1
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Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Antibody-drug conjugate adverse effects can be understood and addressed based on immune complex clearance mechanisms. Blood 2024; 144:137-144. [PMID: 38643493 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Numerous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are being developed for cancer immunotherapy. Although several of these agents have demonstrated considerable clinical efficacy and have won Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, in many instances, they have been characterized by adverse side effects (ASEs), which can be quite severe in a fraction of treated patients. The key hypothesis in this perspective is that many of the most serious ASEs associated with the use of ADCs in the treatment of cancer can be most readily explained and understood due to the inappropriate processing of these ADCs via pathways normally followed for immune complex clearance, which include phagocytosis and trogocytosis. We review the key published basic science experiments and clinical observations that support this idea. We propose that it is the interaction of the ADC with Fcγ receptors expressed on off-target cells and tissues that can most readily explain ADC-mediated pathologies, which therefore provides a rationale for the design of protocols to minimize ASEs. We describe measurements that should help identify those patients most likely to experience ASE due to ADC, and we propose readily available treatments as well as therapies under development for other indications that should substantially reduce ASE associated with ADC. Our focus will be on the following FDA-approved ADC for which there are substantial literatures: gemtuzumab ozogamicin and inotuzumab ozogamicin; and trastuzumab emtansine and trastuzumab deruxtecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Margaret A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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2
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Jestrabek H, Kohlhas V, Hallek M, Nguyen PH. Impact of leukemia-associated macrophages on the progression and therapy response of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2024; 143:107531. [PMID: 38851084 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2024.107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has advanced remarkably over the past decade. The advent and approval of the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib and BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax, as well as monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies rituximab and obinutuzumab, have resulted in deep remissions and substantially improved survival outcomes for patients. However, CLL remains a complex disease with many patients still experiencing relapse and unsatisfactory treatment responses. CLL cells are highly dependent on their pro-leukemic tumor microenvironment (TME), which comprises different cellular and soluble factors. A large body of evidence suggests that CLL-associated macrophages shaped by leukemic cells play a pivotal role in maintaining CLL cell survival. In this review, we summarize the pro-survival interactions between CLL cells and macrophages, as well as the impact of the current first-line treatment agents, including ibrutinib, venetoclax, and CD20 antibodies on leukemia-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Jestrabek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Viktoria Kohlhas
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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3
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Singhal S, Rao AS, Stadanlick J, Bruns K, Sullivan NT, Bermudez A, Honig-Frand A, Krouse R, Arambepola S, Guo E, Moon EK, Georgiou G, Valerius T, Albelda SM, Eruslanov EB. Human Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils Regulate Antitumor Antibody Efficacy through Lethal and Sublethal Trogocytosis. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1029-1047. [PMID: 38270915 PMCID: PMC10982649 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The clinical benefits of tumor-targeting antibodies (tAb) are modest in solid human tumors. The efficacy of many tAbs is dependent on Fc receptor (FcR)-expressing leukocytes that bind Fc fragments of tAb. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and neutrophils (TAN) represent the majority of FcR+ effectors in solid tumors. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which TAMs and TANs regulate tAb response could help improve the efficacy of cancer treatments. Here, we found that myeloid effectors interacting with tAb-opsonized lung cancer cells used antibody-dependent trogocytosis (ADT) but not antibody-dependent phagocytosis. During this process, myeloid cells "nibbled off" tumor cell fragments containing tAb/targeted antigen (tAg) complexes. ADT was only tumoricidal when the tumor cells expressed high levels of tAg and the effectors were present at high effector-to-tumor ratios. If either of these conditions were not met, which is typical for solid tumors, ADT was sublethal. Sublethal ADT, mainly mediated by CD32hiCD64hi TAM, led to two outcomes: (i) removal of surface tAg/tAb complexes from the tumor that facilitated tumor cell escape from the tumoricidal effects of tAb; and (ii) acquisition of bystander tAgs by TAM with subsequent cross-presentation and stimulation of tumor-specific T-cell responses. CD89hiCD32loCD64lo peripheral blood neutrophils (PBN) and TAN stimulated tumor cell growth in the presence of the IgG1 anti-EGFR Ab cetuximab; however, IgA anti-EGFR Abs triggered the tumoricidal activity of PBN and negated the stimulatory effect of TAN. Overall, this study provides insights into the mechanisms by which myeloid effectors mediate tumor cell killing or resistance during tAb therapy. SIGNIFICANCE The elucidation of the conditions and mechanisms by which human FcR+ myeloid effectors mediate cancer cell resistance and killing during antibody treatment could help develop improved strategies for treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Singhal
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abhishek S. Rao
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Stadanlick
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle Bruns
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil T. Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andres Bermudez
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Honig-Frand
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan Krouse
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sachinthani Arambepola
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Guo
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edmund K. Moon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy B. Eruslanov
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Zhai Y, Du Y, Li G, Yu M, Hu H, Pan C, Wang D, Shi Z, Yan X, Li X, Jiang T, Zhang W. Trogocytosis of CAR molecule regulates CAR-T cell dysfunction and tumor antigen escape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:457. [PMID: 38143263 PMCID: PMC10749292 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has demonstrated clinical response in treating both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Although instances of rapid tumor remissions have been observed in animal models and clinical trials, tumor relapses occur with multiple therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, while the mechanisms underlying the long-term therapeutic resistance are well-known, short-term adaptation remains less understood. However, more views shed light on short-term adaptation and hold that it provides an opportunity window for long-term resistance. In this study, we explore a previously unreported mechanism in which tumor cells employ trogocytosis to acquire CAR molecules from CAR-T cells, a reversal of previously documented processes. This mechanism results in the depletion of CAR molecules and subsequent CAR-T cell dysfunction, also leading to short-term antigen loss and antigen masking. Such type of intercellular communication is independent of CAR downstream signaling, CAR-T cell condition, target antigen, and tumor cell type. However, it is mainly dependent on antigen density and CAR sensitivity, and is associated with tumor cell cholesterol metabolism. Partial mitigation of this trogocytosis-induced CAR molecule transfer can be achieved by adaptively administering CAR-T cells with antigen density-individualized CAR sensitivities. Together, our study reveals a dynamic process of CAR molecule transfer and refining the framework of clinical CAR-T therapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yicong Du
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingchen Yu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongfang Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, PR China.
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
- Research Unit of Accurate Diagnosis, Treatment, and Translational Medicine of Brain Tumors, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, PR China.
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, PR China.
