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Reyes-Reyes EM, Brown J, Trial MD, Chinnasamy D, Wiegand JP, Bradford D, Brinton RD, Rodgers KE. Vivaria housing conditions expose sex differences in brain oxidation, microglial activation, and immune system states in aged hAPOE4 mice. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:543-557. [PMID: 38206365 PMCID: PMC10894770 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) is the predominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 mouse models have provided advances in the understanding of disease pathogenesis, but unaccounted variables like rodent housing status may hinder translational outcomes. Non-sterile aspects like food and bedding can be major sources of changes in rodent microflora. Alterations in intestinal microbial ecology can cause mucosal barrier impairment and increase pro-inflammatory signals. The present study examined the role of sterile and non-sterile food and housing on redox indicators and the immune status of humanized-APOE4 knock-in mice (hAPOe4). hAPOE4 mice were housed under sterile conditions until 22 months of age, followed by the transfer of a cohort of mice to non-sterile housing for 2 months. At 24 months of age, the redox/immunologic status was evaluated by flow cytometry/ELISA. hAPOE4 females housed under non-sterile conditions exhibited: (1) higher neuronal and microglial oxygen radical production and (2) lower CD68+ microglia (brain) and CD8+ T cells (periphery) compared to sterile-housed mice. In contrast, hAPOE4 males in non-sterile housing exhibited: (1) higher MHCII+ microglia and CD11b+CD4+ T cells (brain) and (2) higher CD11b+CD4+ T cells and levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and inflammatory cytokines in the periphery relative to sterile-housed mice. This study demonstrated that sterile vs. non-sterile housing conditions are associated with the activation of redox and immune responses in the brain and periphery in a sex-dependent manner. Therefore, housing status may contribute to variable outcomes in both the brain and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Reyes-Reyes
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
| | - J Brown
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
| | - M D Trial
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
| | - D Chinnasamy
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
| | - J P Wiegand
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
| | - D Bradford
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R D Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K E Rodgers
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave, PO Box 210242, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0242, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Muthukrishnan G, Wallimann A, Rangel-Moreno J, Bentley KLDM, Hildebrand M, Mys K, Kenney HM, Sumrall ET, Daiss JL, Zeiter S, Richards RG, Schwarz EM, Moriarty TF. Humanized Mice Exhibit Exacerbated Abscess Formation and Osteolysis During the Establishment of Implant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651515. [PMID: 33815412 PMCID: PMC8012494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant pathogen causing osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, no immunotherapy exists to treat these very challenging and costly infections despite decades of research, and numerous vaccine failures in clinical trials. This lack of success can partially be attributed to an overreliance on murine models where the immune correlates of protection often diverge from that of humans. Moreover, S. aureus secretes numerous immunotoxins with unique tropism to human leukocytes, which compromises the targeting of immune cells in murine models. To study the response of human immune cells during chronic S. aureus bone infections, we engrafted non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice with human hematopoietic stem cells (huNSG) and analyzed protection in an established model of implant-associated osteomyelitis. The results showed that huNSG mice have increases in weight loss, osteolysis, bacterial dissemination to internal organs, and numbers of Staphylococcal abscess communities (SACs), during the establishment of implant-associated MRSA osteomyelitis compared to NSG controls (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry demonstrated greater human T cell numbers in infected versus uninfected huNSG mice (p < 0.05), and that T-bet+ human T cells clustered around the SACs, suggesting S. aureus-mediated activation and proliferation of human T cells in the infected bone. Collectively, these proof-of-concept studies underscore the utility of huNSG mice for studying an aggressive form of S. aureus osteomyelitis, which is more akin to that seen in humans. We have also established an experimental system to investigate the contribution of specific human T cells in controlling S. aureus infection and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Karen L de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Karen Mys
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - H Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - John L Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Seebach E, Kubatzky KF. Chronic Implant-Related Bone Infections-Can Immune Modulation be a Therapeutic Strategy? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1724. [PMID: 31396229 PMCID: PMC6664079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic implant-related bone infections are a major problem in orthopedic and trauma-related surgery with severe consequences for the affected patients. As antibiotic resistance increases in general and because most antibiotics have poor effectiveness against biofilm-embedded bacteria in particular, there is a need for alternative and innovative treatment approaches. Recently, the immune system has moved into focus as the key player in infection defense and bone homeostasis, and the targeted modulation of the host response is becoming an emerging field of interest. