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Hagen M, Pangrazzi L, Rocamora-Reverte L, Weinberger B. Legend or Truth: Mature CD4 +CD8 + Double-Positive T Cells in the Periphery in Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2702. [PMID: 37893076 PMCID: PMC10603952 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors defines two distinct T cell populations with specialized functions. While CD4+ T cells support and modulate immune responses through different T-helper (Th) and regulatory subtypes, CD8+ T cells eliminate cells that might threaten the organism, for example, virus-infected or tumor cells. However, a paradoxical population of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells challenging this paradigm has been found in the peripheral blood. This subset has been observed in healthy as well as pathological conditions, suggesting unique and well-defined functions. Furthermore, DP T cells express activation markers and exhibit memory-like features, displaying an effector memory (EM) and central memory (CM) phenotype. A subset expressing high CD4 (CD4bright+) and intermediate CD8 (CD8dim+) levels and a population of CD8bright+CD4dim+ T cells have been identified within DP T cells, suggesting that this small subpopulation may be heterogeneous. This review summarizes the current literature on DP T cells in humans in health and diseases. In addition, we point out that strategies to better characterize this minor T cell subset's role in regulating immune responses are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagen
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Jasim SA, Mahdi RS, Bokov DO, Najm MAA, Sobirova GN, Bafoyeva ZO, Taifi A, Alkadir OKA, Mustafa YF, Mirzaei R, Karampoor S. The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5128-5148. [PMID: 35835586 PMCID: PMC9350195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roaa Salih Mahdi
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHillaIraq
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of PharmacySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Food ChemistryFederal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of PharmacyAl‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Guzal N. Sobirova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | - Zarnigor O. Bafoyeva
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyUniversity of MosulMosulIraq
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Urueña C, Ballesteros-Ramírez R, Gomez-Cadena A, Barreto A, Prieto K, Quijano S, Aschner P, Martínez C, Zapata-Cardona MI, El-Ahanidi H, Jandus C, Florez-Alvarez L, Rugeles MT, Zapata-Builes W, Garcia AA, Fiorentino S. Randomized double-blind clinical study in patients with COVID-19 to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a phytomedicine (P2Et). Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:991873. [PMID: 36160152 PMCID: PMC9494348 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.991873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been proposed that polyphenols can be used in the development of new therapies against COVID-19, given their ability to interfere with the adsorption and entrance processes of the virus, thus disrupting viral replication. Seeds from Caesalpinia spinosa, have been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies and respiratory diseases. Our team has obtained an extract called P2Et, rich in polyphenols derived from gallic acid with significant antioxidant activity, and the ability to induce complete autophagy in tumor cells and reduce the systemic inflammatory response in animal models. Methods In this work, a phase II multicenter randomized double-blind clinical trial on COVID-19 patients was designed to evaluate the impact of the P2Et treatment on the clinical outcome and the immunological parameters related to the evolution of the disease. The Trial was registered with the number No. NCT04410510*. A complementary study in an animal model of lung fibrosis was carried out to evaluate in situ lung changes after P2Et in vivo administration. The ability of P2Et to inhibit the viral load of murine and human coronaviruses in cellular models was also evaluated. Results Patients treated with P2Et were discharged on average after 7.4 days of admission vs. 9.6 days in the placebo group. Although a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines such as G-CSF, IL-15, IL-12, IL-6, IP10, MCP-1, MCP-2 and IL-18 was observed in both groups, P2Et decreased to a greater extent G-CSF, IL-6 and IL-18 among others, which are related to lower recovery of patients in the long term. The frequency of T lymphocytes (LT) CD3+, LT double negative (CD3+CD4-CD8-), NK cells increased in the P2Et group where the population of eosinophils was also significantly reduced. In the murine bleomycin model, P2Et also reduced lung inflammation and fibrosis. P2Et was able to reduce the viral replication of murine and human coronaviruses in vitro, showing its dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory role, key in disease control. Conclusions Taken together these results suggest that P2Et could be consider as a good co-adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19. Clinical trail registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04410510, identifier: NCT04410510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Urueña
- Grupo de Inmunobiologiay Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Ballesteros-Ramírez
- Grupo de Inmunobiologiay Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Cadena
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfonso Barreto
- Grupo de Inmunobiologiay Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karol Prieto
- Grupo de Inmunobiologiay Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Quijano
- Grupo de Inmunobiologiay Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Aschner
- Oficina de Investigaciones, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Cardiología, Clínica CardioVID, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria I. Zapata-Cardona
