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Mayo KH. Heterologous Interactions with Galectins and Chemokines and Their Functional Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14083. [PMID: 37762385 PMCID: PMC10531749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra- and intra-cellular activity occurs under the direction of numerous inter-molecular interactions, and in any tissue or cell, molecules are densely packed, thus promoting those molecular interactions. Galectins and chemokines, the focus of this review, are small, protein effector molecules that mediate various cellular functions-in particular, cell adhesion and migration-as well as cell signaling/activation. In the past, researchers have reported that combinations of these (and other) effector molecules act separately, yet sometimes in concert, but nevertheless physically apart and via their individual cell receptors. This view that each effector molecule functions independently of the other limits our thinking about functional versatility and cooperation, and, in turn, ignores the prospect of physiologically important inter-molecular interactions, especially when both molecules are present or co-expressed in the same cellular environment. This review is focused on such protein-protein interactions with chemokines and galectins, the homo- and hetero-oligomeric structures that they can form, and the functional consequences of those paired interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Raics M, Timári I, Szilágyi L, Gabius HJ, Kövér KE. Introducing 77Se NMR Spectroscopy to Analyzing Galectin -Ligand Interaction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:105-123. [PMID: 35320522 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Their emerging nature as multifunctional effectors explains the large interest to monitor glycan binding to galectins and to define bound-state conformer(s) of their ligands in solution. Basically, NMR spectroscopy facilitates respective experiments. Towards developing new and even better approaches for these purposes, extending the range of exploitable isotopes beyond 1H, 13C, and 15N offers promising perspectives. Having therefore prepared selenodigalactoside and revealed its bioactivity as galectin ligand, monitoring of its binding by 77Se NMR spectroscopy at a practical level becomes possible by setting up a 2D 1H, 77Se CPMG-HSQBMC experiment including CPMG-INEPT long-range transfer. This first step into applying 77Se as sensor for galectin binding substantiates its potential for screening relative to inhibitory potencies in compound mixtures and for achieving sophisticated epitope mapping. The documented strategic combination of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry and NMR spectroscopy prompts to envision to work with isotopically pure 77Se-containing β-galactosides and to build on the gained experience with 77Se by adding 19F as second sensor in doubly labeled glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Raics
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Timári
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szilágyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katalin E Kövér
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Schmidt S, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Examining Galectin Gene Regulation by Reporter Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:445-462. [PMID: 35320540 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Matching their role as potent and versatile effectors in cellular homeostasis and disease processes, galectins are subject to a fine-tuned transcriptional regulation of gene expression. It can apparently even involve coregulation with certain elements of the enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis/remodeling and/or functional carriers of galectin-binding glycans such as the α5β1-integrin. All this suggests not yet fully known combinatorial processes to reach the desired outcome. Identification of transcription start point(s), cloning of upstream promoter region, and the design of plasmids for luciferase-based reporter assays establish the platform to initiate a systematic search of regulatory sequences. Their elucidation is also a step toward rationally manipulating expression of galectin genes in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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The marriage of chemokines and galectins as functional heterodimers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8073-8095. [PMID: 34767039 PMCID: PMC8629806 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of leukocytes and their local activity profile are of pivotal importance for many (patho)physiological processes. Fittingly, microenvironments are complex by nature, with multiple mediators originating from diverse cell types and playing roles in an intimately regulated manner. To dissect aspects of this complexity, effectors are initially identified and structurally characterized, thus prompting familial classification and establishing foci of research activity. In this regard, chemokines present themselves as role models to illustrate the diversification and fine-tuning of inflammatory processes. This in turn discloses the interplay among chemokines, their cell receptors and cognate glycosaminoglycans, as well as their capacity to engage in new molecular interactions that form hetero-oligomers between themselves and other classes of effector molecules. The growing realization of versatility of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins that bind to glycans and proteins and their presence at sites of inflammation led to testing the hypothesis that chemokines and galectins can interact with each other by protein-protein interactions. In this review, we present some background on chemokines and galectins, as well as experimental validation of this chemokine-galectin heterodimer concept exemplified with CXCL12 and galectin-3 as proof-of-principle, as well as sketch out some emerging perspectives in this arena.