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of impaired endogenous defense mechanisms that are unable to prevent chronicity of bone infections associated with a prosthetic or osteosynthetic device. The presence of foreign material adversely affects the immune system by generating a local immune-compromised environment where spontaneous clearance of planktonic bacteria does not take place. Furthermore, the surface structure of the implant facilitates the transition of bacteria from the planktonic to the biofilm stage. Biofilm formation on the implant surface is closely linked to the development of a chronic infection, and a misled adaption of the immune system makes it impossible to effectively eliminate biofilm infections. The interaction between the immune system and bone cells, especially osteoclasts, is extensively studied in the field of osteoimmunology and this crosstalk further aggravates the course of bone infection by shifting bone homeostasis in favor of bone resorption. T cells play a major role in various chronic diseases and in this review a special focus was therefore set on what is known about an ineffective T cell response. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), anti-inflammatory macrophages, regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as osteoclasts all suppress immune defense mechanisms and negatively regulate T cell-mediated immunity. Thus, these cells are considered to be potential targets for immune therapy. The success of immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer treatment encourages the transfer of such immunological approaches into treatment strategies of other chronic diseases. Here, we discuss whether immune modulation can be a therapeutic tool for the treatment of chronic implant-related bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Seebach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sylvester TT, Parsons SDC, van Helden PD, Miller MA, Loxton AG. A pilot study evaluating the utility of commercially available antibodies for flow cytometric analysis of Panthera species lymphocytes. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:410. [PMID: 30567560 PMCID: PMC6299994 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune response against tuberculosis in lions is still poorly defined and our understanding is hampered by the lack of lion specific reagents. The process for producing antibodies against a specific antigen is laborious and not available to many research laboratories. As the search for antibody cross-reactivity is an important strategy for immunological studies in veterinary medicine, we have investigated the use of commercially available antibodies to characterize T cell subsets in African lions (Panthera leo). Results Commercially available antibodies were screened and investigated the influence of two different sample processing methods, as well as the effect of time delay on cell surface marker expression on lion lymphocytes. Using commercially available antibodies, we were able to identify CD4+, CD5+, CD8+, CD14+, CD25+, CD44+ and CD45+ T lymphocytes in samples obtained by density gradient centrifugation as well as red cell lysis of lion whole blood. Two distinct lymphocyte populations, which differed in size and phenotype, were observed in the samples processed by density gradient centrifugation. Conclusion Commercially available antibodies are able to differentiate between T lymphocyte subsets including immune effector cells in African lion whole blood, and possibly give insight into unique specie phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1717-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashnica Taime Sylvester
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sven David Charles Parsons
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul David van Helden
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Ann Miller
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Gareth Loxton
- NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Pieper IL, Radley G, Christen A, Ali S, Bodger O, Thornton CA. Ovine Leukocyte Microparticles Generated by the CentriMag Ventricular Assist Device In Vitro. Artif Organs 2018; 42:E78-E89. [PMID: 29512167 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are a life-saving form of mechanical circulatory support in heart failure patients. However, VADs have not yet reached their full potential due to the associated side effects (thrombosis, bleeding, infection) related to the activation and damage of blood cells and proteins caused by mechanical stress and foreign materials. Studies of the effects of VADs on leukocytes are limited, yet leukocyte activation and damage including microparticle generation can influence both thrombosis and infection rates. Therefore, the aim was to develop a multicolor flow cytometry assessment of leukocyte microparticles (LMPs) using ovine blood and the CentriMag VAD as a model for shear stress. Ovine blood was pumped for 6 h in the CentriMag and regular samples analyzed for hemolysis, complete blood counts and LMP by flow cytometry during three different pump operating conditions (low flow, standard, high speed). The high speed condition caused significant increases in plasma-free hemoglobin; decreases in total leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets; increases in CD45+ LMPs as well as two novel LMP populations: CD11bbright /HLA-DR- and CD11bdull /HLA-DR+ , both of which were CD14- /CD21- . CD11bbright /HLA-DR- LMPs appeared to respond to an increase in shear magnitude whereas the CD11bdull /HLA-DR+ LMPs significantly increased in all pumping conditions. We propose that these two populations are released from granulocytes and T cells, respectively, but further research is needed to better characterize these two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Laura Pieper
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.,Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, UK
| | - Gemma Radley
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK.,Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, UK
| | - Abigail Christen
- Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, UK
| | - Sabrina Ali
- Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Science, Swansea, UK
| | - Owen Bodger
