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Remes H, Einiö E, Korhonen K, Luukkonen J, Martikainen P. Fatherhood timing and men's midlife earnings: A within-family study of Finnish cohorts born in 1938-50. POPULATION STUDIES 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38651996 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2024.2331472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fathers tend to achieve higher earnings than childless men, but there is limited evidence on the associations between fatherhood timing and men's later earnings. Using a longitudinal census-based sample of Finnish men, including a subsample of brothers, we investigated fatherhood timing and men's midlife earnings using both between- and within-family models. Earnings around age 50 were lower among adolescent and young fathers than for men who became fathers at ages 25-29 or later, but these associations became negligible after accounting for measured confounders and unobserved familial confounding. Overall, our findings highlight the important roles of selection into early childbearing and into childlessness. At the population level, early fatherhood was associated with clear negative distributional shifts in fathers' midlife earnings. However, among all men, any influence of fatherhood timing on men's midlife earnings distribution paled in comparison with that of childlessness.
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2
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Okui T. The effect of educational attainment on birthrate in Japan: an analysis using the census and the vital statistics from 2000 to 2020. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:198. [PMID: 38486147 PMCID: PMC10938742 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, difference in birth rates depending on educational attainment has not been investigated. This study aimed to reveal birth rates in Japan depending on the highest level of educational attainment and their trends over the years using nationwide government statistics data. METHODS Individual-level data from Vital Statistics and the Census from 2000, 2010, and 2020 were used for birth and population data, respectively. Data linkage was conducted for males and females in the Census and fathers and mothers in the Vital Statistics using information about gender, household, nationality, marital status, birth year, birth month, prefecture, and municipality for individuals. The birth rate was calculated by gender, a five-year age group, the highest level of educational attainment achieved, and year. In addition, the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated to evaluate the degree of inequality in birth rates, depending on the educational attainment. RESULTS Birth rates were higher in persons with lower educational attainment compared to those with a higher educational attainment among males and females in their twenties, while they tended to be higher in persons with higher educational attainment among those in their thirties and forties. Additionally, an increase in the birth rate from 2000 to 2020 was the largest in university graduates among males aged 25-49 years and women aged 30-49 years, and a decrease in the birth rate was the smallest in university graduates among males and females aged 20-24 years. As a result, SII and RII increased from 2000 to 2020 among males and females in their thirties and forties. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, persons with higher educational attainment tended to have a relatively favorable trend in the birth rate compared with persons with lower educational attainment in recent decades. It suggested that enhanced administrative support for individuals with lower educational attainment or lower socioeconomic status may be required to ameliorate the declining birth rate in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Okui
- Medical Information Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Maidashi3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka prefecture, 812-8582, Japan.
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3
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Salminen J, Lehti H. Parental background and daughters' and sons' educational outcomes - application of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:853-872. [PMID: 36605000 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932022000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study uses Trivers-Willard hypothesis to explain the differences in daughters' and sons' educational outcomes by parental background. According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (TWH), parental support and investments for sons and daughters display an asymmetrical relationship according to parental status because of the different reproductive advantage of the sexes. It predicts that high-status parents support sons more than daughters, and low-status parents support daughters more than sons. In modern societies, where education is the most important mediator of status, the TW hypothesis predicts that sons from high-status families will achieve higher educational outcomes than daughters. Using cohorts born between 1987 and 1997 from the reliable full population Finnish register data that contain the data of over 600.000 individuals, children's educational outcomes were measured using data on school dropout rate, academic grade point average (GPA), and general secondary enrollment in their adolescence. OLS and sibling fixed-effect regression that permitted an examination of opposite-sex siblings' educational outcomes within the same family were applied. Sons with high family income and parental education, compared to daughters of the same family, have lower probability of dropping out of school and are more likely to enroll into academic secondary school track. In families with low parental education or income daughters have lower probability for school dropout and enroll more likely to academic school track related to sons of the same family. The effect of family background by sex can be interpreted to support TWH in dropout and academic school track enrollment but not in GPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Salminen
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Lehti
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20500 Turku, Finland
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4
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The Role of Gender Differences in Partnering and Re-partnering for Gender Differences in Completed Fertility. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-023-09767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIndividuals increasingly enter a series of relationships during their reproductive years. As births in higher-order unions increase, fertility becomes partially contingent on re-partnering. Previous research suggests that men re-partner at higher rates than women. This study analyzes whether gender differences in partnering and re-partnering influence gender differences in cohort fertility. We use Finnish register data on all births, marriages, and cohabitations between the ages of 18 and 47 over four full birth cohorts. The gender differences in cohort fertility rate are decomposed into components due to birth rate differences and a compositional component owing to gender differences in the share partnered and re-partnered. We observe no impact of “re-partnering premium” on male fertility. Men have marginally higher re-partnering rates at older ages, when birth rates are low, whereas women have higher rates of partnering and re-partnering at prime childbearing ages. This compositional effect drives a “partnering” advantage for female fertility. This connection between gender differences in partnering and cohort fertility is true across educational levels.