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García Caballero G, Beckwith D, Shilova NV, Gabba A, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Kaltner H, Sinowatz F, Cudic M, Bovin NV, Murphy PV, Gabius HJ. Influence of protein (human galectin-3) design on aspects of lectin activity. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:135-153. [PMID: 32335744 PMCID: PMC7429544 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of biomedical significance of the functional pairing between tissue lectins and their glycoconjugate counterreceptors has reached the mainstream of research on the flow of biological information. A major challenge now is to identify the principles of structure–activity relationships that underlie specificity of recognition and the ensuing post-binding processes. Toward this end, we focus on a distinct feature on the side of the lectin, i.e. its architecture to present the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Working with a multifunctional human lectin, i.e. galectin-3, as model, its CRD is used in protein engineering to build variants with different modular assembly. Hereby, it becomes possible to compare activity features of the natural design, i.e. CRD attached to an N-terminal tail, with those of homo- and heterodimers and the tail-free protein. Thermodynamics of binding disaccharides proved full activity of all proteins at very similar affinity. The following glycan array testing revealed maintained preferential contact formation with N-acetyllactosamine oligomers and histo-blood group ABH epitopes irrespective of variant design. The study of carbohydrate-inhibitable binding of the test panel disclosed up to qualitative cell-type-dependent differences in sections of fixed murine epididymis and especially jejunum. By probing topological aspects of binding, the susceptibility to inhibition by a tetravalent glycocluster was markedly different for the wild-type vs the homodimeric variant proteins. The results teach the salient lesson that protein design matters: the type of CRD presentation can have a profound bearing on whether basically suited oligosaccharides, which for example tested positively in an array, will become binding partners in situ. When lectin-glycoconjugate aggregates (lattices) are formed, their structural organization will depend on this parameter. Further testing (ga)lectin variants will thus be instrumental (i) to define the full range of impact of altering protein assembly and (ii) to explain why certain types of design have been favored during the course of evolution, besides opening biomedical perspectives for potential applications of the novel galectin forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Donella Beckwith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Adele Gabba
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institut für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Moscow, Russia, 117997.
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany.
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de Jong CGHM, Gabius HJ, Baron W. The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1289-1317. [PMID: 31628495 PMCID: PMC7113233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Currently approved disease-modifying treatment modalities are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive. While the applied drugs reduce the frequency and severity of the attacks, their efficacy to regenerate myelin membranes and to halt disease progression is limited. To achieve such therapeutic aims, understanding biological mechanisms of remyelination and identifying factors that interfere with remyelination in MS can give respective directions. Such a perspective is given by the emerging functional profile of galectins. They form a family of tissue lectins, which are potent effectors in processes as diverse as adhesion, apoptosis, immune mediator release or migration. This review focuses on endogenous and exogenous roles of galectins in glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in the context of de- and (re)myelination and its dysregulation in MS. Evidence is arising for a cooperation among family members so that timed expression and/or secretion of galectins-1, -3 and -4 result in modifying developmental myelination, (neuro)inflammatory processes, de- and remyelination. Dissecting the mechanisms that underlie the distinct activities of galectins and identifying galectins as target or tool to modulate remyelination have the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G H M de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Chicken lens development: complete signature of expression of galectins during embryogenesis and evidence for their complex formation with α-, β-, δ-, and τ-crystallins, N-CAM, and N-cadherin obtained by affinity chromatography. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:13-35. [PMID: 31773304 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The emerging multifunctionality of galectins by specific protein-glycan/protein interactions explains the interest to determine their expression during embryogenesis. Complete network analysis of all seven chicken galectins (CGs) is presented in the course of differentiation of eye lens that originates from a single type of progenitor cell. It answers the questions on levels of expression and individual patterns of distribution. A qualitative difference occurs in the CG-1A/B paralogue pair, underscoring conspicuous divergence. Considering different cell phenotypes, lens fiber and also epithelial cells can both express the same CG, with developmental upregulation for CG-3 and CG-8. Except for expression of the lens-specific CG (C-GRIFIN), no other CG appeared to be controlled by the transcription factors L-Maf and Pax6. Studying presence and nature of binding partners for CGs, we tested labeled galectins in histochemistry and in ligand blotting. Mass spectrometric (glyco)protein identification after affinity chromatography prominently yielded four types of crystallins, N-CAM, and, in the cases of CG-3 and CG-8, N-cadherin. Should such pairing be functional in situ, it may be involved in tightly packing intracellular lens proteins and forming membrane contact as well as in gaining plasticity and stability of adhesion processes. The expression of CGs throughout embryogenesis is postulated to give meaning to spatiotemporal alterations in the local glycome.
