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Cho YK, Kim KS, Lee BW, Hong JH, Yu JM, Lim S, Kim YA, Lee CB, Kim SS, Kwak SH, Lee WJ. Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Add-on in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Metformin and Dapagliflozin: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study. Clin Ther 2024:S0149-2918(24)00198-X. [PMID: 39068060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety profile of pioglitazone compared with placebo (PBO) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin. METHODS In this prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, PBO-controlled trial, 366 patients with T2D who did not meet glycemic targets (7.0% ≤ glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≤ 10.5%), despite treatment with metformin ≥1000 mg and dapagliflozin 10 mg, received either a PBO, 15 mg of pioglitazone daily (PIO15), or 30 mg of pioglitazone daily (PIO30). The primary end point was the mean change in HbA1c from baseline at 24 weeks across the groups. FINDINGS For the 366 participants (PBO, n = 124; PIO15, n = 118; PIO30, n = 124), the mean age was 55.6 years and mean duration of diabetes was 8.7 years, with a baseline HbA1c of 7.9%. After 24 weeks, HbA1c reduced significantly in the PIO15 and PIO30 groups from baseline, with intergroup differences of -0.38% and -0.83%, respectively, compared with the PBO group. The proportion of patients with HbA1c levels <7% was significantly higher in the PIO15 and PIO30 groups than in the PBO group. The adverse event rates did not significantly differ across the groups, indicating favorable safety profiles for triple combination therapy using metformin, dapagliflozin, and pioglitazone. IMPLICATIONS The addition of pioglitazone as a third oral antidiabetic medication is an appropriate option for patients with T2D inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin based on the resulting significant efficacy in glycemic control and favorable safety profile. CLINICALTRIALS gov identifier: NCT04885712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Asan Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwa Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye An Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Beom Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Je Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Asan Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yu P, Wang W, Guo W, Cheng L, Wan Z, Cheng Y, Shen Y, Xu F. Pioglitazone-Enhanced Brown Fat Whitening Contributes to Weight Gain in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:595-604. [PMID: 37729949 DOI: 10.1055/a-2178-9113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pioglitazone is an insulin sensitizer used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks after a 16-week high-fat diet (HFD) challenge. Body weight gain, body fat mass, energy intake, and glucose homeostasis were measured during or after the treatment. Histopathology was observed by hematoxylin and eosin, oil red O, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. Expression of thermogenic and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS After 4-week pioglitazone treatment, the fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity were significantly improved, but the body weight gain and fat mass were increased in DIO mice. Compared with the HFD group, pioglitazone did not significantly affect the weights of liver and WAT in both subcutaneous and epididymal regions. Unexpectedly, the weight of BAT was increased after pioglitazone treatment. Histological staining revealed that pioglitazone ameliorated hepatic steatosis, reduced the adipocyte size in WAT, but increased the adipocyte size in BAT. CONCLUSION Though pioglitazone can promote lipolysis, thermogenesis, and mitochondrial function in WAT, it leads to impaired thermogenesis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in BAT. In conclusion, pioglitazone could promote the browning of WAT but led to the whitening of BAT; the latter might be a new potential mechanism of pioglitazone-induced weight gain during T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaojian Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wanrong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lidan Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiping Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanglei Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunfeng Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Institute for the Study of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
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Effects of Glimepiride Combined with Recombinant Human Insulin Injection on Serum IGF-1, VEGF and TRACP-5b Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4718087. [PMID: 35571731 PMCID: PMC9106459 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4718087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to explore the effect of glimepiride combined with recombinant human insulin injection on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) and oxidative stress levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 217 patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated in our hospital from November 2018 to March 2020 were selected and divided into control group and treatment group. The control group was treated with glimepiride (n = 107). The study group was given glimepiride and recombinant human insulin injection) (n = 107). The levels of blood glucose, blood lipids, IGF-1, VEGF, TRACP-5b, and oxidative stress in the two groups were measured, respectively. We summarize the main results as follows. