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Rubagumya SL, Nzalawahe J, Misinzo G, Mazigo HD, Briet M, Misko VR, De Malsche W, Legein F, Justine NC, Basinda N, Mafie E. Evaluation of Lab-on-a-Disc Technique Performance for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Diagnosis in Animals in Tanzania. Vet Sci 2024; 11:174. [PMID: 38668441 PMCID: PMC11054913 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are caused by roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and thread worms. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, prevention, and control of these infections. This study evaluates a new diagnostic method called Single-image Parasite Quantification (SIMPAQ), which uses a lab-on-a-disc (LoD) technique to isolate STH eggs into a single imaging zone for digital analysis. The study evaluates the purification performance of the SIMPAQ technique for detecting STH eggs in animal samples. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 237 pigs and 281 dogs in the Morogoro region in Tanzania. Faecal samples were collected and processed with the LoD technique, as well as flotation and McMaster (McM) methods for comparison purposes. The overall prevalence of STH infections was high as per the LoD technique (74%), followed by McM (65.44%) and flotation (65.04%). Moreover, the overall performance of the LoD technique, using McM as the gold standard, was 93.51% (sensitivity), 60.89% (specificity), 81.91% (PPV), and 83.21% (NPV). The LoD technique exhibited high prevalence, sensitivity, and NPV, which demonstrates its value for STH egg detection and its crucial role in the era of accurate STH diagnosis, promoting proper management of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Rubagumya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health and Allied Sciences, St. Joseph University in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 11007, Tanzania
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania; (J.N.); (G.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania; (J.N.); (G.M.); (E.M.)
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey D. Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.D.M.); (N.C.J.); (N.B.)
| | - Matthieu Briet
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.B.); (V.R.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Vyacheslav R. Misko
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.B.); (V.R.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Wim De Malsche
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.B.); (V.R.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Filip Legein
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.B.); (V.R.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Nyanda C. Justine
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.D.M.); (N.C.J.); (N.B.)
| | - Namanya Basinda
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania; (H.D.M.); (N.C.J.); (N.B.)
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania; (J.N.); (G.M.); (E.M.)
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Bawm S, Htun LL, Chel HM, Khaing Y, Hmoon MM, Thein SS, Win SY, Soe NC, Thaw YN, Hayashi N, Win MM, Nonaka N, Katakura K, Nakao R. A survey of gastrointestinal helminth infestation in smallholder backyard pigs and the first molecular identification of the two zoonotic helminths Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis in Myanmar. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:139. [PMID: 38582856 PMCID: PMC10998307 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infestations have a substantial economic impact on pig production. This study aimed to investigate the gastrointestinal (GI) helminths in pigs and to molecularly characterise two important nematodes, Ascaris and Trichuris species. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 500 pig faecal samples were collected from small holder backyard pig farms in five townships within Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Microscopic examination was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GI helminth infestation in the pigs. DNA extraction and PCR were performed on faecal samples that were morphologically positive for Ascaris and Trichuris eggs. Molecular analysis was then conducted to characterise A. suum and T. suis, the most common and zoonotic helminths. RESULTS According to microscopic examination, 69.2% (346/500) were positive for GI helminth eggs. The GI helminth species observed were A. suum, Strongyle, Strongyloides spp., T. suis, Metastrongylus spp., Hyostrongylus spp., Fasciolopsis spp., Paragonimus spp., and Schistosoma spp., with occurrences of 34.8%, 29.6%, 21.4%, 20.0%, 4.0%, 1.6%, 1.0%, 1.0%, and 0.4%, respectively. Mixed infections of GI helminths were noted in 31.0% of the samples. Overall, sampled pigs excreted mostly low levels (< 100 EPG) or moderate levels (> 100-500 EPG) of GI helminth eggs. The highest mean EPG for each parasite species was noted in A. suum. The presence of A. suum and T. suis was confirmed molecularly. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of A. suum showed high similarity with previously reported sequences. Likewise, the sequences of T. suis exhibited high similarity with the sequences reported from humans and pigs. Age was noted as an associated factor (P < 0.05) for GI helminth infection status. CONCLUSIONS In this report, A. suum and T. suis were molecularly identified for the first time in Myanmar. It is important to extend the information among the farmers to be aware of the necessity of preventing zoonotic parasites by practicing regular deworming, proper use of anthelmintics and maintaining hygienic conditions in their pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Bawm
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar.
