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Bodden JG, Needham RA, Chockalingam N. Comparing reach distance between the Y-Balance Test-Lower Quarter and Star Excursion Balance Test: Are practitioners using the correct protocol? Phys Ther Sport 2024; 69:84-90. [PMID: 39106605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare reach distances between the YBT-LQ and SEBT using the correct protocols as outlined by the developers. This will provide an accurate insight on the actual magnitude differences in reach distance between the movement screen tests and will safeguard practitioners on the subsequent use of these outcomes to inform clinical decision making. DESIGN Observational. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Participants included sixteen healthy female subjects from the university and amateur sports teams. MAIN OUTCOME Reach distances in the anterior direction (ANT), posterior medial (PM) and posterior lateral (PL) between participants on the YBT-LQ and SEBT. RESULTS The principal findings highlighted that a statistically significantly greater reach distance on the left and right side for the YBT-LQ compared to the SEBT in the ANT, PM, and PL directions (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the YBT-LQ and SEBT are not comparable tests due to the differences in reach distance and methodological differences. Therefore, previous, and future research using the YBT-LQ and SEBT cannot be used interchangeably. Not following developed guidelines questions the applicability of the findings of reach distance scores to infer on performance and assessment of injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Bodden
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Robert A Needham
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK.
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
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Ricotti L, Minuti T. Effects of padel activity and proprioception training on soccer players in an off-season period. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:737-748. [PMID: 38470014 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Off-season periods imply considerable changes in the fitness status of soccer players. So far, no studies evaluated the effects of proprioception-focused training during soccer off-season periods. In this work, we assessed how much some players' abilities (static and dynamic balance, reaction times, quickness, strength, and technical skills) were affected by proprioception training and padel activity during an off-season period of 12 weeks. METHODS Twenty-eight non-professional adult male soccer players were organized into three groups: a group carried out regular padel activity, ~2 h once a week. Another group underwent a regular proprioception training program, ~ 20 min, twice a week. The third group did not perform any specific activity (control). Static and dynamic balance, reaction times, quickness, strength, and technical skills were evaluated at three time-points: before starting, after 6 weeks, and after 12 weeks. RESULTS Both padel activity and specific proprioception training carried out for 12 weeks significantly improved players' monopodalic static balance with eyes open and dynamic balance. No significant effects of these training regimens were found on monopodalic static balance with eyes closed, visual and acoustic reaction times, acyclic quickness, and strength. Furthermore, proprioception training considerably improved technical skills. CONCLUSIONS Coaches may use padel activity and proprioception exercises for off-season programs featured by ease of execution, low training volume, and high compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy -
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy -
- Biostimulation and Function Recovery Lab, Fondazione Volterra Ricerche Onlus, Volterra, Pisa, Italy -
| | - Tommaso Minuti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Steele C, Valentin S. Intrinsic and extrinsic variables impacting upper quarter Y-balance test scores in sporting cohorts: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:183-194. [PMID: 38876624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The upper quarter y-balance test (YBT-UQ) is a functional screening tool used to detect musculoskeletal injury risk, aid rehabilitation, and monitor dynamic function, strength and control, yet little is currently known about intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence reach scores. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to determine if age, sex, or interventions influenced reach scores and whether between-limb differences were common in non-injured sporting populations, with a secondary aim to identify if sport impacted YBT-UQ reach. METHODS Web of Science, PubMed, and SportDiscus were systematically searched from January 2012 to November 16, 2023, revealing twenty-three studies satisfying inclusion criteria of published in English between 2012 and 2023, healthy participants of any age including both males and females, athletic populations, YBT-UQ use to assess upper limb mobility/stability, report normalised reach scores, and peer-reviewed full-texts. Methodological quality was evaluated via National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tools for controlled interventions, observational cohort and cross-sectional designs, and pre-post with no control group. RESULTS Age, sex, sport, and fatigue were influencing factors; greater reach scores were achieved in older athletes (i.e. >18 years), males, and in a well-rested state. Between-limb differences were not common in sporting populations; therefore, asymmetries may be useful for practitioners to aid injury risk identification. CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review investigating YBT-UQ influencing factors and thereby provides context for clinicians regarding characteristics that impact reach scores in sporting populations, from which normative values could be determined and further aid clinical decisions or areas to improve regarding injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Steele
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephanie Valentin
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
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Lim SJ, Kim HJ, Kim YS, Kim E, Hwang I, Kang JS. Comparison of the Effects of Pilates and Yoga Exercise on the Dynamic Balancing Ability and Functional Movement of Fencers. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:635. [PMID: 38792654 PMCID: PMC11123216 DOI: 10.3390/life14050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare and analyze whether Pilates exercise and yoga exercise help improve the performance of female fencers and prevent injury, and the dynamic balance test (LQ-YBT) and functional movement screening (FMS) test score of the elite adult female fencers were compared and analyzed as evaluation indicators. Participants were randomly classified into Pilates (n = 10) and yoga groups (n = 10), members of which took part in 50 min of exercise (5 min of warm-up, 40 min of main exercise, and 5 min of cool-down) twice weekly for eight weeks. The results obtained from this study were analyzed via independent t-test and 2-way ANOVA. The results were as follows: LQ-YBT measures (reaching distance) increased significantly for both groups, as did FMS scores (deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk-stability push-up, and rotary stability). These results suggest that Pilates exercise and yoga exercise might be likely effective in improving the performance of adult female fencers and injury prevention by increasing their dynamic balance ability and functional movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Lim
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunkuk Kim
- SRC Rehabilitation Hospital, Gwangju 62421, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju-Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
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Keller M, Niederer D, Schwesig R, Kurz E. Lower extremity movement quality in professional team sport athletes: Inter-rater agreement and relationships with quantitative results from the corresponding pattern. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:98. [PMID: 38685097 PMCID: PMC11059726 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate movement control and quality can be prerequisite functions for performance of the lower extremity. The purposes of our work were 1) to explore the agreement of an efficient test battery assessing qualitative movement execution and 2) to determine its consistency with quantitative performance tests from the corresponding movement pattern. METHODS The participants were professional male association football players competing in the first German Bundesliga. They performed four movement quality tests (Single-limb balance squat, Balance forward hop, Balance side hop, Balance 90° rotation hop) and the corresponding performance tests (Y-balance test, Forward hop for distance, Side hop test, Square hop test). Qualitative tests were judged by two experienced raters; the ratings were compared to determine inter-rater agreement using Kappa statistics. The relationship with the quantitative tests was determined using Spearman's rank correlations. RESULTS Thirty participants (19 to 33 years old) were included in this study. We found an at least substantial level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa, 0.64-0.84) with an excellent percentage of exact (83-93%) agreement between the two raters for the movement quality tests. Our findings revealed that the quantitative test results are only slightly related to the movement quality outcomes (ρ(27) <|0.3| and P > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Consequently, the qualitative test results provide unique information and complement corresponding quantitative performance tests in professional football athletes. Their observational judgement of foot position, lower limb alignment and upper body control in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes is agreeable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - René Schwesig
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Eduard Kurz
- OSINSTITUT Ortho & Sport, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany.
