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Premawardhena A, Perera C, Wijethilaka MN, Wanasinghe SK, Rajakaruna RHMG, Samarasinghe RANKK, Williams S, Mettananda S. Efficacy and safety of deferoxamine, deferasirox and deferiprone triple iron chelator combination therapy for transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia with very high iron overload: a protocol for randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077342. [PMID: 38331857 PMCID: PMC10860110 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the improvement in medical management, many patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia die prematurely due to transfusion-related iron overload. As per the current guidelines, the optimal chelation of iron cannot be achieved in many patients, even with two iron chelators at their maximum therapeutic doses. Here, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of triple combination treatment with deferoxamine, deferasirox and deferiprone over dual combination of deferoxamine and deferasirox on iron chelation in patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia with very high iron overload. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a single-centre, open-label, randomised, controlled clinical trial conducted at the Adult and Adolescent Thalassaemia Centre of Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka. Patients with haematologically and genetically confirmed transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia are enrolled and randomised into intervention or control groups. The intervention arm will receive a combination of oral deferasirox, oral deferiprone and subcutaneous deferoxamine for 6 months. The control arm will receive the combination of oral deferasirox and subcutaneous deferoxamine for 6 months. Reduction in iron overload, as measured by a reduction in the serum ferritin after completion of the treatment, will be the primary outcome measure. Reduction in liver and cardiac iron content as measured by T2* MRI and the side effect profile of trial medications are the secondary outcome measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for the study has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya (Ref. P/06/02/2023). The trial results will be disseminated in scientific publications in reputed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The trial is registered in the Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry (Ref: SLCTR/2023/010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Premawardhena
- Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
- Department of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Chamodi Perera
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | - Senani Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sachith Mettananda
- Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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2
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Salem A, Desai P, Elgebaly A. Efficacy and Safety of Combined Deferiprone and Deferasirox in Iron-Overloaded Patients: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e48276. [PMID: 38058350 PMCID: PMC10695738 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the established efficacy of iron chelation therapy in transfusion-induced iron-overloaded patients, there is no universal agreement regarding the choice of an optimal chelating regimen. Deferasirox (DFX) and deferiprone (DFP) are two oral iron chelators, and combination usage demonstrated effectiveness as an alternative to monotherapies in patients with a limited response to monotherapy. The present systematic review aimed to assess the evidence regarding the outcomes of combined DFP and DFX in iron-overloaded patients. An online search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases. Interventional and observational studies that assessed the outcomes of combined DFP and DFX in iron-overloaded patients were included. Eleven studies (12 reports) were considered in this meta-analysis. The studies included dual iron chelation strategies for a number of diagnoses. Single-arm studies (n =7) showed a reduction of serum ferritin, which reached the level of statistical significance in three studies. Likewise, most studies reported a numerical reduction in liver iron concentration (LIC) and increased cardiac MRI-T2* values after chelating therapy. Alternatively, comparative studies showed no significant difference in post-treatment serum ferritin between DFX plus DFP and DFX/DFP plus deferoxamine (DFO). The adherence to combination therapy was good to average in nearly 66.7-100% of the patients across four studies. One study reported a poor adherence rate. The combined regimen was generally tolerable, with no reported incidence of serious adverse events among the included studies. In conclusion, the DFP and DFX combination is a safe and feasible option for iron overload patients with a limited response to monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Levien Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, USA
| | - Payal Desai
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Charlotte, USA
| | - Ahmed Elgebaly
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of East London, London, GBR
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EGY
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3
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Lai Y, Cappellini MD, Aydinok Y, Porter J, Karakas Z, Viprakasit V, Siritanaratkul N, Kattamis A, Liu R, Izquierdo M, Lasher J, Govindaraju S, Taher A. An open-label, multicenter, efficacy, and safety study of deferasirox in iron-overloaded patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (THETIS): 5-year results. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:E281-E284. [PMID: 35560253 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Rong Lai
- Department of Hematology Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | | | - Yesim Aydinok
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Ege University Medical School Izmir Turkey
| | - John Porter
- Department of Haematology University College Hospital London UK
| | - Zeynep Karakas
- Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Vip Viprakasit
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine Siriraj Hospital Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Antonis Kattamis
- First Department of Pediatrics National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department of Hematology Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | | | - Janet Lasher