- Department of Livestock and Aquaculture Research, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar.
| | - Lat Lat Htun
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Hla Myet Chel
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Yadanar Khaing
- Department of International Relations and Information Technology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Myint Myint Hmoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Su Su Thein
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Shwe Yee Win
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Nyein Chan Soe
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Yu Nandi Thaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mar Mar Win
- Rector Office, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 15013, Myanmar
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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Munzhelele P, Sibeko NPS, Oguttu JW, Mbajiorgu CA, Fasina FO. Parasites burden in peri-urban free-roaming pigs in Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2024; 95:55-66. [PMID: 38533816 DOI: 10.36303/jsava.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasite infections, unlike regulated animal diseases, do not often receive attention. In fact, parasites are major sources of financial losses in pig enterprises, particularly in subsistence and small-scale pig production systems. OBJECTIVE To identify and quantify the prevalence of ecto- and endo-parasites among peri-urban free-roaming pigs (FRP) in Gert Sibande District Municipality (GSDM), Mpumalanga. METHODS Pig owners were identified using the snowball sampling method since no sampling frame for FRP farmers exists. Stratified sampling was used to select pigs for sampling for ecto- and endo-parasites. A form was used to record the observations. Pairwise correlation analysis was performed using Stata 15.0. The SPSS V28.0 statistical package was used to perform the chi-square test (X2) to assess the distribution of parasites in different age groups. The prevalence of parasites was assessed in different age groups of pigs using multi-response crosstabs. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to estimate the marginal mean of parasites according to municipality. Statistical significance was assessed at α ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Over 90% (91.2%) of the pigs examined were infested with at least one parasite, including Haematopinus suis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Ascaris suum, Fasciola hepatica, Trichuris suis, Strongylids, Coccidia spp, Moniezia expansa, and Siphonaptera spp. The correlation between Ascaris suum and body condition was weak but statistically significant (r = 0.24; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Policy makers, animal researchers and veterinary services must focus on developing policies, risk communication and community engagement materials, which target pig farmers in peri-urban areas such as Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Munzhelele
- Nooitgedacht Research Station, Animal Research, Non-ruminant Sub-directorate, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land Administration and Environmental Affairs, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - N P S Sibeko
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Mpumalanga Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, South Africa
| | - J W Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - F O Fasina
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Das S, Pandit S, Jas R, Baidya S, Mandal SC, Debbarma A, Batabyal S, De A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs of Tripura, India. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:108-116. [PMID: 38440748 PMCID: PMC10908662 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs breeds are an important livestock species mostly reared by economically lower incomesection of people in India. Within North-Eastern (NE) states, pig husbandry is very much popular hence maintain the livelihood of the rural native population. Gastrointentinal (GI) parasitic infectionisone of the major constraint in profitable pig production in this area. In the present study, the GI parasitism was investigated in 388 pigs in the three districts of Tripura, NE State of India. The examination of faecal samples revealed 61.65% overall prevalence of parasitic infestation, precisely6 GI parasitic species; including 4 nematodes and 2 protozoa, while 46.91% were the mixed infections.Metastrongylus spp. (17.53%), Strongyloids spp. (19.33%),Trichuris spp. (15.98%), Coccidia spp. (12.37%), and Balantidium coli (10.82%), were detected, however, Ascaris spp. was the most prevalentrecording 32.47%. The epidemiological factors including: age, sex, season, breed, area and farming system wise when considered as markers of study showed the highest prevalence of GI parasites in grower(6-12 months) stage, female, monsoon season, non-descript breeds, Khowai district and free range farming system, recorded 71.52%, 67.27%, 65.78%, 65.71%, 64.57%, and 69.44%, respectively. Overall, our study provides a baseline data for further investigation and formulation of strategies for control of GI parasitism in pigs in Tripura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Soumitra Pandit