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Wiprich MT, Eberle EF, Balbinot GF, Cecconi MP, Binotti F, Tadiello GS, Bonetti LV. Evaluation of muscular and functional inter-limb asymmetries during mid-season in young male soccer athletes. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 38:605-614. [PMID: 38763615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify inter-limb asymmetries through the knee's muscular and lower limb functional performance in young male soccer athletes. METHODS Twenty male soccer athletes aged 17 to 19 from an under-20 team performed isokinetic tests at 60°/s., 120°/s., 180°/s., and 240°/s. To assess the knee extensors and flexors muscles and functional tests (hop tests and Y-balance test). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the dominant limb (DL) and non-dominant limb (NDL) in the knee extensors and flexors peak torque and hamstrings (H)/quadriceps(Q) conventional ratio. Moreover, no angular velocities observed inter-limb asymmetries seen by values higher than 10% in the isokinetic parameters. However, the H/Q conventional ratio shows borderline values in low angular velocities (60°/s. and 120°/s.). No significant changes were observed in the functional test performance between the DL and NDL. Furthermore, we did not see inter-limb asymmetries in both hop and Y-balance tests. On the contrary, the anterior distance reached was lower than found in the literature, and the composite score of the Y-balance test demonstrated values below the normative (>94%). CONCLUSION The data demonstrated that soccer athletes have muscular and functional inter-limb symmetry. However, they tend to have knee muscle imbalance in low velocities and dynamic balance deficits that might increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Talita Wiprich
- Postgraduate (Latu Sensu) in Trauma-Orthopedic and Sports Physiotherapy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Mitrousis I, Bourdas DI, Kounalakis S, Bekris E, Mitrotasios M, Kostopoulos Ν, Ktistakis IE, Zacharakis E. The Effect of a Balance Training Program on the Balance and Technical Skills of Adolescent Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:645-657. [PMID: 38045735 PMCID: PMC10690516 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Soccer is a complex sport, and balance appears to play a crucial role in the quality execution of technical skills, which are mostly performed while standing on one foot. Nevertheless, in younger ages, when learning still affects soccer performance, the effect of a balance-training program on the player's balance and technical skills remains unexplored. This research examined the effect of a balance-training program (BTP) on balance and technical skills of adolescent soccer players. Τhe participating volunteers were thirty-two soccer players (12-13 years old with 3.84 ± 0.95 years of practice), randomly separated into two groups: an experimental (EXP, n1 = 17) and a control group (CON, n2 = 15). Both groups were evaluated in static and dynamic balance and in technical skills (dribbling, passing, juggling, and shooting with dominant and non-dominant legs) before (Pre-condition) and after the intervention (Post-condition) which was an eight-week BTP for the EXP group and a placebo-training program for the CON group. Α 2 by 2 (groups×condition) mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the condition factor was used to assess possible differences between groups. A significant groups × condition interaction effect was found in dynamic balance (p = 0.008), static (p = 0.042), and shooting (p = 0.022) with dominant leg performance. The EXP group improved (p = 0.007) its static balance by 37.82% and also significantly improved its dynamic balance and shooting accuracy with dominant leg in Post condition by 24.98% (p = 0.006) and 83.84% (p = 0.006) respectively. No significant improvement of other variables was detected in the EXP group Post condition. Dynamic and static balance, and shooting with dominant leg skills can be improved in adolescent soccer players through a specialized 8-week BTP. Balance-training program may contribute to technical skill improvement in soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mitrousis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Bourdas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Bekris
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Mitrotasios
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Νikolaos Kostopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Ktistakis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Zacharakis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Kay J, Liotta ES, Sugimoto D, Heyworth BE. Assessment of Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction With Soft Tissue Autograft in Adolescent Athletes: Quadriceps Versus Hamstring Tendon. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231207113. [PMID: 38021299 PMCID: PMC10676070 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231207113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quadriceps tendon soft tissue autograft represents an increasingly popular graft option for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), particularly for adolescents, some of whom have an open physis, precluding use of graft options with bone plugs. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to quantify return-to-sport performance assessments in adolescents at 6 months after ACLR with all-soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft (ACLR-Q) versus hamstring tendon autograft (ACLR-HS). It was hypothesized that ACLR-Q would be associated with improved hamstring strength and hamstring-to-quadriceps (HS:Q) ratios compared with ACLR-HS, albeit with decreased quadriceps strength. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Included were patients aged 12 to 19 years who underwent primary ACLR by a single surgeon and who completed a return-to-sport performance assessment between 5 and 9 months postoperatively. The performance assessment included manual muscle strength tests (hamstring, quadriceps, hip abductor and adductor), dynamic balance test (Y-balance), and functional hop tests (single hop, triple hop, crossover hop, 6-m timed hop). Data were converted to limb symmetry indices, and limb symmetry index deficits were compared between the ACLR-Q and ACLR-HS cohorts using the Student t test or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Results An initial cohort of 90 ACLR-Q patients was compared with 54 ACLR-HS patients, with no significant differences in patient characteristics. Differences in meniscal repair rates, however, prompted use of propensity score matching on age, sex, body mass index, meniscectomy, and meniscal repair to produce comparable subcohorts. The matching resulted in 67 ACLR-Q and 52 ACLR-HS patients. Hamstring strength deficits were significantly greater in ACLR-HS versus ACLR-Q patients (-40.5% vs -5.7%; P < .001). Quadriceps strength deficits were significantly greater in ACLR-Q versus ACLR-HS patients (-12.8% vs -0.4%; P < .001). ACLR-Q patients had a significantly greater HS:Q ratio on the operative knee (P < .001) and significantly higher Y-balance composite score deficits (-2.9% vs -0.4%; P = .01) than ACLR-HS patients. There were no significant differences in hop test performance between groups. Conclusion Adolescent athletes who underwent ACLR-Q showed significantly greater quadriceps strength deficits but significantly smaller hamstring strength deficits than those who underwent ACLR-HS, leading to more favorable HS:Q ratios in ACLR-Q patients at 6 months postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Liotta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benton E. Heyworth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bartolomeu RF, Sampaio T, Oliveira JP, Barbosa TM, Morais JE. Association between the Upper Quarter Dynamic Balance, Anthropometrics, Kinematics, and Swimming Speed. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:96. [PMID: 37489309 PMCID: PMC10366733 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides recurrently assessed water-based parameters, there are also some individual characteristics that affect swimming performance that are not water related. In the past few years, dynamic balance has been associated with land sports performance. Conversely, evidence on this topic in swimming is scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between on-land dynamic balance and swimming performance. Sixteen young adults and recreational swimmers were recruited for the present study (8 males 20.8 ± 2.0 years, and 8 females 20.1 ± 1.9 years). A set of anthropometric features were measured. The upper quarter Y-balance test was selected as a dynamic balance outcome, and swimming speed as the swimming performance indicator. The results showed a moderate and positive correlation between dynamic balance and swimming performance (p < 0.05). Speed fluctuation was highly and negatively related to swimming speed (p < 0.001), i.e., swimmers who had higher scores in the dynamic balance were more likely to deliver better performances. This suggests that in recreational swimmers, the stability and mobility of the upper extremity had a greater influence on swimming performance. Therefore, swimming instructors are advised to include dynamic balance exercises in their land-based training sessions to improve their swimmers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul F Bartolomeu
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Sampaio
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João P Oliveira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Sklempe Kokic I, Petric K, Kuna D, Jelica S, Kokic T. Star Excursion Balance Test as a Predictor of Musculoskeletal Injury and Lower Back Pain in Non-Professional Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 37505616 PMCID: PMC10383250 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soccer is a sport with worldwide popularity but has a substantial risk of injury. Clinical screening tools are an important factor in strategies of injury prevention. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and injury and lower back pain (LBP) in amateur soccer players. The research was performed as a longitudinal cohort study on 42 amateur male soccer players with 15.8 ± 6.6 years of soccer playing (age: 25.5 ± 6 years). Participants were surveyed with regard to their soccer playing, injuries, and LBP, and the SEBT was performed. They were followed for 3.5 months. At the follow-up, an additional set of data regarding injuries and LBP was gathered. Significant differences were found in all directions and in the composite score of the SEBT between uninjured and injured players. Shorter distance in all directions and a lower composite score were associated with injury in general. Shorter distances in all but the anterior direction and a lower composite score were associated with lower extremity injury, and shorter anterior distance was associated with LBP. Amateur soccer players with lower SEBT scores are more prone to injuries in general, as well as injuries of the lower extremities. SEBT presents as a useful clinical screening tool in identifying amateur soccer players at risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Sklempe Kokic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Katarina Petric
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Danijela Kuna
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Stjepan Jelica
- Department of Health Studies, College of Applied Sciences, "Lavoslav Ruzicka" in Vukovar, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kokic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, County General Hospital Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
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Alkhathami KM. Using the Y-balance Test as a Predictor Tool for Evaluating Non-contact Injuries in University League Football Players: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e39317. [PMID: 37351231 PMCID: PMC10282161 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Football is a highly competitive sport, and participants can experience various contact and non-contact sports injuries in the sporting process. In any elite sport, screening players using different scientific tools is an important injury prevention strategy. The Y- Balance test (YBT) was found to be a predictive tool for non-contact injury. However, the use of criteria from these tests to predict injuries has not been substantiated and should be further investigated. Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the predictors for injury among athletes using baseline YBT, number of matches, and minutes of physical activity; the cutoff scores for predictors of injury, including baseline YBT, number of matches, and minutes of physical activity; and the clinical prediction rules for predicting injury in this population. Methods A total of 39 young student football players were included in this study. The mean age was 20.28 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 23.83 kg/m2. A baseline assessment of the participant's characteristics was taken and each participant performed the YBT once before starting the league. After the university league football players had finished their tournament, we asked them questions related to non-contact injuries. Results The results showed that the prevalence of injury was 17.95% among this population. An increase in the YBT score was significantly associated with a decrease in the odds of having an injury [odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94 (0.88, 0.99), p = 0.047). In addition, the number of matches was significantly associated with an increase in the odds of having an injury p = 0.012. However, the minutes of physical activity were not statistically significant p = 0.065. The highest Youden index was ≤97.89, with a sensitivity of 87.50% and specificity of 71.43%, for the posterior medial reach and ≤92.88, with a sensitivity of 90.62% and specificity of 57.14%, for the posterior lateral reach. The clinical prediction rule was an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88. Conclusions The results of the study provide evidence for the potential utility of the YBT as a predictor tool for evaluating non-contact injuries in university league football players. By identifying players with lower YBT scores who were at higher risk for injury, targeted interventions could be implemented to address functional movement deficits and potentially reduce injury risk.
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Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test Anterior Reach Asymmetry and Noncontact Lower Limb Injury in Subelite Young Male Soccer Players With Different Training Experiences. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Poor single-leg balance performance is associated with an increased risk of sustaining lower limb injuries in team sports. However, it is unclear whether this relationship is modified by the level of training experience (years of training experience). The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether soccer players’ single-leg balance performance is related to lower limb injuries in noncontact situations with different levels of training experience. Subelite young male soccer players performed the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test with the dominant and the nondominant leg at the beginning of the preseason. Due to COVID-19 rules, the occurrence of lower limb injuries during the second half of the competitive season was documented. The odds of injury were calculated based on a previously reported Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test cut-off score for side-to-side anterior reach difference (≥4 cm). Twelve soccer players sustained a lower leg injury in noncontact situations. Only four of them had an anterior reach difference equal to or above the cut-off score. Soccer training experience has no significant influence on the association between Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test anterior reach asymmetry and noncontact lower limb injury in young male players.
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Gasim ZK, Cengizel E, Günay M. CORE VS PLYOMETRIC TRAINING EFFECTS ON DYNAMIC BALANCE IN YOUNG MALE SOCCER PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Today, different types and volumes of strength training are used to increase the performance of athletes. However, the effect of this training on dynamic balance in young soccer players is a matter of curiosity. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of core and plyometric training on dynamic balance in young male soccer players. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male soccer players between 17 and 18 years of age participated in the study voluntarily. Subjects were randomly separated into three groups: core training group (C, n=6), plyometric training group (P, n=6), and control group (Con, n=6). Group C and P subjects participated in the determined training programs, in addition to soccer training, two days a week for eight weeks. The Con group only continued their soccer training. The Y-balance test (before and after eight weeks) was applied to determine the balance performance of the subjects. Results: After eight weeks of core training, significant differences in anterior (ANT) and posteromedial (PM) balance performance on the dominant side and in ANT, PM, and posterolateral (PL) balance performance on the non-dominant side were observed in group C subjects. The PL and PM balance performance of group P subjects after plyometric training was found to be significantly different on both sides. Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that applying core and plyometric training in addition to soccer training increases dynamic balance. We recommend that trainers and coaches use core and plyometric exercises in their training, as these programs will provide a positive performance increase in balance and gains in muscle strength. Level of Evidence III; Prospective comparative study.
