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Zhang I, Liu S, Zhang L, Liang R, Fang Q, Zhao J, Ren L, Medina E, Filippov A, Bonjoc KJ, Chaudhry A, Dayyani M, Bild A, Badie B. RAGE ablation attenuates glioma progression and enhances tumor immune responses by suppressing galectin-3 expression. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:886-898. [PMID: 36394567 PMCID: PMC10158202 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant gliomas consist of heterogeneous cellular components that have adopted multiple overlapping escape mechanisms that overcome both targeted and immune-based therapies. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is activated by diverse proinflammatory ligands present in the tumor microenvironment. Activation of RAGE by its ligands stimulates multiple signaling pathways that are important in tumor growth and invasion. However, treatment strategies that only target the interaction of RAGE with its ligands are ineffective as cancer therapies due to the abundance and diversity of exogenous RAGE ligands in gliomas. METHODS As an alternative approach to RAGE ligand inhibition, we evaluated the genetic ablation of RAGE on the tumorigenicity of 2 syngeneic murine glioma models. RAGE expression was inhibited in the GL261 and K-Luc gliomas by shRNA and CRSPR/Cas9 techniques prior to intracranial implantation. Tumor growth, invasion, and inflammatory responses were examined by histology, survival, Nanostring, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Intracellular RAGE ablation abrogated glioma growth and invasion by suppressing AKT and ERK1/2 activities and by downregulating MMP9 expression. Interestingly, RAGE inhibition in both glioma models enhanced tumor inflammatory responses by downregulating the expression of galectin-3 and potentiated immunotherapy responses to immune checkpoint blockade. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that intracellular RAGE ablation suppresses multiple cellular pathways that are important in glioma progression, invasion, and immune escape. These findings strongly support the development of RAGE ablation as a treatment strategy for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Shunan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rongrui Liang
- Department of Oncology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxiao Fang
- Colorectal Cancer Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, 300123, P.R. China
| | - Lyuzhi Ren
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Eric F Medina
- Graduate Education Progr-BRI, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Aleksandr Filippov
- Graduate Education Progr-BRI, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Kimberley-Jane Bonjoc
- Imaging Administration, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ammar Chaudhry
- Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mojtaba Dayyani
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Andrea H Bild
- Medical Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
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Rojas A, Lindner C, Schneider I, González I, Morales MA. Contributions of the receptor for advanced glycation end products axis activation in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:997-1010. [PMID: 36844144 PMCID: PMC9950863 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling shreds of evidence derived from both clinical and experimental research have demonstrated the crucial contribution of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) axis activation in the development of neoplasms, including gastric cancer (GC). This new actor in tumor biology plays an important role in the onset of a crucial and long-lasting inflammatory milieu, not only by supporting phenotypic changes favoring growth and dissemination of tumor cells, but also by functioning as a pattern-recognition receptor in the inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori infection. In the present review, we aim to highlight how the overexpression and activation of the RAGE axis contributes to the proliferation and survival of GC cells as and their acquisition of more invasive phenotypes that promote dissemination and metastasis. Finally, the contribution of some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the RAGE gene as susceptibility or poor prognosis factors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile
| | - Iván Schneider
- Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile
| | - Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile
| | - Miguel Angel Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Wen J, Wu S, Ma X, Zhao Y. Zuojin Pill attenuates Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic atrophic gastritis in rats and improves gastric epithelial cells function in GES-1 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114855. [PMID: 34808298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zuojin pill (ZJP), a classical Chinese medicine formula, has been widely applied in Chinese clinical practice for the treatment of gastric injury such as acute gastric lesion, acute gastric mucosal injury, chronic unpredictable mild stress, gastroesophageal reflux disease, etc, thereby exerting anti-chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) effects in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to explore the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of ZJP on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced CAG based on the comprehensive approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with H. pylori for 8 weeks to establish CAG model. Then, rats in the ZJP groups received doses of 0.63, 1.26, and 2.52 g/kg ZJP for 4 weeks. Therapeutic effects of ZJP on serum indices and the histopathology of the gastric were analyzed in vivo. Moreover, GES-1 cells were infected with H. pylori to establish gastric epithelial cell injury model in vitro. Cell viability and gastric epithelial cell morphology were detected by a high-content screening (HCS) assay. Furthermore, the relative mRNA and protein expression of JMJD2B/COX-2/VEGF axis and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro were determined by RT-PCR and Western Blotting, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that the therapeutic effects of ZJP on CAG rats were presented in down-regulation serum biochemical indices and alleviating histological damage of gastric tissue. ZJP could dose-dependently decrease the serum IL-6, MCP-1, PGE2, TNF-α, and VEGF level and significantly improved gastric tissue inflammatory lesions. Besides, ZJP has an effect on increasing cell proliferation of GES-1 cells, ameliorating H. pylori-induced gastric epithelial cell damage. It was found that ZJP has a down-regulating effect on inflammatory reaction and could inhibit the relative mRNA and protein expression of JMJD2B/COX-2/VEGF axis and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro, including JMJD2B, COX-2, VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2, which in turn reduced the damage of gastric mucosal cells. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that ZJP exerts therapeutic effects on H. pylori-induced CAG by inhibiting the JMJD2B/COX-2/VEGF axis and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings deeply explained why ZJP could be used to treat CAG clinically and clarified its pharmacological effect and potential mechanism in the treatment of CAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Shihua Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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4