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5
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Fieder M, Huber S. Increasing pressure on US men for income in order to find a spouse. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2023; 68:57-75. [PMID: 37272494 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2023.2220950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In contemporary societies, social status - especially income - is one of the most important determinants of ever marrying among men. Using U.S. census data, we estimated the importance of income for ever marrying among men and women, analyzing birth cohorts from 1890 to 1973. We examined individuals between the ages of 45 and 55, a total of 3.5 million men and 3.6 million women. We find that for men, the importance of income in predicting ever being married increased steadily over time. Income predicted only 2.5% of the variance in ever marrying for those born in 1890-1910, but about 20% for the 1973 cohort. For women, the opposite is true: the higher a woman's income among those born between 1890 and 1910, the lower her odds of ever being married, explaining 6% of the variance, whereas today a woman's income no longer plays a role in ever being married. Thus, our results provide evidence that income may represent a very recent selection pressure on men in the US, a pressure that has become increasingly stronger over time in the 20th and early 21st centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fieder
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology & Network of Human Evolution and Archeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society', University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Huber
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology & Network of Human Evolution and Archeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Atama CS, Ebimgbo SO, Uzoma CC, Iwuagwu TE, Asadu N. Socio-economic status of women and fertility outcome in Benue State, North-Central, Nigeria. Health Care Women Int 2023; 44:126-144. [PMID: 34156918 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1929990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nigeria still records high fertility despite launching programs to reduce fertility rate. We therefore surveyed the influence of socio-economic status of women on their fertility outcome in Benue State, North-Central, Nigeria. Data from 1049 childbearing women were collected using questionnaires. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and chi-square statistics. Significant relationship exists between education, income, occupation, age, marital status and fertility outcome at p < .05. To achieve global health development and be amongst the best performers in global quality of life measures, women's empowerment programs are encouraged to enhance their autonomy in decision making with reference to reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemezie S Atama
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Samuel O Ebimgbo
- Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chigasa C Uzoma
- National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Tochi E Iwuagwu
- Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi Asadu
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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7
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Staying alive enhances both women's and men's fitness. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e137. [PMID: 35875968 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We argue that Benenson et al. need to consider not only sex differences in the effects of care on offspring survival but also in age-specific fertility when predicting how longevity affects fitness. We review evidence that staying alive has important effects on both women's and men's fitness, and encourage consideration of alternative explanations for observed sex differences in threat responses.