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Lowe L, Castillo F, Gokun Y, Williams DK, Israel M, Yates C. Static and Dynamic Balance Assessment in Healthy and Concussed Adolescent Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:385-390. [PMID: 34596064 PMCID: PMC8958180 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the utilization of the Y Balance Test (YBT) alongside the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) during examination of healthy adolescent athletes (14-18 year old) as well as those with acute and chronic concussion. DESIGN A repeated-measures study of balance in a cross-sectional convenience sample of adolescents participating in high-school athletics. SETTING Data were collected on healthy athletes in their school setting for comparison purposes and on concussed athletes in the physical therapy rehabilitation center at the hospital. PARTICIPANTS Participants were a convenience sample of male and female athletes between the ages of 14 to 18 year old [180 healthy (111 male, 69 female) and 44 (28 male, 16 female) with concussion]. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS All participants were cleared for participation by preparticipation examination or by the treating sport medicine physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Healthy athletes performed the YBT, a dynamic assessment of balance. Athletes with concussion also performed the BESS, a static assessment of balance. RESULTS Means for each YBT reach direction were statistically different for both healthy males and females ( P < 0.05). Within both the acute and chronic subsets of the concussed sample, some participants performed over the median value for the BESS but not the YBT. CONCLUSIONS These data may suggest that dynamic balance testing in conjunction with static balance testing could be valuable in both the acute and chronic phases of concussion to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the necessary balance skills for athletic play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lowe
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Central Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Yevgeniya Gokun
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA
| | - David K Williams
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA
| | - Michael Israel
- Sports Medicine Clinic, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Charlotte Yates
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Central Arkansas, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA
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Assessment of lower extremity functional performance in young male volleyball athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jeon J, Lee J, Hong J, Yu J, Kim J, Lee D. Correlation of eccentric strength of the knee extensors and knee proprioception with dynamic postural control. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 35:309-316. [PMID: 34180403 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important for clinicians and researchers to perform dynamic postural control evaluation for predicting musculoskeletal conditions, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship (1) between the eccentric strength of the knee extensors and star excursion balance test (SEBT), and (2) between the knee proprioception and SEBT. METHODS Forty healthy young adults participated in this study. The eccentric peak torque (EPT) of the knee extensors, joint position sense, and force sense were measured. The participants also performed SEBT. Pearson's product-moment correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the variables and SEBT. RESULTS The posteromedial direction of the SEBT was positively and strongly correlated with EPT (r= 0.74, P< 0.01). The anterior and posterolateral directions were positively and moderately correlated with EPT (r= 0.46, P< 0.01, and r= 0.69, P< 0.01, respectively.). However, knee proprioception was not correlated with all the directions of SEBT (P> 0.05). According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, EPT of the knee extensors significantly predicted SEBT reach distances. CONCLUSION The eccentric strength of the knee extensors seems to be an essential factor in dynamic postural control. However, the knee proprioception did not show a significant correlation with SEBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Jeon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Rehabilitation Center of Dawoori Hospital, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jiheon Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jaeho Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jinseop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Dongyeop Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
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González-Fernández FT, Martínez-Aranda LM, Falces-Prieto M, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Exploring the Y-Balance-Test scores and inter-limb asymmetry in soccer players: differences between competitive level and field positions. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:45. [PMID: 35321733 PMCID: PMC8944159 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The postural stability seems to be important in the physical development of the soccer player and the specific tasks related to the game. In addition, it is related to the injury risk and therefore, with the injury prevention and retraining processes. In this context, the Y Balance Test (YBT) is presented as a tool to assess dynamic postural control.
Objective This study aimed to explore the differences and possible correlations in the YBT scores and inter-limb asymmetry for anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) directions by category and field position in soccer players.
Methods 173 males soccer players aged between 14 and 33 years old agreed to participate. Five categories and six field position were considered in this study. A standardised protocol was used at multiple clubs during the pre-season assessment of musculoskeletal function in soccer players. All the players performed the Y Balance Test (YBT) (official YBT Kit), assessing the dominant and non-dominant leg for three YBT directions (anterior-AN, posteromedial-PM and posterolateral-PL), inter-limb asymmetry and composite score. Results For AN, amateur and semiprofessional obtained the highest values for Dominant and Non-Dominant legs (Rangemean = 101.8–109.4%) and the lowest level in PRO players (mean: 62.0%). Concerning PM-PL, semiprofessional (Rangemean = 126.4–132.7%, dominant and non-Dominant respectively), followed by professional and amateur reported higher scores compared to youth categories. Inter-limb asymmetry showed higher values in lower age categories. The best composite scores were detected in semiprofessionals (Rangemean = 113.3–126.7% for dominant and Rangemean = 113.8–129.7% for non-Dominant leg), compared with the rest of the categories and for each field position evaluated. Conclusion Comparisons between field-positions revealed that centre-backs were worse than wingers and forwards. In order to explain variations in dynamic balance between competitive levels within the same age-group, special considerations about training programmes and related co-variables should be considered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00438-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, 52006, Melilla, Spain.,SER Research Group, CESAG, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013, Palma, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107, Murcia, Spain.,Human Movement Neuroscience Research Group (Neuromove), UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Moisés Falces-Prieto
- Research Center High Performance Soccer, Marcet Academy, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367, Ardabil, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, 81887-78473, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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Stoddard CA, Wang-Price S, Lam SE. Limb Dominance Does Not Affect Y-Balance Test Performance in Non-Athlete Adolescents. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:164-173. [PMID: 35136685 PMCID: PMC8805098 DOI: 10.26603/001c.30996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) has been shown to be reliable for assessing dynamic balance in children and adolescents. However, limited research is available about the effects of leg dominance on YBT-LQ performance in adolescents. In addition, there is no consensus on the use of maximum reach or mean reach distance being a better measure of YBT-LQ performance. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to determine if there is a difference in the YBT-LQ performance between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in non-athlete adolescents, and to compare the reliability of the maximum reach scores to that of the mean reach scores in this population. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Twenty-six healthy non-athlete adolescents (13.6 ± 1.0 years, 22 girls, 4 boys) performed the YBT-LQ on two separate days while the same investigator scored their performance. Paired t-tests were used to compare reach distances on dominant and non-dominate stance limbs. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) were calculated for the maximum and mean reach distances for three directions (anterior, posterolateral, posteromedial) and the composite scores on each limb. RESULTS There was no significant difference in YBT-LQ performance between dominant and non-dominant stance limbs (p > 0.05). Overall, the between-day intra-rater reliability for maximum reach and mean reach scores was moderate-to-good for both limbs (ICC3,1 = 0.59 - 0.83), but was poor for the composite score on the dominant limb (ICC3,1 = 0.42) and maximum anterior reach on non-dominant limb (ICC3,1 = 0.48). CONCLUSION Limb dominance does not seem to be a factor for YBT-LQ performance in this population. The YBT-LQ appears to be a reliable tool for dynamic balance assessment in non-athlete adolescents using the individual score of each direction. The use of mean reach measures seems to slightly improve reliability, specifically the anterior reach direction, in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2b.
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Acute Effects of Tissue Flossing Coupled with Functional Movements on Knee Range of Motion, Static Balance, in Single-Leg Hop Distance, and Landing Stabilization Performance in Female College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031427. [PMID: 35162447 PMCID: PMC8835546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Flexibility, specifically that in the amplitude of sagittal-plane range of motion (ROM), can improve jump landing patterns and reduce the potential for sports injury. The use of floss bands (FLOSS) reportedly increases joint range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder, ankle, and elbow joints. However, little research on the effectiveness of FLOSS on the knee joint has been conducted. This study investigated the effects of FLOSS on knee ROM, static balance, single-leg-hop distance, and landing stabilization performance in women. This study had a crossover design. Twenty active female college students without musculoskeletal disorders were randomly assigned to receive a FLOSS intervention or elastic bandage (ELA) control on their dominant knees. The participants underwent FLOSS and ELA activities on two occasions with 48 h of rest between both sets of activities. The outcomes were flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, how long one could maintain a single-leg stance (with and without eyes closed), distance on a single-leg triple hop, and score on the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS); these outcomes were evaluated at preintervention and postintervention (immediately following band removal and 20 min later). After the FLOSS intervention, the participants’ hamstring flexibility improved significantly (immediately after: p = 0.001; 20 min later: p = 0.002), but their quadricep flexibility did not. In addition, FLOSS use did not result in worse single-leg stance timing, single-leg triple-hop distance, or landing stabilization performance relative to ELA use. Compared with the ELA control, the FLOSS intervention yielded significantly better LESS at 20 min postintervention (p = 0.032), suggesting that tissue flossing can improve landing stability. In conclusion, the application of FLOSS to the knee improves hamstring flexibility without impeding static balance, and improves single-leg hop distance and landing stabilization performance in women for up to 20 min. Our findings elucidate the effects of tissue flossing on the knee joint and may serve as a reference for physiotherapists or athletic professionals in athletic practice settings.