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5
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Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Measurement of Trogocytosis: Quantitative Analyses Validated with Rigorous Controls. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e897. [PMID: 37830752 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a process in which receptors on acceptor cells remove and internalize cognate ligands from donor cells. Trogocytosis has a profound and negative impact on mAb-based cancer immunotherapy, as seen in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with CD20 mAbs, such as rituximab (RTX) and ofatumumab (OFA). Our clinical observations of RTX/OFA-mediated loss of the CD20 target from circulating CLL cells have been replicated in our in vitro studies. Here we describe flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy experiments, which demonstrate that acceptor cells, such as monocytes/macrophages that express FcγR, remove and internalize both antigen and donor cell-bound cognate IgG mAbs for several different mAb-donor cell pairs. Fluorescent mAbs and portions of the plasma cell membrane are transferred from donor cells to acceptor cells, which include the THP-1 monocytic cell line as well as freshly isolated monocytes. We describe rigorous controls to validate the reactions and eliminate dissociation or internalization as alternative mechanisms. Trogocytosis is likely to contribute to neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and liver damage associated with use of antibody-drug conjugates. The methods we have described should allow for examination of strategies focused on blocking trogocytosis and its adverse effects. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Trogocytosis of mAb-opsonized donor cells mediated by adherent THP-1 cells Alternate Protocol: Application of fluorescence microscopy to examine THP-1 cell-mediated trogocytosis Support Protocol 1: Alexa labeling of mAbs and determination of F/P ratios Support Protocol 2: Standard washing procedure Support Protocol 3: Labeling and opsonization of cells Basic Protocol 2: Trogocytosis mediated by human monocytes as acceptor cells Support Protocol 4: Isolation of human monocytes Basic Protocol 3: Trogocytosis mediated by THP-1 cells in solution Support Protocol 5: Retinoic acid treatment of THP-1 cells Support Protocol 6: Culturing of SCC-25, BT-474, MOLT-4 and THP-1 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Margaret A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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6
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Joo V, Petrovas C, de Leval L, Noto A, Obeid M, Fenwick C, Pantaleo G. A CD64/FcγRI-mediated mechanism hijacks PD-1 from PD-L1/2 interaction and enhances anti-PD-1 functional recovery of exhausted T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213375. [PMID: 37622123 PMCID: PMC10446174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have achieved considerable clinical success in anti-cancer therapy through relieving T cell exhaustion. Blockade of PD-1 interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is an important determinant in promoting the functional recovery of exhausted T cells. Here, we show that anti-PD-1 mAbs act through an alternative mechanism leading to the downregulation of PD-1 surface expression on memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. PD-1 receptor downregulation is a distinct process from receptor endocytosis and occurs in a CD14+ monocyte dependent manner with the CD64/Fcγ receptor I acting as the primary factor for this T cell extrinsic process. Importantly, downregulation of surface PD-1 strongly enhances antigen-specific functional recovery of exhausted PD-1+CD8+ T cells. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism for reducing cell surface levels of PD-1 and limiting the inhibitory targeting by PD-L1/2 and thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 Ab in restoring T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Joo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Noto
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Obeid
- Lausanne Center for Immuno-oncology Toxicities (LCIT), Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Cottignies-Calamarte A, Tudor D, Bomsel M. Antibody Fc-chimerism and effector functions: When IgG takes advantage of IgA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1037033. [PMID: 36817447 PMCID: PMC9933243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1037033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of therapeutic antibodies (Abs) have greatly improved the treatment of otherwise drug-resistant cancers and autoimmune diseases. Antibody activities are mediated by both their Fab and the Fc. However, therapeutic Abs base their protective mechanisms on Fc-mediated effector functions resulting in the activation of innate immune cells by FcRs. Therefore, Fc-bioengineering has been widely used to maximise the efficacy and convenience of therapeutic antibodies. Today, IgG remains the only commercially available therapeutic Abs, at the expense of other isotypes. Indeed, production, sampling, analysis and related in vivo studies are easier to perform with IgG than with IgA due to well-developed tools. However, interest in IgA is growing, despite a shorter serum half-life and a more difficult sampling and purification methods than IgG. Indeed, the paradigm that the effector functions of IgG surpass those of IgA has been experimentally challenged. Firstly, IgA has been shown to bind to its Fc receptor (FcR) on effector cells of innate immunity with greater efficiency than IgG, resulting in more robust IgA-mediated effector functions in vitro and better survival of treated animals. In addition, the two isotypes have been shown to act synergistically. From these results, new therapeutic formats of Abs are currently emerging, in particular chimeric Abs containing two tandemly expressed Fc, one from IgG (Fcγ) and one from IgA (Fcα). By binding both FcγR and FcαR on effector cells, these new chimeras showed improved effector functions in vitro that were translated in vivo. Furthermore, these chimeras retain an IgG-like half-life in the blood, which could improve Ab-based therapies, including in AIDS. This review provides the rationale, based on the biology of IgA and IgG, for the development of Fcγ and Fcα chimeras as therapeutic Abs, offering promising opportunities for HIV-1 infected patients. We will first describe the main features of the IgA- and IgG-specific Fc-mediated signalling pathways and their respective functional differences. We will then summarise the very promising results on Fcγ and Fcα containing chimeras in cancer treatment. Finally, we will discuss the impact of Fcα-Fcγ chimerism in prevention/treatment strategies against infectious diseases such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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8
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Behrens LM, van Egmond M, van den Berg TK. Neutrophils as immune effector cells in antibody therapy in cancer. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:280-301. [PMID: 36331258 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies are available for a number of cancer cell types (over)expressing the corresponding tumor antigens. Such antibodies can limit tumor progression by different mechanisms, including direct growth inhibition and immune-mediated mechanisms, in particular complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC can be mediated by various types of immune cells, including neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in circulation. Neutrophils express a number of Fc receptors, including Fcγ- and Fcα-receptors, and can therefore kill tumor cells opsonized with either IgG or IgA antibodies. In recent years, important insights have been obtained with respect to the mechanism(s) by which neutrophils engage and kill antibody-opsonized cancer cells and these findings are reviewed here. In addition, we consider a number of additional ways in which neutrophils may affect cancer progression, in particular by regulating adaptive anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M. Behrens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Mattei F, Andreone S, Spadaro F, Noto F, Tinari A, Falchi M, Piconese S, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Trogocytosis in innate immunity to cancer is an intimate relationship with unexpected outcomes. iScience 2022; 25:105110. [PMID: 36185368 PMCID: PMC9515589 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a cellular process whereby a cell acquires a membrane fragment from a donor cell in a contact-dependent manner allowing for the transfer of surface proteins with functional integrity. It is involved in various biological processes, including cell-cell communication, immune regulation, and response to pathogens and cancer cells, with poorly defined molecular mechanisms. With the exception of eosinophils, trogocytosis has been reported in most immune cells and plays diverse roles in the modulation of anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we report that eosinophils acquire membrane fragments from tumor cells early after contact through the CD11b/CD18 integrin complex. We discuss the impact of trogocytosis in innate immune cells on cancer progression in the context of the evidence that eosinophils can engage in trogocytosis with tumor cells. We also discuss shared and cell-specific mechanisms underlying this process based on in silico modeling and provide a hypothetical molecular model for the stabilization of the immunological synapse operating in granulocytes and possibly other innate immune cells that enables trogocytosis. Trogocytosis in innate immune cells can regulate immune responses to cancer Eosinophils engage in trogocytosis with tumor cells via CD11b/CD18 integrin complex CD11b/CD18 integrin, focal adhesion molecules and actin network enable trogocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Core Facilities, Microscopy Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Noto
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author
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10
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Zhang H, Feng L, de Andrade Mello P, Mao C, Near R, Csizmadia E, Chan LLY, Enjyoji K, Gao W, Zhao H, Robson SC. Glycoengineered anti-CD39 promotes anticancer responses by depleting suppressive cells and inhibiting angiogenesis in tumor models. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157431. [PMID: 35775486 PMCID: PMC9246388 DOI: 10.1172/jci157431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cells accumulating in the tumor microenvironment constitute a formidable barrier that interferes with current immunotherapeutic approaches. A unifying feature of these tumor-associated immune and vascular endothelial cells appears to be the elevated expression of ectonucleotidase CD39, which in tandem with ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73, catalyzes the conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine. We glycoengineered an afucosylated anti-CD39 IgG2c and tested this reagent in mouse melanoma and colorectal tumor models. We identified major biological effects of this approach on cancer growth, associated with depletion of immunosuppressive cells, mediated through enhanced Fcγ receptor-directed (FcγR-directed), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Furthermore, regulatory/exhausted T cells lost CD39 expression, as a consequence of antibody-mediated trogocytosis. Most strikingly, tumor-associated macrophages and endothelial cells with high CD39 expression were effectively depleted following antibody treatment, thereby blocking angiogenesis. Tumor site-specific cellular modulation and lack of angiogenesis synergized with chemotherapy and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in experimental tumor models. We conclude that depleting suppressive cells and targeting tumor vasculature, through administration of afucosylated anti-CD39 antibody and the activation of ADCC, comprises an improved, purinergic system-modulating strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Zhang
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Feng
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changchuin Mao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Near
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom from PerkinElmer, Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Chen X, Xue L, Ding X, Zhang J, Jiang L, Liu S, Hou H, Jiang B, Cheng L, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Zhou X, Ma J, Liu Q, Li Y, Ren Z, Jiang B, Song X, Song J, Jin W, Wei M, Shen Z, Liu X, Wang L, Li K, Zhang T. An Fc-Competent Anti-Human TIGIT Blocking Antibody Ociperlimab (BGB-A1217) Elicits Strong Immune Responses and Potent Anti-Tumor Efficacy in Pre-Clinical Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828319. [PMID: 35273608 PMCID: PMC8902820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TIGIT (T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain) has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy. It is an immune “checkpoint” inhibitor primarily expressed on activated T cells, NK cells and Tregs. Engagement of TIGIT to its ligands PVR and PVR-L2 leads to inhibitory signaling in T cells, promoting functional exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. Here, we described the pre-clinical characterization of Ociperlimab (BGB-A1217), a novel humanized IgG1 anti-TIGIT antibody (mAb), and systemically evaluated the contribution of Fc functions in the TIGIT mAb-mediated anti-tumor activities. BGB-A1217 binds to the extracellular domain of human TIGIT with high affinity (KD = 0.135 nM) and specificity, and efficiently blocks the interaction between TIGIT and its ligands PVR or PVR-L2. Cell-based assays show that BGB-A1217 significantly enhances T-cell functions. In addition, BGB-A1217 induces antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Treg cells, activates NK cells and monocytes, and removes TIGIT from T cell surfaces in an Fc-dependent manner, In vivo, BGB-A1217, either alone or in combination with an anti-PD-1 mAb elicits strong immune responses and potent anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical models. Moreover, the Fc effector function is critical for the anti-tumor activity of BGB-A1217 in a syngeneic human TIGIT-knock-in mouse model. The observed anti-tumor efficacy is associated with a pharmacodynamic change of TIGIT down-regulation and Treg reduction. These data support the selection of BGB-A1217 with an effector function competent Fc region for clinical development for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liu Xue
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongjia Hou
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosui Zhou
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Ren
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Shen
- Department of Discovery Biomarkers, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Biologics, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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12
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The Multiple Roles of Trogocytosis in Immunity, the Nervous System, and Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1601565. [PMID: 34604381 PMCID: PMC8483919 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1601565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a general biological process that involves one cell physically taking small parts of the membrane and other components from another cell. In trogocytosis, one cell seems to take little “bites” from another cell resulting in multiple outcomes from these cell-cell interactions. Trogocytosis was first described in protozoan parasites, which by taking pieces of host cells, kill them and cause tissue damage. Now, it is known that this process is also performed by cells of the immune system with important consequences such as cell communication and activation, elimination of microbial pathogens, and even control of cancer cells. More recently, trogocytosis has also been reported to occur in cells of the central nervous system and in various cells during development. Some of the molecules involved in phagocytosis also participate in trogocytosis. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate trogocytosis are still a mystery. Elucidating these mechanisms is becoming a research area of much interest. For example, why neutrophils can engage trogocytosis to kill Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, but neutrophils use phagocytosis to eliminate already death parasites? Thus, trogocytosis is a significant process in normal physiology that multiple cells from different organisms use in various scenarios of health and disease. In this review, we present the basic principles known on the process of trogocytosis and discuss the importance in this process to host-pathogen interactions and to normal functions in the immune and nervous systems.