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hajar El-Ahanidi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lizdany Florez-Alvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Angel Alberto Garcia
- Departamento de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio – Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Fiorentino
- Grupo de Inmunobiologiay Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Susana Fiorentino
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Marazziti D, Diep PT, Carter S, Carbone MG. Oxytocin: An Old Hormone, A Novel Psychotropic Drug And Possible Use In Treating Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5615-5687. [PMID: 35894453 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220727120646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin is a nonapeptide synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Historically, this molecule has been involved as a key factor in the formation of infant attachment, maternal behavior and pair bonding and, more generally, in linking social signals with cognition, behaviors and reward. In the last decades, the whole oxytocin system has gained a growing interest as it was proposed to be implicated in etiopathogenesis of several neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS With the main goal of an in-depth understanding of the oxytocin role in the regulation of different functions and complex behaviors as well as its intriguing implications in different neuropsychiatric disorders, we performed a critical review of the current state of art. We carried out this work through PubMed database up to June 2021 with the search terms: 1) "oxytocin and neuropsychiatric disorders"; 2) "oxytocin and neurodevelopmental disorders"; 3) "oxytocin and anorexia"; 4) "oxytocin and eating disorders"; 5) "oxytocin and obsessive-compulsive disorder"; 6) "oxytocin and schizophrenia"; 7) "oxytocin and depression"; 8) "oxytocin and bipolar disorder"; 9) "oxytocin and psychosis"; 10) "oxytocin and anxiety"; 11) "oxytocin and personality disorder"; 12) "oxytocin and PTSD". RESULTS Biological, genetic, and epigenetic studies highlighted quality and quantity modifications in the expression of oxytocin peptide or in oxytocin receptor isoforms. These alterations would seem to be correlated with a higher risk of presenting several neuropsychiatric disorders belonging to different psychopathological spectra. Collaterally, the exogenous oxytocin administration has shown to ameliorate many neuropsychiatric clinical conditions. CONCLUSION Finally, we briefly analyzed the potential pharmacological use of oxytocin in patient with severe symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and immunoregulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Italy.,Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Phuoc-Tan Diep
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Carter
- Director Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Manuel G Carbone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Psychiatry, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Siemińska I, Węglarczyk K, Surmiak M, Kurowska-Baran D, Sanak M, Siedlar M, Baran J. Mild and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Convalescents Present Long-Term Endotype of Immunosuppression Associated With Neutrophil Subsets Possessing Regulatory Functions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748097. [PMID: 34659245 PMCID: PMC8511487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] is associated with severe lymphopenia and impaired immune response, including expansion of myeloid cells with regulatory functions, e.g., so-called low-density neutrophils, containing granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (LDNs/PMN-MDSCs). These cells have been described in both infections and cancer and are known for their immunosuppressive activity. In the case of COVID-19, long-term complications have been frequently observed (long-COVID). In this context, we aimed to investigate the immune response of COVID-19 convalescents after a mild or asymptomatic course of disease. We enrolled 13 convalescents who underwent a mild or asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2, confirmed by a positive result of the PCR test, and 13 healthy donors without SARS-CoV-2 infection in the past. Whole blood was used for T-cell subpopulation and LDNs/PMN-MDSCs analysis. LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and normal density neutrophils (NDNs) were sorted out by FACS and used for T-cell proliferation assay with autologous T cells activated with anti-CD3 mAb. Serum samples were used for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing IgG and GM-CSF concentration. Our results showed that in convalescents, even 3 months after infection, an elevated level of LDNs/PMN-MDSCs is still maintained in the blood, which correlates negatively with the level of CD8+ and double-negative T cells. Moreover, LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and NDNs showed a tendency for affecting the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 neutralizing antibodies. Surprisingly, our data showed that in addition to LDNs/PMN-MDSCs, NDNs from convalescents also inhibit proliferation of autologous T cells. Additionally, in the convalescent sera, we detected significantly higher concentrations of GM-CSF, indicating the role of emergency granulopoiesis. We conclude that in mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 convalescents, the neutrophil dysfunction, including propagation of PD-L1-positive LDNs/PMN-MDSCs and NDNs, is responsible for long-term endotype of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Siemińska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Kurowska-Baran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory of Virology and Serology, University Children’s Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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