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Effects of a Single Session of Floss Band Intervention on Flexibility of Thigh, Knee Joint Proprioception, Muscle Force Output, and Dynamic Balance in Young Adults. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112412052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The floss band (FB) has been correlated with increases in the joint range of motion (ROM). However, the literature on FB effectiveness in knee joint ROM and athletic performance remains sparse. This study investigated the effects of FB on the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, knee joint proprioception, muscle force output, and dynamic balance in men. Thirty recreationally active men without musculoskeletal disorders were randomized to receive FB (Lime Green; Sanctband flossband) and elastic bandage (EB) intervention on the dominant knee joint. Participants received two interventions on two occasions with 2 days of rest between interventions. The primary outcome was the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings; the secondary outcomes were knee proprioception (joint reposition angle error), knee muscle force output, and dynamic balance. Preintervention and postintervention (immediately following band removal and 20 min later) measurements were obtained. After FB intervention, hamstring flexibility (immediately: p < 0.001; 20 min later: p < 0.001) and quadriceps flexibility (immediately: p < 0.001; 20 min later: p < 0.001), quadriceps muscle force output (immediately: p = 0.007; 20 min later: p < 0.001), and dynamic balance (both immediately and 20 min later, p < 0.001) were significantly improved. Compared with EB intervention, FB intervention significantly improved knee extension ROM (immediately and 20 min later, both p < 0.001), knee flexion ROM (immediately, p = 0.01; 20 min later, p = 0.03), hamstrings muscle force output (20 min later, p = 0.022) and dynamic balance (immediately, p = 0.016; 20 min later, p = 0.004). Regarding proprioception, no significant difference among time points and conditions was observed. In conclusion, FB intervention can significantly improve the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, quadriceps muscle force output, and dynamic balance without impeding knee proprioception. Physiotherapists or athletic professionals may consider FB intervention as a potential tool as a warmup to enhance the flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, quadriceps muscle force output, and dynamic balance in young adults.
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Plisky P, Schwartkopf-Phifer K, Huebner B, Garner MB, Bullock G. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter: Reliability, Discriminant Validity, and Predictive Validity. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1190-1209. [PMID: 34631241 PMCID: PMC8486397 DOI: 10.26603/001c.27634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in dynamic neuromuscular control have been associated with post-injury sequelae and increased injury risk. The Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) has emerged as a tool to identify these deficits. PURPOSE To review the reliability of the YBT-LQ, determine if performance on the YBT-LQ varies among populations (i.e., sex, sport/activity, and competition level), and to determine the injury risk identification validity of the YBT-LQ based on asymmetry, individual reach direction performance, or composite score. STUDY DESIGN Systematic Review. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed of 10 online databases from inception to October 30, 2019. Only studies that tested dynamic single leg balance using the YBT-LQ were included. Studies were excluded if the Y-Balance Test kit was not utilized during testing or if there was a major deviation from the Y-Balance test procedure. For methodological quality assessment, the modified Downs and Black scale and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies (four in multiple categories) were included with nine studies assessing reliability, 36 assessing population differences, and 16 assessing injury prediction were included. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.85-0.91. Sex differences were observed in the posteromedial direction (males: 109.6 [95%CI 107.4-111.8]; females: 102.3 [95%CI 97.2-107.4; p = 0.01]) and posterolateral direction (males: 107.0 [95%CI 105.0-109.1]; females: 102.0 [95%CI 97.8-106.2]). However, no difference was observed between sexes in the anterior reach direction (males: 71.9 [95%CI 69.5-74.5]; females: 70.8 [95%CI 65.7-75.9]; p=0.708). Differences in composite score were noted between soccer (97.6; 95%CI 95.9-99.3) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p <0.01), and baseball (97.4; 95%CI 94.6-100.2) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p=0.02). Given the heterogeneity of injury prediction studies, a meta-analysis of these data was not possible. Three of the 13 studies reported a relationship between anterior reach asymmetry reach and injury risk, three of 10 studies for posteromedial and posterolateral reach asymmetry, and one of 13 studies reported relationship with composite reach asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS There was moderate to high quality evidence demonstrating that the YBT-LQ is a reliable dynamic neuromuscular control test. Significant differences in sex and sport were observed. If general cut points (i.e., not population specific) are used, the YBT-LQ may not be predictive of injury. Clinical population specific requirements (e.g., age, sex, sport/activity) should be considered when interpreting YBT-LQ performance, particularly when used to identify risk factors for injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Garrett Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford
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Nagamoto H, Yaguchi H, Takahashi H. History of ankle sprain affect the star excursion balance test among youth football players. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27:784-788. [PMID: 33160832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the results of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and lateral ankle sprain (LAS) among youth football players was investigated. METHODS The dominant leg and history of LASs were asked from 33 male youth football players. The SEBT in the anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial directions were measured for both limbs. The relationship between the history of LAS and reach difference over 4 cm between the dominant and nondominant legs in each direction was statistically analyzed. RESULTS The number of players with the history of LAS, whose dominant/nondominant reach difference was over 4 cm in the anterior direction, was significantly higher to that in players without a history of LAS in both the dominant (94% vs. 63%, p = 0.02) and nondominant (100% vs. 25%, p = 0.02) legs. CONCLUSION Youth football players with a history of LAS showed reach deficit in the anterior direction in the SEBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nagamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurihara Central Hospital, Japan.
| | - Haruki Yaguchi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Japan
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Bulow A, Anderson JE, Leiter JRS, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD. Safety and Effectiveness of a Perturbation-based Neuromuscular Training Program on Dynamic Balance in Adolescent Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1001-1015. [PMID: 34386279 PMCID: PMC8329312 DOI: 10.26603/001c.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent females are at much greater risk for ACL injury than their male counterparts when participating in the same sports. Preventative and pre-operative rehabilitation neuromuscular (NM) exercise programs are often recommended to improve knee function and reduce injury rates. The effectiveness of perturbation-based NM training program has been established in an adult population but has yet to be investigated in the at-risk adolescent female population. PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of a perturbation-based NM exercise program in a group of physically active adolescent females. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized trial. METHODS Twenty-four healthy and an exploratory group of 10 ACL-injured females (ages 12-18) were equally randomized into a perturbation-based NM training or control group and evaluated before and after a five-week intervention period. The primary outcome of dynamic balance was measured using the Y-Balance test (YBT); secondary outcome measures included lower limb strength, proprioception, and flexibility. RESULTS The perturbation-based NM training intervention was safely completed by all participants but had no significant effect on YBT scoring, lower limb strength, proprioception or flexibility in either the healthy or ACL-injured groups. CONCLUSIONS Perturbation-based NM training is safe, but may offer little preventative benefit for healthy or pre-operative rehabilitation benefit for ACL-injured adolescent females. Future research should examine whether the effectiveness of perturbation-based NM training is influenced by the length of the training intervention, training intensity, or when it is combined with other forms of prophylactic or pre-surgical rehabilitation frequently used with at-risk adolescent females who regularly participate in sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Peeler
- Human Anatomy & Cell Science, University of Manitoba; Pan Am Clinic
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Lisman P, Hildebrand E, Nadelen M, Leppert K. Association of Functional Movement Screen and Y-Balance Test Scores With Injury in High School Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1930-1938. [PMID: 30844987 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lisman, P, Hildebrand, E, Nadelen, M, and Leppert, K. Association of functional movement screen and Y-Balance Test scores with injury in high school athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1930-1938, 2021-The purpose of this study was to determine the association between functional movement screen (FMS) and Y-Balance Test (YBT) performance and lower extremity injury in a sample of male high school athletes. A total of 124 high school football (n = 89), lacrosse (n = 25), and baseball (n = 10) players underwent FMS and YBT before the start of their competitive seasons. Time loss lower extremity injury incidence data were tracked by each team's certified athletic trainer and used for analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the optimal cutpoints for FMS composite score (CS) and YBT measures, including CS and reach distance asymmetry for anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, for predicting injury. No cutpoints on the ROC curves maximized sensitivity and specificity; therefore, FMS CS and YBT measures (CS and asymmetry) were analyzed as continuous variables. Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sport revealed no significant associations between FMS CS and lower extremity injury (odds ratio [OR] = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-1.20). Similar findings were found for YBT asymmetry in all directions (ORs ranged from 0.98 to 1.08) and CS (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.95-1.04). There were also no significant associations between the presence of asymmetry and low score (score of 1) on any individual FMS test and injury. Overall, FMS and YBT were not associated with increased risk of lower extremity injury in this sample of high school athletes. These findings do not support the use of FMS and YBT as stand-alone injury risk assessments in high school athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lisman
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland
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Bakaraki A, Nastou E, Gkrilias P, Fousekis K, Xergia S, Matzaroglou C, Tsepis E. Preseason functional testing in young basketball players: asymmetries and intercorrelations. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:369-374. [PMID: 33935363 PMCID: PMC8079892 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The present study aimed to examine the existence and degree of possible
asymmetries of functional test performance and their intercorrelations in the lower
extremities of young basketball players. [Participants and Methods] Twenty-seven healthy
male basketball players (age: 15.52 ± 1.37 years) were examined for the symmetric function
of their lower extremities using triple hop for distance tests in the sagittal and frontal
plane (medial-lateral), the Y-balance test and a vertical jump test. [Results]
Participants exhibited statistically significant side-to-side differences in only the
medial triple hop test, as they jumped further on their non-dominant for stability lower
limb. No other asymmetries were observed in the rest of the functional tests. Significant
correlations were also indicated between the vertical jumptest and the three directions of