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13
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Matkó J, Tóth EA. Membrane nanotubes are ancient machinery for cell-to-cell communication and transport. Their interference with the immune system. Biol Futur 2021; 72:25-36. [PMID: 34554502 PMCID: PMC7869423 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanotubular connections between mammalian cell types came into the focus only two decades ago, when “live cell super-resolution imaging” was introduced. Observations of these long-time overlooked structures led to understanding mechanisms of their growth/withdrawal and exploring some key genetic and signaling factors behind their formation. Unbelievable level of multiple supportive collaboration between tumor cells undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy, cross-feeding” between independent bacterial strains or “cross-dressing” collaboration of immune cells promoting cellular immune response, all via nanotubes, have been explored recently. Key factors and "calling signals" determining the spatial directionality of their growth and their overall in vivo significance, however, still remained debated. Interestingly, prokaryotes, including even ancient archaebacteria, also seem to use such NT connections for intercellular communication. Herein, we will give a brief overview of current knowledge of membrane nanotubes and depict a simple model about their possible “historical role”.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Angéla Tóth
- ATRC Aurigon Toxicological Research Center, H-2120 Pálya utca 2, Dunakeszi, Hungary
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14
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Kawashima M, Higuchi H, Kotani A. Significance of trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transport in establishing and maintaining the tumor microenvironment in lymphoid malignancies. J Clin Exp Hematop 2021; 61:192-201. [PMID: 34193756 PMCID: PMC8808107 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of lymphoid malignancies. Interaction between the tumor and its surrounding immune cells is considered a potential therapeutic target. For example, anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody stimulates the surrounding exhausted immune cells to release PD-1/PD-L1, thereby leading to the regression of PD-L1-positive tumors. Recently, biological phenomena, such as trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transport were demonstrated to be involved in establishing and maintaining the tumor microenvironment. We found that trogocytosis-mediated PD-L1/L2 transfer from tumor cells to monocytes/macrophages is involved in immune dysfunction in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Exosomes derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma cells induce lymphoma tumorigenesis by transferring the EBV-coding microRNAs from the infected cells to macrophages. In this review, we summarized these biological phenomena based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Kawashima
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Higuchi
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ai Kotani
- Department of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Lee WS, Selva KJ, Davis SK, Wines BD, Reynaldi A, Esterbauer R, Kelly HG, Haycroft ER, Tan HX, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Hogarth PM, Cromer D, Davenport MP, Chung AW, Kent SJ. Decay of Fc-dependent antibody functions after mild to moderate COVID-19. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100296. [PMID: 33997824 PMCID: PMC8106889 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of antibodies to engage with immune cells via the Fc region is important in preventing and controlling many infectious diseases. The evolution of such antibodies during convalescence from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely unknown. We develop assays to measure Fc-dependent antibody functions against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S)-expressing cells in serial samples from subjects primarily with mild-moderate COVID-19 up to 149 days post-infection. We find that S-specific antibodies capable of engaging Fcγ receptors decay over time, with S-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) activity within plasma declining accordingly. Although there is significant decay in ADCC and ADP activity, they remain readily detectable in almost all subjects at the last time point studied (94%) in contrast with neutralization activity (70%). Although it remains unclear the degree to which Fc effector functions contribute to protection against SARS-CoV-2 re-infection, our results indicate that antibodies with Fc effector functions persist longer than neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin John Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha K. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D. Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Esterbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah G. Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebene R. Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hyon-Xhi Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Miyake K, Karasuyama H. The Role of Trogocytosis in the Modulation of Immune Cell Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051255. [PMID: 34069602 PMCID: PMC8161413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process, in which one cell extracts the cell fragment from another cell, leading to the transfer of cell surface molecules, together with membrane fragments. Recent reports have revealed that trogocytosis can modulate various biological responses, including adaptive and innate immune responses and homeostatic responses. Trogocytosis is evolutionally conserved from protozoan parasites to eukaryotic cells. In some cases, trogocytosis results in cell death, which is utilized as a mechanism for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In other cases, trogocytosis-mediated intercellular protein transfer leads to both the acquisition of novel functions in recipient cells and the loss of cellular functions in donor cells. Trogocytosis in immune cells is typically mediated by receptor–ligand interactions, including TCR–MHC interactions and Fcγ receptor-antibody-bound molecule interactions. Additionally, trogocytosis mediates the transfer of MHC molecules to various immune and non-immune cells, which confers antigen-presenting activity on non-professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of trogocytosis in immune modulation.
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17
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Desai S, Mo C, Gaglione EM, Yuan CM, Stetler-Stevenson M, Tian X, Maric I, Wake L, Farooqui MZ, Drinkwater DC, Soto S, Valdez J, Hughes TE, Nierman P, Lotter J, Marti GE, Pleyer C, Sun C, Superata J, Nichols C, Herman SEM, Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP, Wiestner A, Ahn IE. Risk-adapted, ofatumumab-based chemoimmunotherapy and consolidation in treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase 2 study. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:1816-1827. [PMID: 33653216 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1888379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High-risk cytogenetics and minimal residual disease (MRD) after chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) predict unfavorable outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This phase 2 study investigated risk-adapted CIT in treatment-naïve CLL (NCT01145209). Patients with high-risk cytogenetics received induction with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and ofatumumab. Those without high-risk cytogenetics received fludarabine and ofatumumab. After induction, MRD positive (MRD+) patients received 4 doses of ofatumumab consolidation. MRD negative (MRD-) patients had no intervention. Of 28 evaluable for response, all responded to induction and 10 (36%) achieved MRD-. Two-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 71.4% (CI95, 56.5-90.3%). There was no significant difference in median PFS between the high-risk and the standard-risk groups. Ofatumumab consolidation didn't convert MRD + to MRD-. In the MRD + group, we saw selective loss of CD20 antigens during therapy. In conclusion, risk-adapted CIT is feasible in treatment-naïve CLL. Ofatumumab consolidation didn't improve depth of response in MRD + patients. Loss of targetable CD20 likely reduces efficacy of consolidation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjal Desai
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Clifton Mo
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erika M Gaglione
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Constance M Yuan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Xin Tian
- Office of Biostatistics Research, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irina Maric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Wake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed Z Farooqui
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Susan Soto
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janet Valdez
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Hughes
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pia Nierman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Lotter
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerald E Marti
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Pleyer
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clare Sun
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeanine Superata
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cydney Nichols
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E M Herman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inhye E Ahn
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Trogocytosis between Non-Immune Cells for Cell Clearance, and among Immune-Related Cells for Modulating Immune Responses and Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052236. [PMID: 33668117 PMCID: PMC7956485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The term trogocytosis refers to a rapid bidirectional and active transfer of surface membrane fragment and associated proteins between cells. The trogocytosis requires cell-cell contact, and exhibits fast kinetics and the limited lifetime of the transferred molecules on the surface of the acceptor cells. The biological actions of trogocytosis include information exchange, cell clearance of unwanted tissues in embryonic development, immunoregulation, cancer surveillance/evasion, allogeneic cell survival and infectious pathogen killing or intercellular transmission. In the present review, we will extensively review all these aspects. In addition to its biological significance, aberrant trogocytosis in the immune system leading to autoimmunity and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases will also be discussed. Finally, the prospective investigations for further understanding the molecular basis of trogocytosis and its clinical applications will also be proposed.