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Ruma Jas
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Surajit Baidya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Subhas Chandra Mandal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Apurba Debbarma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., R.K.Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura India
| | - Subhasis Batabyal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Ankan De
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., R.K.Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura 799008 India
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Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz K, Pilarczyk B, Kołodziejczyk L, Tkaczuk C, Twarużek M, Łopusiewicz Ł, Grajewski J, Dzika E, Kalisińska E. Effect of Selected Entomopathogenic Fungal Species on Embryonic Development of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3782. [PMID: 38136820 PMCID: PMC10740946 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of using five selected species of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Conidiobolus coronatus, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium robertsii) in the bioregulation of the dispersive stages of the parasitic nematode-Ascaris suum. Experimental cultures of each of the selected entomopathogenic fungi, as well as a control culture without fungi, were incubated with A. suum eggs at 26 °C for 28 days. Development of the A. suum eggs was observed using a light microscope on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of incubation. The API-ZYM® test was used to determine, semiquantitatively, the activity of 19 hydrolytic enzymes from the entomopathogenic fungi. The cytotoxicity of the fungi was determined using tetrazole salt MTT. It was found that none of the five tested strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed an ovicidal effect, and none of them colonized the A. suum egg shells. However, ovistatic activity was observed mainly until the 14th day of incubation by I. fumosorosea, M. robertsii, and B. bassiana. In the MTT test, M. robertsii showed moderate cytotoxicity, while the other species showed low cytotoxicity. Among the strains tested, I. fumosorosea showed the highest spectrum of hydrolase production (13 out of 19 enzymes gave a positive reaction from 3 to 5; 20-40 nM or more). The absence of morphological changes in the A. suum egg shells suggests that the antagonistic effect of the studied entomopathogenic fungi may be due to their cytotoxicity, associated with the production of secondary metabolites-toxins (M. robertsii) and enzymatic activity (I. fumosorosea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Lidia Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, University in Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14c, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (L.K.); (E.K.)
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Addy F, Adu-Bonsu G, Akurigo CA, Abukari I, Suleman H, Quaye L. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pigs: A Preliminary Study in Tolon and Kumbungu Districts, Ghana. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:1308329. [PMID: 38058409 PMCID: PMC10696473 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1308329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are important livestock that contribute to the economy and food security of Ghana, but the productivity of the sector is hindered by factors such as parasitic disease infections. Here, we detected the prevalence and polyparasitism of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs from selected farms in the Tolon and Kumbungu districts. Faeces of the animals were screened for parasite eggs using the sedimentation and flotation methods. From 56 pigs screened, 91.1% (CI = 95%; χ2 = 0.212) of them had parasitic infections, and affected pigs harboured 1-5 distinct parasites with the most occurring being Strongyloides ransomi (46.43%). Other parasites identified included Hyostrongylusrubidus, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Physocephalus sexalatus, and Coccidia, among others. Parasitism was more frequent in pigs under 2 years (94%) than older ones (66.67%). The high prevalence of GI parasites was attributed to poor husbandry practices and inadequate of veterinary care for the animals. The situation can be improved by farmer education on good husbandry practices and regular deworming of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Addy
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Gideon Adu-Bonsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Comfort A. Akurigo
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Iddrisu Abukari
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Hamidatu Suleman
