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Bonardi A, Gratteri P. Computational studies of tyrosinase inhibitors. Enzymes 2024; 56:191-229. [PMID: 39304287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Computational studies have significantly advanced the understanding of tyrosinase (TYR) function, mechanism, and inhibition, accelerating the development of more effective and selective inhibitors. This chapter provides an overview of in silico studies on TYR inhibitors, emphasizing key inhibitory chemotypes and the main residues involved in ligand-target interactions. The chapter discusses tools applied in the context of TYR inhibitor development, e.g., structure-based virtual screening, molecular docking, artificial intelligence, and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonardi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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2
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Xu JH, Lee J, Yin SJ, Wang W, Park YD. Inhibitory effect of acarbose on tyrosinase: application of molecular dynamics integrating inhibition kinetics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:314-325. [PMID: 36995074 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to its clinical and cosmetic applications, investigators have paid attention to tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitor development. In this study, a TYR inhibition study with acarbose was investigated to gain insights into the regulation of the catalytic function. Biochemical assay results indicated that acarbose was turned to be an inhibitor of TYR in a reversible binding manner and probed as a distinctive mixed-type inhibitor via measurement of double-reciprocal kinetic (Ki = 18.70 ± 4.12 mM). Time-interval kinetic measurement indicated that TYR catalytic function was gradually inactivated by acarbose in a time-dependent behavior displaying with a monophase process that was evaluated by semi-logarithmic plotting. Spectrofluorimetric measurement by integrating with a hydrophobic residue detector (1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate) showed that the high dose of acarbose derived a conspicuous local structural deformation of the TYR catalytic site pocket. Computational docking simulation showed that acarbose bound to key residues such as HIS61, TYR65, ASN81, HIS244, and HIS259. Our study extends an understanding of the functional application of acarbose and proposes that acarbose is an alternative candidate drug for a whitening agent via direct retardation of TYR catalytic function and it would be applicable for the relevant skin hyperpigmentation disorders concerning the dermatologic clinical purpose.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hao Xu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shang-Jun Yin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Yong-Doo Park
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, PR China
- Skin Diseases Research Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, PR China
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Kim HD, Choi H, Abekura F, Park JY, Yang WS, Yang SH, Kim CH. Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098226. [PMID: 37175965 PMCID: PMC10178891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), POSTECH, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si 37676, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Tyrosinase Immobilization Strategies for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:760. [PMID: 36839128 PMCID: PMC9962745 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of enzyme biosensors has successfully overcome various challenges such as enzyme instability, loss of enzyme activity or long response time. In the electroanalytical field, tyrosinase is used to develop biosensors that exploit its ability to catalyze the oxidation of numerous types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and neurotransmitter roles. This review critically examines the main tyrosinase immobilization techniques for the development of sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Immobilization strategies are mainly classified according to the degree of reversibility/irreversibility of enzyme binding to the support material. Each tyrosinase immobilization method has advantages and limitations, and its selection depends mainly on the type of support electrode, electrode-modifying nanomaterials, cross-linking agent or surfactants used. Tyrosinase immobilization by cross-linking is characterized by very frequent use with outstanding performance of the developed biosensors. Additionally, research in recent years has focused on new immobilization strategies involving cross-linking, such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs). Therefore, it can be considered that cross-linking immobilization is the most feasible and economical approach, also providing the possibility of selecting the reagents used and the order of the immobilization steps, which favor the enhancement of biosensor performance characteristics.