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19
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The Role of Complement in the Mechanism of Action of Therapeutic Anti-Cancer mAbs. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040058. [PMID: 33126570 PMCID: PMC7709112 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated anti-cancer IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) activate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages, and these activities are thought to be important mechanisms of action for many of these mAbs in vivo. Several mAbs also activate the classical complement pathway and promote complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), although with very different levels of efficacy, depending on the mAb, the target antigen, and the tumor type. Recent studies have unraveled the various structural factors that define why some IgG1 mAbs are strong mediators of CDC, whereas others are not. The role of complement activation and membrane inhibitors expressed by tumor cells, most notably CD55 and CD59, has also been quite extensively studied, but how much these affect the resistance of tumors in vivo to IgG1 therapeutic mAbs still remains incompletely understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that complement activation has multiple effects beyond target cell lysis, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity mediated by soluble complement fragments, such as C3a and C5a, and by stimulating complement receptors expressed by immune cells, including NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. Complement activation can enhance ADCC and ADCP and may contribute to the vaccine effect of mAbs. These different aspects of complement are also briefly reviewed in the specific context of FDA-approved therapeutic anti-cancer IgG1 mAbs.
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20
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Biting Off What Can Be Chewed: Trogocytosis in Health, Infection, and Disease. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00930-19. [PMID: 32366574 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00930-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is part of an emerging, exciting theme of cell-cell interactions both within and between species, and it is relevant to host-pathogen interactions in many different contexts. Trogocytosis is a process in which one cell physically extracts and ingests "bites" of cellular material from another cell. It was first described in eukaryotic microbes, where it was uncovered as a mechanism by which amoebae kill cells. Trogocytosis is potentially a fundamental form of eukaryotic cell-cell interaction, since it also occurs in multicellular organisms, where it has functions in the immune system, in the central nervous system, and during development. There are numerous scenarios in which trogocytosis occurs and an ever-evolving list of functions associated with this process. Many aspects of trogocytosis are relevant to microbial pathogenesis. It was recently discovered that immune cells perform trogocytosis to kill Trichomonas vaginalis parasites. Additionally, through trogocytosis, Entamoeba histolytica acquires and displays human cell membrane proteins, enabling immune evasion. Intracellular bacteria seem to exploit host cell trogocytosis, since they can use it to spread from cell to cell. Thus, a picture is emerging in which trogocytosis plays critical roles in normal physiology, infection, and disease.
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21
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Su S, Zhao J, Xing Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Ouyang Q, Chen J, Su F, Liu Q, Song E. Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Overcomes ADCP-Induced Immunosuppression by Macrophages. Cell 2019; 175:442-457.e23. [PMID: 30290143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) critically contribute to the efficacy of anti-tumor therapeutic antibodies. We report here an unexpected finding that macrophages after ADCP inhibit NK cell-mediated ADCC and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in breast cancers and lymphomas. Mechanistically, AIM2 is recruited to the phagosomes by FcγR signaling following ADCP and activated by sensing the phagocytosed tumor DNAs through the disrupted phagosomal membrane, which subsequently upregulates PD-L1 and IDO and causes immunosuppression. Combined treatment with anti-HER2 antibody and inhibitors of PD-L1 and IDO enhances anti-tumor immunity and anti-HER2 therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. Furthermore, neoadjuvant trastuzumab therapy significantly upregulates PD-L1 and IDO in the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of HER2+ breast cancer patients, correlating with poor trastuzumab response. Collectively, our findings unveil a deleterious role of ADCP macrophages in cancer immunosuppression and suggest that therapeutic antibody plus immune checkpoint blockade may provide synergistic effects in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qian Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Fengxi Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Erwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Program of Molecular Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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22
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Dudek S, Weißmüller S, Anzaghe M, Miller L, Sterr S, Hoffmann K, Hengel H, Waibler Z. Human Fcγ receptors compete for TGN1412 binding that determines the antibody's effector function. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1117-1126. [PMID: 31002172 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first-in-human clinical trial of the CD28-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 resulted in a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome. Although TGN1412 was designed as IgG4, known for weak Fc:Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interactions, these interactions contributed to TGN1412-induced T-cell activation. Using cell lines (TFs) expressing human FcγRI, -IIa, -IIb, or -III, we show that TGN1412 and TGN1412 as IgG1 and IgG2 are bound by FcγRs as it can be deduced from literature. However, upon coculture of TGN1412-decorated T cells with TFs or human primary blood cells, we observed that binding capacities by FcγRs do not correlate with the strength of the mediated effector function. FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb, showing no or very minor binding to TGN1412, mediated strongest T cell proliferation, while high-affinity FcγRI, exhibiting strong TGN1412 binding, mediated hardly any T-cell proliferation. These findings are of biological relevance because we show that FcγRI binds TGN1412, thus prevents binding to FcγRIIa or FcγRIIb, and consequently disables T-cell proliferation. In line with this, FcγRI- FcγRII+ but not FcγRI+ FcγRII+ monocytes mediate TGN1412-induced T-cell proliferation. Collectively, by using TGN1412 as example, our results indicate that binding of monomeric IgG subclasses does not predict the FcγR-mediated effector function, which has major implications for the design of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dudek
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weißmüller
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Martina Anzaghe
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lilija Miller
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sarah Sterr
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Katja Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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23
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Human neutrophils express low levels of FcγRIIIA, which plays a role in PMN activation. Blood 2019; 133:1395-1405. [PMID: 30655272 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-864538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a rare healthy FcγRIIIB (CD16B)-null donor completely lacking FCGR3B RNA and protein expression and dissected the role of the different neutrophil Fcγ receptors in the response to therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. We observed that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from FcγRIIIB wild-type (WT) individuals or the null donor were more effectively activated by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cell targets opsonized with glycoengineered anti-CD20 antibodies compared with fully core-fucosylated anti-CD20 antibodies, suggesting the presence and role of FcγRIIIA (CD16A) on PMNs. Indeed, we demonstrated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and western blot analysis that PMNs from FcγRIIIB WT donors and the null individual express low levels of FcγRIIIA on their surfaces. FcγRIIIA is a functional and activating molecule on these cells, because anti-CD16 F(ab')2 antibodies alone were able to activate highly purified PMNs from the FcγRIIIB-null donor. Use of blocking anti-CD16 and anti-CD32 antibodies showed that FcγRIIIA is also a major mediator of phagocytosis of CD20-opsonized beads by FcγRIIIB WT and null PMNs. In contrast, trogocytosis of antibody-opsonized CLL B cells by PMNs was mediated primarily by FcγRIIIB in WT PMNs and by FcγRIIA in null PMNs. We conclude that FcγRIIIA is an important player in PMN functions, whereas FcγRIIIB is dispensable for activation and phagocytosis. We discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
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24
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Velmurugan R, Ramakrishnan S, Kim M, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized tumor cells leads to the formation of a discrete vacuolar compartment in macrophages. Traffic 2019; 19:273-284. [PMID: 29437282 PMCID: PMC5869154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapidly expanding use of antibody‐based therapeutics to treat cancer, knowledge of the cellular processes following phagocytosis of antibody‐opsonized tumor cells is limited. Here we report the formation of a phagosome‐associated vacuole that is observed in macrophages as these degradative compartments mature following phagocytosis of HER2‐positive cancer cells in the presence of the HER2‐specific antibody, trastuzumab. We demonstrate that this vacuole is a distinct organelle that is closely apposed to the phagosome. Furthermore, the size of the phagosome‐associated vacuole is increased by inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Collectively, the identification of this vacuolar compartment has implications for understanding the subcellular trafficking processes leading to the destruction of phagocytosed, antibody‐opsonized cancer cells by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramraj Velmurugan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sreevidhya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mingin Kim
- Medical Science Graduate Program, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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25
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Measuring the ability of HIV-specific antibodies to mediate trogocytosis. J Immunol Methods 2018; 463:71-83. [PMID: 30240705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody Fc effector functions contribute to HIV control and have been implicated in the partial efficacy seen in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated trogocytosis has been previously described for anti-cancer antibodies and results in the removal of membrane fragments from target cells. Here we developed a flow cytometry-based assay which measures the transfer of membrane fragments from a gp120-coated CD4+ lymphocytic cell line (CEM.NKR-CCR5 cells stained with a membrane dye PKH26) to monocytic cells (THP-1 cells stained with CFSE). We showed that this transfer occurred rapidly, within 1 h, and was mediated through engagement of the FcγRIIa/b receptors on the THP-1 cells. HIV-specific IgG as well as gp120 and CD4 could be detected on the surface of THP-1 cells in a process that we demonstrated was distinct from phagocytosis. Furthermore, while the THP-1 effector cells remained intact following the receipt of new membrane proteins, the viability of the target CEM.NKR-CCR5 cells decreased over time. Analysis of HIV-specific plasma revealed that antibodies with trogocytic activity were common in acute and chronic HIV infection but were higher in individuals with broadly neutralizing antibody responses We also examined trogocytosis mediated by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting multiple epitopes on the BG505.SOSIP.664 trimer and show that levels of binding correlated with the trogocytosis score. Overall, our data describe a new antiviral Fc effector function mediated by HIV-specific antibodies that could be harnessed for vaccination and cure strategies.