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation East Hanover New Jersey USA
| | | | - Ali Taher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
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4
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Barani M, Sargazi S, Hajinezhad MR, Rahdar A, Sabir F, Pardakhty A, Zargari F, Anwer MK, Aboudzadeh MA. Preparation of pH-Responsive Vesicular Deferasirox: Evidence from In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Evaluations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:24218-24232. [PMID: 34568700 PMCID: PMC8459436 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
pH-sensitive nanocarriers can effectively deliver anticancer drugs to tumors and reduce the adverse effects of conventional chemotherapy. In this light, we prepared a novel pH-responsive deferasirox (DFX)-loaded vesicle and comprehensively performed in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies to examine the properties of the newly synthesized formulation. Physiochemical assessment of the developed formulations showed that they have an average size (107 ± 2 nm), negative zeta potential (-29.1 ± 1.5 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (84.2 ± 2.6%), and a pH-responsive release. Using the molecular dynamics simulation, the structural and dynamic properties of ergosterol-containing niosomes (ST60/Ergo) in the presence of DFX molecules were analyzed and showed a good interaction between DFX and vesicle components. Cytotoxic assessment showed that niosomal DFX exhibited a greater cytotoxic effect than free DFX in both human cancer cells (MCF-breast cancer and Hela cervical cancer) and induced evident morphological features of apoptotic cell death. No marked difference between the ability of free and niosomal DFX was found in activating caspase-3 in Hela cells. Eight weeks of intraperitoneal administrations of free DFX at three doses caused a significant increase in serum biochemical parameters and liver lipid peroxidation. Treatment with 5 mg/kg dose of niosomal DFX caused a significant increase in serum creatinine (P < 0.05); however, other parameters remained unchanged. On the other hand, administration of niosomal DFX at the highest dose (10 mg/kg) significantly increased serum creatinine (P < 0.05), BUN, and serum liver enzymes compared to the control rats (P < 0.001). Based on the results, the application of pH-responsive DFX-loaded niosomes, as a novel drug delivery platform, may yield promising results in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Barani
- Medical
Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad
- Basic
Veterinary Science Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zabol, Zabol 9861335856, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department
of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 9861335856, Iran
| | - Fakhara Sabir
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory
Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics
Research Center, Nauropharmacology Research Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Farshid Zargari
- Pharmacology
Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical
Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 98135674, Iran
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Ali Aboudzadeh
- CNRS, University Pau & Pays Adour,
E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences
Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les
Matériaux, IPREM, UMR5254, 64000 Pau, France
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5
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Palagi L, Di Gregorio E, Costanzo D, Stefania R, Cavallotti C, Capozza M, Aime S, Gianolio E. Fe(deferasirox) 2: An Iron(III)-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging T1 Contrast Agent Endowed with Remarkable Molecular and Functional Characteristics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14178-14188. [PMID: 34432442 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The search for alternatives to Gd-containing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents addresses the field of Fe(III)-bearing species with the expectation that the use of an essential metal ion may avoid the issues raised by the exogenous Gd. Attention is currently devoted to highly stable Fe(III) complexes with hexacoordinating ligands, although they may lack any coordinated water molecule. We found that the hexacoordinated Fe(III) complex with two units of deferasirox, a largely used iron sequestering agent, owns properties that can make it a viable alternative to Gd-based agents. Fe(deferasirox)2 displays an outstanding thermodynamic stability, a high binding affinity to human serum albumin (three molecules of complex are simultaneously bound to the protein), and a good relaxivity that increases in the range 20-80 MHz. The relaxation enhancement is due to second sphere water molecules likely forming H-bonds with the coordinating phenoxide oxygens. A further enhancement was observed upon the formation of the supramolecular adduct with albumin. The binding sites of Fe(deferasirox)2 on albumin were characterized by relaxometric competitive assays. Preliminary in vivo imaging studies on a tumor-bearing mouse model indicate that, on a 3 T MRI scanner, the contrast ability of Fe(deferasirox)2 is comparable to the one shown by the commercial Gd(DTPA) agent. ICP-MS analyses on blood samples withdrawn from healthy mice administered with a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg of Fe(deferasirox)2 showed that the complex is completely removed in 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Palagi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Enza Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Diana Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Rachele Stefania
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | | | - Martina Capozza
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, Napoli 80143, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
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6