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Ko J, Lee J, Jung HJ, Ullah S, Jeong Y, Hong S, Kang MK, Park YJ, Hwang Y, Kang D, Park Y, Chun P, Yoo JW, Chung HY, Moon HR. Design and Synthesis of (Z)-5-(Substituted benzylidene)-3-cyclohexyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one Analogues as Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Compounds: In Vitro and In Silico Insights. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101918. [PMID: 36290640 PMCID: PMC9598926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many compounds containing the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (PUSC) scaffold, including cinnamamide derivatives, have been shown to inhibit tyrosinase potently in vitro and in vivo. Structural changes to cinnamamide derivatives were produced by adding a dithionate functional group to provide eight (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)-3-cyclohexyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one analogs with high log p values for skin. These analogs were synthesized using a two-step reaction, and their stereochemistry was confirmed using the 3JC4-Hβ values of C4 measured in proton-coupled 13C mode. Analogs 2 (IC50 = 5.21 ± 0.86 µM) and 3 (IC50 = 1.03 ± 0.14 µM) more potently inhibited mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid (IC50 = 25.26 ± 1.10 µM). Docking results showed 2 binds strongly to the active site of tyrosinase, while 3 binds strongly to an allosteric site. Kinetic studies using l-tyrosine as substrate indicated 2 and 3 competitively and non-competitively inhibit tyrosinase, respectively, which was supported by our docking results. In B16F10 cells, 3 significantly and concentration-dependently reduced α–MSH plus IBMX induced increases in cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production and the similarity between these inhibitory patterns implied that the anti-melanogenic effect of 3 might be due to its tyrosinase-inhibitory ability. In addition, 2 and 3 exhibited strong antioxidant effects; for example, they reduced ROS and ONOO– levels and exhibited radical scavenging activities, suggesting that these effects might underlie their anti-melanogenic effects. Furthermore, 3 suppressed the expressions of melanogenesis-associated proteins and genes in B16F10 cells. These results suggest (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)-3-cyclohexyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one analogs offer a means of producing novel anti-melanogenesis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Ko
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yeongmu Jeong
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sojeong Hong
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kang
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Jung Park
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - YeJi Hwang
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- New Drug Development Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- New Drug Development Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Taherkhani N, Hekmat A, Piri H, Haghbeen K. Structural and inhibitory effects of fulvic and humic acids against tyrosinase. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14279. [PMID: 35727699 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of tyrosinase activity can control fruit browning and preserve the flavor and nutritional value of food. The impacts of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) on tyrosinase activity were investigated utilizing circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy, molecular docking (MD), and molecular dynamics simulations. HA and FA demonstrated a mixed type of inhibition with Ki 2.02 and 5.2 μM, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters displayed that the hydrogen bond and hydrophobic force play a major role in the FA-tyrosinase and HA-tyrosinase interaction, respectively. Fluorescence experiments demonstrated changes in tyrosinase tertiary structures. HA could not destroy the tyrosinase secondary structure significantly, however, FA has a significant influence on the tyrosinase secondary structure. The molecular dynamics findings demonstrated the minimal fluctuations and the lowest flexibility in the complex amino acids in the HA-tyrosinase and FA-tyrosinase interaction. Altogether, HA and FA could be utilized in food industries as an accessible natural source for tyrosinase inhibition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Recently, the investigation of tyrosinase inhibitors from the biosphere for hindrance of undesired browning in the food industry has increased considerably. Mushroom tyrosinase is a suitable model for kinetic research owing to its availability as well as close conformational similarity to tyrosinase in a mammal. Natural sources and their effective compounds could have wonderful potential on tyrosinase activity and structure, thus, in this study, the interactions between tyrosinase and fulvic acid (FA) and Humic acid (HA) were investigated. Previously, it has been shown that HA and FA have antioxidant properties and they can improve the quality of food via retarding lipid oxidation. Altogether, further investigations are warranted to draw firm conclusions, HA and FA could be utilized in food industries not only as antioxidant agents but also as an accessible natural source for tyrosinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Taherkhani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hekmat
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Piri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Wei Y, Yu N, Zhu Y, Jia C, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Cai P, Zhao W, Ju M, Wu T, Gan Z, Sun A. Characterization of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) catechol oxidases III binding mechanism in response to selected substrates and inhibitors. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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REN H, DU N, NIU X, WANG Y, TIAN H, CAO Y, ZHANG B, FAN W. Inhibitory effects of L-3-phenyllacitc acid on the activity of mushnroom pholyphenol oxidase. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.08420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nana DU
- Lanzhou University of Technology, China
| | | | | | - Hui TIAN
- Lanzhou University of Technology, China
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Jung HJ, Noh SG, Ryu IY, Park C, Lee JY, Chun P, Moon HR, Chung HY. ( E)-1-(Furan-2-yl)-(substituted phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors and Melanogenesis Inhibition: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225460. [PMID: 33233397 PMCID: PMC7700175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of (E)-1-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one derivatives (compounds 1–8) were synthesized and evaluated for their mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Among these series, compound 8 (2,4-dihydroxy group bearing benzylidene) showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity, with respective IC50 values of 0.0433 µM and 0.28 µM for the monophenolase and diphenolase as substrates in comparison to kojic acid as standard compound 19.97 µM and 33.47 µM. Moreover, the enzyme kinetics of compound 8 were determined to be of the mixed inhibition type and inhibition constant (Ki) values of 0.012 µM and 0.165 µM using the Lineweaver-Burk plot. Molecular docking results indicated that compound 8 can bind to the catalytic and allosteric sites 1 and 2 of tyrosinase to inhibit enzyme activity. The computational molecular dynamics analysis further revealed that compound 8 interacted with two residues in the tyrosinase active site pocket, such as ASN260 and MET280. In addition, compound 8 attenuated melanin synthesis and cellular tyrosinase activity, simulated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. Compound 8 also decreased tyrosinase expressions in B16F10 cells. Based on in vitro and computational studies, we propose that compound 8 might be a worthy candidate for the development of an antipigmentation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Sang Gyun Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Il Young Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Chaeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Ji Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Korea;
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.R.M.); (H.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2814 (H.Y.C.); Fax: +82-51-518-2821 (H.Y.C.)