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26
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Yin J, Albers AJ, Smith TS, Riddell GT, Richards JO. Differential regulation of human monocytes and NK cells by antibody-opsonized tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1239-1250. [PMID: 29855696 PMCID: PMC11028188 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The monocyte network is important for therapeutic efficacy of antibody therapies against cancer. One mechanism which monocytes/macrophages use to kill cancer cells is phagocytosis. Using trastuzumab and human breast cancer cell lines as a model, we used flow cytometry to evaluate the importance of avidity, antigen density, Fcγ receptor (FcγR) expression, and FcγR polymorphisms in human monocyte phagocytosis. By increasing avidity for the tumor through the addition of pertuzumab to trastuzumab, there was a two-to-threefold increase in phagocytosis potency against the HCC1419 cell line compared to antibodies alone, while NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) failed to increase tumor cell death. Consistent with increasing the avidity through multiple antibodies, antigen density significantly enhanced phagocytosis with breast cancer cell lines that were HER2 gene-amplified compared to non-amplified tumor cells. Confirmation that high antigen density enhanced phagocytosis was obtained when HER2 was overexpressed in HER2 non-amplified cell lines. In contrast, NK cell ADCC failed to distinguish differences in tumor cell death when comparing gene-amplified and non-amplified breast cancer cell lines. The level of phagocytosis was influenced by FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa expression. Most monocytes are FcγRIIIa-, and the induction of the receptor significantly enhances antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Although both receptors are involved, when blocked FcγRIIIa had a greater influence on phagocytosis. Furthermore, the polymorphism FcγRIIIa 158V significantly enhanced phagocytosis; whereas FcγRIIa 131H polymorphism appeared to improve phagocytosis but was not statistically significant. Targeting of monocytes for enhanced phagocytosis may improve the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies to improve clinical outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Trastuzumab/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 960 N. 12th Street, 3rd floor, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Alex J Albers
- Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 960 N. 12th Street, 3rd floor, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Thomas S Smith
- Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 960 N. 12th Street, 3rd floor, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
- Computer Science, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Riddell
- Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 960 N. 12th Street, 3rd floor, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - John O Richards
- Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 960 N. 12th Street, 3rd floor, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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27
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Richardson SI, Chung AW, Natarajan H, Mabvakure B, Mkhize NN, Garrett N, Abdool Karim S, Moore PL, Ackerman ME, Alter G, Morris L. HIV-specific Fc effector function early in infection predicts the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006987. [PMID: 29630668 PMCID: PMC5908199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccination strategies, there is mounting evidence to suggest that antibodies with Fc effector function also contribute to protection against HIV infection. Here we investigated Fc effector functionality of HIV-specific IgG plasma antibodies over 3 years of infection in 23 individuals, 13 of whom developed bNAbs. Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), complement deposition (ADCD), cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cellular trogocytosis (ADCT) were detected in almost all individuals with levels of activity increasing over time. At 6 months post-infection, individuals with bNAbs had significantly higher levels of ADCD and ADCT that correlated with antibody binding to C1q and FcγRIIa respectively. In addition, antibodies from individuals with bNAbs showed more IgG subclass diversity to multiple HIV antigens which also correlated with Fc polyfunctionality. Germinal center activity represented by CXCL13 levels and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was found to be associated with neutralization breadth, Fc polyfunctionality and IgG subclass diversity. Overall, multivariate analysis by random forest classification was able to group bNAb individuals with 85% sensitivity and 80% specificity based on the properties of their antibody Fc early in HIV infection. Thus, the Fc effector function profile predicted the development of neutralization breadth in this cohort, suggesting that intrinsic immune factors within the germinal center provide a mechanistic link between the Fc and Fab of HIV-specific antibodies. Some HIV-infected individuals develop antibodies that are capable of neutralizing the majority of HIV strains, a highly desirable function mediated by the antibody Fab portion. While antibodies elicited by current vaccines have failed to recreate this activity, the partial protection seen in the RV144 vaccine trial has been attributed to antibody Fc-mediated effector functions such as cell killing. In this study, we found that HIV-infected individuals who show a diversified and potent Fc response early in infection were more likely to develop broadly neutralizing antibodies later on. Examination of B cell functions associated with good germinal center activity, provided evidence for a common mechanistic link between the regulation of the Fc and Fab mediated activities in these individuals. Our finding of an Fc effector function profile that arises early and predicts neutralization breadth could be used in the evaluation of vaccine candidates designed to generate neutralizing antibodies. Common immune determinants associated with both Fab and Fc function could furthermore be exploited for vaccine design to harness the full potential of HIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Batsirai Mabvakure
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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28
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Skopelja-Gardner S, Jones JD, Hamilton BJ, Danilov AV, Rigby WFC. Role for ZAP-70 Signaling in the Differential Effector Functions of Rituximab and Obinutuzumab (GA101) in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1275-1282. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Aiba N, Shiraki A, Yajima M, Oyama Y, Yoshida Y, Ohno A, Yamada H, Takemoto M, Daikoku T, Shiraki K. Interaction of Immunoglobulin with Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:500-507. [PMID: 28598267 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used to treat or prevent severe viral infection, especially cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. IVIG was characterized to understand its interaction with CMV-infected cells. IVIG retarded CMV spread and reduced virus yields depending on the neutralizing (NT) antibody titer. Immediate early protein synthesis was reduced by IVIG in 3 to 15 h, and IVIG specifically reduced the ratio of 66/68k protein synthesis among immediate early proteins in an NT antibody-dependent manner between 4 and 8 h after infection, indicating that antigenic modulation of CMV-infected cells by IVIG reduced viral protein synthesis and virus production. The half-life of antibody bound to CMV-infected cells was 3.8 h. NT antibody titers to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and CMV in IVIG were dose dependently absorbed by cells infected with VZV and CMV, respectively, but the antibody titers to CMV and VZV, respectively, were not affected. NT antibody in 0.3 mL of IVIG (15 mg) was specifically absorbed by 108 CMV-infected cells and 107 VZV-infected cells, suggesting that the NT antibody in IVIG might be inactivated by one-tenth of a similar volume of CMV-infected or VZV-infected cells. Various antiviral activities of IVIG may contribute to control and alleviation of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyasu Aiba
- 1 Health Care Center, Takaoka Fushiki Hospital , Takaoka City, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shiraki
- 2 Department of Virology, University of Toyama , Toyama City, Japan
| | - Misako Yajima
- 2 Department of Virology, University of Toyama , Toyama City, Japan
| | - Yukari Oyama
- 2 Department of Virology, University of Toyama , Toyama City, Japan
| | | | - Ayumu Ohno
- 2 Department of Virology, University of Toyama , Toyama City, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- 2 Department of Virology, University of Toyama , Toyama City, Japan
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- 3 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University , Kanazawa City, Japan
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- 3 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University , Kanazawa City, Japan
| | - Kimiyasu Shiraki
- 2 Department of Virology, University of Toyama , Toyama City, Japan
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30
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Carlsten M, Korde N, Kotecha R, Reger R, Bor S, Kazandjian D, Landgren O, Childs RW. Checkpoint Inhibition of KIR2D with the Monoclonal Antibody IPH2101 Induces Contraction and Hyporesponsiveness of NK Cells in Patients with Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5211-5222. [PMID: 27307594 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. On the basis of data showing KIR-ligand mismatched natural killer (NK) cells reduce the risk of leukemia and multiple myeloma relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, investigators have developed a checkpoint inhibition antibody that blocks KIR on NK cells. Although in vitro studies suggest the KIR2D-specific antibody IPH2101 induces KIR-ligand mismatched tumor killing by NK cells, our single-arm phase II clinical trial in patients with smoldering multiple myeloma was prematurely terminated due to lack of clinical efficacy. This study aimed at unveiling the underlying mechanisms behind the lack of clinical efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Treatment-naïve patients received an intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg IPH2101 every other month for up to a year. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline and 24 hours after first infusion, followed by weekly samples for the first month and monthly samples thereafter. NK cell phenotype and function was analyzed using high-resolution flow cytometry. RESULTS Unexpectedly, infusion of IPH2101 resulted in rapid reduction in both NK cell responsiveness and KIR2D expression on the NK cell surface. In vitro assays revealed KIR2D molecules are removed from the surface of IPH2101-treated NK cells by trogocytosis, with reductions in NK cell function directly correlating with loss of free KIR2D surface molecules. Although IPH2101 marginally augmented the antimyeloma cytotoxicity of remaining KIR2Ddull patient NK cells, the overall response was diminished by significant contraction and reduced function of KIR2D-expressing NK cells. CONCLUSIONS These data raise concerns that the unexpected biological events reported in this study could compromise antibody-based strategies designed at augmenting NK cell tumor killing via checkpoint inhibition. Clin Cancer Res; 22(21); 5211-22. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Felices and Miller, p. 5161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlsten