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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Emsley E, Matshotshi A, Mathebula E, Mohlakoana S, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O, Tsotetsi-Khambule A. Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic resistance and acaricidal efficacy of fluazuron-flumethrin on sheep and goat ticks in the North West province of South Africa. Vet World 2023; 16:1615-1626. [PMID: 37766712 PMCID: PMC10521178 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1615-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Anthelmintic resistance (AR) and acaricide resistance (ACR) pose great economic threat to communal livestock raised by rural communities, limiting sustainable production. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of AR and ACR against nematodes and ticks that infest small ruminants (sheep and goats) from small-scale farming communities in the North West Province of South Africa, as well as document the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on small-scale farming locations in two districts of the North West Province, namely, Dr. Ruth Segomotsi Mompati district and Dr. Kenneth Kaunda district, from November 2019 to March 2020. A questionnaire survey based specifically on antiparasitic treatment and related management practices was administered to 86 small-scale farmers. A fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine in vivo AR in small ruminants against benzimidazole (BZD), levamisole, and macrocyclic lactone on nine ruminant farms. Then, deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from L3 larvae and resistant nematodes were identified using a polymerase chain reaction, targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene. An egg hatch assay (EHA) and a larval mortality assay (LMA) were used to determine in vitro AR against thiabendazole (TBZ and BZD) in the same farms. Acaricide resistance against fluazuron-flumethrin (Drastic Deadline eXtreme) pour-on was assessed using an adult immersion test (AIT) on Rhipicephalus evertsi. Results Questionnaire results indicated that most farmers (89%) relied solely on anthelmintics. Farmers used visual appraisal to estimate the dosage, which is the primary cause of resistance. The FECRT revealed AR in all the farms. Egg hatch assay results revealed AR development against TBZ in all districts, with >95% of the eggs hatching at variable doses. Larval mortality assay results revealed the development of resistance against BZD, with 50% of L3 larvae surviving at different doses in all farms. Adult immersion test results indicated that fluazuron-flumethrin (>99%) exhibited high acaricidal efficacy against R. evertsi by inhibiting tick oviposition. Conclusion This investigation found that sheep and goats in the studied areas are developing AR to gastrointestinal parasites. The findings of in vivo tests showed resistance with fecal egg count reduction percentage of <95% or lower confidence limit of <90%. The results of EHA and LMA revealed no evidence of inhibition of egg development and larval mortality, indicating the development of resistance. Acaricide resistance was not detected against fluazuron-flumethrin, which is commonly used in the study areas. Thus, developing management methods for these economically significant livestock nematodes, including teaching small-scale farmers how to properly administer anthelmintics and acaricides to their livestock, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Emsley
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Asiashu Matshotshi
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
| | - Eric Mathebula
- Biometry, Agricultural Research Council, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Setjhaba Mohlakoana
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Ana Tsotetsi-Khambule
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
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Class CSC, Fialho PA, Alves LC, Silveira RL, Amendoeira MRR, Knackfuss FB, Barbosa ADS. Comparison of McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC techniques for the diagnosis of internal parasites in pigs. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA 2023; 32:e013322. [PMID: 36995837 PMCID: PMC10062010 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract This purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of the McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC quantitative techniques in the investigation of helminths in feces of pigs. An analysis was made of 74 fecal samples from pigs raised on family farms located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These were analyzed by the Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster techniques in a solution of 1,200g/mL NaCl. This investigation revealed a superiority in the frequency of all helminths detected by Mini-FLOTAC, including Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, strongyles and Strongyloides ransomi. The Kappa index revealed substantial agreement in all comparisons made in relation to the frequency of positive samples. However, significant statistical differences in the comparison of EPGs between McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC were observed for all nematodes (p ≤0.05). Higher values of Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient (r), between the techniques in relation to EPG were observed for A. suum and T. suis, differently from what was observed for strongyles and S. ransomi. Mini-FLOTAC proved to be a more satisfactory and reliable technique both for the diagnosis of parasites and for the determination of EPG in pig feces due to the larger size of its counting chambers, thus increasing the helminth egg recovery rates.