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Kutzner TJ, Higuero AM, Süßmair M, Kopitz J, Hingar M, Díez-Revuelta N, Caballero GG, Kaltner H, Lindner I, Abad-Rodríguez J, Reusch D, Gabius HJ. How presence of a signal peptide affects human galectins-1 and -4: Clues to explain common absence of a leader sequence among adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129449. [PMID: 31678146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectins are multifunctional effectors, which all share absence of a signal sequence. It is not clear why galectins belong to the small set of proteins, which avoid the classical export route. METHODS Products of recombinant galectin expression in P. pastoris were analyzed by haemagglutination, gel filtration and electrophoresis and lectin blotting as well as mass spectrometry on the level of tryptic peptides and purified glycopeptides(s). Density gradient centrifugation and confocal laser scanning microscopy facilitated localization in transfected human and rat cells, proliferation assays determined activity as growth mediator. RESULTS Directing galectin-1 to the classical secretory pathway in yeast produces N-glycosylated protein that is active. It cofractionates and -localizes with calnexin in human cells, only Gal-4 is secreted. Presence of N-glycan(s) reduces affinity of cell binding and growth regulation by Gal-1. CONCLUSIONS Folding and activity of a galectin are maintained in signal-peptide-directed routing, N-glycosylation occurs. This pathway would deplete cytoplasm and nucleus of galectin, presence of N-glycans appears to interfere with lattice formation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Availability of glycosylated galectins facilitates functional assays to contribute to explain why galectins invariably avoid classical routing for export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alonso M Higuero
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Martina Süßmair
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hingar
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany
| | - José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Romero A, Gabius HJ. Galectin-3: is this member of a large family of multifunctional lectins (already) a therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:819-828. [PMID: 31575307 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1675638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The discoveries that sugars are a highly versatile platform to generate biochemical messages and that glycan-specific receptors (lectins) are a link between these signals and their bioactivity explain the interest in endogenous lectins such as galectins. Their analysis is a highly dynamic field. It is often referred to as being promising for innovative drug design. Area covered: We present a primer to the concept of the sugar code by glycan-(ga)lectin recognition, followed by a survey on galectin-3 (considering common and distinct features within this family of multifunctional proteins expressed at various cellular sites and cell types). Finally, we discuss strategies capable of blocking (ga)lectin activity, with an eye on current challenges and inherent obstacles. Expert opinion: The emerging broad profile of homeostatic and pathophysiological bioactivities stimulates further efforts to explore galectin (Gal-3) functionality, alone and then in mixtures. Like thoroughly assessing the pros and cons of blocking approaches for a multifunctional protein active at different sites, identifying a clinical situation, in which the galectin is essential in the disease process, will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Romero
- Structural and Chemistry Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
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Elshamly M, Kinslechner K, Grohs JG, Weinmann D, Walzer SM, Windhager R, Gabius H, Toegel S. Galectins-1 and -3 in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Non-Uniform Distribution Profiles and Activation of Disease Markers Involving NF-κB by Galectin-1. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2204-2216. [PMID: 31115931 PMCID: PMC6771593 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the human intervertebral disc (IVD) is assumed to underlie severe clinical symptoms, in particular chronic back pain. Since adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins are linked to arthritis/osteoarthritis pathogenesis by activating a pro-degradative/-inflammatory gene expression signature, we hypothesized a similar functional involvement of galectins in IVD degeneration. Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of galectins-1 and -3 in IVD is provided comparatively for specimens of spondylochondrosis, spondylolisthesis, and spinal deformity. Immunopositivity was detected in sections of fixed IVD specimens in each cellular compartment with age-, disease-, and galectin-type-related differences. Of note, presence of both galectins correlated with IVD degeneration, whereas correlation with age was seen only for galectin-3. In addition, staining profiles for these two galectins showed different distribution patterns in serial sections, an indication for non-redundant functionalities. In vitro, both galectins bound to IVD cells in a glycan-dependent manner. However, exclusively galectin-1 binding triggered a significant induction of functional disease markers (i.e., IL6, CXCL8, and MMP1/3/13) with involvement of the nuclear factor-kB pathway. This study thus gives direction to further network analyses and functional studies on galectins in IVD degeneration. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:2204-2216, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elshamly