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2h postprandial blood glucose (2hBG), serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), serum malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), VEGF, and TRACP-5b levels were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the degree of reduction in the study group was greater than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of insulin (INS), insulin beta cell function index (HOMA-beta), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and IGF-1 were significantly higher than those before treatment. Further, the study group demonstrated better results than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Glimepiride combined with recombinant human insulin injection can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce insulin resistance, significantly reduce glucose and lipids in patients, reduce the occurrence of oxidative stress, promote the secretion of oxidative resistance enzymes, lower the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), reduced the formation of new blood vessels, and inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. Additionally, we found out that glimepiride combined with recombinant human insulin injection had a good prognosis for patients; it significantly reduced the bone resorption marker TRACP-5b and prevented the occurrence of complications such as osteoporosis. The combined use of the two is more effective than glimepiride alone. In conclusion, glimepiride combined with recombinant human insulin injection has higher application value in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Compliance with Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals in a Middle-Income Region: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040814. [PMID: 35453862 PMCID: PMC9024646 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stricter control of risk factors has been pursued as a compelling strategy to mitigate cardiovascular events (CVE) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) individuals. However, the achievement rate of the recommended goals has remained low in clinical practice. This study investigated the 2019 ESC guideline recommendation attainment among T2D individuals enrolled in a national cohort held in Brazil. Data from 1030 individuals (mean age: 58 years old; 54% male; mean T2D duration: 9.7 years) were analyzed. The control rates were 30.6% for SBP, 18.8% for LDL-C, and 41% for A1c, and only 3.2% of the study participants met all three targets. Statins and high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy prescription rates were 45% and 8.2%, respectively. Longer T2D duration and those at higher CV risk were less likely to be controlled. Longer diabetes duration and higher CV risk were inversely related to the chance of achieving the recommended targets. Treatment escalation using conventional therapies would be sufficient to gain optimal control in most of the study sample. In conclusion, a minimal proportion of T2D individuals comply with guidelines-oriented CV prevention targets. Given the significant burden of the disease, and the substantial effect size predicted for these therapies, bridging this gap between guidelines and clinical practice should be considered an urgent call to public health managers.
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G KK, Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy P, Ammu V V V RK, Vishwanath K, Narenderan ST, Babu B, Krishnaveni N. Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for pioglitazone: application towards pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study in rats. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11437-11443. [PMID: 35423625 PMCID: PMC8695949 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to measure pioglitazone (PGZ) concentrations in rat plasma and tissues. The chromatographic separation was achieved by using a YMC Pro C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3μ) with a mobile phase consisting of formic acid (0.1% v/v) and acetonitrile (5 : 95) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min−1 and injection volume of 10 μL (IS: rosiglitazone). Mass spectrometric detection was done using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using the ESI interface operating in a positive ionization mode. The developed method was validated over a linearity range of 1–500 ng mL−1 with detection and a lower quantification limit of 0.5 ng mL−1 and 1 ng mL−1. The method accuracy ranged from 95.89–98.78% (inter-day) & 93.39–97.68% (intra-day) with a precision range of 6.09–8.12% for inter-day & 7.55–9.87% for intra-day, respectively. The PGZ shows the highest Cmax of 495.03 ng mL−1 in plasma and the lowest Cmax, 24.50 ± 2.71 ng mL−1 in bone. The maximum Tmax of 5.00 ± 0.49 h was observed in bone and a minimum of 1.01 ± 0.05 h in plasma. The AUC(0–24 h and 0–∞) values are highest in plasma (1056.58 ± 65.78 & 1069.38 ± 77.50 ng h−1 mL−1) and lowest in brain (166.93 ± 15.70 &167.12 ± 16.77 ng h−1 mL−1), and the T1/2 was highest in plasma (5.62 ± 0.74 h) and lowest in kidney (2.78 ± 0.19). The developed method was successfully used to measure the PGZ pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution. Further, the developed method could be utilized for validating target organ (adipose tissue) specific delivery of PGZ (nano-formulations) in addition to conventional dosage forms. The developed method was investigated for target and off-target distribution of pioglitazone and could be applied to validate the site-specific delivery systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusuma Kumari G
