delta type (cleaved PKCδ)], microglial activity, and pro-apoptotic changes [i.e., cytosolic cytochrome c release, cleaved caspase 3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUDP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive populations] after a neurotoxic dose of MA in the striatum of mice to achieve a better understanding of the effects of apocynin, a non-specific PHOX inhibitor, or genetic inhibition of p47phox (by using p47phox knockout mice or p47phox antisense oligonucleotide) against MA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. RESULTS Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) was most pronounced out of MAPKs after MA. We observed MA-induced phosphorylation and membrane translocation of p47phox in the striatum of mice. The activation of p47phox promoted mitochondrial stresses followed by microglial activation into the M1 phenotype, and pro-apoptotic changes, and led to dopaminergic impairments. ERK activated these signaling pathways. Apocynin or genetic inhibition of p47phox significantly protected these signaling processes induced by MA. ERK inhibitor U0126 did not exhibit any additional positive effects against protective activity mediated by apocynin or p47phox genetic inhibition, suggesting that ERK regulates p47phox activation, and ERK constitutes the crucial target for apocynin-mediated inhibition of PHOX activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the neuroprotective mechanism of apocynin against MA insult is via preventing mitochondrial burdens, microglial activation, and pro-apoptotic signaling process by the ERK-dependent activation of p47phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Sungwoo Ryoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan. .,NPO, Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea.
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Liu Z, Chen HQ, Huang Y, Qiu YH, Peng YP. Transforming growth factor-β1 acts via TβR-I on microglia to protect against MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:131-143. [PMID: 26254549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the substantia nigra. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, it is unclear if microglia are required for TGF-β1 neuroprotection in PD. Here we used both shRNA and pharmacologic inhibition to determine the role of microglial TGF-β receptor (TβR)-I and its downstream signaling pathways in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced DAergic neuronal toxicity. As expected, MPP(+) reduced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells in ventral mesencephalic cell cultures. We found that MPP(+) activated microglia as determined by an upregulation in expression of CD11b and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an increase in expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, and a decrease in expression and secretion of the neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Pretreatment with TGF-β1 significantly inhibited all these changes caused by MPP(+). Expression of microglial TβR-I was upregulated by TGF-β1. Silencing of the TβR-I gene in microglia abolished both the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 increased microglial p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation, both of which were blocked by the p38 inhibitor SB203580 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, respectively. Pretreatment of microglia with either SB203580 or LY294002 impaired the ability of TGF-β1 to inhibit MPP(+)-induced DAergic neuronal loss and microglial activation. These findings establish that TGF-β1 activates TβR-I and its downstream p38 MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in microglia to protect against DAergic neuronal loss that characterizes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Hui-Qiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China.
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Wevers NR, de Vries HE. Morphogens and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease. Tissue Barriers 2015; 4:e1090524. [PMID: 27141417 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1090524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature of the brain forms a protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) that ensures a homeostatic environment for the central nervous system (CNS), which is essential for optimal brain functioning. The barrier properties of the brain endothelial cells are maintained by cells surrounding the capillaries, such as astrocytes and pericytes. Together with the endothelium and a basement membrane, these supporting cells form the neurovascular unit (NVU). Accumulating evidence indicates that the supporting cells of the NVU release a wide variety of soluble factors that induce and control barrier properties in a concentration-dependent manner. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of how such factors, called morphogens, influence BBB integrity and functioning. Since impaired BBB function is apparent in numerous CNS disorders and is often associated with disease severity, we also discuss the potential therapeutic value of these morphogens, as they may represent promising therapies for a wide variety of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Syed Hussein SS, Kamarudin MNA, Abdul Kadir H. (+)-Catechin Attenuates NF-κB Activation Through Regulation of Akt, MAPK, and AMPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced BV-2 Microglial Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:927-52. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(+)-catechin is a flavanol that possesses various health and medicinal values, which include neuroprotection, anti-oxidation, antitumor and antihepatitis activities. This study investigated the modulatory effects of (+)-catechin on the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. (+)-catechin attenuated LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inhibited microglial NO and ROS production. Additionally, (+)-catechin suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, while augmenting IL-4. (+)-catechin attenuated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation via the inhibition of IκB-α phosphorylation. Moreover, (+)-catechin blocked the activation of Akt and its inhibition was shown to play a crucial role in LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cells. (+)-catechin also attenuated the LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and p-38 mitogen activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) and specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 (UO126) and p38 MAPK (SB202190) subsequently down-regulated the expression of the proinflammatory mediators iNOS and COX-2. Further mechanistic study revealed that (+)-catechin acted through the amelioration of the LPS-induced suppression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. Taken together, our data indicate that (+)-catechin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in BV-2 cells by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators and mitigation of NF-κB through Akt, ERK, p38 MAPK, and AMPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Salwa Syed Hussein
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Abdul Kadir