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.J.J.); (S.G.N.); (I.Y.R.); (C.P.); (J.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.R.M.); (H.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2814 (H.Y.C.); Fax: +82-51-518-2821 (H.Y.C.)
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Rosa GP, Palmeira A, Resende DISP, Almeida IF, Kane-Pagès A, Barreto MC, Sousa E, Pinto MMM. Xanthones for melanogenesis inhibition: Molecular docking and QSAR studies to understand their anti-tyrosinase activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115873. [PMID: 33242700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human skin is constantly exposed to external factors that affect its integrity, UV radiation being one of the main stress factors. The repeated exposure to this radiation leads to increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which activate a series of processes involved in photoaging. Excessive UV exposure also exacerbates melanin production leading to a variety of pigmentation disorders. Xanthones are reported to exhibit properties that prevent deleterious effects of UV exposure and high levels of ROS in the organism, so in this work a wide library of xanthones with different patterns of substitution was synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity against the skin enzymes tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase and hyaluronidase, many of which were evaluated for the first time. Most of the compounds were tyrosinase inhibitors, with the best one (xanthone 27) presenting an IC50 of 1.9 µM, which is approximately 6 times lower than the IC50 of the positive control kojic acid. Concerning the other enzymes, only one compound presented IC50 lower than 150 µM in elastase inhibition (xanthone 14 = 91.8 µM) and none in collagenase and hyaluronidase inhibition. A QSAR model for tyrosinase inhibitory activity was built using six molecular descriptors, with a partial negative surface area descriptor and the relative number of oxygen atoms being positively contributing to the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Docking using AutoDock Vina shows that all the tested compounds have more affinity to mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid. Docking results implied that the tyrosinase inhibitory mechanisms of xanthonic derivatives are attributed to an allosteric interaction. Taken together, these data suggest that xanthones might be useful scaffolds for the development of new and promising candidates for the treatment of pigmentation-related disorders and for skin whitening cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Rosa
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - A Palmeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - D I S P Resende
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - I F Almeida
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MedTec-Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - A Kane-Pagès
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - M C Barreto
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - E Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - M M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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11
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Production of Bio-Based Pigments from Food Processing Industry By-Products (Apple, Pomegranate, Black Carrot, Red Beet Pulps) Using Aspergillus c arbonarius. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040240. [PMID: 33105686 PMCID: PMC7712229 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food processing industry by-products (apple, pomegranate, black carrot, and red beet pulps) were evaluated as raw materials in pigment production by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus carbonarius. The effect of fermentation conditions (solid and submerged-state), incubation period (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d), initial substrate pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5), and pulp particle size (<1.4, 1.4–2.0, 2–4, and >4 mm) on fungal pigment production were tested to optimize the conditions. Pigment extraction analysis carried out under solid-state fermentation conditions showed that the maximum pigment production was determined as 9.21 ± 0.59 absorbance unit at the corresponding wavelength per gram (AU/g) dry fermented mass (dfm) for pomegranate pulp (PP) by A. carbonarius for 5 d. Moreover, the highest pigment production was obtained as 61.84 ± 2.16 AU/g dfm as yellowish brown at initial pH 6.5 with < 1.4 mm of substrate particle size for 15-d incubation period. GC×GC-TOFMS results indicate that melanin could be one of the main products as a pigment. SEM images showed that melanin could localize on the conidia of A. carbonarius.