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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Effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation (Cuminum cyminum) on bacterial susceptibility of diabetes-induced rats. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:132-7. [PMID: 27536197 PMCID: PMC4967646 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.60985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at risk of acquiring infections. Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complication. Diabetes causes generation of reactive oxygen species that increases oxidative stress, which may play a role in the development of complications as immune-deficiency and bacterial infection. The study aimed to investigate the role of a natural antioxidant, cumin, in the improvement of immune functions in diabetes. Diabetes was achieved by interperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Bacterial infection was induced by application of Staphylococcus aureus suspension to a wound in the back of rats. The antioxidant was administered for 6 weeks. Results revealed a decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (p < 0.001), in addition to improving immune functions by decreasing total IgE approaching to the normal control level. Also, inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF) levels, as well as total blood count decreased in diabetic rats as compared to the control group. Thus, cumin may serve as anti-diabetic treatment and may help in attenuating diabetic complications by improving immune functions. Therefore, a medical dietary antioxidant supplementation is important to improve the immune functions in diabetes.
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Dapunt U, Hänsch GM, Arciola CR. Innate Immune Response in Implant-Associated Infections: Neutrophils against Biofilms. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050387. [PMID: 28773509 PMCID: PMC5503022 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm has been recognized as a well-protected form of living for bacteria, contributing to bacterial pathogenicity, particularly for opportunistic species. Biofilm-associated infections are marked by their persistence. Extensive research has been devoted to the formation and composition of biofilms. The immune response against biofilms remains rather unexplored, but there is the notion that bacteria within a biofilm are protected from host defences. Here we glance at the mechanisms by which neutrophils recognize and face biofilms in implant infections and discuss the implications of this interplay, as well as speculate on its significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dapunt
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg 69118, Germany.
| | - Gertrud Maria Hänsch
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna 40136, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Chung JW, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Karau MJ, Tilahun A, Khaleghi SR, Chowdhary VR, David CS, Patel R, Rajagopalan G. Superantigens produced by catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus elicit systemic inflammatory disease in the absence of bacteremia. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:271-81. [PMID: 25979434 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1214-577rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SAgs, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, play a major role in the pathogenesis of invasive staphylococcal diseases by inducing potent activation of the immune system. However, the role of SAgs, produced by S. aureus, associated with indwelling devices or tissues, are not known. Given the prevalence of device-associated infection with toxigenic S. aureus in clinical settings and the potency of SAgs, we hypothesized that continuous exposure to SAgs produced by catheter-associated S. aureus could have systemic consequences. To investigate these effects, we established a murine in vivo catheter colonization model. One centimeter long intravenous catheters were colonized with a clinical S. aureus isolate producing SAgs or isogenic S. aureus strains, capable or incapable of producing SAg. Catheters were subcutaneously implanted in age-matched HLA-DR3, B6, and AE(o) mice lacking MHC class II molecules and euthanized 7 d later. There was no evidence of systemic infection. However, in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice, which respond robustly to SSAgs, the SSAg-producing, but not the nonproducing strains, caused a transient increase in serum cytokine levels and a protracted expansion of splenic CD4(+) T cells expressing SSAg-reactive TCR Vβ8. Lungs, livers, and kidneys from these mice showed infiltration with CD4(+) and CD11b(+) cells. These findings were absent in B6 and AE(o) mice, which are known to respond poorly to SSAgs. Overall, our novel findings suggest that systemic immune activation elicited by SAgs, produced by S. aureus colonizing foreign bodies, could have clinical consequences in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Won Chung
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kerryl E Greenwood-Quaintance
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Melissa J Karau
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashenafi Tilahun
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shahryar Rostamkolaei Khaleghi
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vaidehi R Chowdhary
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chella S David
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robin Patel
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- *Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) stimulates chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2014; 12:21-6. [PMID: 24829042 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between bacteria and mammalian cells is increasingly recognized as an important factor, especially during chronic infections. In particular, the interaction of extracellular bacterial signaling molecules with cells of the innate immune response is of special interest. In this context, we investigated whether the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) which is a quorum sensing molecule produced by bacteria and participates in biofilm formation and virulence has any influence on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), the cells of the "first line defense" against bacterial infections. We found that PQS did not enhance the bactericidal activity of PMN and did not induce apoptosis at concentrations up to 100 µM. However, PQS stimulated chemotaxis of PMN in doses of 10-100 µM. This PQS-dependent chemotaxis could be inhibited with SB203580 which blocks MAPkinase p38, suggesting a signaling pathway similar to AHL-12 induction. Using bacterial cell culture supernantants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type cells and a PQS-deficient mutant strain support the in vivo relevance of these findings. Since PQS is produced in the early phase of biofilm formation, PMN infiltration could be timely enough to eradicate bacteria before biofilm formation is completed, which confers the bacteria with a relative resistance to host defense mechanisms.