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Băieş MH, Boros Z, Gherman CM, Spînu M, Mathe A, Pataky S, Lefkaditis M, Cozma V. Prevalence of Swine Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Free-Range Farms from Nord-West Region of Romania. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090954. [PMID: 36145387 PMCID: PMC9506248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases cause significant economic losses in swine, including free-range swine farms, the number of which in Romania has increased in the last decades. The current study aimed to identify the parasitic profile of swine raised on two free-range (low-input) farms from Transylvania. Nine hundred sixty samples collected from weaners, fatteners, and sows were investigated by flotation, centrifugal sedimentation, modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained fecal smear, modified Blagg technique, and oocyst/egg cultures. The number of oocysts (OPG), cysts (CPG), and eggs (EPG) were counted per gram of fecal matter. The examination revealed parasitic infections with Balantidium coli, Eimeria spp., Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi and Cryptosporidium spp. Prevalence (P) and the mean intensity (MI) of the infections varied according to age, swine category, farm, and season. The overall prevalence in both free-range farms according to the age category was 63.2%—Eimeria spp., 70.31%—B. coli, 9.38%—Oesophagostomum spp., 3.75% S. ransomi, and 18.12% Cryptosporidium spp. in weaners. In fatteners Eimeria spp. revealed a prevalence of 50.93%, B. coli—72.5 %, A. suum—63.13%, T. suis—39.06%, and in sows Eimeria spp.—39.06%, B. coli—62.19%, A. suum—34.06%, Oesophagostomum spp.—27.19%, S. ransomi—1.56% and Cryptosporidium spp.—9.38%. The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between age groups, seasons, and farms for all diagnosed parasites. Further research is required to better understand the epidemiology of these infections in swine from Transylvania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Horia Băieş
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zsolt Boros
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-722344916
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Mathe
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, Agriculturii Street 27, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Stefan Pataky
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, Agriculturii Street 27, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Menelaos Lefkaditis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasile Cozma
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti (A.S.A.S.), Mărăști Boulevard 61, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Larbi JA, Addo SO, Ofosu‐Amoako G, Offong UC, Odurah EM, Akompong SK. Burdens of Ascaris spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. parasites in farm pigs in Ghana. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1119-1125. [PMID: 35106957 PMCID: PMC9122417 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, intestinal parasites significantly affect the health and production of pigs. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the prevalence of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium infection in pigs in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality of Ghana. METHOD Faecal samples from two hundred (200) pigs on four different farms (labelled A, B, C, D) were processed using the Kinyoun modified Ziehl-Neelsen method for Cryptosporidium and the Formol-ether sedimentation method for Ascaris and microscopically examined to identify parasites to the genus level. RESULTS The prevalence of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium in the pigs was 76% and 77%, respectively. The weaners had the highest Ascaris prevalence (96.15%) with the piglets recording the least (59.25%). On the other hand, the piglets had the highest prevalence (88.89%) for Cryptosporidium with the boars, sows and weaners recording 75.86%, 75.42% and 73.08% respectively. The prevalence of Ascaris was high in farm D (78.57%) while Cryptosporidium was highest in farm C (86.11%). Generally, there was a significant difference (p = 0.044) in the mean distribution of Cryptosporidium in the pigs. CONCLUSION The high burden of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium infections in the pigs suggest the need to adopt and implement effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asiedu Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
| | - Seth Offei Addo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, LegonAccraGhana
| | - George Ofosu‐Amoako
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
| | | | - Efua Maclean Odurah
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
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11
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Adhikari RB, Adhikari Dhakal M, Thapa S, Ghimire TR. Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) in south-central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1820-1830. [PMID: 34021721 PMCID: PMC8464252 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasites have a significant impact on productivity of pigs. Additionally, presence of zoonotic parasites in pig faeces used as fertilizer and ingestion of raw or undercooked pork products originated from parasite-infested pigs pose a risk to human health. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) maintained under traditional rearing system in Nepal. METHODS Fresh faecal samples (n = 100) were collected from the pigs of varying age and sex maintained in 18 small-scale farms in south-central Nepal. Samples were processed using various standard methods and examined for parasite eggs, cysts or oocysts. RESULTS Prevalence of GI parasites in indigenous pigs was 91%, comprising of 14 different genera of protozoans and helminths. Male pigs generally had a higher (97.5%) prevalence of GI parasites than females (87%). While 90% of the suckling and weaner piglets were positive for the GI parasites, all growers and 85% the adult pigs were infected with the parasites. Entamoeba spp. were the primary protozoans in all age groups. Strongyloides sp. was more prevalent helminths in suckling and weaner piglets, whereas Ascarid spp. were higher in both growers and adults. Triplet infection was higher (33.3%) in suckling and weaner piglets, while quadruplet and pentuplet infections were higher (p < .05) among growers (46.7%) and adults (30%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The indigenous pigs harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites. GI parasitism varies by sex and age of the pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan B Adhikari