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8
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Hellstrand J, Nisén J, Myrskylä M. Less Partnering, Less Children, or Both? Analysis of the Drivers of First Birth Decline in Finland Since 2010. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2022; 38:191-221. [PMID: 35619740 PMCID: PMC9127029 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-022-09605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the 2010s, fertility has declined in the Nordic countries, most strikingly in Finland, and first births drive the decline. It remains unclear whether this decline results from decreased fertility within unions, changing union dynamics, or both. Thus, we investigated changes in the union–first birth dynamics from 2000 through 2018 in Finland using full-coverage population register data and an incidence-based multistate model. To do so, we calculated the yearly age-specific transition probabilities across states of single, cohabitation, marriage, and first births among 15- to 45-year-old childless men and women. We found lower fertility rates in unions after 2010, increasing dissolution rates amongst cohabiting couples, and long-term declines in the transition to marriage. Counterfactual simulations showed that, for the decline in first births since 2010, fertility within unions matters more (three-quarters) than union dynamics (one-quarter): that is, lower fertility in cohabitating and married individuals explained 42% and 13% of the decline, respectively, and decreasing fertility rates among couples entering cohabitation explained a further 17%. Decreasing marriage (19%) and cohabitation rates (2–4%) as well as higher union dissolution rates (6%) explained a smaller share of the first birth decline. The decline in first births was somewhat sharper among the lower social strata, but across strata the decreasing first birth transitions in unions explained most of the decline. To conclude, while changing union dynamics provide a partial explanation, postponing or foregoing fertility within unions represents the primary reason for the fertility decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hellstrand
- Centre for Social Data Science and Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jessica Nisén
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Centre for Social Data Science and Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Gouni O, Jarašiūnaitė-Fedosejeva G, Kömürcü Akik B, Holopainen A, Calleja-Agius J. Childlessness: Concept Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031464. [PMID: 35162484 PMCID: PMC8834711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this concept analysis is to explore childlessness and provide understanding to professionals involved in the field of infertility. Walker and Avant's method was used to identify descriptions, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept. A model with related and contrary cases was developed. The analysis was based on the definition of the term in major dictionaries in the Greek, Lithuanian, Finnish, Maltese, and Turkish languages, while further literature searches utilized the Web of Science, PubMed, PsychInfo, Medline, Google Scholar, and National Thesis Databases. The literature search was limited to papers/books published in the authors' national languages and English. As a result, childlessness is defined as the absence of children in the life of an individual, and this can be voluntary or involuntary. However, the deeper analysis of the concept may be preceded and amplified through cultural, psychological, biological, philosophical, theological, sociological, anthropological, and linguistic aspects throughout history. These elements presented challenges for childless individuals, ultimately influencing their choices to resort to alternative ways of becoming parents, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, adoption, or other forms of childbearing. Historically, childlessness has been viewed with negative connotations due to its potential impact on the survival of the human species. This negativity can be directed even to individuals who may decide to opt to voluntarily remain childfree. The long-term impact of the experience, both on an individual and collective level, continues to cause pain to those who are involuntarily childless. In conclusion, health professionals and other stakeholders who have a deep understanding of childlessness, including the antecedents and attributes, can minimize the potential negative consequences of those factors contributing to childlessness, whether voluntary or involuntary. In fact, they can capitalize on a powerful impact of change adaptation by providing support to those in their practice to recover the lost homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gouni
- Cosmoanelixis, 104 37 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Burcu Kömürcü Akik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Languages and History-Geography, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey;
| | - Annaleena Holopainen
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jean Calleja-Agius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
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10
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Late motherhood, late fatherhood, and permanent childlessness: Trends by educational level and cohorts (1950–1970) in France. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2021.45.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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11
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Dudel C, Klüsener S. Male-Female Fertility Differentials Across 17 High-Income Countries: Insights From A New Data Resource. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2021; 37:417-441. [PMID: 33911994 PMCID: PMC8035372 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-020-09575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining cross-country comparative perspectives on male fertility has long been difficult, as male fertility is usually less well registered than female fertility. Recent methodological advancements in imputing missing paternal ages at childbirth enable us to provide a new database on male fertility. This new resource covers more than 330 million live births and is based on a consistent and well-tested set of methods. These methods allow us to handle missing information on the paternal age, which is missing for roughly 10% of births. The data resource is made available in the Human Fertility Collection and allows for the first time a comparative perspective on male fertility in high-income countries using high-quality birth register data. We analyze trends in male–female fertility quantum and tempo differentials across 17 high-income countries, dating as back as far as the late 1960s for some countries, and with data available for the majority of countries from the 1980s onward. Using descriptive and counterfactual analysis methods, we find substantial variation both across countries and over time. Related to the quantum we demonstrate that disparities between male and female period fertility rates are driven to a large degree by the interplay of parental age and cohort size differences. For parental age differences at childbirth, we observe a development toward smaller disparities, except in Eastern Europe. This observation fits with expectations based on gender theories. However, variation across countries also seems to be driven by factors other than gender equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dudel