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Waghela BN, Vaidya FU, Ranjan K, Chhipa AS, Tiwari BS, Pathak C. AGE-RAGE synergy influences programmed cell death signaling to promote cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:585-598. [PMID: 33025314 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed as a result of non-enzymatic reaction between the free reducing sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. AGEs are predominantly synthesized during chronic hyperglycemic conditions or aging. AGEs interact with their receptor RAGE and activate various sets of genes and proteins of the signal transduction pathway. Accumulation of AGEs and upregulated expression of RAGE is associated with various pathological conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The role of AGE-RAGE signaling has been demonstrated in the progression of various types of cancer and other pathological disorders. The expression of RAGE increases manifold during cancer progression. The activation of AGE-RAGE signaling also perturbs the cellular redox balance and modulates various cell death pathways. The programmed cell death signaling often altered during the progression of malignancies. The cellular reprogramming of AGE-RAGE signaling with cell death machinery during tumorigenesis is interesting to understand the complex signaling mechanism of cancer cells. The present review focus on multiple molecular paradigms relevant to cell death particularly Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Necroptosis that are considerably influenced by the AGE-RAGE signaling in the cancer cells. Furthermore, the review also attempts to shed light on the provenience of AGE-RAGE signaling on oxidative stress and consequences of cell survival mechanism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav N Waghela
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Foram U Vaidya
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Kishu Ranjan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Abu Sufiyan Chhipa
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Budhi Sagar Tiwari
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India.
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Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an immunoglobulin-like receptor present on cell surface. RAGE binds to an array of structurally diverse ligands, acts as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is expressed on cells of different origin performing different functions. RAGE ligation leads to the initiation of a cascade of signaling events and is implicated in diseases, such as inflammation, cancer, diabetes, vascular dysfunctions, retinopathy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Because of the significant involvement of RAGE in the progression of numerous diseases, RAGE signaling has been targeted through use of inhibitors and anti-RAGE antibodies as a treatment strategy and therapy. Here in this review, we have summarized the physical and physiological aspects of RAGE biology in mammalian system and the importance of targeting this molecule in the treatment of various RAGE mediated pathologies. Highlights Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors and involved in many pathophysiological conditions. RAGE ligation with its ligands leads to initiation of distinct signaling cascades and activation of numerous transcription factors. Targeting RAGE signaling through inhibitors and anti-RAGE antibodies can be promising treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Jangde
- Laboratory of Vascular Immunology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rashmi Ray
- Laboratory of Vascular Immunology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Vivek Rai
- Laboratory of Vascular Immunology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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Zhang IY, Zhou H, Liu H, Zhang L, Gao H, Liu S, Song Y, Alizadeh D, Yin HH, Pillai R, Badie B. Local and Systemic Immune Dysregulation Alters Glioma Growth in Hyperglycemic Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2740-2753. [PMID: 32019861 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unlike most cancers, no clear epidemiological correlation between diabetes (Db) and malignant glioma progression exists. Because hyperglycemia activates proinflammatory pathways through the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), we hypothesized that Db can also promote malignant glioma progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the growth of two phenotypically diverse syngeneic glioma models in control and diabetic mice. Tumor growth and antitumor immune responses were evaluated in orthotopic and heterotopic models and correlated to RAGE and RAGE ligand expression. RESULTS Irrespective of tumor implantation site, growth of a "classical" glioma model, GL261, increased in hyperglycemic mice and was mediated by upregulation of RAGE and its ligand, HMGB1. However, growth of a "mesenchymal" glioma subtype, K-Luc, depended on tumor implantation site. Whereas heterotopic K-Luc tumors progressed rapidly in Db mice, intracranial K-Luc tumors grew slower. We further showed that hyperglycemia inhibited the innate antitumor inflammatory responses in both models. Although this contributed to the accelerated growth of heterotopic tumors, suppression of tumor inflammatory responses dampened the growth of orthotopic K-Luc gliomas. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia may enhance glioma growth through promotion of RAGE expression and suppression of antitumor immune responses. However, abrogation of the proinflammatory milieu in tumors may also dampen the growth of inflammatory glioma subtypes in the brains of diabetic mice. This dichotomy in glioma growth response to hyperglycemia may partly explain why conflicting epidemiological studies show both an increased risk and a protective effect of Db in patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huili Liu
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No. 1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Shunan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Hongwei Holly Yin