the triple hop test for both lower limbs. [Conclusion] Our findings proved that young
basketball players present a symmetrical picture of functional performance, as revealed by
the evaluation of various functional tests. The only significant asymmetric adaptation
observed in the medial triple hop test will have to be strengthened by future studies to
be implemented in injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrivi Bakaraki
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Patras: Psarron 6, Egio, Achaia 25100, Greece
| | - Eftychia Nastou
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Patras: Psarron 6, Egio, Achaia 25100, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Gkrilias
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Patras: Psarron 6, Egio, Achaia 25100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Patras: Psarron 6, Egio, Achaia 25100, Greece
| | - Sofia Xergia
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Patras: Psarron 6, Egio, Achaia 25100, Greece
| | | | - Elias Tsepis
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Patras: Psarron 6, Egio, Achaia 25100, Greece
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Bulow A, Bellemare A, Anderson JE, Leiter JRS, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD. Lower Extremity Kinematics of the Y-Balance Test in Healthy and ACL Injured Adolescent Females. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:381-392. [PMID: 33842034 PMCID: PMC8016411 DOI: 10.26603/001c.21529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent females are at significant risk for sustaining an ACL injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is frequently used to evaluate neuromuscular control and lower extremity function. However, few studies have quantified 2D lower extremity kinematics during performance of the YBT, and there is an absence of kinematic data specific to at-risk adolescent females. PURPOSE To examine lower extremity joint kinematics during execution of the YBT by healthy and ACL-injured adolescent females. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS Twenty-five healthy and ten ACL-injured (mean time from injury 143 days) adolescent females were assessed using the YBT. Sagittal and frontal plane knee and ankle motion was video recorded during execution of the YBT anterior reach movement. Ankle dorsi-flexion, knee flexion, and knee valgus angles were quantified via kinematic analysis. ANOVAs with a post hoc Bonferroni correction were used to compare YBT scoring (%LL) and kinematic data between groups. Pearson product-moment correlations determined the relationship between kinematic data and YBT scoring. RESULTS Healthy and ACL-injured subjects demonstrated similar YBT scores and lower extremity kinematic data. Healthy subjects demonstrated a weak positive correlation between ankle dorsiflexion and YBT scoring, and a weak negative correlation between knee valgus and YBT scoring. These relationships did not exist for ACL-injured subjects. Kinematic data for both groups also demonstrated a large degree of variability, regardless of YBT score. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent females frequently utilize a variety of lower extremity movement strategies when performing a functional movement task, and scoring on the YBT offers limited insight regarding lower extremity joint kinematics and ACL-injury risk in a physically active adolescent female population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Wilczyński B, Hinca J, Ślęzak D, Zorena K. The Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Jumping Tests among Adolescent Amateur Rugby Players. A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18010312. [PMID: 33406658 PMCID: PMC7795102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rugby is a demanding contact sport. In light of research, poor balance, reduced jumping ability, muscle strength, and incorrect landing patterns might contribute to the increased risk of injury in athletes. Investigating the relationship between tests assessing these abilities might not only allow for the skillful programming of preventive training but also helps in assessing the risk of injury to athletes. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dynamic balance, vertical and horizontal jumps, and jump-landings movement patterns. Thirty-one healthy amateur adolescent rugby players (age: 14.3 ± 1.6 years, height 171.4 ± 9.7 cm, body mass 80 ± 26 kg) participated in the study. Data were collected by the Y-balance Test (YBT), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), Single Leg Hop for Distance (SLHD), and Landing Error Score System (LESS). Significant positive correlations were found between SLHD both legs (SLHDb) and YBT Composite both legs (COMb) (r = 0.51, p = 0.0037) and between SLHDb and CMJ (r = 0.72, p < 0.0001). A relationship was also observed between the CMJ and YBT COMb test (r = 0.51, p = 0.006). Moderate positive correlations were found between the dominant legs in SLHD and the posterolateral (r = 0.40, p = 0.027), posteromedial (r = 0.43, p = 0.014), and composite (r = 0.48, p = 0.006) directions of the YBT. These results indicate that variables that are dependent on each other can support in the assessment of injury-risk and in enhancing sports performance of young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wilczyński
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-732-414-195
| | - Jakub Hinca
- Department of Physical Culture, Physiotherapy, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Daniel Ślęzak
- Departament of Medical Rescue, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Introducing an Activity-Based Balance Index for Soccer Players: A Validity and Reliability Study. Asian J Sports Med 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of introducing a new activity-based balance index using a triaxial accelerometer during activity. Methods: Twenty seven soccer players (age: 14.5 ± 0.4 years old, body mass: 58.3 ± 9.3 kg, height: 172 ± 8 cm) who participated in the national premier league were recruited. The participants were tested for their balance, activity, and skill in four tests: (I) one leg stance; (II) dynamic Y balance; (III) running; and (IV) dribbling slalom. The acceleration of the body was recorded using an accelerometer during those tests. By processing acceleration data, a new activity-based balance index (ABI) was calculated based on the velocity, acceleration, and position index of soccer players. Using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), reliability was calculated. Results: Reliability was high (ICC = 0.87 - 0.89; 95% CI = 0.77 - 0.93) in calculating ABI for the three activities performed in the tests. A significant positive correlation between ABI and both static and dynamic balance scores (r = 0.62, P = 0.002) was observed. Furthermore, negative correlation was found significantly between ABI and dribbling scores (r = -0.61, P = 0.026) and Y Balance test (r = 0.6, P = 0.002). Conclusions: In conclusion, the introduced ABI demonstrates great potential to determine balance and skill scores based on accelerometer-based measures.
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Schwiertz G, Beurskens R, Muehlbauer T. Discriminative validity of the lower and upper quarter Y balance test performance: a comparison between healthy trained and untrained youth. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:73. [PMID: 33292443 PMCID: PMC7713321 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background The Lower (YBT-LQ) and Upper (YBT-UQ) Quarter Y Balance Test have been widely used for the assessment of dynamic balance and shoulder mobility/stability, respectively. However, investigations on the validity of the two tests in youth are lacking. Therefore, we performed two studies to determine discriminative validity of the YBT-LQ (study 1) and the YBT-UQ (study 2) in healthy youth. Methods Sixty-nine male soccer players (age: 14.4 ± 1.9 yrs) and 69 age-matched untrained male subjects (14.3 ± 1.6 yrs) participated in study 1 and 37 young swimmers (age: 12.3 ± 2.1 yrs) as well as 37 age−/sex-matched individuals (age: 12.5 ± 2.0 yrs) took part in study 2. Absolute (cm) and relative (% leg/arm length) maximal reach distances per reach direction and the composite score of the YBT-LQ/UQ were used as outcome measures. One-way analysis of variance and the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis (i.e., calculating the area under the curve [AUC]) were conducted to assess discriminative validity. Results Concerning the relative values, youth athletes showed significantly better YBT-LQ (study 1: p < 0.001, d = 0.86–1.21) and YBT-UQ (study 2: p < 0.001, d = 0.88–1.48) test performances compared to age- and sex-matched untrained subjects. Further, AUC-values indicated a chance of ≥74% (YBT-LQ) and ≥ 71% (YBT-UQ) to discriminate between youth athletes and controls. These findings were confirmed when using the absolute data for analysis. Conclusions According to our results, the YBT-LQ and the YBT-UQ seem to be useful test instruments to discriminate trained and untrained healthy youth performance for dynamic balance and shoulder mobility/stability, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Schwiertz
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Beurskens
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, FHM Bielefeld - University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Dynamic Balance in Athletes With Intellectual Disability: Effect of Dynamic Stretching and Plyometric Warm-Ups. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:401-407. [PMID: 32871552 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Athletes with intellectual disability (ID) have a high risk of injury while participating in various sports. Warm-up (WU) is the most preventive measure to reduce injuries in sports. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of dynamic stretching WU (DS-WU) and plyometric WU (PL-WU) on dynamic balance in athletes with ID. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12 athletes with ID (age 24.5 [3.22] y, height 165.7 [8.4] cm, weight 61.5 [7.1] kg, intelligence quotient 61.1 [3.5]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) at pre-WU, post-WU, and 15 minutes post-WU for both the DS-WU and the PL-WU. A 2-way analysis of variance (3 sessions × 2 WU methods) with repeated-measures was used in this study. RESULTS Following the DS-WU, participants demonstrated significant improvements in the SEBT composite score post-WU (89.12% [5.54%] vs 87.04% [5.35%]; P < .01) and at 15 minutes post-WU (89.55% [5.28%] vs 87.04%, P < .01) compared with pre-WU. However, no significant difference between these two post-WU scores (post-WU and 15 min post-WU) was found. For the PL-WU, participants demonstrated a significant decrease in the SEBT composite score at post-WU (85.95% [5.49%] vs 87.02% [5.73%]; P < .05); however, these scores increased significantly at 15 minutes post-WU (88.60% [5.42%] vs 87.02% [5.49%]; P < .05) compared with that at pre-WU. The SEBT composite scores are significantly higher in the DS-WU than in the PL-WU at both post-WU sessions (P < .05). CONCLUSION Both DS-WU and PL-WU could improve dynamic balance and may be recommended as WUs in athletes with ID; however, particular caution should be exercised immediately after the PL-WU.
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Effects of Hoverboard on Balance in Young Soccer Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030060. [PMID: 33467275 PMCID: PMC7739259 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hoverboards are always more popular among children. Hoverboards are to them like a game or a mean of transport, but they could be used as a valid and useful instrument in children's training programs to improve their performance. In this study, we compared the athletic performance of two groups of 12 children. A total of 24 children aged between 8 and 11 years followed a similar training program for five months, but the first group used a hoverboard (Hb+ group: Age: Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.15 Mean = 9.66; Weight: SD = 5.90 Mean = 32; Height: SD = 7.64 Mean = 135.08) for some of the training time, differently from the second group (Hb- group: Age: SD = 1.15 Mean = 9.66; Weight: SD = 5.82 Mean = 31.16; Height: SD = 7.66 Mean = 136.16), which never used it. All of the children were asked to complete three tests (one leg test, stork test and balance beam walking test) before starting their own training program and after five months, to evaluate how their performances changed in terms of time. Comparing the recorded time difference between T0 and T1 of the Hb+ group with the same difference measured in Hb- group, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference (p value < 0.05) between these data for all three tests. Children who used the hoverboard in their training program achieved better result than children who did not use it. In the future, the hoverboard could help athletes to improve their performances, possibly applying it not only in football training, but even in other sports.