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Third Pole Conservancy, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | | | - Santosh Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tirth R Ghimire
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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12
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Gong QL, Zhao WX, Wang YC, Zong Y, Wang Q, Yang Y, Yang Y, Shi K, Li JM, Leng X, Du R, Zhao Q. Prevalence of coccidia in domestic pigs in China between 1980 and 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:248. [PMID: 33971953 PMCID: PMC8108339 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine coccidiosis, a protozoan disease caused by coccidia, can result in diarrhoea and weight loss in piglets and even economic losses in the pig industry. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of coccidia (including Eimeria spp. and Cystoisospora suis) in pigs in China. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chinese Web of Knowledge, Wanfang, and Chongqing VIP) were searched and 50 studies (46,926 domestic pigs, 22 provinces) ultimately identified pertaining to the prevalence of coccidia infection from 1980 to 2019. We incorporated the effect size using the random-effects model in the "meta" package in R software and conducted univariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses using a mixed-effects model. RESULTS The pooled prevalence rate of coccidia in pigs was 21.9%, including the C. suis infection rate of 9.1%. The highest prevalence of coccidia (39.6%) was found in northwest China, and this region also presented the lowest prevalence of C. suis (4.7%). In the subgroup analysis based on sampling year, the highest prevalence of coccidia was detected in 2001 or earlier (32.6%), whereas the lowest rate was found in 2012 or later (14.3%). An opposite trend was observed for C. suis (5.5% in 2000 or earlier vs 14.4% in 2000 or later). The prevalence of coccidia in extensive farming systems (29.5%) was higher than that in intensive farming systems (17.3%). In contrast, the point estimate of C. suis prevalence was lower in the extensive farming systems (5.1%) than in the intensive farming systems (10.0%), but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Among the four age categories, the highest total coccidia prevalence (26.2%) was found in finishing pigs, followed by suckling piglets (19.9%), whereas the highest prevalence of C. suis (14.9%) was observed in suckling piglets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that coccidia infection in Chinese pigs is common, although the prevalence of C. suis in pigs does not receive sufficient attention. We recommend the rational use of anticoccidial drugs to avoid drug resistance and the development of preventive and control measures for C. suis to reduce the incidence of swine coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xuan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, 130600, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Orimoloye IR, Ololade OO, Belle JA. Satellite-based application in drought disaster assessment using terra MOD13Q1 data across free state province, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112112. [PMID: 33588166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terra MOD13Q1 satellite data were used to assess drought disaster events and its spatiotemporal patterns over the Free State Province, South Africa between 2001 and 2019. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and climate data downloaded from Application for Extracting and Exploring Analysis Ready Samples" (AppEEARS) and NASA: Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource databases, respectively were used in the study area. After acquiring MODIS data with the area of interest extracted using field sample and the layers of interest: using Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and pixel reliability and defining the output as GeoTIFF with geographic projection, R programming was used for the analysis. This study also evaluated Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to further identify meteorological drought, computed at various time scales utilising information acquired from the Global Drought Observatory database. The results show and identify the years that are water-stressed in the study area, which indicated that low vegetation abundance and high temperature in the Free State Province occurred in 2000, 2008, and 2009. The result also shows that the summer season over large parts of the study region is characterized by moderate to extreme drought while winter seasons have light drought conditions during the same time. Seasonal and inter-annual comparisons of drought events outlined in the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) provided a useful tool for analysing the temporal and spatial evolution of regional drought and for estimating potential environmental impacts. Drought events occurrence in the study area is less frequent and milder in winter months while summer droughts of different years were more severe. The results of this study can also be used as a tool for monitoring droughts and support for decision making in the evaluation and management of regional drought, for disaster preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel R Orimoloye
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, South Africa; Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa, University of the Free State, South Africa; Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
| | - Olusola O Ololade