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neha Korde
- Metabolism Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ritesh Kotecha
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Reger
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simona Bor
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Richard W Childs
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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31
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Durable antitumor responses to CD47 blockade require adaptive immune stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2646-54. [PMID: 27091975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604268113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antitumor antibodies treat cancer by mobilizing both innate and adaptive immunity. CD47 is an antiphagocytic ligand exploited by tumor cells to blunt antibody effector functions by transmitting an inhibitory signal through its receptor signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα). Interference with the CD47-SIRPα interaction synergizes with tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies to eliminate human tumor xenografts by enhancing macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), but synergy between CD47 blockade and ADCP has yet to be demonstrated in immunocompetent hosts. Here, we show that CD47 blockade alone or in combination with a tumor-specific antibody fails to generate antitumor immunity against syngeneic B16F10 tumors in mice. Durable tumor immunity required programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade in combination with an antitumor antibody, with incorporation of CD47 antagonism substantially improving response rates. Our results highlight an underappreciated contribution of the adaptive immune system to anti-CD47 adjuvant therapy and suggest that targeting both innate and adaptive immune checkpoints can potentiate the vaccinal effect of antitumor antibody therapy.
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Skarzynski M, Niemann CU, Lee YS, Martyr S, Maric I, Salem D, Stetler-Stevenson M, Marti GE, Calvo KR, Yuan C, Valdez J, Soto S, Farooqui MZH, Herman SEM, Wiestner A. Interactions between Ibrutinib and Anti-CD20 Antibodies: Competing Effects on the Outcome of Combination Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:86-95. [PMID: 26283682 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical trials of ibrutinib combined with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) report encouraging results. Paradoxically, in preclinical studies, in vitro ibrutinib was reported to decrease CD20 expression and inhibit cellular effector mechanisms. We therefore set out to investigate effects of in vivo ibrutinib treatment that could explain this paradox. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received single-agent ibrutinib (420 mg daily) on an investigator-initiated phase II trial. Serial blood samples were collected pretreatment and during treatment for ex vivo functional assays to examine the effects on CLL cell susceptibility to anti-CD20 mAbs. RESULTS We demonstrate that CD20 expression on ibrutinib was rapidly and persistently downregulated (median reduction 74%, day 28, P < 0.001) compared with baseline. Concomitantly, CD20 mRNA was decreased concurrent with reduced NF-κB signaling. An NF-κB binding site in the promoter of MS4A1 (encoding CD20) and downregulation of CD20 by NF-κB inhibitors support a direct transcriptional effect. Ex vivo, tumor cells from patients on ibrutinib were less susceptible to anti-CD20 mAb-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity than pretreatment cells (median reduction 75%, P < 0.001); however, opsonization by the complement protein C3d, which targets cells for phagocytosis, was relatively maintained. Expression of decay-accelerating factor (CD55) decreased on ibrutinib, providing a likely mechanism for the preserved C3d opsonization. In addition, ibrutinib significantly inhibited trogocytosis, a major contributor to antigen loss and tumor escape during mAb therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ibrutinib promotes both positive and negative interactions with anti-CD20 mAbs, suggesting that successfully harnessing maximal antitumor effects of such combinations requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Skarzynski
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carsten U Niemann
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuh Shan Lee
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sabrina Martyr
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Irina Maric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dalia Salem
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Gerald E Marti
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Constance Yuan
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Janet Valdez
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Soto
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mohammed Z H Farooqui
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah E M Herman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Obinutuzumab in hematologic malignancies: lessons learned to date. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:784-92. [PMID: 26190254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The routine use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has improved patient outcomes in CD20-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite the clinical success achieved with rituximab, relapses are still common with further improvements in anti-CD20 mAb efficacy required. Many novel anti-CD20 antibodies are in development, but obinutuzumab is currently the only type II glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAb in clinical testing. Obinutuzumab has increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, reduced complement-dependent cytotoxicity and enhanced direct non-apoptotic cell death. In preclinical models, obinutuzumab induced superior tumor remission compared with rituximab at the equivalent dose levels, and was active in rituximab-refractory tumors. Obinutuzumab exhibits encouraging efficacy as monotherapy in NHL, and combined with chemotherapy in relapsed/refractory NHL and treatment-naïve symptomatic CLL. In a recent randomized, phase III trial in patients with untreated comorbid CLL, overall response rate was significantly greater (78% vs. 65%, P<0.0001) and median progression-free survival was significantly prolonged (26.7 vs. 15.2months, P<0.0001) for obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil vs. rituximab plus chlorambucil. Obinutuzumab is a type II anti-CD20 antibody that utilizes distinct mechanisms of action relative to type I antibodies like rituximab and has led to significant clinical improvement over rituximab in a phase III trial in CLL. Further trials are ongoing to determine whether such improvements in outcome will be seen in CD20-positive B-cell malignancies.
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LAPUC IZABELA, BOLKUN LUKASZ, ELJASZEWICZ ANDRZEJ, RUSAK MALGORZATA, LUKSZA EWA, SINGH PAULINA, MIKLASZ PAULA, PISZCZ JAROSLAW, PTASZYNSKA-KOPCZYNSKA KATARZYNA, JASIEWICZ MALGORZATA, KAMINSKI KAROL, DABROWSKA MILENA, BODZENTA-LUKASZYK ANNA, KLOCZKO JANUSZ, MONIUSZKO MARCIN. Circulating classical CD14++CD16− monocytes predict shorter time to initial treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: Differential effects of immune chemotherapy on monocyte-related membrane and soluble forms of CD163. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1269-78. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jones JD, Hamilton BJ, Skopelja S, Rigby WFC. Induction of interleukin-6 production by rituximab in human B cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:2938-46. [PMID: 25080282 DOI: 10.1002/art.38798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rituximab (RTX), an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is highly effective in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. The mechanism by which RTX treatment improves rheumatoid arthritis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis is not easily related to B cell depletion alone. Prior studies have shown that RTX mediates a rapid stripping of CD20 and CD19 from the human B cell through a process known as trogocytosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether changes in B cell phenotype resulting from trogocytosis would diminish the ability of B cells to promote autoimmune disease. METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with RTX under conditions that permitted trogocytosis. Changes in B cell phenotype and cytokine production were measured in the basal state and under conditions of activation with interleukin-4 (IL-4)/anti-CD40. The effects of RTX were characterized in terms of a requirement for interaction with the Fcγ receptor (FcγR) and other Fc-dependent interactions. RESULTS Trogocytosis induced a marked loss of surface CD19, IgD, CD40, and B cell-activating factor receptor, but did not alter induction of CD86 expression on purified B cells following IL-4/anti-CD40 treatment. Unexpectedly, RTX-dependent trogocytosis of normal human B cells in vitro led to a rapid up-regulation of IL-6 production, with no effect on the production of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, interferon-γ, or IL-10. This effect was Fc-dependent and required the presence of an FcγR-bearing cell. Moreover, this effect involved the release of preformed intracellular IL-6 protein, as well as marked increases in IL-6 messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSION RTX-mediated trogocytosis of B cells in vitro results in acute production and release of IL-6. The nature of this effect and how it is related to the acute infusion reactions seen with RTX administration remain to be determined.