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California. .,Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Wang X, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Sun S. PRKAA1 Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells Through Activating JNK1 and Akt Pathways. Oncol Res 2019; 28:213-223. [PMID: 31558185 PMCID: PMC7851536 DOI: 10.3727/096504019x15668125347026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PRKAA1 (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit α 1) is a catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism through phosphorylation, and genetic variations in the PRKAA1 have been found to be associated with gastric cancer risk. However, the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of PRKAA1 on gastric cancer tumorigenesis, especially the proliferation and apoptosis, are not fully understood. Our data showed that PRKAA1 is highly expressed in BGC-823 and MKN45 cells and is expressed low in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells in comparison with the other gastric cancer cells. PRKAA1 downregulation by shRNA or treatment of AMPK inhibitor compound C significantly inhibited proliferation as well as promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of BGC-823 and MKN45 cells. Moreover, the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 and the activity of JNK1 and Akt signaling were also reduced in BGC-823 and MKN45 cells after PRKAA1 downregulation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that tumor growth in nude mice was significantly inhibited after PRKAA1 silencing. Importantly, inactivation of JNK1 or Akt signaling pathway significantly inhibited PRKAA1 overexpression-induced increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis in MGC-803 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that PRKAA1 increases proliferation and restrains apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through activating JNK1 and Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Xichang Zhou
- Department of Intervention, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Intervention, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
| | - Sanyuan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouP.R. China
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Nagy T, Fisi V, Frank D, Kátai E, Nagy Z, Miseta A. Hyperglycemia-Induced Aberrant Cell Proliferation; A Metabolic Challenge Mediated by Protein O-GlcNAc Modification. Cells 2019; 8:E999. [PMID: 31466420 PMCID: PMC6769692 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia has been associated with an increased prevalence of pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease, cancer, or various disorders of the immune system. In some cases, these associations may be traced back to a common underlying cause, but more often, hyperglycemia and the disturbance in metabolic balance directly facilitate pathological changes in the regular cellular functions. One such cellular function crucial for every living organism is cell cycle regulation/mitotic activity. Although metabolic challenges have long been recognized to influence cell proliferation, the direct impact of diabetes on cell cycle regulatory elements is a relatively uncharted territory. Among other "nutrient sensing" mechanisms, protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification emerged in recent years as a major contributor to the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia. An increasing amount of evidence suggest that O-GlcNAc may significantly influence the cell cycle and cellular proliferation. In our present review, we summarize the current data available on the direct impact of metabolic changes caused by hyperglycemia in pathological conditions associated with cell cycle disorders. We also review published experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that O-GlcNAc modification may be one of the missing links between metabolic regulation and cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Viktória Fisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Frank
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emese Kátai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Xu XC, Zhang WB, Li CX, Gao H, Pei Q, Cao BW, He TH. Up-Regulation of MiR-1915 Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells via Targeting RAGE. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:38-47. [PMID: 30554489 PMCID: PMC6298885 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Helicobacter pylori (HP)-infected gastric cancer (GC) is known to be a fatal malignant tumor, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its proliferation, invasion, and migration remain far from being completely understood. Our aim in this study was to explore miR-1915 expression and its molecular mechanisms in regulating proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to determine miR-1915 and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) expression in HP-infected GC tissues and gastritis tissues, as well as human gastric mucosal cell line GES-1 and human GC cell lines SGC-7901 and MKN45. CCK8 assay and transwell assay were performed to detect the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. MiR-1915 mimics and miR-1915 inhibitor were transfected into GC cells to determine the target relationship between miR-1915 and RAGE. RESULTS MiR-1915 was under-expressed, while RAGE was over-expressed in HP-infected GC tissues and GC cells. Over-expressed miR-1915 could attenuate cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities. RAGE was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-1915 by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, HP-infected GC cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration were inhibited after treatment with pcDNA-RAGE. CONCLUSION MiR-1915 exerted tumor-suppressive effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells via targeting RAGE, which provided an innovative target candidate for treatment of HP-infected GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Chun Xing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qi Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Wei Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tie Han He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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10