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - Johanes A Belle
- Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa, University of the Free State, South Africa
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Pinilla JC, Morales E, Delgado NU, Florez AA. Prevalence and risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs reared in the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e015320. [PMID: 33237192 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Backyard pigs have been associated with poor sanitary conditions and the development of parasitic diseases, often causing public health and food safety problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs. 279 animals were sampled from thirty-two backyard pig farms located in the Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Giron and Piedecuesta municipalities, from Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia. Fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum and processed by four coprological techniques. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 91%, being the highest values for Balantidium coli and Eimeria sp. Regarding the prevalence by municipalities, there was no statistical association (p ≥ 0.05) indicating that the prevalence was similar in the region under study. Floridablanca municipality, free-ranging pigs, access to latrines, and consumption of spring water showed to be a risk factor for nematodes, while Giron municipality, pigs > 7 months of age and access to latrines, increased infection risk for coccidian. We concluded that there is a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs from the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, and that it could be controlled by improving management practices and farm facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pinilla
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias - GICA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elsa Morales
- Grupo de Investigación CliniUdes, Facultad de Salud, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Nelson Uribe Delgado
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología Molecular - GIEM, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Angel Alberto Florez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias - GICA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Boyko OO, Brygadyrenko VV. The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on the survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The article describes a laboratory study of nematocidal properties of flavourings with antibacterial effect against Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782) and Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788. In the experiments, eight concentrations of food additives with antibacterial properties were used: cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid, formic acid, linalool, citral, β-ionone. Minimum LC50 value for eggs of A. suum was observed while using cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid – 1.62 ± 0.37% and 1.69 ± 0.14%, and for eggs of T. suis – 0.57 ± 0.03% and 1.80 ± 0.11% respectively. The lowest influence on the development of eggs of nematodes of pigs’ A. suum and T. suis was exerted by formic acid, linalool, citral and β-ionone. In eggs of A. suum and T. suis, larvae formed in 21 and 50 days even during exposure to 3% emulsions of these substances. The strongest negative impact on the eggs of parasitic nematodes was displayed by cinnamaldehyde flavouring. Further study on nematocidal properties of flavourings, as well as their mixtures, would contribute to the development of preparations which would have a strong effect on eggs and larvae of nematodes of animals and humans.
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Maganga GD, Kombila LB, Boundenga L, Kinga ICM, Obame-Nkoghe J, Tchoffo H, Gbati OB, Awah-Ndukum J. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs in Southeast Gabon, Central Africa. Vet World 2019; 12:1888-1896. [PMID: 32095037 PMCID: PMC6989316 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1888-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastrointestinal infestations caused by intestinal parasites are the most important diseases and the most common in pigs in the tropics. These parasites are often associated with a huge economic loss. This study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs from Haut-Ogooue Province, in South East Gabon. Materials and Methods From March 2018 to July 2018, 156 samples of pig feces collected from nine different farms were analyzed under light microscopy. The identification of eggs, cysts, and oocysts in fecal samples was done using two qualitative techniques: Flotation and sedimentation. Results After examination, the results obtained revealed an overall infestation level of 98.7% (154/156). We found ten parasite types with infestation levels that varied from species: Balantidium coli (120/156), Oesophagostomum spp. (100/156), Isospora suis (102/156), Ancylostoma spp. (17/156), Trichostrongylus spp. (28/156), Hyostrongylus spp. (13/156), Strongyloides spp. (7/156), Ascaris suum (8/156), Globocephalus spp. (1/156), and spirurida (1/156). The study of risk factors revealed that factors such as sex, age, and physiological condition may influence the diversity and level of infestation of animals by gastrointestinal parasites. Conclusion For better prevention of parasitism in these farms, it would be interesting to implement health monitoring and to ensure good hygiene. Finally, further studies would be needed to better evaluate the distribution of these parasites in Gabon and the involvement of these animals in the transmission cycle of parasitic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Judicael Obame-Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Herve Tchoffo
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oubri Bassa Gbati
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie de l'EISMV, BP 5077, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ecole des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroun
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