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klüsener
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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12
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Lazzari E. Pathways into childbearing delay of men and women in Australia. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2021; 13:307-334. [PMID: 35920646 DOI: 10.1332/175795921x16197735939121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Childbearing delay is a pervasive feature of Australian society, but little research has been conducted to examine how socio-economic factors are linked to childbearing timing among Australian men and women. This paper addresses this by analysing the timing of first childbirth for a large sample of Australian residents (N = 4,444). The findings indicate that childbearing delay is socially patterned and that life course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing across genders. Having a tertiary qualification delays the transition to parenthood, especially for women. An uninterrupted career prolongs time to parenthood for women but accelerates it for men. Low occupational prestige, being married and having been in only one co-residential union are associated with earlier parenthood for both men and women. For each increase in education level, not being married is associated with increasing levels of childlessness. Clear-cut gender differences are found in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay.
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13
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Dribe M, Smith CD. Social class and fertility: A long-run analysis of Southern Sweden, 1922-2015. Population Studies 2020; 75:305-323. [PMID: 32907474 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2020.1810746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines social class differences in fertility, using longitudinal micro-level data for a regional sample in Sweden, 1922-2015. Using discrete-time event history models, we estimated the association between social class and parity-specific duration to next birth, adjusting for household income in separate models. Social class was associated with fertility quite independently from income and the association was both parity-dependent and sex-specific. For transitions to parenthood, higher class position was associated with higher fertility for men and lower fertility for women before 1970, but then converged into a positive association for both sexes after 1990. For continued childbearing, a weak U-shaped relationship before 1947 turned into a positive relationship for second births and a negative relationship for higher-order births in the period after 1990. These patterns likely reflect broader changes in work-family compatibility and are connected to profound shifts in labour markets and institutional arrangements in twentieth-century Sweden.
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14
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Einiö E, Hiltunen E, Martikainen P, Korhonen K. Men's age at first birth and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among siblings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 209:107942. [PMID: 32145663 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men's age at first birth may negatively or positively affect alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, although little evidence is available. METHODS We used register data of over 22,000 brothers to analyze the associations between age at first birth and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality from the age of 35 until the age of 60 or 72. We employed conventional Cox models and inter-sibling models, which allowed adjustment for unobserved social and genetic characteristics shared by brothers. RESULTS The findings show that men's age at first birth was inversely associated with alcohol-related morbidity and mortality, independent of unobserved characteristics shared by brothers and of observed demographic confounders. Men who had their first child late at 35-45 years experienced lower alcohol-related morbidity and mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.43, 0.75) than men who had their first child at 25-29. Men who had their first child before age 20 had the highest morbidity and mortality among all fathers (HR = 1.36, 95 % CI = 1.09, 1.69), followed by men who had their child at 20-24 (HR = 1.12, 95 % CI = 1.00, 1.25). CONCLUSIONS The results imply that the inverse association between men's age at first birth and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality is not driven by familial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Einiö
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland; London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Social Policy, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom.
| | - Elina Hiltunen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaarina Korhonen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Dudel C, Klüsener S. Estimating men's fertility from vital registration data with missing values. POPULATION STUDIES 2019; 73:439-449. [PMID: 30001685 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2018.1481992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparative perspectives on men's fertility are still rare, in part because vital registration data are often missing paternal age information for a substantial number of births. We compare two imputation approaches that attempt to estimate men's age-specific fertility rates and related measures for data in which paternal age information is missing for a non-negligible number of cases. Taking births with paternal age information as a reference, the first approach uses the unconditional paternal age distribution, while the second approach considers the paternal age distribution conditional on the maternal age. To assess the performance of these two methods, we conduct simulations that mimic vital registration data for Sweden, the United States, Spain, and Estonia. In these simulations, we vary the overall proportion and the age selectivity of missing values. We find that the conditional approach outperforms the unconditional approach in the majority of simulations and therefore should be generally preferred.