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Ondra L, Svoboda Z. Balance abilities of junior ice hockey players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:183-187. [PMID: 32734754 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural control is required during various fast-paced and offensive ice hockey actions, and therefore seems to be an important component in ice hockey performance. METHODS Data were collected from two ice hockey teams with differing performance levels. The higher-performance team consisted of 26 players (with ages of 16.3±0.9 y, heights of 178.26±6.71 cm, and weights of 74.3±9.6 kg). The lower-performance team consisted of 19 players (with ages of 16.2±1.8 y, heights of 176.11±9.81 cm, and weights of 68.7±13.9 kg). Each participant performed six unilateral stances under static conditions on a balance pad placed on a force platform and five bilateral stances under dynamic conditions using a wobble board placed on the force platform. RESULTS The higher-level players performed better in the unilateral static stance task in both the anterior-posterior direction and the medial-lateral direction (with a P value of P<0.001), and total velocity (P=0.001). The higher-level players also performed better in both the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions, and total velocity (with P value of P<0.001), in the bilateral dynamic stance task and therefore performed significantly better than the lower-level players. CONCLUSIONS Hockey players who possess a highly developed postural control strategy have a superior ability to compensate for unexpected postural disturbances and collisions, and thus possess a strong competitive advantage. Therefore, testing the balance abilities of hockey players under static and dynamic conditions may be useful for evaluating their competitive performance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ondra
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic -
| | - Zdenek Svoboda
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Adaptations of the Upper Body to Plyometric Training in Cricket Players of Different Age Groups. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:697-706. [PMID: 31141445 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuromuscular adaptations following exercise training are believed to enhance sports performance. While abundant research is available on adaptations of the lower body to plyometric training, little is known about adaptations of the upper body to plyometric training. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of plyometric training on neuromuscular adaptations in cricket players of different age groups. DESIGN Randomized parallel group active-controlled trial. SETTING Research laboratory, school cricket ground, and sports complex field. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-nine cricket players were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. INTERVENTIONS The experimental group was subjected to 8 weeks of medicine ball plyometric training held thrice per week. Neuromuscular adaptations were analyzed pretraining and posttraining in 3 age groups: <18, 18-25, and >25 years. Analysis of variance was used to ascertain the training effects between and within the 6 subgroups, that is, age group <18 years (control and experimental), age group 18-25 years (control and experimental), and age group >25 years (control and experimental). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle activation, upper body balance, upper body power, and muscle strength. RESULTS Out of 59, 55 participants completed the study. Subjects aged <18 years (adolescents) showed significantly greater improvements than those from the groups 18-25 years and >25 years (adults) on upper body balance and upper body power. Significant improvements were observed in the experimental subjects of all age groups on their muscle activity of biceps brachii, upper body balance, and upper body power following medicine ball plyometric training. CONCLUSIONS Though adolescent subjects were found to be more adaptive than adult subjects, experimental subjects showed significantly greater neuromuscular adaptations to medicine ball plyometric training than controls. These findings emphasize the need for coaches and athletic trainers to inculcate medicine ball plyometric exercises in training regimes of cricket players so as to improve their upper body performance.
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Singla D, Hussain ME. Variations in cricket players' upper body dynamic balance across different levels of competition. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 33:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2019-0015/ijamh-2019-0015.xml. [PMID: 32474453 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance ability has been associated with performance and injury prevention in athletes. Previous studies have investigated the differences in lower body dynamic balance abilities among male high school, collegiate and professional soccer players. OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences on the Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (UQYBT) in school, collegiate and employed cricket players. SUBJECTS Dynamic balance data were collected for school (SCH; n = 22), collegiate (COL; n = 19) and employed (EMP; n = 15) cricket players of Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India using the UQYBT standardized protocol. METHODS For the UQYBT, the participant reached with one hand in the medial, superolateral and inferolateral directions while maintaining three points of contact (other hand and both feet). The test was performed for both non-dominant and dominant hands. RESULTS The SCH group had the least medial reach distance than the other two groups (p = 0.010). Also, SCH players tended to exhibit a lower composite reach score than the other groups, but this difference was not significant (p > 0.05). No bilateral differences were observed among the three groups in any of the reach directions. CONCLUSIONS Upper body dynamic balance performance varied with the competition level. This may indicate that athletes' movement strategies may be different depending on the competition level and that normative values may need to be established for each competition level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singla
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-62, India
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India, Phone: +919899339816
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Pojskic H, McGawley K, Gustafsson A, Behm DG. The Reliability and Validity of a Novel Sport-Specific Balance Test to Differentiate Performance Levels in Elite Curling Players. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:337-346. [PMID: 32390727 PMCID: PMC7196740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Balance as a skill and task-specific capacity is considered an essential physical quality in curling, required for executing effective stone delivery. However, no testing protocols have been developed to test curling-specific balance in the delivery position. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, validity and usefulness of a newly-developed, curling-specific balance test (CSBT) which involved the delivery position. The secondary aim was to examine the differences between elite and sub-elite curlers for core strength and flexibility, which have previously been identified as important qualities in curling and determinants of balance. Twenty curling players (13 females aged 19 ± 3.1 years; 7 males aged 19.6 ± 2.3 years) from five Swedish super-league curling clubs were divided into two groups according to playing level: elite and sub-elite. Variables included body mass, body height, body mass index, age, playing experience, training frequency, plank test, sit and reach test, standing single-leg balance test (SLBT) and CSBT. The CSBT was executed on a multiaxial tilting balance plate while mimicking the curling delivery position (i.e., a deep lunge position with the front foot on the plate). The participants completed the CSBT on three separate occasions, with each test consisting of three, 20-s attempts. Both the relative and absolute reliability were good for the CSBT (ICC = 0.90; CV = 14.5%). The CSBT demonstrated good measurement usefulness, being sensitive to detect moderate changes that exceeded 0.5 times the test standard deviation. Construct validity of the CSBT was evidenced by the large discriminatory capacity to differentiate expertise level in curling players (t-test: 2.85, p < 0.01; large ES), irrespective of other physical capacities (e.g., flexibility and core strength). However, the elite and sub-elite players also differed in age, playing experience and training frequency. Content validity was confirmed by a weak correlation (r = 0.21; 95%CI: -0.26 to 0.60) between the CSBT and SLBT, which suggests that curling-specific and standing balance should be considered as independent and task-specific motor skills. In conclusion, the CSBT can be used as a reliable, valid and useful tool for the assessment of curling-specific balance performance. In addition, longer and more extensive involvement in curling training contributed to superior specific balance in elite curlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Pojskic
- Department of Sports Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kerry McGawley
- The Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- The Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
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Jadczak Ł, Grygorowicz M, Dzudziński W, Śliwowski R. Comparison of Static and Dynamic Balance at Different Levels of Sport Competition in Professional and Junior Elite Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3384-3391. [PMID: 29652679 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Jadczak, Ł, Grygorowicz, M, Dzudziński, W, and Śliwowski, R. Comparison of static and dynamic balance at different levels of sport competition in professional and junior elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3384-3391, 2019-The purpose of this study was to compare body balance control and balance recovery strategies of professional football players, representing various sports levels in static (eyes open, eyes closed) and dynamic conditions, both on the dominant and nondominant leg. Three groups of professional and junior elite soccer players were investigated: a PRO group (n = 52), a U-21 group (n = 55), and a U-19 group (n = 47). The study of body balance control was performed using a Delos Postural Proprioceptive System measurement tool. The analysis of the results showed an effect of group (p < 0.01) and leg significance (p < 0.95) in the dynamic test. Three-way analysis of variance (3 [group] × 2 [leg] × 2 [eyes]) of static test data showed that the main effect of eyes (p < 0.0001), group (p < 0.0001), and leg (p = 0.0092) and the 2-way interaction of eyes × group (p = 0.0003) were significant. To represent statistical significance, the cutoff value was set to be p ≤ 0.005 for all measures. Our results indicate the importance of evaluation and monitoring of dynamic and static balance on both legs, which allows for a comprehensive comparison of body balance control and the balance recovery strategy depending on the represented sport level. Our study indicates that the higher the sport level of football players (the PRO group), the better their balance, which may indirectly contribute to the prevention of injuries and more effective performance of any actions directly related to the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jadczak
- Department of Team Sports Games, University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Grygorowicz
- Research and Development Department, Rehasport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Robert Śliwowski
- Department of Team Sports Games, University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Rhodes D, Maden-Wilkinson J, Jeffrey J, Birdsall D, Alexander J. Measures of PHV and the effect on directional dynamic stability to identify risk factors for injury in elite football. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:568-573. [PMID: 32043345 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between peak height velocity (PHV) and dynamic balance (Y-Balance) versus non-peak growth to identify risk factors for non-contact lower limb injuries using a retrospective study design in elite youth footballers. METHODS Ninety-three elite category 1 academy football players completed Y-Balance assessment during the preseason screening assessment. Data in relation to Y-Balance and Peak Height Velocity measures was than analyzed retrospectively and correlated against injury audit data to identify relationships between the variables. RESULTS A significant correlation was identified between PHV and measures of directional dynamic stability utilizing Y-Balance assessment (P≤0.001). No significant correlations were identified between PHV and injury or injury and dynamic stability scores (P>0.05). Injury occurrence for players within predicted periods of PHV was represented as 45%, within the cohort contained within the study. CONCLUSIONS Evidently periods of growth and maturation within elite academy footballers has a detrimental effect on directional dynamic stability performance. However, caution must be taken with interpreting the significance of this relationship and the effect it has on injury occurrence. Consideration must be given to quantifying key etiological factors associated with injury during adolescence and refrain from reliance on measures of PHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Joe Maden-Wilkinson
- Everton Football Club, Finch Farm Training Complex, Finch Lane, Halewood, Liverpool, UK
| | - Josh Jeffrey
- Everton Football Club, Finch Farm Training Complex, Finch Lane, Halewood, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Birdsall
- Sport, Nutrition and Clinical Sciences, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jill Alexander
- Sport, Nutrition and Clinical Sciences, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK -
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Analysis of static balance performance and dynamic postural priority according to playing position in elite soccer players. Gait Posture 2019; 74:148-153. [PMID: 31525652 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Balance performance and postural priority are important components of motor skill development. No published reports have investigated the differences in static balance abilities and postural priority among professional soccer players according to field position. RESEARCH QUESTION We hypothesized that static balance as well as dynamic postural priority is influenced by playing position in professional soccer players. METHODS The study covered a group of 101 elite professional soccer players who were divided into six subgroups according to playing positions: goalkeepers (G) (n = 10), central defenders (CD) (n = 15), external defenders (ED) (n = 15), central midfielders (CM) (n = 23), external midfielders (EM) (n = 15) and forwards (F) (n = 23). All participants completed the Delos Postural System Test using the standard protocol. The tests were performed unilaterally on non-dominant (NL) and dominant leg (DL) under static conditions (with open and closed eyes) standing on a stable platform and under dynamic conditions on an unstable base. RESULTS In the static test with open eyes (ST OE) there were no statistically significant differences between the legs and positions. In the static test with closed eyes (ST CE), the differences are statistically significant only between positions. Players on the CM position have significantly higher differences than G. In the dynamic postural priority test (DPPT) there is a difference between positions and legs. In fact, the statistically higher differentiation refers to players in the CM position relative to ED, CD, EM and F. We noticed a significantly greater difference in the NL compared to the DL. SIGNIFICANCE Static balance performance and postural priority varied with playing position in elite soccer players. Midfield players have better postural priority than players in other positions. Professional soccer players present greater balance postural priority on the non-dominant leg.