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Kinslechner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Josef G. Grohs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Sonja M. Walzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians University Munich, 80539MunichGermany
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and RehabilitationViennaAustria
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Kutzner TJ, Gabba A, FitzGerald FG, Shilova NV, García Caballero G, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Knospe C, Kaltner H, Sinowatz F, Murphy PV, Cudic M, Bovin NV, Gabius HJ. How altering the modular architecture affects aspects of lectin activity: case study on human galectin-1. Glycobiology 2019; 29:593-607. [PMID: 31091305 PMCID: PMC6639544 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoveries on involvement of glycan-protein recognition in many (patho)physiological processes are directing attention to exploring the significance of a fundamental structural aspect of sugar receptors beyond glycan specificity, i.e., occurrence of distinct types of modular architecture. In order to trace clues for defining design-functionality relationships in human lectins, a lectin's structural unit has been used as source material for engineering custom-made variants of the wild-type protein. Their availability facilitates comparative analysis toward the stated aim. With adhesion/growth-regulatory human galectin-1 as example, the strategy of evaluating how changes of its design (here, from the homodimer of non-covalently associated domains to (i) linker-connected di- and tetramers and (ii) a galectin-3-like protein) affect activity is illustrated by using three assay systems of increasing degree of glycan complexity. Whereas calorimetry with two cognate disaccharides and array testing with 647 (glyco)compounds disclosed no major changes, galectin histochemical staining profiles of tissue sections that present natural glycome complexity revealed differences between wild-type and linker-connected homo-oligomers as well as between the galectin-3-like variant and wild-type galectin-3 for cell-type positivity, level of intensity at the same site and susceptibility for inhibition by a bivalent glycocompound. These results underscore the strength of the documented approach. Moreover, they give direction to proceed to (i) extending its application to other members of this lectin family, especially galectin-3 and (ii) then analyzing impact of architectural alterations on cell surface lattice formation and ensuing biosignaling systematically, considering the variants' potential for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adele Gabba
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Forrest G FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton FL, USA
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Knospe
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton FL, USA
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Lectinology 4.0: Altering modular (ga)lectin display for functional analysis and biomedical applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:935-940. [PMID: 30851406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of glycans by lectins is emerging as (patho)physiologically broadly used mode of cellular information transfer. Whereas the direct ligand-receptor contact is often already thoroughly characterized, the functional relevance of aspects of architecture such as modular design and valence of lectins is less well defined. SCOPE OF REVIEW Following an introduction to modular lectin design, three levels of methodology are then reviewed that delineate lectin structure-activity relationships beyond glycan binding, with emphasis on domain shuffling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Engineering of variants by modular transplantation facilitates versatile Nature-inspired design switches and access to new combinations with translational potential, as exemplified for human adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE To gain an understanding of the functional significance of natural variations in quaternary structure and modular design within a protein family is a current challenge. Strategic application of methods of the described phases is a means to respond to this challenge.