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Mindur JE, Ito N, Dhib-Jalbut S, Ito K. Early treatment with anti-VLA-4 mAb can prevent the infiltration and/or development of pathogenic CD11b+CD4+ T cells in the CNS during progressive EAE. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99068. [PMID: 24896098 PMCID: PMC4045930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the leukocyte adhesion molecule very late antigen (VLA)-4, and is currently an approved therapy for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). However, it is unknown whether natalizumab is beneficial for progressive forms of MS. Therefore, we assessed the effects of anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy in a progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. Notably, we found that early therapy could significantly reduce the severity of progressive EAE, while treatment initiated at an advanced stage was less efficient. Furthermore, we observed the accumulation of a novel subset of GM-CSF-producing CD11b+CD4+ T cells in the CNS throughout disease progression. Importantly, early therapeutic anti-VLA-4 mAb treatment suppressed the accumulation of these GM-CSF-producing CD11b+CD4+ T cells in the CNS along with activated microglia/macrophages populations, and also conferred a protective effect against inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration, including demyelination and axonal loss. Collectively, our data suggest that early treatment with anti-VLA-4 mAb can provide neuroprotection against progressive CNS autoimmune disease by preventing the accumulation of pathogenic GM-CSF-producing CD11b+CD4+ T cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Mindur
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Naoko Ito
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kouichi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Dapunt U, Giese T, Prior B, Gaida MM, Hänsch GM. Infectious versus non-infectious loosening of implants: activation of T lymphocytes differentiates between the two entities. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:1291-6. [PMID: 24652420 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Loosening of implants occurs mainly for two reasons: bacterial infection of the implant or "aseptic loosening" presumably due to wear particles derived from the implant. To gain further insight into the pathomechanism, we analysed activation of the T cell response in these patients. METHODS Activation of peripheral T lymphocytes was determined by cytofluorometry as down-regulation of CD28 and up-regulation of CD11b. In addition, tissue samples obtained during surgery were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR for gene expression of CD3, CD14 and cathepsin K, as markers for T cells, monocytes/macrophages or osteoclasts, respectively. RESULTS Activated T lymphocytes were detected in patients with infection but not in patients with aseptic loosening. Gene expression of CD3 was significantly enhanced in tissues of patients with infection compared to those with aseptic loosening. Expression of CD14 and of cathepsin K did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION Implant-associated infection and aseptic loosening are associated with a local inflammatory response, which eventually results in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Systemic T cell activation, in contrast, occurs only in patients with implant-associated infection, and hence analysis of T cell activation markers could serve as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between the two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dapunt
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany,
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On the inflammatory response in metal-on-metal implants. J Transl Med 2014; 12:74. [PMID: 24650243 PMCID: PMC3994416 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metal-on-metal implants are a special form of hip endoprostheses that despite many advantages can entail serious complications due to release of wear particles from the implanted material. Metal wear particles presumably activate local host defence mechanisms, which causes a persistent inflammatory response with destruction of bone followed by a loosening of the implant. To better characterize this inflammatory response and to link inflammation to bone degradation, the local generation of proinflammatory and osteoclast-inducing cytokines was analysed, as was systemic T cell activation. Methods By quantitative RT-PCR, gene expression of cytokines and markers for T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts, respectively, was analysed in tissue samples obtained intraoperatively during exchange surgery of the loosened implant. Peripheral T cells were characterized by cytofluorometry before surgery and 7 to 10 days thereafter. Results At sites of osteolysis, gene expression of cathepsin K, CD14 and CD3 was seen, indicating the generation of osteoclasts, and the presence of monocytes and of T cells, respectively. Also cytokines were highly expressed, including CXCL8, IL-1ß, CXCL2, MRP-14 and CXCL-10. The latter suggest T cell activation, a notion that could be confirmed by detecting a small, though conspicuous population of activated CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood T cells prior to surgery. Conclusion Our data support the concept that metallosis is the result of a local inflammatory response, which according to histomorphology and the composition of the cellular infiltrate classifies as an acute phase of a chronic inflammatory disease. The proinflammatory environment, particularly the generation of the osteoclast-inducing cytokines CXCL8 and IL1-ß, promotes bone resorption. Loss of bone results in implant loosening, which then causes the major symptoms of metallosis, pain and reduced range of motion.