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Evaluating the Performance of a Non-Bonded Cu 2+ Model Including Jahn-Teller Effect into the Binding of Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134783. [PMID: 32640730 PMCID: PMC7369908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) is a metalloenzyme classified as a type-3 copper protein, which is involved in the synthesis of melanin through a catalytic process beginning with the conversion of the amino acid l-Tyrosine (l-Tyr) to l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). It plays an important role in the mechanism of melanogenesis in various organisms including mammals, plants, and fungi. Herein, we used a combination of computational molecular modeling techniques including molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and the linear interaction energy (LIE) model to evaluate the binding free energy of a set of analogs of kojic acid (KA) in complex with TYR. For the MD simulations, we used a dummy model including the description of the Jahn–Teller effect for Cu2+ ions in the active site of this enzyme. Our results show that the LIE model predicts the TYR binding affinities of the inhibitor in close agreement to experimental results. Overall, we demonstrate that the classical model provides a suitable description of the main interactions between analogs of KA and Cu2+ ions in the active site of TYR.
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13
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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The Binding Affinity of Small Molecules with Yam Tyrosinase (Catechol Oxidase): A Biophysical Study. Biochem Res Int 2019; 2019:8284968. [PMID: 31687211 PMCID: PMC6811792 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8284968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yam tyrosinase has become an economically essential enzyme due to its ease of purification and abundant availability of yam tubers. However, an efficient biochemical and biophysical characterization of yam tyrosinase has not been reported. In the present study, the interaction of yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) tyrosinase was studied with molecules such as crocin (Crocus sativus), hydroquinone, and kojic acid. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism techniques were employed to determine the binding affinities and the changes in secondary and tertiary structures of yam tyrosinase in the presence of four relevant small molecules. Hydroquinone and crocin exhibited very low binding affinities of 0.24 M and 0.0017 M. Due to their apparent weak interactions, competition experiments were used to determine more precisely the binding affinities. Structure-function interrelationships can be correlated in great detail by this study, and the results can be compared with other available tyrosinases.
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15
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Jung HJ, Noh SG, Park Y, Kang D, Chun P, Chung HY, Moon HR. In vitro and in silico insights into tyrosinase inhibitors with ( E)-benzylidene-1-indanone derivatives. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1255-1264. [PMID: 31921392 PMCID: PMC6944710 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme responsible for melanin biosynthesis and is effective in protecting skin damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. As part of ongoing efforts to discover potent tyrosinase inhibitors, we systematically designed and synthesized thirteen (E)-benzylidene-1-indanone derivatives (BID1–13) and determined their inhibitory activities against tyrosinase. Among the compounds evaluated, BID3 was the most potent inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 = 0.034 µM, monophenolase activity; IC50 = 1.39 µM, diphenolase activity). Kinetic studies revealed that BID3 demonstrated a mixed type of tyrosinase inhibition with Ki value of 2.4 µM using l-DOPA as a substrate. In silico molecular docking simulations demonstrated that BID3 can bind to the catalytic and allosteric sites of tyrosinase to inhibit enzyme activity which confirmed in vitro experimental studies between BID3 and tyrosinase. Furthermore, melanin contents decreased and cellular tyrosinase activity was inhibited after BID3 treatment. These observations revealed that BID3 is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor and potentially could be used as a whitening agent for the treatment of pigmentation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Aging Tissue Bank, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Aging Tissue Bank, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.,Aging Tissue Bank, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ding H, Hu X, Xu X, Zhang G, Gong D. Inhibitory mechanism of two allosteric inhibitors, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid on α-glucosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1844-1855. [PMID: 29030193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycemic control which can be efficaciously regulated by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity is an effective therapy for diabetes mellitus. This work is to investigate the kinetics and inhibition mechanism of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid on α-glucosidase. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid exhibited potent inhibitory activities with IC50 values of (6.35±0.02)×10-6 and (1.69±0.03)×10-5molL-1 respectively in a reversible and non-competitive manner. Both of them binding to α-glucosidase induced the conformational change and intrinsic fluorescence quenching of α-glucosidase. The binding constants of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid with α-glucosidase at 298K were (2.04±0.02)×103 and (1.87±0.02)×103Lmol-1, respectively. Docking results showed that oleanolic acid and ursolic acid bound in different allosteric sites of cavity 2 and cavity 4 on α-glucosidase, respectively, which triggered allosteric regulation to perturb conformational dynamics of α-glucosidase, eventually leading to a decrease of catalytic activity of the enzyme. The substrate was not catalyzed by α-glucosidase to generate further products due to formation of a nonreactive ternary complex of oleanolic acid- or ursolic acid-α-glucosidase-substrate. The combination of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid displayed a significant synergistic inhibition on α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Info- rmation Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Guowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, 8 Ha Crescent, Auckland 2104, New Zealand