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty-643 001 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty-643 001 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ravi Kiran Ammu V V V
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty-643 001 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kurawattimath Vishwanath
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics-Toxicology Division, Sai Advantium Pharma Ltd. Pune 411 057 India
| | - S T Narenderan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty-643 001 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - B Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty-643 001 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Nagappan Krishnaveni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty-643 001 The Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
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Bae J, Huh JH, Lee M, Lee YH, Lee BW. Glycaemic control with add-on thiazolidinedione or a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes after the failure of an oral triple antidiabetic regimen: A 24-week, randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:609-618. [PMID: 33217092 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of adding either a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or thiazolidinedione (TZD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with triple therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective, open-label, multicentre, 24-week clinical trial, we randomly assigned 119 patients with T2D who failed to achieve glycaemic control (7% < HbA1c ≤ 10%) with conventional triple oral antidiabetic agents (OADs; metformin, sulphonylurea and dipeptidyl peptide-4 [DPP-4] inhibitor) into two groups who received either an SGLT2i or TZD. The primary endpoint was mean change in HbA1c level between the two groups at 24 weeks. RESULTS In total, 119 patients were enrolled in the SGLT2i (n = 60) and TZD (n = 59) groups. Mean age of the study subjects was 61.86 years, and the mean duration of T2D was 13.89 years. After 24 weeks, both groups showed significant reductions in HbA1c (from 7.94% ± 0.74% to 6.97% ± 0.84% in the SGLT2i group and from 8.00% ± 0.78% to 7.18% ± 0.98% in the TZD group), without a significant between-group difference (P = .235). A significant body mass index (BMI) reduction was noted in the SGLT2i group, whereas an increase in BMI was noted in the TZD group (-0.79 ± 1.37 vs. 0.92 ± 0.86 kg/m2 , P < .001). Other safety profiles were favourable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that an SGLT2i or TZD could be a valid option as a fourth OAD for treatment of patients with T2D inadequately controlled with a triple combination of OADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Huh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Vaughan EM, Rueda JJ, Samson SL, Hyman DJ. Reducing the Burden of Diabetes Treatment: A Review of Low-cost Oral Hypoglycemic Medications. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:851-858. [PMID: 32026779 PMCID: PMC7415714 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200206112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of individuals diagnosed with diabetes are low/middle income and may have access to only three of the 11 oral hypoglycemic medications (OHMs) due to cost: metformin intermediate release (IR) or extended release (ER), sulfonylureas (glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide), and pioglitazone. Sulfonylureas and pioglitazone have had significant controversy related to potential adverse events, but it remains unclear whether these negative outcomes are class, drug, or dose-related. OBJECTIVE We conducted a narrative review of low-cost OHMs. METHODS We evaluated the maximum recommended (MAX) compared to the most effective (EFF) daily dose, time-to-peak change in HbA1c levels, and adverse events of low-cost oral hypoglycemic medications. RESULTS We found that the MAX was often greater than the EFF: metformin IR/ER (MAX: 2,550/2,000 mg, EFF: 1,500-2,000/1,500-2,000 mg), glipizide IR/ER (MAX: 40/20 mg, EFF: 20/5 mg), glyburide (MAX: 20 mg, EFF: 2.5-5.0 mg), pioglitazone (MAX: 45 mg, EFF: 45 mg). Time-to-peak change in HbA1c levels occurred at weeks 12-20 (sulfonylureas), 25-39 (metformin), and 25 (pioglitazone). Glimepiride was not associated with weight gain, hypoglycemia, or negative cardiovascular events relative to other sulfonylureas. Cardiovascular event rates did not increase with lower glyburide doses (p<0.05). Glimepiride and pioglitazone have been successfully used in renal impairment. CONCLUSION Metformin, glimepiride, and pioglitazone are safe and efficacious OHMs. Prescribing at the EFF rather than the MAX may avoid negative dose-related outcomes. OHMs should be evaluated as individual drugs, not generalized as a class, due to different dosing and adverse-event profiles; Glimepiride is the preferred sulfonylurea since it is not associated with the adverse events as others in its class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Vaughan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, University in Houston, Texas, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jaime J Rueda
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, University in Houston, Texas, TX 77030, United States
| | - Susan L Samson
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, University in Houston, Texas, TX 77030, United States
| | - David J Hyman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, University in Houston, Texas, TX 77030, United States
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