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Suzuki E, Kataoka TR, Hirata M, Kawaguchi K, Nishie M, Haga H, Toi M. Trogocytosis-mediated expression of HER2 on immune cells may be associated with a pathological complete response to trastuzumab-based primary systemic therapy in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:39. [PMID: 25655677 PMCID: PMC4329225 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trogocytosis is defined as the transfer of cell-surface membrane proteins and membrane patches from one cell to another through contact. It is reported that human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) could be transferred from cancer cells to monocytes via trogocytosis; however, the clinical significance of this is unknown. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the presence and evaluate the clinical significance of HER2+ tumor-infiltrated immune cells (arising through HER2 trogocytosis) in HER2-overexpressing (HER2+) breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab-based primary systemic therapy (PST). Methods To assess the trogocytosis of HER2 from cancer cells to immune cells, and to evaluate the up- and down-regulation of HER2 on immune and cancer cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers and breast cancer patients were co-cultured with HER2+ and HER2-negative breast cancer cell lines with and without trastuzumab, respectively. The correlation between HER2 expression on tumor-infiltrated immune cells and a pathological complete response (pCR) in HER2+ breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab-based PST was analyzed. Results HER2 was transferred from HER2+ breast cancer cells to monocytes and natural killer cells by trogocytosis. Trastuzumab-mediated trogocytosed-HER2+ effector cells exhibited greater CD107a expression than non-HER2-trogocytosed effector cells. In breast cancer patients, HER2 expression on tumor-infiltrated immune cells in treatment naïve HER2+ tumors was associated with a pCR to trastuzumab-based PST. Conclusions HER2-trogocytosis is visible evidence of tumor microenvironment interaction between cancer cells and immune cells. Given that effective contact between these cells is critical for immune destruction of target cancer cells, this interaction is of great significance. It is possible that HER2 trogocytosis could be used as a predictive biomarker for trastuzumab-based PST efficacy in HER2+ breast cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1041-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki R Kataoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Mariko Nishie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay A, Andriani G, Machado FS, Ashton AW, Huang H, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB. Trypanosoma cruzi invasion is associated with trogocytosis. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:62-70. [PMID: 25448052 PMCID: PMC4302017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Trogocytosis was originally thought to be restricted to the interaction of cells of the immune system with cancer cells. Such membrane exchanges are probably a general process in cell biology, and membrane exchange has been demonstrated to occur between non-immune cells within an organism. Herein, we report that membrane and protein exchange, consistent with trogocytosis, between Trypanosoma cruzi (both the Brazil and Tulahuen strains) and the mammalian cells it infects. Transfer of labeled membrane patches was monitored by labeling of either parasites or host cells, i.e. human foreskin fibroblasts and rat myoblasts. Trypomastigotes and amastigotes transferred specific surface glycoproteins to the host cells along with membranes. Exchange of membranes between the parasite and host cells occurred during successful invasion. Extracellular amastigotes did not transfer membrane patches and were did not transfer either membranes or proteins to the host cells. Membrane exchange was also found to occur between interacting epimastigotes in cell-free culture and may be important in parasite-parasite interactions as well. Further studies should provide new insights into pathogenesis and provide targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Aparna Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA; Department of Physiology, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Program in Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary, Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, and the Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA.
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Fcγ-receptor-mediated trogocytosis impacts mAb-based therapies: historical precedence and recent developments. Blood 2014; 125:762-6. [PMID: 25498911 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-569244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A specialized form of trogocytosis occurs when Fcγ receptors on acceptor cells take up and internalize donor cell-associated immune complexes composed of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) bound to target antigens on donor cells. This trogocytosis reaction, an example of antigenic modulation, has been described in recent clinical correlative studies and in vitro investigations for several mAbs used in cancer immunotherapy, including rituximab and ofatumumab. We discuss the impact of Fcγ-receptor-mediated trogocytosis on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and other mAb-based therapies.
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Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Analyses of CD20 monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor cell killing mechanisms: rational design of dosing strategies. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:485-91. [PMID: 24944188 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.092684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since approval of rituximab for treatment of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for cancer treatment and elucidation of their cytotoxic mechanisms have been subject to intense investigations. Compelling evidence indicates that rituximab and another CD20 mAb, ofatumumab, must use the body's cellular and humoral immune effector functions to kill malignant cells. Other U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved mAbs, including obinutuzumab, cetuximab, and trastuzumab, require, in part, these effector mechanisms to eliminate tumor cells. Although gram quantities of mAbs can be administered to patients, our investigations of CD20 mAb-based therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), including correlative measurements in clinical trials and studies with primary cells and cell lines, indicate that effector mechanisms necessary for mAb activity can be saturated or exhausted if tumor burdens are high, thus substantially compromising the efficacy of high-dose mAb therapy. Under these conditions, another reaction (trogocytosis) predominates in which bound CD20 mAb and CD20 are removed from targeted cells by effector cells that express Fcγ receptors, thereby allowing malignant cells to escape unharmed and continue to promote disease pathology. To address this problem, we propose that a low-dose strategy, based on administering 30-50 mg of CD20 mAb three times per week, may be far more effective for CLL than standard dosing because it will minimize effector function saturation and reduce trogocytosis. This approach may have general applicability to other mAbs that use immune effector functions, and could be formulated into a subcutaneous treatment strategy that would be more accessible and possibly more efficacious for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Margaret A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Braster R, O’Toole T, van Egmond M. Myeloid cells as effector cells for monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Methods 2014; 65:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Madsen CB, Lavrsen K, Steentoft C, Vester-Christensen MB, Clausen H, Wandall HH, Pedersen AE. Glycan elongation beyond the mucin associated Tn antigen protects tumor cells from immune-mediated killing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72413. [PMID: 24039759 PMCID: PMC3765166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane bound mucins are up-regulated and aberrantly glycosylated during malignant transformation in many cancer cells. This results in a negatively charged glycoprotein coat which may protect cancer cells from immune surveillance. However, only limited data have so far demonstrated the critical steps in glycan elongation that make aberrantly glycosylated mucins affect the interaction between cancer cells and cytotoxic effector cells of the immune system. Tn (GalNAc-Ser/Thr), STn (NeuAcα2-6GalNAc-Ser/Thr), T (Galβ1–3GalNAc-Ser/Thr), and ST (NeuAcα2-6Galβ1–3GalNAc-Ser/Thr) antigens are recognized as cancer associated truncated glycans, and are expressed in many adenocarcinomas, e.g. breast- and pancreatic cancer cells. To investigate the role of the cancer associated glycan truncations in immune-mediated killing we created glyco-engineered breast- and pancreatic cancer cells expressing only the shortest possible mucin-like glycans (Tn and STn). Glyco-engineering was performed by zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) knockout (KO) of the Core 1 enzyme chaperone COSMC, thereby preventing glycan elongation beyond the initial GalNAc residue in O-linked glycans. We find that COSMC KO in the breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines T47D and Capan-1 increases sensitivity to both NK cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. In addition, we investigated the association between total cell surface expression of MUC1/MUC16 and NK or CTL mediated killing, and observed an inverse correlation between MUC16/MUC1 expression and the sensitivity to ADCC and CTL-mediated killing. Together, these data suggest that up-regulation of membrane bound mucins protects cells from immune mediated killing, and that particular glycosylation steps, as demonstrated for glycan elongation beyond Tn and STn, can be important for fine tuning of the immune escape mechanisms in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Madsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Lavrsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina Steentoft
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene B. Vester-Christensen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
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Possible implication of Fc γ receptor-mediated trogocytosis in susceptibility to systemic autoimmune disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:345745. [PMID: 24093044 PMCID: PMC3777198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/345745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes can “gnaw away” the plasma membrane of other cells. This phenomenon, called trogocytosis, occurs subsequent to cell-to-cell adhesion. Currently, two mechanisms of trogocytosis, adhesion molecule-mediated trogocytosis and Fcγ receptor-(FcγR-) mediated trogocytosis, have been identified. In our earlier study, we established an in vitro model of FcγR-mediated trogocytosis, namely, CD8 translocation model from T cells to neutrophils. By using this model, we demonstrated that the molecules transferred to neutrophils via FcγR-mediated trogocytosis were taken into the cytoplasm immediately. This result suggests that the chance of molecules transferred via FcγR-mediated trogocytosis to play a role on the cell surface could be time-limited. Thus, we consider the physiological role of FcγR-mediated trogocytosis as a means to remove antibodies (Abs) that bind with self-molecules rather than to extract molecules from other cells. This concept means that FcγR-mediated trogocytosis can be a defense mechanism to Ab-mediated autoimmune response. Moreover, the activity of FcγR-mediated trogocytosis was revealed to be parallel to the endocytotic activity of neutrophils, which was critically related to the susceptibility to systemic autoimmune diseases. The collective findings suggest that FcγR-mediated trogocytosis could physiologically play a role in removal of Abs bound to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune diseases.