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Levy N, Milikovsky DZ, Baranauskas G, Vinogradov E, David Y, Ketzef M, Abutbul S, Weissberg I, Kamintsky L, Fleidervish I, Friedman A, Monsonego A. Differential TGF-β Signaling in Glial Subsets Underlies IL-6-Mediated Epileptogenesis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1713-22. [PMID: 26136430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a master cytokine in immune regulation, orchestrating both pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Recent studies show that whereas TGF-β1 induces a quiescent microglia phenotype, it plays a pathogenic role in the neurovascular unit and triggers neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. In this study, we show that, in primary glial cultures, TGF-β signaling induces rapid upregulation of the cytokine IL-6 in astrocytes, but not in microglia, via enhanced expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of SMAD2/3. Electrophysiological recordings show that administration of IL-6 increases cortical excitability, culminating in epileptiform discharges in vitro and spontaneous seizures in C57BL/6 mice. Intracellular recordings from layer V pyramidal cells in neocortical slices obtained from IL-6 -: treated mice show that during epileptogenesis, the cells respond to repetitive orthodromic activation with prolonged after-depolarization with no apparent changes in intrinsic membrane properties. Notably, TGF-β1 -: induced IL-6 upregulation occurs in brains of FVB/N but not in brains of C57BL/6 mice. Overall, our data suggest that TGF-β signaling in the brain can cause astrocyte activation whereby IL-6 upregulation results in dysregulation of astrocyte -: neuronal interactions and neuronal hyperexcitability. Whereas IL-6 is epileptogenic in C57BL/6 mice, its upregulation by TGF-β1 is more profound in FVB/N mice characterized as a relatively more susceptible strain to seizure-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Levy
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Dan Z Milikovsky
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Gytis Baranauskas
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Ekaterina Vinogradov
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yaron David
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Maya Ketzef
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Shai Abutbul
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Itai Weissberg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Lyn Kamintsky
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Ilya Fleidervish
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alon Monsonego
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
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Substance P enhances microglial density in the substantia nigra through neurokinin-1 receptor/NADPH oxidase-mediated chemotaxis in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26223840 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of microglia varies greatly throughout the brain. The substantia nigra (SN) contains the highest density of microglia among different brain regions. However, the mechanism underlying this uneven distribution remains unclear. Substance P (SP) is a potent proinflammatory neuropeptide with high concentrations in the SN. We recently demonstrated that SP can regulate nigral microglial activity. In the present study, we further investigated the involvement of SP in modulating nigral microglial density in postnatal developing mice. Nigral microglial density was quantified in wild-type (WT) and SP-deficient mice from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30. SP was detected at high levels in the SN as early as P1 and microglial density did not peak until around P30 in WT mice. SP-deficient mice (TAC1(-/-)) had a significant reduction in nigral microglial density. No differences in the ability of microglia to proliferate were observed between TAC1(-/-) and WT mice, suggesting that SP may alter microglial density through chemotaxic recruitment. SP was confirmed to dose-dependently attract microglia using a trans-well culture system. Mechanistic studies revealed that both the SP receptor neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and the superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX2) were necessary for SP-mediated chemotaxis in microglia. Furthermore, genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of NK1R or NOX2 attenuated SP-induced microglial migration. Finally, protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) was recognized to couple SP/NK1R-mediated NOX2 activation. Altogether, we found that SP partly accounts for the increased density of microglia in the SN through chemotaxic recruitment via a novel NK1R-NOX2 axis-mediated pathway.
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Gao L, Chen X, Tang Y, Zhao J, Li Q, Fan X, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Neuroprotective effect of memantine on the retinal ganglion cells of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice and its immunomodulatory mechanisms. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:47-58. [PMID: 25912193 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Besides the cognitive impairment and degeneration in the brain, vision dysfunction and retina damage are always prevalent in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The uncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, memantine (MEM), has been proven to improve the cognition of patients with AD. However, limited information exists regarding the mechanism of neurodegeneration and the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of MEM on the retinas of patients with AD. In the present study, by using APPswe/PS1ΔE9 double transgenic (dtg) mice, we found that MEM rescued the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as improved visual impairments, including improving the P50 component in pattern electroretinograms and the latency delay of the P2 component in flash visual evoked potentials of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 dtg mice. The activated microglia in the retinas of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 dtg mice were also inhibited by MEM. Additionally, the level of glutamine synthetase expressed by Müller cells within the RGC layer was upregulated in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 dtg mice, which was inhibited by MEM. Simultaneously, MEM also reduced the apoptosis of choline acetyl transferase-immunoreactive cholinergic amacrine cells within the RGC layer of AD mice. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 was increased in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 dtg mice, which was blocked by MEM treatment. These findings suggest that MEM protects RGCs in the retinas of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 dtg mice by modulating the immune response of microglia and the adapted response of Müller cells, making MEM a potential ophthalmic treatment alternative in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Yongping Tang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Qiyou Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Fumagalli S, Perego C, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, De Simoni MG. The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function. Front Neurol 2015; 6:81. [PMID: 25904895 PMCID: PMC4389404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
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50
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α-Synuclein, a chemoattractant, directs microglial migration via H2O2-dependent Lyn phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1926-35. [PMID: 25825709 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417883112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformed α-Synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in neurons are released into the extracellular space, activating microglia to induce chronic neuroinflammation that further enhances neuronal damage in α-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease. The mechanisms by which α-syn aggregates activate and recruit microglia remain unclear, however. Here we show that α-syn aggregates act as chemoattractants to direct microglia toward damaged neurons. In addition, we describe a mechanism underlying this directional migration of microglia. Specifically, chemotaxis occurs when α-syn binds to integrin CD11b, leading to H2O2 production by NADPH oxidase. H2O2 directly attracts microglia via a process in which extracellularly generated H2O2 diffuses into the cytoplasm and tyrosine protein kinase Lyn, phosphorylates the F-actin-associated protein cortactin after sensing changes in the microglial intracellular concentration of H2O2. Finally, phosphorylated cortactin mediates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and facilitates directional cell migration. These findings have significant implications, given that α-syn-mediated microglial migration reaches beyond Parkinson's disease.
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