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17
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Ma G, Zhang Y, Chen W, Tang Z, Xin X, Yang P, Liu X, Cai W, Hu M. Inhibition of Human UGT1A1-Mediated Bilirubin Glucuronidation by Polyphenolic Acids Impact Safety of Popular Salvianolic Acid A/B-Containing Drugs and Herbal Products. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2952-2966. [PMID: 28603997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin-related adverse reactions (ADR, e.g., jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia) induced by herbs rich in certain polyphenolic acids are widely reported. However, the causes and the mechanisms underlying these ADR are not well understood. The purpose of this article is to determine the mechanism by which certain polyphenolic acids inhibit UGT1A1-mediated bilirubin glucuronidation, leading to jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia. We investigated in vitro inhibitory effects on bilirubin glucuronidation of salvianolic acid A (SAA), salvianolic acid B (SAB), danshensu (DSS), protocatechuic aldehyde (PA), and rosmarinic acid (RA), as well as two Salvia miltiorrhiza injections (DSI and CDI) rich in polyphenolic acids. The results showed that average formation rates of three bilirubin glucuronides displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05) and the formation of monoglucuronide was favored regardless if an inhibitor was present or not. SAA, SAB, DSI, and CDI, but not DSS, PA, and RA, significantly inhibited human UGT1A1-mediated bilirubin glucuronidation via a mixed-type inhibitory mechanism. Average IC50 values of SAA, SAB, DSI, and CDI-mediated inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation were bilirubin concentration-dependent, and their values (against total bilirubin glucuronidation) were in the range 0.44 ± 0.02 to 0.86 ± 0.04 μg/mL (for SAA), 4.22 ± 0.30 to 12.50 ± 0.93 μg/mL (for SAB), 9.29 ± 0.76 to 18.82 ± 0.63 μg/mL (for DSI), and 9.18 ± 2.00 to 22.36 ± 1.39 μg/mL (for CDI), respectively. In conclusion, SAA and its analog SAB are the main ingredients responsible for inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by DSI and CDI, whose use is associated with many high bilirubin-related ADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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18
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Xing R, Wang F, Zheng A, Wang L, Fei D, Yu Y. Biological evaluation of two Keggin-type polyoxometalates containing glycine as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:746-750. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- College of Food and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Quanzhou Normal College; Quanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Aping Zheng
- College of Food and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Fei
- College of Food and Bioengineering; Jimei University; Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Quanzhou Normal College; Quanzhou People's Republic of China
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19
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Hu YH, Zhuang JX, Yu F, Cui Y, Yu WW, Yan CL, Chen QX. Inhibitory effects of cefotaxime on the activity of mushroom tyrosinase. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:385-9. [PMID: 26342770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) catalyzes both the hydroxylation of tyrosine into o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols into o-quinones that form brown or black pigments. In the present paper, cefotaxime, a cephalosporin antibacterial drug, was tested as an inhibitor of tyrosinase. The results show that cefotaxime inhibits both the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase. For the monophenolase activity, cefotaxime increased the lag time and decreased the steady-state activity with an IC50 of 3.2 mM. For the diphenolase activity, the inhibition by cefotaxime is reversible and mix-I type with an IC50 of 0.14 mM. The inhibition constants (K(I) and K(IS)) were determined to be 0.14 and 0.36 mM, respectively. The molecular mechanism of inhibition of tyrosinase by cefotaxime was determined by fluorescence quenching and molecular docking. The results demonstrated that cefotaxime was a static quencher of tyrosinase and that cefotaxime could dock favorably in the active site of tyrosinase. This research may offer a lead for designing and synthesizing novel and effective tyrosinase inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiang-Xing Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chong-Ling Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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20
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Combined kinetic studies and computational analysis on kojic acid analogous as tyrosinase inhibitors. Molecules 2014; 19:9591-605. [PMID: 25004069 PMCID: PMC6271673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis and widely distributed in plants and animals tissues. In mammals, this enzyme is related to pigment production, involved in wound healing, primary immune response and it can also contribute to catecholamines synthesis in the brain. Consequently, tyrosinase enzyme represents an attractive and selective target in the field of the medicine, cosmetics and bio-insecticides. In this paper, experimental kinetics and computational analysis were used to study the inhibition of tyrosinase by analogous of Kojic acid. The main interactions occurring between inhibitors-tyrosinase complexes and the influence of divalent cation (Cu2+) in enzymatic inhibition were investigated by using molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations and electrostatic binding free energy by using the Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) method. The results showed that the electrostatic binding free energy are correlated with values of constant inhibition (r2 = 0.97).Thus, the model obtained here could contribute to future studies of this important system and, therefore, eventually facilitate development of tyrosinase inhibitors.