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Mentiplay BF, Mosler AB, Crossley KM, Carey DL, Sakadjian K, Bodger R, Shipperd B, Bruder AM. Lower limb musculoskeletal screening in elite female Australian football players. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 40:33-43. [PMID: 31470356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report physical characteristics of lower-limb strength, endurance, range of motion, balance, and pain during adductor squeeze in elite female Australian Football (AF) players, and to examine the effect of limb dominance, previous AF experience, age, and previous level of sports participation on these characteristics. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Three elite AF clubs. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-five female players. All were aged ≥18, contracted for the 2018 season, and participated in pre-season training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The physical characteristic assessments included; pain on adductor squeeze, weight-bearing lunge, side bridge, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, and the modified star excursion balance test. RESULTS The adductor squeeze had low pain scores, with 93% of players scoring ≤2 on the numerical rating scale. Other assessment results were (mean ± SD): 10.8 ± 2.7 cm for weight-bearing lunge, 95 ± 39s for side bridge, 1.85 ± 0.23 and 1.85 ± 0.36Nm/kg for hip abduction and adduction strength respectively, and 92 ± 8% for the modified star excursion balance test. There was no clinically relevant effect of limb dominance, previous AF experience, age, or previous level of sports on physical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Physical characteristics for five assessments are reported. These data can be used for comparison purposes in the screening and clinical management of elite female AF players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Mentiplay
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia.
| | - Andrea B Mosler
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Kay M Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - David L Carey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Andrea M Bruder
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia
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Ruiz-Pérez I, Ayala F, Puerta JM, Elvira JLL, De Ste Croix M, Hernández-Sánchez S, Vera-Garcia FJ. A Bayesian Network approach to study the relationships between several neuromuscular performance measures and dynamic postural control in futsal players. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220065. [PMID: 31344068 PMCID: PMC6657865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between several parameters of neuromuscular performance with dynamic postural control using a Bayesian Network Classifiers (BN) based analysis. Methods The y-balance test (measure of dynamic postural control), isokinetic (concentric and eccentric) knee flexion and extension strength, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, lower extremity joint range of motion (ROM) and core stability were assessed in 44 elite male futsal players. A feature selection process was carried out before building a BN (using the Tabu search algorithm) for each leg. The BN models built were used to make belief updating processes to study the individual and concurrent contributions of the selected parameters of neuromuscular performance on dynamic postural control. Results The BNs generated using the selected features by the algorithms correlation attribute evaluator and chi squared reported the highest evaluation criteria (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]) for the dominant (AUC = 0.899) and non-dominant (AUC = 0.879) legs, respectively. Conclusions The BNs demonstrated that performance achieved in the y-balance test appears to be widely influenced by hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion ROM measures in the sagittal plane, as well as by measures of static but mainly dynamic core stability in the frontal plane. Therefore, training interventions aimed at improving or maintaining dynamic postural control in elite male futsal players should include, among other things, exercises that produce ROM scores equal or higher than 127° of hip flexion, 132.5° of knee flexion as well as 34° and 30.5° of ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed and extended, respectively. Likewise, these training interventions should also include exercises to maintain or improve both the static and dynamic (medial-lateral plane) core stability so that futsal players can achieve medial radial error values lower than 6.69 and 8.79 mm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
- Postdoctoral fellow from Seneca Foundation, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José Miguel Puerta
- Department of Computer Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jose L. L. Elvira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotherapy Area, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Vera-Garcia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
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Krysak S, Harnish CR, Plisky PJ, Knab AM, Bullock GS. FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT AND DYNAMIC BALANCE DISPARITIES AMONG VARYING SKILL LEVELS IN GOLFERS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019; 14:537-545. [PMID: 31440406 PMCID: PMC6670059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports medicine professionals have instituted easy to use on field screening tests to determine physical readiness and identify athletes who may have increased injury risk. Currently there is little research on fundamental movement and dynamic balance abilities in golfers. PURPOSE To examine differences in fundamental movement patterns and dynamic balance in varying competition levels in golfers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional Cohort. METHODS The Functional Movement ScreenTM (FMS), and Y-Balance Test Upper Quarter and Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ/UQ) were performed on middle school (MS), high school (HS), college (COL), and professional (PRO) golfers. The FMSTM was assessed for individual tests and composite score. The YBT-LQ/UQ reaches were averaged normalized to limb length. Statistical analysis was completed with a series of Kruskall-Wallis tests with Dunn's post hoc for the FMS™ and YBT-LQ/UQ asymmetries, and a series of ANOVAs, with Tukey's post hoc for the YBT-LQ/UQ reaches (p<0.05). Effect Size Indices (ESI) were also calculated to determine clinical relevance. RESULTS A total of 53 MS, 129 HS, 207 COL, and 29 PRO golfers were included in this study. Significant differences were observed between COL and HS in two FMS™ tests (push up; p=0.001), active straight leg raise; p=0.0019). PRO golfers YBT-LQ posteromedial reaches were greater than MS (p=0.0127, ESI = 4.3552). PRO YBT-UQ medial reaches were greater than COL (p<0.0001, ESI = 0.8915), HS (p<0.0001, ESI = 1.2640) and MS (p<0.001, ESI = 1.4218). PRO inferolateral (IL) and superoloateral (SL) reaches were greater [IL: COL (p=0.0427, ESI = 0.4413), HS (p=0.0002, ESI = 0.5851)], [SL: COL (p=0.0005, ESI = 0.5990), HS (p=0.0004, ESI = 0.6068)]. YBT-UQ composite scores were greater for PRO compared to COL (p<0.0001, ESI = 0.7657), HS (p<0.0001, ESI = 0.8161) and MS (p<0.0001, ESI = 1.085). CONCLUSIONS Differences were observed in golfer's fundamental movement patterns in relationship to competition level. These data can be utilized to design personalized training programs that focus to improve movement quality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip J. Plisky
- University of Evansville, Department of Physical Therapy, Evansville, IN
| | - Amy M. Knab
- Queens University of Charlotte, Kinesiology Department, Charlotte, NC
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Association of pre-season musculoskeletal screening and functional testing with sports injuries in elite female basketball players. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9286. [PMID: 31243317 PMCID: PMC6595006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Basketball is one of the most popular sports in Lithuania, and participation in women’s basketball is on the rise. Pre-participation examinations, including musculoskeletal screening and functional performance testing, is an essential part of a multidisciplinary approach to prevent future injuries. Because the lower extremities are the most commonly-injured body area in basketball players. Assessing fundamental movement qualities is of utmost importance. The aim of our study was to determine if functional tests can predict sports injuries in elite female basketball players. A total of 351 records for professional female basketball players were screened during 2013–2016 season. We analysed functional characteristics before the season and used functional performance tests for injury risk assessment: the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), the lower quarter Y Balance test (YBT-LQ) and the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS). Data from 169 players’ records were analysed: 77 of them made it to the end of season without injury, making up the non-injured group, while 92 of them suffered lower limb sport injuries during the sport season (injury group). Student’s t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used to determine differences between groups. The most commonly encountered sports injuries in our population were those of knee 40.2% and ankle 38%. The injury group had a lower total FMS score (p = 0.0001) and higher total LESS score (p = 0.028) than non-injury group. The dynamic balance of lower limbs was similar in both groups. Imperfect functional movement patterns and poor jump-landing biomechanics during pre-season screening were associated with lower extremity injuries in elite female basketball players. Impairments of dynamic stability in the lower extremities were not associated with injury rates in our population. A combination of functional tests can be used for injury risk evaluation in female basketball players.