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Hu D, Liu Q, Lin X, Zhang H, Lin J, Zheng X, Peng F. Association of RAGE gene four single nucleotide polymorphisms with the risk, invasion, metastasis and overall survival of gastric cancer in Chinese. J Cancer 2019; 10:504-509. [PMID: 30719146 PMCID: PMC6360312 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an oncogenic trans-membranous receptor expressed in many cells. The aim of this study was to clarify the association between RAGE gene 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk, invasion, metastasis and overall survival of gastric cancer. Methods and Results: We performed a hospital-based case-control study involving 369 gastric cancer patients and 493 cancer free controls. Four widely-studied SNPs, rs1800625 (T-429C), rs1800624 (T-374A), rs2070600 (Gly82Ser) and rs184003 (G1704T) in RAGE gene, were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction - ligase detection reaction method. The RAGE gene rs1800625 TT genotype and T allele were significantly associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer (TT vs. CC: adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.95, p=0.021; T vs. C: adjusted OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46-0.97, p=0.032). No hints of significance were detected for the other three SNPs in association with gastric cancer risk. Moreover, rs1800625 and rs184003 were significantly associated with tumor clinical stage (p=0.010 and 0.032, respectively). Survival curves differed significantly between the genotypes of rs1800625. Conclusions:RAGE gene SNP rs1800625 was significantly associated with gastric cancer risk, and rs1800625 and rs184003 were related to tumor clinical stage, indicating that RAGE gene may be a gastric cancer-susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hejun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jinxiu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiongwei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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11
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Holik AK, Stöger V, Hölz K, Somoza MM, Somoza V. Impact of free N ε-carboxymethyllysine, its precursor glyoxal and AGE-modified BSA on serotonin release from human parietal cells in culture. Food Funct 2018; 9:3906-3915. [PMID: 29972203 PMCID: PMC6053975 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are frequently encountered in a western diet, in addition to their formation in vivo. N-Epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML), one of the chemically diverse compounds formed in the reaction between reducing carbohydrates and amines, is often used as a marker of advanced glycation, and has been shown to stimulate serotonin release from cells representing the central (SH-SY5Y cells) and the peripheral (Caco-2 cells) serotonin system in vitro. Here, we investigated the effect of glyoxal, free CML, and protein-linked AGE-BSA on serotonin release from human gastric tumour cells, which originate from an adenocarcinoma of the stomach and have recently been shown to be capable of serotonin synthesis and release. Microarray experiments showed both CML and glyoxal to alter genes associated with serotonin receptors. Furthermore, treatment with glyoxal resulted in a small change in RAGE expression while CML did not alter its expression. On a functional level, treatment with 500 μM CML increased extracellular serotonin content by 341 ± 241%, while treatment with 1 mg mL-1 AGE-BSA led to a reduction by 49 ± 11% compared to non-treated cells. The CML-induced serotonin release was reduced by the HTR3 antagonist granisetron. Incubation with the RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1 abolished the effect of AGE-BSA on serotonin release, while no impact on CML-induced serotonin release was observed. Furthermore, treatment with 5 mM CML stimulated proton secretion as a functional outcome measure, assessed using a pH sensitive dye. Taken together, these results indicate a likely HTR3-mediated, RAGE-independent effect of free CML on serotonin release and a RAGE-dependent mechanism for the protein linked AGE-BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Holik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry
, Faculty of Chemistry
, University of Vienna
,
Althanstraße 14
, 1090 Vienna
, Austria
.
; Fax: +43 1 4277 9706
; Tel: +43 1 4227 70601
| | - Verena Stöger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds
, Faculty of Chemistry
, University of Vienna
,
Althanstraße 14
, 1090 Vienna
, Austria
| | - Kathrin Hölz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
, Faculty of Chemistry
, University of Vienna
,
Althanstraße 14
, 1090 Vienna
, Austria
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
, Faculty of Chemistry
, University of Vienna
,
Althanstraße 14
, 1090 Vienna
, Austria
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry
, Faculty of Chemistry
, University of Vienna
,
Althanstraße 14
, 1090 Vienna
, Austria
.
; Fax: +43 1 4277 9706
; Tel: +43 1 4227 70601
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds
, Faculty of Chemistry
, University of Vienna
,
Althanstraße 14
, 1090 Vienna
, Austria
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12
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Aboushousha T, Mamdouh S, Hamdy H, Helal N, Khorshed F, Safwat G, Seleem M. Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Expression Patterns of TTF-1, RAGE, GLUT-1 and SOX2 in HCV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:219-227. [PMID: 29373917 PMCID: PMC5844622 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the expression of TTF-1, RAGE, GLUT1 and SOX2 in HCV-associated HCCs and in surrounding non-tumorous liver tissue. Material and Methods: Tissue material from partial hepatectomy cases for HCC along with corresponding serum samples and 30 control serum samples from healthy volunteers were studied. Biopsies were classified into: non-tumor hepatic tissue (36 sections); HCC (33 sections) and liver cell dysplasia (LCD) (15 sections). All cases were positive for HCV. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), gene extraction and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription assays (qRT-PCR) were applied. Results: By IHC, LCD and HCC showed significantly high percentages of positive cases with all markers. SOX2 showed significant increase with higher HCC grades, while RAGE demonstrated an inverse relation and GLUT-1 and TTF-1 lacked any correlation. In nontumorous-HCV tissue, we found significantly high TTF-1, low RAGE and negative SOX2 expression. RAGE, GLUT-1 and SOX2 show non-significant elevation positivity in high grade HCV compared to low grade lesions. TTF-1, RAGE and SOX2 exhibited low expression in cirrhosis compared to fibrosis. Biochemical studies on serum and tissue extracts revealed significant down-regulation of RAGE, GLUT-1 and SOX2 genes, as well as significant up-regulation of the TTF-1 gene in HCC cases compared to controls. All studied genes show significant correlation with HCC grade. In non-tumor tissue, only TTF-1 gene expression had a significant correlation with the fibrosis score. Conclusion: Higher expression of TTF-1, RAGE, GLUT-1 and SOX2 in HCC and dysplasia compared to non-tumor tissues indicates up-regulation of these markers as early events during the development of HCV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Aboushousha
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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13