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21
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Si YX, Ji S, Fang NY, Wang W, Yang JM, Qian GY, Park YD, Lee J, Yin SJ. Effects of piperonylic acid on tyrosinase: Mixed-type inhibition kinetics and computational simulations. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Schröder D, Rehbach C, Seyffarth C, Neuenschwander M, Kries JV, Windhorst S. Identification of a new membrane-permeable inhibitor against inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-3-kinase A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:228-34. [PMID: 23981806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the neuron-specific inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-3-kinase A (ITPKA) in lung cancer cells increases their metastatic potential because the protein exhibits two actin regulating activities; it bundles actin filaments and regulates inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-mediated calcium signals by phosphorylating InsP3. Thus, in order to inhibit the metastasis-promoting activity of ITPKA, both its actin bundling and its InsP3kinase activity has to be blocked. In this study, we performed a high throughput screen in order to identify specific and membrane-permeable substances against the InsP3kinase activity. Among 341,44 small molecules, 237 compounds (0.7%) were identified as potential InsP3kinase inhibitors. After determination of IC50-values, the three compounds with highest specificity and highest hydrophobicity (EPPC-3, BAMB-4, MEPTT-3) were further characterized. Only BAMB-4 was nearly completely taken up by H1299 cells and remained stable after cellular uptake, thus exhibiting a robust stability and a high membrane permeability. Determination of the inhibitor type revealed that BAMB-4 belongs to the group of mixed type inhibitors. Taken together, for the first time we identified a highly membrane-permeable inhibitor against the InsP3kinase activity of ITPKA providing the possibility to partly inhibit the metastasis-promoting effect of ITPKA in lung tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schröder
- Institut für Biochemie und Signaltransduktion, UKE Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Ma G, Wu B, Gao S, Yang Z, Ma Y, Hu M. Mutual regioselective inhibition of human UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of four flavonoids. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2891-903. [PMID: 23786524 DOI: 10.1021/mp300599t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1-catalyzed glucuronidation is an important elimination pathway of flavonoids, and mutually inhibitory interactions may occur when two or more flavonoids are coadministered. Our recent research suggested that glucuronidation of flavonoids displayed distinct positional preferences, but whether this will lead to the mutually regioselective inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of flavonoids is unknown. Therefore, we chose three monohydroxyflavone isomers, 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF), 7-hydroxyflavone (7HF), and 4'-hydroxyflavone (4'HF), and one trihydroxyflavone, 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (3,7,4'THF), as the model compounds to characterize the possible mutually regioselective inhibition of glucuronidation using expressed human UGT1A1. Apparent kinetic parameters [e.g., reaction velocity (V), Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), maximum rate of metabolism (Vmax), concentration at which inhibitor achieves 50% inhibition (IC50), and the Lineweaver-Burk plots were used to evaluate the apparent kinetic mechanisms of inhibition of glucuronidation. The results showed that UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of three monohydroxyflavones (i.e., 3HF, 7HF, and 4'HF) and 3,7,4'THF was mutually inhibitory, and the mechanisms of inhibition appeared to be the mixed-typed inhibition. Specifically, the inhibitory effects displayed certain positional preference. Glucuronidation of 3HF was more easily inhibited by 3,7,4'THF than that of 7HF or 4'HF. Compared to 7-O-glucuronidation of 3,7,4'THF, 3-O-glucuronidation of 3,7,4'THF was more inhibited by 3HF and 4'HF, whereas glucuronidation at both 3-OH and 7-OH positions of 3,7,4'THF was more easily inhibited by 7HF than by 3HF and 4'HF. In conclusion, 3HF, 7HF, 4'HF, and 3,7,4'THF were both substrates and inhibitors of UGT1A1, and they exhibited mutually regioselective inhibition of UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation via a mixed-type inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
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24