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Tientcheu LD, Sutherland JS, de Jong BC, Kampmann B, Jafali J, Adetifa IM, Antonio M, Dockrell HM, Ota MO. Differences in T-cell responses between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium africanum-infected patients. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1387-98. [PMID: 24481948 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In The Gambia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium africanum (Maf) are major causes of tuberculosis (TB). Maf is more likely to cause TB in immune suppressed individuals, implying differences in virulence. Despite this, few studies have assessed the underlying immunity to the two pathogens in human. In this study, we analyzed T-cell responses from 19 Maf- and 29 Mtb-infected HIV-negative patients before and after TB chemotherapy following overnight stimulation of whole blood with TB-specific antigens. Before treatment, percentages of early secreted antigenic target-6(ESAT-6)/culture filtrate protein-10(CFP-10) and purified protein derivative-specific single-TNF-α-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were significantly higher while single-IL-2-producing T cells were significantly lower in Maf- compared with Mtb-infected patients. Purified protein derivative-specific polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells frequencies were significantly higher before than after treatment, but there was no difference between the groups at both time points. Furthermore, the proportion of CD3(+) CD11b(+) T cells was similar in both groups pretreatment, but was significantly lower with higher TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ production in Mtb- compared with that of Maf-infected patients posttreatment. Our data provide evidence of differences in T-cell responses to two mycobacterial strains with differing virulence, providing some insight into TB pathogenesis with different Mtb strains that could be prospectively explored as biomarkers for TB protection or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold D Tientcheu
- Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia; Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Immune defense against S. epidermidis biofilms: components of the extracellular polymeric substance activate distinct bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. Int J Artif Organs 2013; 35:700-12. [PMID: 23065886 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, organized in biofilms, are a common cause of relapsing or persistent infections and the ultimate cause of implant-associated osteomyelitis. Bacterial biofilms initiate a prominent local inflammatory response with infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), the main protagonists of the local innate host defense against bacteria. In our previous work we found that PMN recognize and adhere to biofilms, and that phagocytosis and degranulation of bactericidal substances, such as lactoferrin, were initiated. In contrast to the situation with planktonic bacteria, opsonization of biofilms with immunoglobulin and complement was not required for PMN activation, suggesting that biofilms contain signaling components for PMN. In the present study we identified in the bacteria-free extracellular substance of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms protein fractions that activated PMN in vitro.
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Abstract
Bacteria living as biofilms have been recognised as the ultimate cause of persistent and destructive inflammatory processes. Biofilm formation is a well-organised, genetically-driven process, which is well characterised for numerous bacteria species. In contrast, the host response to bacterial biofilms is less well analysed, and there is the general believe that bacteria in biofilms escape recognition or eradication by the immune defence. In this review the host response to bacterial biofilms is discussed with particular focus on the role of neutrophils because these phagocytic cells are the first to infiltrate areas of bacterial infection, and because neutrophils are equipped with a wide arsenal of bactericidal and toxic entities. I come to the conclusion that bacterial biofilms are not inherently protected against the attack by neutrophils, but that control of biofilm formation is possible depending on a timely and sufficient host response.
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