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Bai W, Zhou J, Zhou N, Liu Q, Cui J, Zou W, Zhang W. Hypoxia-increased RAGE expression regulates chemotaxis and pro-inflammatory cytokines release through nuclear translocation of NF-κ B and HIF1α in THP-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2282-2288. [PMID: 29258824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of hypoxia in mediating the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression deserves to be confirmed. And the role of RAGE in hypoxia-induced chemotaxis and inflammation is still unclear. In present study, THP-1 cells were pretreated with siRNA to block HIF1α, NF-κ B, or RAGE, followed by exposed to hypoxia (combined with H2O2 or SNP), and then RAGE expression, nuclear translocation of HIF1α and NF-κ B, release of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 were measured. The results revealed that RAGE mRNA and protein in THP-1 cells were significantly increased after exposed into hypoxia atmosphere, especially into the solution containing SNP or H2O2. Moreover, SNP or H2O2 exposure could further amplify hypoxia-induced nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and NF-κ B. Knockdown HIF-1α or NF-κ B by siRNAs could reduce hypoxia- and oxidative stress-induced RAGE hyper-expression. And pretreatment THP-1 cells with RAGE siRNA or NF-κ B siRNA could reduce hypoxia- and oxidative stress-induced expression of MCP-1 and CCR2, and release of TNF-α and IL-1β. Thus, hypoxia not only increases RAGE expression in THP-1 cells by promoting nuclear translocation of NF-κ B and HIF1α, but also regulates chemotaxis and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, which may be partially mediated through upregulation of RAGE expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Zhou
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanchang Third Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Obstetrics & Gynecology Research, Hunan Province Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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14
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Pan Z, Liu L, Nie W, Miggin S, Qiu F, Cao Y, Chen J, Yang B, Zhou Y, Lu J, Yang L. Long non-coding RNA AGER-1 functionally upregulates the innate immunity gene AGER and approximates its anti-tumor effect in lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:305-318. [PMID: 29068471 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) related to innate immunity in lung cancer. The advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor (AGER) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and currently, is the only innate immune pattern-recognition receptor whose abnormal expression has been detected in lung cancer. We aimed to explore the lncRNA that is related to AGER and test its effect on lung carcinogenesis. We selected one lncRNA whose chromosome location is in close proximity to AGER namely lnc-AGER-1 (defined as lncAGER). The expression of lncAGER was tested in 276 pairs of lung cancer tissues and adjacent lung normal tissues, and its correlation with lung cancer clinical progress was analyzed. A series of assays were further used to assess the biological function of lncAGER on lung cancer development, tumor immunity and autophagy. LncAGER expression was moderately correlated with AGER expression (r = 0.360, P = 2.15 × 10-18 ) underlying a mechanism that lncAGER upregulates AGER by competitively binding to miRNA-185. LncAGER was significantly down-regulated in 76.4% of lung cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues due to promoter hypermethylation. Over-expression of the lncRNA resulted in significant decreases in proliferation rate, migration ability, colony formation efficiency of lung cancer cells and tumor growth in nude mice. Notably, lncAGER possibly conduced to enhancement of cytotoxic effect of THP1. Additionally, the lncRNA also promoted cell apoptosis by strengthening autophagy. Taken together, these observations suggest that lncAGER has an inhibitory effect on lung cancer development via AGER, which may serve as a target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Pan
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Nie
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sinead Miggin
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Fuman Qiu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinbin Chen
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Binyao Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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15
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Receptor for advanced glycation end product blockade enhances the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by reducing autophagy and modulating the Wnt pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:187-196. [PMID: 27831944 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most severe types of cancer with poor outcomes. Cisplatin is used widely to treat cancer cells, but many patients develop acquired drug resistance. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is expressed widely in TSCC and associated with drug-induced chemotherapy resistance. However, the effect of RAGE and cisplatin on Tca-8113 cells remains unknown. We assayed the combined use of RAGE blockade and cisplatin effect on Tca-8113 cells' viability by MTT and apoptosis rate of Tca-8113 cells on RAGE blockade+cisplatin treatment; cisplatin alone; or RAGE blockade alone by flow cytometry. We observed the expressions of autophagy-related proteins beclin1, LC3II, p62; Wnt signaling-related proteins β-catenin, GSK3β, WNT5A, ROR-2; and apoptosis-related protein cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2-associated X proteins using western blot. We determined WNT5A and beclin1 expression on Tca-8113 cells by immunofluorescence. We further observed autophagy vacuoles by monodansylcadaverine staining. We found that RAGE blockade and cisplatin significantly decreased cell viability and increased the cell apoptosis rate compared with cisplatin alone. Furthermore, RAGE blockade suppressed the canonical Wnt pathway proteins β-catenin and GSK-3β, but upregulated noncanonical WNT5A and receptor ROR-2. We show that RAGE blockade suppressed the levels of autophagy-related protein LC3II/I, beclin1, accelerated degradation of autophagy for the increasing p62 expression, and increased cell apoptosis for the increasing expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and bcl-2-associated X proteins. We observed the location of WNT5A and beclin1 expressions on cells by immunofluorescence and their trends were consistent with western blotting. Taken together, our findings suggested that RAGE blockade+cisplatin improved chemotherapeutic effects by reducing autophagy and regulating Wnt/β-catenin to suppress the progression of TSCC.