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Pokrass MJ, Liu MF, Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP. Activation of complement by monoclonal antibodies that target cell-associated β₂-microglobulin: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:549-60. [PMID: 23911412 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β₂-Microglobulin (β2M), the light chain of the class I major histocompatibilty complex (MHC-I), is a promising tumor target for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cancer immunotherapy. Several reports indicate that chelation of cell-associated β2M by specific mouse mAbs promotes tumor cell destruction by inducing apoptosis or other cytotoxic signaling pathways. Human mAbs employed in cancer therapy are usually IgG1, which mediates cell-killing by effector mechanisms including complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The analogous mouse IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes are similarly effective in activating complement. Therefore, we examined the complement-activating properties of anti-β2M mouse mAbs 1B749 (IgG2a) and HB28 (IgG2b) when either mAb was bound to tumor cell lines or normal cells; we compared these β2M-specific mAbs with mouse mAb W6/32 (IgG2a), specific for human leukocyte antigens in the MHC-I heavy chain. All three mAbs bind to most human cell lines and normal cells in approximately equal amounts, consistent with a 1:1 stoichiometry for the HLA heavy chain in association with β2M. The three mAbs promote rapid C3b deposition and substantial CDC of human cell lines, and mAbs 1B749 and W6/32 have robust cytotoxic activity on reaction with normal mononuclear cells and platelets. Curiously, mAb HB28 induces modest C3b deposition and little CDC of normal cells, and its weaker complement-fixing activity was confirmed by ELISA. Based on these findings, we suggest that human IgG mAbs that target β2M for cancer immunotherapy be selected or engineered so as not to activate complement, thus eliminating the potential adverse effects of complement-mediated lysis of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pokrass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Zhang Y, McClellan M, Efros L, Shi D, Bielekova B, Tang MT, Vexler V, Sheridan JP. Daclizumab reduces CD25 levels on T cells through monocyte-mediated trogocytosis. Mult Scler 2013; 20:156-64. [PMID: 23846354 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513494488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that prevents interleukin-2 (IL-2) binding to CD25, blocking IL-2 signaling by cells that require high-affinity IL-2 receptors to mediate IL-2 signaling. The phase 2a CHOICE study evaluating daclizumab as a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) included longitudinal analysis of activated T cell counts. Whereas an exposure-dependent relationship was observed between daclizumab and reductions in HLA-DR(+)-activated T cells, a similar relationship was not observed for reductions in CD25 levels. The objective of this report is to determine the mechanism by which daclizumab reduces CD25 levels on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using cytometric techniques. Daclizumab reduced T cell CD25 levels through a mechanism that required the daclizumab-Fc domain interaction with Fc receptors (FcR) on monocytes, but not on natural killer (NK) cells, and was unrelated to internalization or cell killing. Activated CD4(+) T cells and FoxP3(+) Treg cells showed evidence of trogocytosis of the CD25 antigen in the presence of monocytes. A daclizumab variant that retained affinity for CD25 but lacked FcR binding did not induce trogocytosis and was significantly less potent as an inhibitor of IL-2-induced proliferation of PBMCs. In conclusion, Daclizumab-induced monocyte-mediated trogocytosis of CD25 from T cells appears to be an additional mechanism contributing to daclizumab inhibition of IL-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- AbbVie Biotherapeutics Corp, USA
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Abstract
Epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 antibody, is currently in clinical trials of B-cell lymphomas and autoimmune diseases, demonstrating therapeutic activity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thus, epratuzumab offers a promising option for CD22-targeted immunotherapy, yet its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here we report for the first time that epratuzumab promptly induces a marked decrease of CD22 (>80%), CD19 (>50%), CD21 (>50%), and CD79b (>30%) on the surface of B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from normal donors or SLE patients, and of NHL cells (Daudi and Raji) spiked into normal PBMCs. Although some Fc-independent loss of CD22 is expected from internalization by epratuzumab, the concurrent and prominent reduction of CD19, CD21, and CD79b is Fc dependent and results from their transfer from epratuzumab-opsonized B cells to FcγR-expressing monocytes, natural killer cells, and granulocytes via trogocytosis. The findings of reduced levels of CD19 are implicative for the efficacy of epratuzumab in autoimmune diseases because elevated CD19 has been correlated with susceptibility to SLE in animal models as well as in patients. This was confirmed herein by the finding that SLE patients receiving epratuzumab immunotherapy had significantly reduced CD19 compared with treatment-naïve patients.
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Overcoming Resistance to Therapeutic Antibodies by Targeting Fc Receptors. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7654-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rabasa Capote A, González JE, Rodríguez-Vera L, López A, Sánchez Ramírez B, Garrido Hidalgo G. Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution Study of 7A7 Anti-Mouse Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody and Its F(ab')(2) Fragment in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:417515. [PMID: 23227357 PMCID: PMC3512310 DOI: 10.5402/2012/417515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompetent mice, Fc receptor γ-chain deficient mice (Fcer1g−/−), and molecular tools as F(ab′)2 bivalent fragments appear as the most suitable biological models to study the mechanisms of the action of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In vivo experiments contrasting antitumor effects of whole Abs and their bivalent fragments commonly involve a previous comparative pharmacokinetics study. In this paper, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of an anti-mouse EGFR Ab were assessed using immunocompetent mice. 125I-labeled 7A7 mAb holds an elimination half-life (t1/2β) of 23.1 h in C57BL/6 mice. Accumulation of mAb was found in liver, spleen, kidneys, and mostly in lungs. We used an ELISA method to determine the t1/2β of a 7A7 mAb using the same experimental setting. Results from this new analysis revealed a t1/2β of 23.9 h, supporting this method as a safer and easier system to evaluate pharmacokinetics parameters of mAbs targeting mouse EGFR. Using this system we also studied pharmacokinetics of 7A7 F(ab′)2 fragment. A tenfold difference between the mAb and fragment t1/2β was found. These data support the use of the 7A7 F(ab′)2 fragment in in vivo studies to explore the contribution of the EGFR signaling blockade and the Fc region to the antitumor effect of 7A7 mAb in this autologous scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailem Rabasa Capote
- Tumor Immunology Direction, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 Street, 15th Avenue, Atabey, Siboney, Playa, P.O. Box 16040, 11600 Havana, Cuba
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48
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Golay J, Introna M. Mechanism of action of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: Promises and pitfalls of in vitro and in vivo assays. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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49
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Spillner E, Plum M, Blank S, Miehe M, Singer J, Braren I. Recombinant IgE antibody engineering to target EGFR. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1565-73. [PMID: 22674055 PMCID: PMC11028481 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have become a mainstay for the targeted treatment of cancer today. Some of the most successful targets of monoclonal antibodies are constituted by the epidermal growth factor receptor family spearheaded by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Prompted by studies indicating that IgE compared to IgG may harness alternate effector functions to eradicate malignant cells, we addressed the establishment, engineering, and the potential tumoricidal effects of recombinant anti-EGFR IgE. Therefore, two different therapeutic EGFR-specific antibodies, 225 and 425, were chosen for re-cloning into different chimeric IgE and IgG formats and produced in human cells. Simultaneous antibody binding to the sEGFR demonstrated accessibility of both epitopes for recombinant IgE. Proliferation and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated signal blocking and effector mediating capability of IgE isotypes. Pronounced degranulation in the presence of sEGFR upon activation exclusively with two IgE antibodies verified the epitope proximity and provides evidence that tumor-targeting by anti-EGFR IgE is safe with regard to soluble target structures. Degranulation mediated by tumor cells expressing EGFR could be demonstrated for singular and combined IgE antibodies; however, use of two IgE specificities was not superior to use of one IgE alone. The data suggest that the surface distribution of EGFR is optimally suited to mount a robust effector cell trigger and corroborate the potential and specificity of the IgE/IgE receptor network to react to xenobiotic or pathogenic patterns for targeting malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edzard Spillner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Boross P, Jansen JM, Pastula A, van der Poel CE, Leusen JH. Both activating and inhibitory Fc gamma receptors mediate rituximab-induced trogocytosis of CD20 in mice. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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