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16
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Nitsche N, Matysiak A, Van Bavel J, Vignoli D. Partners' Educational Pairings and Fertility Across Europe. Demography 2019; 55:1195-1232. [PMID: 29881980 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-018-0681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We provide new evidence on the education-fertility relationship by using EU-SILC panel data on 24 European countries to investigate how couples' educational pairings predict their childbearing behavior. We focus on differences in first-, second-, and third-birth rates among couples with varying combinations of partners' education. Our results show important differences in how education relates to parity progressions depending on the education of the partner. First, highly educated homogamous couples show a distinct childbearing behavior in most country clusters. They tend to postpone the first birth most and display the highest second- and third-birth rates. Second, contrary to what may be expected based on the "new home economics" approach, hypergamous couples with a highly educated male and a lower-educated female partner display among the lowest second-birth transitions. Our findings underscore the relevance of interacting both partners' education for a better understanding of the education-fertility relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Nitsche
- Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), Vienna Institute of Demography/Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Matysiak
- Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), Vienna Institute of Demography/Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Van Bavel
- Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniele Vignoli
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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17
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Einiö E, Goisis A, Myrskylä M. Is the relationship between men's age at first birth and midlife health changing? Evidence from two British cohorts. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100458. [PMID: 31388553 PMCID: PMC6676239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Becoming a father, particularly for the first time, is a central transition in men's lives, and whether this transition takes place early or later in life may have important ramifications on the whole later life course. Previous research has shown that men who father their first child early in life have poorer later-life health than men who postpone having children. However, it is not known how selection by cognitive ability and other childhood characteristics confound the association between the timing of fatherhood and later-life health, or how the association is changing over time as parenthood is postponed to an older age. We investigate the association between men's age at the birth of their first child and midlife self-rated health in two British cohorts born in 1958 and 1970. The study employs logit models. Relative to men who had their first child when they were between 25 and 29 years old, men who had their first child before the age of 20 have the poorest health, followed by men who had a child when they were 20–24 years old. This result was observed in both cohorts. Childhood cognitive ability, which previous research has not analyzed, strongly contributed to this association, and to a greater extent than other childhood characteristics. For the 1970 cohort, those who became fathers at age 35 or older had the best health. This advantage was not found for the 1958 cohort. These findings suggest that the relationship between young age at fatherhood and midlife health is strongly confounded by cognitive ability, and that in recent cohorts a new pattern of advantage among older fathers has emerged. Early fatherhood shows associations with poorer self-rated health in midlife. Childhood cognitive ability strongly confounds this association. First-time fathers aged 35 years or older have the best health in the 1970 cohort. A similar health advantage in older fathers is not found in the 1958 cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Einiö
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, 00014, Finland.,Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Old Building, Houghton St, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alice Goisis
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Old Building, Houghton St, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, University College London, 55-59, Gordon Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, 00014, Finland.,Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Old Building, Houghton St, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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On the multifaceted impact of migration on the fertility of receiving countries: Methodological insights and contemporary evidence for Europe, the United States, and Australia. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2019.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Jalovaara M, Neyer G, Andersson G, Dahlberg J, Dommermuth L, Fallesen P, Lappegård T. Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2019; 35:563-586. [PMID: 31372105 PMCID: PMC6639448 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Systematic comparisons of fertility developments based on education, gender and country context are rare. Using harmonized register data, we compare cohort total fertility and ultimate childlessness by gender and educational attainment for cohorts born beginning in 1940 in four Nordic countries. Cohort fertility (CTF) initially declined in all four countries, although for cohorts born in the 1950s and later, the CTF remained stable or declined only modestly. Childlessness, which had been increasing, has plateaued in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Women's negative educational gradient in relation to total fertility has vanished, except in Finland, while men's positive gradient has persisted. The highest level of men's childlessness appears among the least educated. In the oldest female cohorts, childlessness was highest among the highly educated, but these patterns have changed over the cohorts as childlessness has increased among the low educated and remained relatively stable among higher educated women. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, childlessness is now highest among the least educated women. We witness both a new gender similarity and persistent (among men) and new (among women) educational disparities in childbearing outcomes in the Nordic region. Overall, the number of low educated has decreased remarkably over time. These population segments face increasing social and economic disadvantages that are reflected as well in their patterns of family formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Jalovaara