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16
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Diaz-Dussan D, Nakagawa Y, Peng YY, C LVS, Ebara M, Kumar P, Narain R. Effective and Specific Gene Silencing of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors Mediated by Conjugated Oxaborole and Galactose-Based Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:768-774. [PMID: 35650860 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxaborole-based polymers are stimuli-responsive materials that can reversibly interact with diols at pH values higher than their pKa. The strong binding of the oxaborole with cis-hydroxyl groups allow rapid cross-linking of the polymer chains. In this study, we exploited this phenomenon to develop a novel delivery system for the complexation, protection, and delivery of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) siRNA (small interfering RNA). Galactose and oxaborole polymers were first synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, and they were found to show a robust interaction with each other via the oxaborole-diol effect, which allowed the formation of stable polyplexes with siRNA. Although complexes were successfully formed between the neutral galactose and oxaborole-based polymers, these complexes were insufficient in the protection of the siRNA. Therefore, cationic glycopolymers and oxaborole polymers were investigated showing superior complexation with siRNA and exhibiting effective gene silencing in HeLa (cervical) cancer cells, while showing low toxicity. Gene silencing of up to 60% was achieved with these new complexes in the presence and absence of serum. The excellent stability of the complexes under physiological conditions and the observed low cytotoxicity 48 h post-transfection demonstrated the high potential of this new system for gene silencing therapy application in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Diaz-Dussan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta Canada
| | - Yasuhiro Nakagawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yi-Yang Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta Canada
| | - Leslie V. Sanchez C
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Ibaraki, Japan and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta Canada
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17
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Zhou Q, Chen J, Feng J, Xu Y, Zheng W, Wang J. SOSTDC1 inhibits follicular thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration, and EMT via suppressing PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 435:87-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Piperi C, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Potential of glycative stress targeting for cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 2017; 390:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Pellicciari C. Histochemistry in biology and medicine: a message from the citing journals. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2610. [PMID: 26708189 PMCID: PMC4698620 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Especially in recent years, biomedical research has taken advantage of the progress in several disciplines, among which microscopy and histochemistry. To assess the influence of histochemistry in the biomedical field, the articles published during the period 2011-2015 have been selected from different databases and grouped by subject categories: as expected, biological and biomedical studies where histochemistry has been used as a major experimental approach include a wide of basic and applied researches on both humans and other animal or plant organisms. To better understand the impact of histochemical publications onto the different biological and medical disciplines, it was useful to look at the journals where the articles published in a multidisciplinary journal of histochemistry have been cited: it was observed that, in the five-years period considered, 20% only of the citations were in histochemical periodicals, the remaining ones being in journals of Cell & Tissue biology, general and experimental Medicine, Oncology, Biochemistry & Molecular biology, Neurobiology, Anatomy & Morphology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Reproductive biology, Veterinary sciences, Physiology, Endocrinology, Tissue engineering & Biomaterials, as well as in multidisciplinary journals.It is easy to foresee that also in the future the histochemical journals will be an attended forum for basic and applied scientists in the biomedical field. It will be crucial that these journals be open to an audience as varied as possible, publishing articles on the application of refined techniques to very different experimental models: this will stimulate non-histochemist scientists to approach histochemistry whose application horizon could expand to novel and possibly exclusive subjects.