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Bulow A, Anderson JE, Leiter JR, MacDonald PB, Peeler J. THE MODIFIED STAR EXCURSION BALANCE AND Y-BALANCE TEST RESULTS DIFFER WHEN ASSESSING PHYSICALLY ACTIVE HEALTHY ADOLESCENT FEMALES. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019; 14:192-203. [PMID: 30997272 PMCID: PMC6449011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) and Y-Balance Test (YBT) are two common methods for clinical assessment of dynamic balance. Clinicians often use only one of these test methods and one outcome factor when screening for lower extremity injury risk. Dynamic balance scores are known to vary by age, sex and sport. The physically active adolescent female is at high risk for sustaining lower extremity injuries, specifically to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Thus clarity regarding the use of dynamic balance testing results in adolescent females is important. To date, no studies have directly compared the various outcome factors between these two dynamic balance tests for this population. PURPOSE To determine if there was an association between the mSEBT and YBT scores for measured reach distances, calculated composite score and side-to-side limb asymmetry in the ANT direction in physically active healthy adolescent females. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Twenty-five healthy, physically active female adolescents (mean age, 14.0 ± 1.3 years) participated. Reach distances, a composite score and side-to-side limb asymmetry for the mSEBT and YBT, for each limb, were compared and examined for correlation. RESULTS There were significant differences and moderate to excellent relationships between the measured reach directions between the mSEBT and the YBT. Injury risk classification, based on limb asymmetry in the anterior reach direction, differed between the tests. However, the calculated composite scores from the two tests did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Performance scores on a particular reach direction should not be used interchangeably between the mSEBT and YBT in physically active adolescent females, and should not be compared to previously reported values for other populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Fontes ADS, Santos MS, Almeida MBD, Marín PJ, Silva DRPD, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Inter-day reliability of the Upper Body Test for shoulder and pelvic girdle stability in adults. Braz J Phys Ther 2019; 24:161-166. [PMID: 30872005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a limited number of tests for the assessment of shoulder and pelvic girdle stability. Reliable instruments are important to evaluate movement dysfunction at these joints in order to provide more objective parameters. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the inter-day reliability of the Upper Body Test in young adults. METHODS A reliability study was carried out with three assessments of the shoulder and pelvic girdle stability within 48-h intervals (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). The OctoBalance® platform was used to perform the Upper Body Test in 31 active young adults (24.5±8 years). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,2) two-way mixed model, Coefficient of Variation, and Bland-Altman plots were used to verify the reliability of the test. The standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimum detectable difference (MDD95%) were calculated for clinical applicability. RESULTS The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ranged from 0.87 to 0.94 - Featuring a mean difference of 0.89 (95%CI=-0.19-1.97) to left and 0.95 (95%CI=-0.38-2.27) for the right side, with a low variation coefficient (3.31-5.91%) between the second and third days of assessment. There was a statistically significant difference between the first assessment day and the other test sessions. The Bland-Altman analyses revealed low bias with scores within the limits of agreement. Minimum detectable difference scores were between 4.02 and 5.10, and standard error of measurement between 1.75 and 2.72, depending on the movement side. CONCLUSION The Upper Body Test presented good inter-day reliability for assessing the stability of the shoulder and pelvic girdle in young active healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dos Santos Fontes
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Marta Silva Santos
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bezerra de Almeida
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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López-Valenciano A, Ayala F, De Ste Croix M, Barbado D, Vera-Garcia FJ. Different neuromuscular parameters influence dynamic balance in male and female football players. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:962-970. [PMID: 30088029 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the relationship between several parameters of neuromuscular performance with unilateral dynamic balance measured through the Y-Balance test, as well as to determine the possible sex-related differences. METHODS The Y-Balance test, isokinetic (concentric and eccentric) knee flexion and extension strength, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, lower extremity joint range of motion (ROM) (hip, knee and ankle) and core stability were assessed in male (n = 88) and female (n = 44) professional football players. A stepwise multivariate linear least square regression with backward elimination analysis was carried out to identify a group of factors that were independently associated with balance performance in both sexes. RESULTS Passive hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed ROM were the main factors that retained a significant association to dominant (R2 = 23.1) and non-dominant (R2 = 33.5) balance scores for males. For females, core stability, hip abduction isometric peak torque, passive hip abduction and ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed ROM variables retained a significant association with balance scores for both, dominant (R2 = 38.2) and non-dominant (R2 = 46.9) legs. CONCLUSIONS Training interventions aimed at improving or maintaining unilateral dynamic balance in male football players should include, among other things, stretching exercises for the posterior chain of the lower extremity. However, females should also include exercises for strength and mobility of the hip abductors and core stability (especially in the frontal plane). This knowledge would allow clinicians and sport practitioners to develop more effective and tailored unilateral dynamic balance training interventions in male and female football players, possibly improving performance and reducing the risk of injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López-Valenciano
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - F Ayala
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - M De Ste Croix
- School of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Care, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - D Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - F J Vera-Garcia
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Muehlbauer T, Schwiertz G, Brueckner D, Kiss R, Panzer S. Limb Differences in Unipedal Balance Performance in Young Male Soccer Players with Different Ages. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010020. [PMID: 30641997 PMCID: PMC6359298 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In soccer, the dominant leg is frequently used for passing and kicking while standing on the non-dominant leg. Consequently, postural control in the standing leg might be superior compared to the kicking leg and is further enhanced with increasing age (i.e., level of playing experience). Unfortunately, leg differences in postural control are associated with an increased risk of injuries. Thus, we examined differences between limbs in unipedal balance performance in young soccer players at different ages. Performance in the Lower Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-LQ) of the dominant and non-dominant leg and anthropometry was assessed in 76 young male soccer players (under-13 years [U13]: n = 19, U15: n = 14, U17: n = 21, U19: n = 22). Maximal reach distances (% leg length) and the composite scores were used for further analyses. Statistical analyses yielded no statistically significant main effects of leg or significant Leg × Age interactions, irrespective of the measure investigated. However, limb differences in the anterior reach direction were above the proposed cut-off value of >4 cm, which is indicative of increased injury risk. Further, statistically significant main effects of age were found for all investigated parameters, indicating larger reach distances in older (U19) compared to younger (U13) players (except for U15 players). Although reach differences between legs were non-significant, the value in the anterior reach direction was higher than the cut-off value of >4 cm in all age groups. This is indicative of an increased injury risk, and thus injury prevention programs should be part of the training of young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Schwiertz
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dennis Brueckner
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Kiss
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, FHM Bielefeld-University of Applied Sciences, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Stefan Panzer
- Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Bullock GS, Arnold TW, Plisky PJ, Butler RJ. Basketball Players' Dynamic Performance Across Competition Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3528-3533. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Functional movement screen and Y-Balance test scores across levels of American football players. Biol Sport 2018; 35:253-260. [PMID: 30449943 PMCID: PMC6224853 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.77825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated differences in functional movement assessment performance across scholastic levels of competition. This study examined Functional Movement Screen (FMS) performance in middle school (MS), high school (HS) and collegiate (COL) American football players and Y-Balance test (YBT) scores in MS and HS players. Functional movement measurements were collected for MS (N = 29; age = 12.8 ± 0.7 years), HS (N =52; age = 15.7 ± 1.2 years), and COL (N =77; age = 19.9 ± 1.4 years) football players prior to each group’s competitive season. Differences in composite FMS and YBT measurements were examined using Welch’s ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U-tests, respectively. Chi-square analyses examined normality of score distributions for individual FMS tests. The MS group displayed a lower composite FMS (12.9 ± 1.9) than both HS (14.0 ± 1.7) and COL (14.1 ± 2.1) groups (p = 0.019). COL players scored significantly lower on the Shoulder Mobility (SM) but higher on the Deep Squat (DS), In-line Lunge (ILL), Active Straight-Leg Raise (ASLR) and Push-Up (PU) than both HS and MS groups. No differences were found between MS and HS groups for any YBT normalized reach distances and side-to-side reach distance differences. FMS performance varied with football competition level whereas YBT performance did not. The results suggest that football competition levels normative data and injury-risk thresholds should be established when using FMS scores to guide performance and injury prevention programming.
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Pau M, Porta M, Arippa F, Pilloni G, Sorrentino M, Carta M, Mura M, Leban B. Dynamic postural stability, is associated with competitive level, in youth league soccer players. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 35:36-41. [PMID: 30419410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of competitive level on dynamic postural stability in young elite and sub-elite soccer players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-four male soccer players of Under 16 and Under 17 categories (mean age 15.9 ± 0.6), divided into two groups who regularly compete at national (n = 28) and regional (n = 26) levels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dynamic Postural Stability Index (DPSI) and vertical Time to Stabilization (vTTS) for a forward-jump landing. Static postural sway was calculated on the basis of center-of-pressure trajectories for a 20 s one-legged stance. RESULTS Players at national level exhibit better dynamic postural control than those at regional level, as indicated by the significantly lower DPSI (0.327 vs. 0.373, p < 0.001) and vTTS (0.887 vs. 1.158 s, p = 0.003). In contrast, no differences between groups were found in any of the postural sway parameters for the static test. CONCLUSIONS Young soccer players at national level are characterized by better balance performance in terms of faster and more efficient stabilization after a forward jump, while one-leg static standing tests appear not challenging enough to reveal differences in balance abilities associated with the combination of superior technical and physical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Pau
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Micaela Porta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federico Arippa
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pilloni
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Sorrentino
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Carta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Leban
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Gkrilias P, Zavvos A, Fousekis K, Billis E, Matzaroglou C, Tsepis E. Dynamic balance asymmetries in pre-season injury-prevention screening in healthy young soccer players using the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test-a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:1141-1144. [PMID: 30214113 PMCID: PMC6127494 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate whether young players
with no history of injury, have developed early asymmetries in dynamic balance ability
tested via the recommended for screening in sports, Modified Star Excursion Balance Test
(MSEBT). [Participants and Methods] Twenty-four young healthy male soccer players
participated in the study having at least 4 years of systematic soccer training. The
Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire was used to discriminate the stability dominant leg
(STAB) from the non-stability dominant leg (NSTAB). Dynamic balance was assessed via the
MSEBT. Participants, after familiarization, made 3 attempts in each direction for both
legs: a) Anterior (AN), b) Posterolateral (PL) and c) Posteromedial (PM). [Results] The
sole statistically significant performance asymmetry was in the PL direction, in favor of
the STAB (94.5 ± 13.3 cm vs. 98.1 ± 10.4 cm). [Conclusion] The results of this pilot study
showed a potential for developing dynamic balance asymmetries, in soccer players at the
age of 13–14 years. Since asymmetry was significant in only one direction, further long
term monitoring would be helpful to evaluate whether this is a growing functional deficit,
potentially involving any of the other two directions of testing or if it is alleviated
with increasing training age. These asymmetries could comprise an injury risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Gkrilias
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zavvos
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Evdokia Billis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Charalampos Matzaroglou
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
| | - Elias Tsepis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Welfare, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Western Greece: Psarron 6, Aigio Achaias 25100, Greece
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