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Crommentuijn MHW, Schetters STT, Dusoswa SA, Kruijssen LJW, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Immune involvement of the contralateral hemisphere in a glioblastoma mouse model. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000323. [PMID: 32303613 PMCID: PMC7204813 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest form of brain cancer in adults. Standard treatment, consisting of surgery and radiochemotherapy, only provides a modest survival benefit and is incapable of combating infiltrating GBM cells in other parts of the brain. New therapies in clinical trials, such as anti-programmed cell death 1 immunotherapy, have so far shown limited success in GBM. Moreover, it is unclear how the growth of GBM suppresses the immune system locally at the site of the brain tumor or if distant sites of tumor cell migration are also involved. Invasive GBM cells in brain tissue beyond the primary tumor limit the use of surgery, thus immunotherapy could be beneficial if activated/suppressed immune cells are present in the contralateral hemisphere. Methods Here, we used a syngeneic orthotopic GL26 GBM mouse model and multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis to study the phenotype of resident and infiltrating immune cells in both the brain tumor hemisphere and contralateral hemisphere. Results We show that lymphoid cells, including tumor antigen-specific CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are present in the tumor and are characterized by a tolerogenic phenotype based on high immune checkpoint expression. Massive infiltration of myeloid cells is observed, expressing immune checkpoint ligands, suggesting an immune-dependent coinhibitory axis limiting TIL responses. Surprisingly, these phenotypes are paralleled in the contralateral hemisphere, showing that infiltrating immune cells are also present at distant sites, expressing key immune checkpoints and immune checkpoint ligands. Conclusion Whole-brain analysis indicates active immune involvement throughout the brain, both at the site of the primary tumor and in the contralateral hemisphere. Using the right combination and timing, immune checkpoint blockade could have the potential to activate immune cells at the site of the brain tumor and at distant sites, thereby also targeting diffusely infiltrating GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus H W Crommentuijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd T T Schetters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie A Dusoswa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura J W Kruijssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a "cytokine storm." Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1-/- mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1-/- mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine-Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1-phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1-phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and "immune paralysis."
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3
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Younan P, Iampietro M, Nishida A, Ramanathan P, Santos RI, Dutta M, Lubaki NM, Koup RA, Katze MG, Bukreyev A. Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm. mBio 2017. [PMID: 28951472 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00845-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a "cytokine storm." Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1-/- mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1-/- mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine-Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1-phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1-phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and "immune paralysis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Younan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Nishida
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mukta Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ndongala Michel Lubaki
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Weil R. Does antigen masking by ubiquitin chains protect from the development of autoimmune diseases? Front Immunol 2014; 5:262. [PMID: 24917867 PMCID: PMC4042494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the production of antibodies against self-antigens and generally arise from a failure of central or peripheral tolerance. However, these diseases may develop when newly appearing antigens are not recognized as self by the immune system. The mechanism by which some antigens are “invisible” to the immune system is not completely understood. Apoptotic and complement system defects or autophagy imbalance can generate this antigenic autoreactivity. Under particular circumstances, cellular debris containing autoreactive antigens can be recognized by innate immune receptors or other sensors and can eventually lead to autoimmunity. Ubiquitination may be one of the mechanisms protecting autoreactive antigens from the immune system that, if disrupted, can lead to autoimmunity. Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational modification used by cells to target proteins for degradation or to regulate other intracellular processes. The level of ubiquitination is regulated during T cell tolerance and apoptosis and E3 ligases have emerged as a crucial signaling pathway for the regulation of T cell tolerance toward self-antigens. I propose here that an unrecognized role of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins could be to render intracellular or foreign antigens (present in cellular debris resulting from apoptosis, complement system, or autophagy defects) invisible to the immune system in order to prevent the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weil
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire, CNRS URA 2582, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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5
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Milicic T, Jotic A, Markovic I, Lalic K, Jeremic V, Lukic L, Rajkovic N, Popadic D, Macesic M, Seferovic JP, Aleksic S, Stanarcic J, Civcic M, Lalic NM. High Risk First Degree Relatives of Type 1 Diabetics: An Association with Increases in CXCR3(+) T Memory Cells Reflecting an Enhanced Activity of Th1 Autoimmune Response. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:589360. [PMID: 24778649 PMCID: PMC3979071 DOI: 10.1155/2014/589360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the level of (a) CXCR3(+) (Th1) and CCR4(+) (Th2) T memory cells (b) interferon- γ inducible chemokine (IP-10)(Th1) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)(Th2), in 51 first degree relatives (FDRs) of type 1 diabetics (T1D) (17 high risk FDRs (GADA(+), IA-2(+)) and 34 low risk FDRs (GADA(-), IA-2(-))), 24 recent-onset T1D (R-T1D), and 18 healthy subjects. T memory subsets were analyzed by using four-color immunofluorescence staining and flowcytometry. IP-10 and TARC were determined by ELISA. High risk FDRs showed higher levels of CXCR3(+) and lower level of CCR4(+) T memory cells compared to low risk FDRs (64.98 ± 5.19 versus 42.13 ± 11.11; 29.46 ± 2.83 versus 41.90 ± 8.58%, resp., P < 0.001). Simultaneously, both IP-10 and TARC levels were increased in high risk versus low risk FDRs (160.12 ± 73.40 versus 105.39 ± 71.30; 438.83 ± 120.62 versus 312.04 ± 151.14 pg/mL, P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis identified the level of CXCR3(+) T memory cells as predictors for high risk FDRs, together with high levels of IP-10. The results imply that, in FDRs, the risk for T1D might be strongly influenced by enhanced activity of Th1 and diminished activity of Th2 autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Milicic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jotic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Markovic
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Lalic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veljko Jeremic
- Department for Operations Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Jove Ilica 154, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Lukic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Rajkovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Popadic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Macesic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena P. Seferovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Aleksic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stanarcic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Civcic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa M. Lalic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- *Nebojsa M. Lalic:
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