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13
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Ludwig AK, Michalak M, Xiao Q, Gilles U, Medrano FJ, Ma H, FitzGerald FG, Hasley WD, Melendez-Davila A, Liu M, Rahimi K, Kostina NY, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Möller M, Lindner I, Kaltner H, Cudic M, Reusch D, Kopitz J, Romero A, Oscarson S, Klein ML, Gabius HJ, Percec V. Design-functionality relationships for adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2837-2842. [PMID: 30718416 PMCID: PMC6386680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813515116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan-lectin recognition is assumed to elicit its broad range of (patho)physiological functions via a combination of specific contact formation with generation of complexes of distinct signal-triggering topology on biomembranes. Faced with the challenge to understand why evolution has led to three particular modes of modular architecture for adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in vertebrates, here we introduce protein engineering to enable design switches. The impact of changes is measured in assays on cell growth and on bridging fully synthetic nanovesicles (glycodendrimersomes) with a chemically programmable surface. Using the example of homodimeric galectin-1 and monomeric galectin-3, the mutual design conversion caused qualitative differences, i.e., from bridging effector to antagonist/from antagonist to growth inhibitor and vice versa. In addition to attaining proof-of-principle evidence for the hypothesis that chimera-type galectin-3 design makes functional antagonism possible, we underscore the value of versatile surface programming with a derivative of the pan-galectin ligand lactose. Aggregation assays with N,N'-diacetyllactosamine establishing a parasite-like surface signature revealed marked selectivity among the family of galectins and bridging potency of homodimers. These findings provide fundamental insights into design-functionality relationships of galectins. Moreover, our strategy generates the tools to identify biofunctional lattice formation on biomembranes and galectin-reagents with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Ulrich Gilles
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Francisco J Medrano
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanyue Ma
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Forrest G FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - William D Hasley
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Adriel Melendez-Davila
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Matthew Liu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Nina Yu Kostina
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Martin Möller
- Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323;
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14
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Michalak M, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Gabius HJ, Kopitz J. Detection of malignancy-associated phosphoproteome changes in human colorectal cancer induced by cell surface binding of growth-inhibitory galectin-4. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:364-375. [PMID: 30550624 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence on efficient tumor growth regulation by endogenous lectins directs interest to determine on a proof-of-principle level the range of information on alterations provided by full-scale analysis using phosphoproteomics. In our pilot study, we tested galectin-4 (gal-4) that is a growth inhibitor for colon cancer cells (CRC), here working with the LS 180 line. In order to cover monitoring of short- and long-term effects stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses were conducted on LS 180 cell preparations collected 1 and 72 h after adding gal-4 to the culture medium. After short-term treatment, 981 phosphosites, all of them S/T based, were detected by phosphoproteomics. Changes higher than 1.5-fold were seen for eight sites in seven proteins. Most affected were the BET1 homolog (BET1), whose level of phosphorylation at S50 was about threefold reduced, and centromere protein F (CENPF), extent of phosphorylation at S3119 doubling in gal-4-treated cells. Phosphoproteome analysis after 72 h of treatment revealed marked changes at 33 S/T-based phosphosites from 29 proteins. Prominent increase of phosphorylation was observed for cofilin-1 at position S3. Extent of phosphorylation of the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 at position S503 was decreased by a factor of 3. Altered phosphorylation of BET1, CENPF, and cofilin-1 as well as a significant effect of gal-4 treatment on glutamine uptake by cells were substantiated by independent methods in the Vaco 432, Colo 205, CX 1, and HCT 116 cell lines. With the example of gal-4 which functions as a tumor suppressor in CRC cells, we were able to prove that cell surface binding of the lectin not only markedly influences the cell proteome, but also has a bearing on malignancy-associated intracellular protein phosphorylation. These results underscore the potential of this approach to give further work on elucidating the details of signaling underlying galectin-triggered growth inhibition a clear direction. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(3):364-375, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Medical School of the Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Kaltner H, Manning JC, García Caballero G, Di Salvo C, Gabba A, Romero-Hernández LL, Knospe C, Wu D, Daly HC, O'Shea DF, Gabius HJ, Murphy PV. Revealing biomedically relevant cell and lectin type-dependent structure–activity profiles for glycoclusters by using tissue sections as an assay platform. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28716-28735. [PMID: 35542469 PMCID: PMC9084366 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05382k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing realization of the involvement of lectin-glycan recognition in (patho)physiological processes inspires envisioning therapeutic intervention by high-avidity/specificity blocking reagents. Synthetic glycoclusters are proving to have potential for becoming such inhibitors but the commonly used assays have their drawbacks to predict in vivo efficacy. They do not represent the natural complexity of (i) cell types and (ii) spatial and structural complexity of glycoconjugate representation. Moreover, testing lectins in mixtures, as present in situ, remains a major challenge, giving direction to this work. Using a toolbox with four lectins and six bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters bearing the cognate sugar in a model study, we here document the efficient and versatile application of tissue sections (from murine jejunum as the model) as a platform for routine and systematic glycocluster testing without commonly encountered limitations. The nature of glycocluster structure, especially core and valency, and of protein features, i.e. architecture, fine-specificity and valency, are shown to have an influence, as cell types can differ in response profiles. Proceeding from light microscopy to monitoring by fluorescence microscopy enables grading of glycocluster activity on individual lectins tested in mixtures. This work provides a robust tool for testing glycoclusters prior to considering in vivo experiments. Introducing tissue sections for testing glycocluster activity as inhibitors of lectin binding close to in vivo conditions.![]()
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