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Wang ZJ, Ji S, Si YX, Yang JM, Qian GY, Lee J, Yin SJ. The effect of validamycin A on tyrosinase: Inhibition kinetics and computational simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 55:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Toward the inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid on tyrosinase: Integrating kinetics studies and computational simulations. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Pei CJ, Lee J, Si YX, Oh S, Xu WA, Yin SJ, Qian GY, Han HY. Inhibition of tyrosinase by gastrodin: An integrated kinetic-computational simulation analysis. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Chen YS, Lee SM, Lin CC, Liu CY, Wu MC, Shi WL. Kinetic study on the tyrosinase and melanin formation inhibitory activities of carthamus yellow isolated from Carthamus tinctorius L. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 115:242-5. [PMID: 23063243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carthamus yellow (CY) is the major component of the yellow pigments of Carthamus tinctorius L. CY has been extensively used as a natural color additive for food and cosmetics. Here, our results demonstrate that carthamus yellow reduced the activity of mushroom tyrosinase in a dose-dependent manner with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of approximately 1.01 ± 0.03 mg/mL. A kinetic study of carthamus yellow on tyrosinase exhibited a mode of competitive inhibition with a Ki of 0.607 mg/mL. Moreover, cell viability analysis indicated that carthamus yellow used at concentrations of 1.0-4.0 mg/mL had no cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content analysis showed that melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with 4 mg/mL carthamus yellow can decrease to 82.3 ± 0.4% of the levels of melanin production of untreated cells. Thus, carthamus yellow has the potential to become a useful skin-whitening agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shyan Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, No. 200 Sec. 7 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Hu WJ, Yan L, Park D, Jeong HO, Chung HY, Yang JM, Ye ZM, Qian GY. Kinetic, structural and molecular docking studies on the inhibition of tyrosinase induced by arabinose. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Computational prediction of protein-protein interactions of human tyrosinase. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:192867. [PMID: 22577521 PMCID: PMC3335181 DOI: 10.1155/2012/192867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The various studies on tyrosinase have recently gained the attention of researchers due to their potential application values and the biological functions. In this study, we predicted the 3D structure of human tyrosinase and simulated the protein-protein interactions between tyrosinase and three binding partners, four and half LIM domains 2 (FHL2), cytochrome b-245 alpha polypeptide (CYBA), and RNA-binding motif protein 9 (RBM9). Our interaction simulations showed significant binding energy scores of -595.3 kcal/mol for FHL2, -859.1 kcal/mol for CYBA, and -821.3 kcal/mol for RBM9. We also investigated the residues of each protein facing toward the predicted site of interaction with tyrosinase. Our computational predictions will be useful for elucidating the protein-protein interactions of tyrosinase and studying its binding mechanisms.
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Alijanianzadeh M, Saboury AA, Ganjali MR, Hadi-Alijanvand H, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. The inhibitory effect of ethylenediamine on mushroom tyrosinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:573-7. [PMID: 22313842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of ethylenediamine on both activities of mushroom tyrosinase (MT) at 20 °C in a 10 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8), was studied. L-DOPA and L-tyrosine were used as substrates of catecholase and cresolase activities, respectively. The results showed that ethylenediamine competitively inhibits both activities of the enzyme with inhibition constants (K(i)) of 0.18±0.05 and 0.14±0.01 μM for catecholase and cresolase respectively, which are lower than the reported values for other MT inhibitors. For further insight a docking study between tyrosinase and ethylenediamine was performed. The docking simulation showed that ethylenediamine binds in the active site of the enzyme near the Cu atoms and makes 3 hydrogen bonds with two histidine residues of active site.
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Homology models of four Agaricus bisporus tyrosinases. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:283-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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