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Sedgwick AC, Yan KC, Mangel DN, Shang Y, Steinbrueck A, Han HH, Brewster JT, Hu XL, Snelson DW, Lynch VM, Tian H, He XP, Sessler JL. Deferasirox (ExJade): An FDA-Approved AIEgen Platform with Unique Photophysical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1278-1283. [PMID: 33428381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deferasirox, ExJade, is an FDA-approved iron chelator used for the treatment of iron overload. In this work, we report several fluorescent deferasirox derivatives that display unique photophysical properties, i.e., aggregation-induced emission (AIE), excited state intramolecular proton transfer, charge transfer, and through-bond and through-space conjugation characteristics in aqueous media. Functionalization of the phenol units on the deferasirox scaffold afforded the fluorescent responsive pro-chelator ExPhos, which enabled the detection of the disease-based biomarker alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The diagnostic potential of these deferasirox derivatives was supported by bacterial biofilm studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Kai-Cheng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Daniel N Mangel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Ying Shang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Axel Steinbrueck
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Hai-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - James T Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Xi-Le Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dylan W Snelson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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7
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Hsu KF, Wilkins SE, Hopkinson RJ, Sekirnik R, Flashman E, Kawamura A, McCullagh JS, Walport LJ, Schofield CJ. Hypoxia and hypoxia mimetics differentially modulate histone post-translational modifications. Epigenetics 2021; 16:14-27. [PMID: 32609604 PMCID: PMC7889154 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1786305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) to the tails of the core histone proteins are critically involved in epigenetic regulation. Hypoxia affects histone modifications by altering the activities of histone-modifying enzymes and the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) isoforms. Synthetic hypoxia mimetics promote a similar response, but how accurately the hypoxia mimetics replicate the effects of limited oxygen availability on the levels of histone PTMs is uncertain. Here we report studies on the profiling of the global changes to PTMs on intact histones in response to hypoxia/hypoxia-related stresses using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We demonstrate that intact protein LC-MS profiling is a relatively simple and robust method for investigating potential effects of drugs on histone modifications. The results provide insights into the profiles of PTMs associated with hypoxia and inform on the extent to which hypoxia and hypoxia mimetics cause similar changes to histones. These findings imply chemically-induced hypoxia does not completely replicate the substantial effects of physiological hypoxia on histone PTMs, highlighting that caution should be used in interpreting data from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Feng Hsu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sarah E. Wilkins
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J. Hopkinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rok Sekirnik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Flashman
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise J. Walport
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Protein-Protein Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Roatsch M, Hoffmann I, Abboud MI, Hancock RL, Tarhonskaya H, Hsu KF, Wilkins SE, Yeh TL, Lippl K, Serrer K, Moneke I, Ahrens TD, Robaa D, Wenzler S, Barthes NPF, Franz H, Sippl W, Lassmann S, Diederichs S, Schleicher E, Schofield CJ, Kawamura A, Schüle R, Jung M. The Clinically Used Iron Chelator Deferasirox Is an Inhibitor of Epigenetic JumonjiC Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1737-1750. [PMID: 31287655 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent JumonjiC domain-containing histone demethylases (JmjC KDMs) are "epigenetic eraser" enzymes involved in the regulation of gene expression and are emerging drug targets in oncology. We screened a set of clinically used iron chelators and report that they potently inhibit JMJD2A (KDM4A) in vitro. Mode of action investigations revealed that one compound, deferasirox, is a bona fide active site-binding inhibitor as shown by kinetic and spectroscopic studies. Synthesis of derivatives with improved cell permeability resulted in significant upregulation of histone trimethylation and potent cancer cell growth inhibition. Deferasirox was also found to inhibit human 2OG-dependent hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase activity. Therapeutic effects of clinically used deferasirox may thus involve transcriptional regulation through 2OG oxygenase inhibition. Deferasirox might provide a useful starting point for the development of novel anticancer drugs targeting 2OG oxygenases and a valuable tool compound for investigations of KDM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roatsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Inga Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Martine I Abboud
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Hancock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Tarhonskaya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kuo-Feng Hsu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Wilkins
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Tzu-Lan Yeh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Lippl
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Serrer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Isabelle Moneke
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-Partner Site Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Theresa D Ahrens
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 115a , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Nicolas P F Barthes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Henriette Franz
- Central Clinical Research, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 66 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4 , 06120 Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Silke Lassmann
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 115a , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-Partner Site Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Roland Schüle
- Central Clinical Research, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Breisacher Straße 66 , 79106 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg i.Br. , Germany
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