- Department of Social Research, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Fallesen
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Gender differences and similarities in the educational gradient in fertility: The role of earnings potential and gender composition in study disciplines. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2018.39.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Nisén J, Martikainen P, Myrskylä M, Silventoinen K. Education, Other Socioeconomic Characteristics Across the Life Course, and Fertility Among Finnish Men. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2018; 34:337-366. [PMID: 30147207 PMCID: PMC6096873 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-017-9430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The level of education and other adult socioeconomic characteristics of men are known to associate with their fertility, but early-life socioeconomic characteristics may also be related. We studied how men’s adult and early-life socioeconomic characteristics are associated with their eventual fertility and whether the differences therein by educational level are explained or mediated by other socioeconomic characteristics. The data on men born in 1940–1950 (N = 37,082) were derived from the 1950 Finnish census, which is linked to later registers. Standard and sibling fixed-effects Poisson and logistic regression models were used. Education and other characteristics were positively associated with the number of children, largely stemming from a higher likelihood of a first birth among the more socioeconomically advantaged men. The educational gradient in the number of children was not explained by early socioeconomic or other characteristics shared by brothers, but occupational position and income in adulthood mediated approximately half of the association. Parity-specific differences existed: education and many other socioeconomic characteristics predicted the likelihood of a first birth more strongly than that of a second birth, and the mediating role of occupational position and income was also strongest for first births. Relatively small differences were found in the likelihood of a third birth. In men, education is positively associated with eventual fertility after controlling for early socioeconomic and other characteristics shared by brothers. Selective entry into fatherhood based on economic provider potential may contribute considerably to educational differentials in the number of children among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nisén
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Myrskylä
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Straße 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Karri Silventoinen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18 (Unioninkatu 35), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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22
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The compositional effects of education and employment on Greek male and female fertility rates during 2000‒2014. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2017.36.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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23
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24
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Estimating male fertility in eastern and western Germany since 1991: A new lowest low? DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.4054/demres.2016.35.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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25
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Einiö E, Nisén J, Martikainen P. Number of children and later-life mortality among Finns born 1938-50. Population Studies 2016; 70:217-38. [PMID: 27362776 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2016.1195506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between number of offspring and later-life mortality of Finnish men and women born 1938-50, and whether the association was explained by living conditions in own childhood and adulthood, chronic conditions, fertility timing, and unobserved characteristics common to siblings. We used a longitudinal 1950 census sample to estimate mortality at ages 50-72. Relative to parents of two children, all-cause mortality is highest among childless men and women, and elevated among those with one child, independently of observed confounders. Fixed-effect models, which control for unobserved characteristics shared by siblings, clearly support these findings among men. Cardiovascular mortality is higher among men with no, one, or at least four children than among those with two. Living conditions in adulthood contribute to the association between the number of children and mortality to a greater extent than childhood background, and chronic conditions contribute to the excess mortality of the childless.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pekka Martikainen
- a University of Helsinki.,b University of Stockholm / Karolinska Institute.,c Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
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26
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Barclay K, Keenan K, Grundy E, Kolk M, Myrskylä M. Reproductive history and post-reproductive mortality: A sibling comparison analysis using Swedish register data. Soc Sci Med 2016; 155:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Einiö E, Nisén J, Martikainen P. Is young fatherhood causally related to midlife mortality? A sibling fixed-effect study in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:1077-82. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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