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20
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Jing R, Chen W, Wang H, Ju S, Cong H, Sun B, Jin Q, Chu S, Xu L, Cui M. Plasma miR-185 is decreased in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and might suppress tumor migration and invasion by targeting RAGE. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G719-29. [PMID: 26316588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00078.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced-glycation end products (RAGE) is upregulated in various cancers and has been associated with tumor progression, but little is known about its expression and regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we describe miR-185, which represses RAGE expression, and investigate the biological role of miR-185 in ESCC. In this study, we found that the high level of RAGE expression in 29 pairs of paraffin-embedded ESCC tissues was correlated positively with the depth of invasion by immunohistochemistry, suggesting that RAGE was involved in ESCC. We used bioinformatics searches and luciferase reporter assays to investigate the prediction that RAGE was regulated directly by miR-185. Besides, overexpression of miR-185 in ESCC cells was accompanied by 27% (TE-11) and 49% (Eca-109) reduced RAGE expression. The effect was further confirmed in RAGE protein by immunofluorescence in both cell lines. The effects were reversed following cotransfection with miR-185 and high-level expression of the RAGE vector. Furthermore, the biological role of miR-185 in ESCC cell lines was investigated using assays of cell viability, Ki-67 staining, and cell migration and invasion, as well as in a xenograft model. We found that overexpression of miR-185 inhibited migration and invasion by ESCC cells in vitro and reduced their capacity to develop distal pulmonary metastases in vivo partly through the RAGE/heat shock protein 27 pathway. Interestingly, in clinical specimens, the level of plasma miR-185 expression was decreased significantly (P = 0.002) in patients with ESCC [0.500; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.248-1.676] compared with healthy controls (2.410; 95% CI 0.612-5.671). The value of the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.73 (95% CI 0.604-0.855). In conclusion, our findings shed novel light on the role of miR-185/RAGE in ESCC metastasis, and plasma miR-185 has potential as a novel diagnostic biomarker in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Jing
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Cong
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Baolan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qin Jin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shaopeng Chu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China;
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21
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Camacho-Cáceres KI, Acevedo-Díaz JC, Pérez-Marty LM, Ortiz M, Irizarry J, Cabrera-Ríos M, Isaza CE. Multiple criteria optimization joint analyses of microarray experiments in lung cancer: from existing microarray data to new knowledge. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1884-900. [PMID: 26471143 PMCID: PMC4940807 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarrays can provide large amounts of data for genetic relative expression in illnesses of interest such as cancer in short time. These data, however, are stored and often times abandoned when new experimental technologies arrive. This work reexamines lung cancer microarray data with a novel multiple criteria optimization‐based strategy aiming to detect highly differentially expressed genes. This strategy does not require any adjustment of parameters by the user and is capable to handle multiple and incommensurate units across microarrays. In the analysis, groups of samples from patients with distinct smoking habits (never smoker, current smoker) and different gender are contrasted to elicit sets of highly differentially expressed genes, several of which are already associated to lung cancer and other types of cancer. The list of genes is provided with a discussion of their role in cancer, as well as the possible research directions for each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia I Camacho-Cáceres
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan C Acevedo-Díaz
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Lynn M Pérez-Marty
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan Irizarry
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Clara E Isaza
- Bio IE Lab, The Applied Optimization Group, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.,Public Health Program, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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22
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Guo Y, Xia P, Zheng JJ, Sun XB, Pan XD, Zhang X, Wu CZ. Receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is associated with microvessel density and is a prognostic biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [PMID: 26211596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is involved in a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenisis. Previous studies have demonstrated that RAGE regulates the neo-angiogenesis related downstream molecule - vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). Here, we investigated the potential relationship between RAGE, VEGFR-2 and angiogenesis in 80 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA analysis were used to explore the RAGE and VEGFR-2 gene expression levels and the protein of VEGFR-2 expression. Meanwhile, angiogenesis was detected by the semi-quantification of endothelial cell marker CD34 combined with caldesmon, which was detected by microvessel density (MVD) technique and immunohistochemistry. Tumors were classified as low or high RAGE-expressing using the median as the cut-off. Immunofluorescence staining for RAGE protein was performed as well. Additionally, the median gene expression levels of VEGFR-2 in the tumors were significantly lower expressing low levels of RAGE expression, 0.34 (95% CI, 0.28-0.39) compared to the expressing high levels of RAGE expression, 0.45 (95% CI, 0.29-0.61), (P=0.03). The median MVD was significantly lower in the tumors expressing low levels of RAGE, 6.5 (95% CI, 6.21-7.43), compared to the expressing high levels, 7.9 (95% CI, 6.25-8.93), (P<0.01). Further, a positive association was certified with VEGFR-2 protein levels, P=0.07. Besides, RCC with high levels of RAGE expression are associated with high VEGFR-2 mRNA/protein levels and a higher density of microvessels; conversely, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis suggests that a significant correlation of elevated RAGE expression with decreased overall survival and metastasis-free survival. Our results establish that RAGE was identified as a potential prognostic biomarker for disease prognosis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- Transplantation Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| | - Peng Xia
- Transplantation Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| | - Jian-Jian Zheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| | - Xian-Bin Sun
- Transplantation Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Transplantation Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
| | - Cun-Zao Wu
- Transplantation Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325014, China.
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Overexpression of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122697. [PMID: 25860956 PMCID: PMC4393278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is an oncogenic multidisciplinary trans-membranous receptor, which is overexpressed in multiple human cancers. Recently, it has been shown that RAGE is also involved in carcinogenesis and tumor invasion. In this study, we investigated the expression levels and prognostic value of RAGE in primary gastric cancers (GC). METHODS We investigated RAGE expression in primary GC and paired normal gastric tissue by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (n = 30) and Western blotting analysis (n = 30). Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry on 180 paraffin-embedded GC specimens, 69 matched normal specimens. RESULTS RAGE was overexpressed in GC compared with the adjacent noncancerous tissues (P<0.001), and higher RAGE expression significantly correlated with the histological grade (P = 0.002), nodal status(P = 0.025), metastasis status(P = 0.002), and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (P = 0.020). Furthermore, upregulation of RAGE expression is an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RAGE Overexpression may be a useful marker to predict GC progression and poor prognosis.
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24
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Iotzova-Weiss G, Dziunycz PJ, Freiberger SN, Läuchli S, Hafner J, Vogl T, French LE, Hofbauer GFL. S100A8/A9 stimulates keratinocyte proliferation in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin via the receptor for advanced glycation-end products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120971. [PMID: 25811984 PMCID: PMC4374726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common neoplasm in organ transplant recipients (OTR) on long-term immunosuppression and occurs 60- to 100-fold more frequently than in the general population. Here, we present the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and S100A8/A9 as important factors driving normal and tumor keratinocyte proliferation. RAGE and S100A8/A9 were transcriptionally upregulated in SCC compared to normal epidermis, as well as in OTR compared to immunocompetent patients (IC) with SCC. The proliferation of normal and SCC keratinocytes was induced by exposure to exogenous S100A8/A9 which in turn was abolished by blocking of RAGE. The migratory activities of normal and SCC keratinocytes were also increased upon exposure to S100A8/A9. We demonstrated that exogenous S100A8/A9 induces phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK followed by activation of ERK1/2. We hypothesize that RAGE and S100A8/A9 contribute to the development of human SCC by modulating keratinocyte growth and migration. These processes do not seem to be impaired by profound drug-mediated immunosuppression in OTR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr J. Dziunycz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Severin Läuchli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinic Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars E. French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Yamagishi SI, Matsui T, Fukami K. Role of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and Its Ligands in Cancer Risk. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:48-56. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sho-ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kei Fukami
- Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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26
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Pellicciari C. Impact of Histochemistry on biomedical research: looking through the articles published in a long-established histochemical journal. Eur J Histochem 2014; 58:2474. [PMID: 25578981 PMCID: PMC4289853 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2014.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histochemistry provides the unique opportunity to detect single molecules in the very place where they exert their structural roles or functional activities: this makes it possible to correlate structural organization and function, and may be fruitfully exploited in countless biomedical research topics. Aiming to estimate the impact of histochemical articles in the biomedical field, the last few years citations of articles published in a long-established histochemical journal have been considered. This brief survey suggests that histochemical journals, especially the ones open to a large spectrum of research subjects, do represent an irreplaceable source of information not only for cell biologists, microscopists or anatomists, but also for biochemists, molecular biologists and biotechnologists.
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27
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FENG DAN, YE XIAOFEI, ZHU ZHENXIN, WEI ZIRAN, CAI QINGPING, WANG YAJIE. Comparative transcriptome analysis between metastatic and non-metastatic gastric cancer reveals potential biomarkers. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:386-92. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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28
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Chen X, Zhang L, Zhang IY, Liang J, Wang H, Ouyang M, Wu S, da Fonseca ACC, Weng L, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Natarajan R, Badie B. RAGE expression in tumor-associated macrophages promotes angiogenesis in glioma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7285-7297. [PMID: 25326491 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of RAGE (the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) with its ligands can promote tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis. Although blocking RAGE signaling has been proposed as a potential anticancer strategy, functional contributions of RAGE expression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been investigated in detail. Here, we evaluated the effect of genetic depletion of RAGE in TME on the growth of gliomas. In both invasive and noninvasive glioma models, animal survival was prolonged in RAGE knockout (Ager(-/-)) mice. However, the improvement in survival in Ager(-/-) mice was not due to changes in tumor growth rate but rather to a reduction in tumor-associated inflammation. Furthermore, RAGE ablation in the TME abrogated angiogenesis by downregulating the expression of proangiogenic factors, which prevented normal vessel formation, thereby generating a leaky vasculature. These alterations were most prominent in noninvasive gliomas, in which the expression of VEGF and proinflammatory cytokines were also lower in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in Ager(-/-) mice. Interestingly, reconstitution of Ager(-/-) TAM with wild-type microglia or macrophages normalized tumor vascularity. Our results establish that RAGE signaling in glioma-associated microglia and TAM drives angiogenesis, underscoring the complex role of RAGE and its ligands in gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R.China
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute
| | - Ian Y Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute
| | - Junling Liang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Mao Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Bolsista do CNPq
| | - Lihong Weng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Division of Molecular Diabetes Research, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute.,Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute
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29
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Pellicciari C. Histochemistry as an irreplaceable approach for investigating functional cytology and histology. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e41. [PMID: 24441194 PMCID: PMC3896043 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with the evolution of histochemistry over the last fifty years and thanks to the impressive advancements in microscopy sciences, the application of cytochemical techniques to light and electron microscopy is more and more addressed to elucidate the functional characteristics of cells and tissue under different physiological, pathological or experimental conditions. Simultaneously, the mere description of composition and morphological features has become increasingly sporadic in the histochemical literature. Since basic research on cell functional organization is essential for understanding the mechanisms responsible for major biological processes such as differentiation or growth control in normal and tumor tissues, histochemical Journals will continue to play a pivotal role in the field of cell and tissue biology in all its structural and functional aspects.
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