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Luthuli MQ, John-Langba J. Interaction of social support and depressive symptoms on antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV in South Africa. Health SA 2024; 29:2271. [PMID: 38962293 PMCID: PMC11219710 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v29i0.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression consistently emerges as a significant predictor of poor antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among adult people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). However, a gap exists regarding how social support and depressive symptoms can interact to influence ART adherence among adult PLHIV in South Africa (SA). Aim To investigate the interaction between social support and depressive symptoms on ART adherence among adult PLHIV. Setting A tertiary hospital in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal province of SA. Methods Utilising a quantitative cross-sectional research design along with time location sampling technique (TLS); the study recruited 201 adult patients enrolled in an ART programme. Results The results indicated that depressive symptoms were significantly associated with ART adherence with and without the interaction (B = -0.105; odds ratios [OR] 0.901; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.827, 0.981; p = 0.016), while social support was not significantly associated with ART adherence (B = 0.007; OR 1.007; 95%CI = 0.989, 1.025; p = 0.475). However, a statistically significant interaction was found between social support and depressive symptoms (B = -0.006; OR 0.994; 95%CI = 0.989, 1.000; p = 0.037) on ART adherence. Conclusion Based on the results, depressive symptoms significantly influenced ART adherence. However, social support did not buffer the adverse effects of clinical depression associated with poor ART adherence. Contribution This study provides an evidence-based approach to address gaps in the mental health and social well-being of PLHIV in the context of ART adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muziwandile Q Luthuli
- Discipline of Social Work, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johannes John-Langba
- Discipline of Social Work, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Moodley SV, Wolvaardt J, Grobler C. Mental illness attitudes, service provision interest and further training preferences of clinical associates. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2024; 66:e1-e9. [PMID: 38299522 PMCID: PMC10839205 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v66i1.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-specialist health professionals are required to provide mental health services given the burden of disease due to mental illness. The study aimed to explore the attitudes of clinical associates towards those with mental illness as well as their interest in mental health work and additional mental health training. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was utilised. The study population consisted of clinical associates based in South Africa. An electronic questionnaire was developed that incorporated the 16-item Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes version 4 scale (MICA-4), which is scored out of 96 with higher scores indicating more stigmatising attitudes. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine factors associated with the MICA-4 score. RESULTS The mean MICA-4 score for the 166 participants who completed all 16 questions was 37.55 (standard deviation 7.33). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with significantly lower MICA-4 scores were falling in the 25- to 29-year-old age category and indicating that a mental health rotation formed part of the undergraduate degree. More than 80% of the participants (140/167, 83.8%) indicated an interest in mental health work. Two-thirds of the participants (111/167, 66.5%) indicated an interest in a specialisation in mental health. CONCLUSION The mean MICA-4 score recorded for clinical associates indicates low stigma levels towards those with mental illness. Additionally, there is significant interest in working and training in mental health.Contribution: Training programmes should take note of the contribution of a mental health rotation to a positive attitude to mental health patients. Clinical associates' attitudes towards mental illness together with their interest in working and training in mental health suggest that they could be more widely utilised in mental health service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiendhra V Moodley
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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Adedeji WA, Ma Q, Raji AM, Cha R, Rasaki OM, Hutson A, Taiwo BO, Charurat ME, Yusuf OB, Fehintola FA, Gureje O, Morse GD. Prevalence of depression among people living with HIV in rural hospitals in South-Western Nigeria-Association with clinico-demographic factors. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:89. [PMID: 38104102 PMCID: PMC10725593 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder among people living with HIV (PLWH) and is predictive of high morbidity and mortality among them. This study estimated the prevalence and explored factors associated with depression among PLWH in two rural secondary health facilities providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) services in Southwestern Nigeria between September and December 2020. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to screen and identify PLWH aged 18 years or older with depression. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with SPSS version 23. A total of 172 respondents were screened. The prevalence of depression was 16.3% (95% CI 11.1%, 22.7%). Mild, moderate, and moderately severe depression was identified in 17 (9.9%), 8(4.7%) and 3(1.7%) of the participants, respectively. One (0.6%) respondent had suicidal ideation. Of PLWH with any depression, 20/28(71.4%) were within the 40-59 years of age range. None of the participants was on antidepressants. The factor most associated with depression was hypertension, with adjusted odd ratios of 9.8(95% CI 3.5-27.3, p < 0.0001). The study highlights the importance of screening for the severity of depression among PLWH in rural hospitals providing ART services in Africa. PLWH with comorbid hypertension were more likely to suffer from some form of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Adeola Adedeji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Qing Ma
- Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abiodun Muhammed Raji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Raymond Cha
- Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Alan Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Babafemi O Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Man E Charurat
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oyindamola B Yusuf
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fatai Adewale Fehintola
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gene D Morse
- Center for Integrated Global Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Rabeya R, Alam N, Sonia ZF, Mohajon DR, Arafat Y, Hasan MK, Hawlader MDH. Depressive symptoms and their sociodemographic determinants among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2023; 11:239. [PMID: 37224333 PMCID: PMC10186061 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108557.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV is a chronic disease with a profound social impact due to its strong ties with sexual and societal stigmatized behavior, such as illegal drug use and sexual promiscuity. Depression is one of the major disabling factors in chronic illnesses. Depression and anxiety disorders are more common among people living with HIV than the non-infected individuals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study, which took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July to December 2020, included 338 HIV-positive people. The method used was a simple random sampling technique. The Beck Depression Inventory assessed depression in HIV-positive people (BDI). Results: More than 62 percent of the 338 people surveyed had severe depression, 30.5 percent had moderate depression, 5.6 percent had mild depression, and 1.8 percent had no depression. Age, being a male, being married, and having a low monthly income were all significant predictors of depression. Conclusions: This study found that depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among HIV-positive patients in Bangladesh. The authors recommend that health care providers address depressive disorders for people with HIV/ AIDS comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Rabeya
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Alam
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | | | - Dipa Rani Mohajon
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Yasin Arafat
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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5
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Rabeya R, Alam N, Sonia ZF, Mohajon DR, Arafat Y, Hasan MK, Hawlader MDH. Depressive symptoms and their sociodemographic determinants among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2023; 11:239. [PMID: 37224333 PMCID: PMC10186061 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.108557.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV is a chronic disease with a profound social impact due to its strong ties with sexual and societal stigmatized behavior, such as illegal drug use and sexual promiscuity. Depression is one of the major disabling factors in chronic illnesses. Depression and anxiety disorders are more common among people living with HIV than the non-infected individuals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study, which took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July to December 2020, included 338 HIV-positive people. The method used was a simple random sampling technique. The Beck Depression Inventory assessed depression in HIV-positive people (BDI). Results: More than 62 percent of the 338 people surveyed had severe depression, 30.5 percent had moderate depression, 5.6 percent had mild depression, and 1.8 percent had no depression. Age, being a male, being married, and having a low monthly income were all significant predictors of depression. Conclusions: This study found that depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among HIV-positive patients in Bangladesh. The authors recommend that health care providers address depressive disorders for people with HIV/ AIDS comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Rabeya
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Alam
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | | | - Dipa Rani Mohajon
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Yasin Arafat
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Charumbira MY, Berner K, Louw QA. Functioning Problems Associated with Health Conditions with Greatest Disease Burden in South Africa: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315636. [PMID: 36497710 PMCID: PMC9735592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A notable rise in health-related disability for which evidence-based rehabilitation is beneficial is evident in low-to-middle income countries. This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and map the most common functioning problems associated with health conditions that contribute most to disability in South Africa using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Peer-reviewed evidence published from January 2006 to December 2021 was systematically searched from five databases. Some 268 studies reporting on functioning problems (impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions) in South African adults (>18 years) related to 10 health conditions were included. A total of 130 different functioning problems were mapped to the ICF. The most prevalent problems (top 20) were related to mobility, pain, and mental health but spanned across several ICF domains and were mostly in patients at primary care. The high prevalence and wide range of functioning problems may be particularly burdensome on an already strained primary health care (PHC) system. This points towards targeted planning of innovative strategies towards strengthening rehabilitation service delivery at primary care to address these complexities where there is an inadequate rehabilitation workforce.
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Mandlate F, Greene MC, Pereira LF, Sweetland AC, Kokonya D, Duarte CS, Cournos F, Oquendo MA, Wainberg ML, Sidat M, Sevene E, Mello MF. Lay HIV counselors' knowledge and attitudes toward depression: A mixed-methods cross-sectional study at primary healthcare centers in Mozambique. Front Public Health 2022; 10:919827. [PMID: 36249253 PMCID: PMC9554257 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.919827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depression is the most common mental disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS and has a negative impact on HIV treatment outcomes. Training lay HIV counselors to identify and manage depression may contribute to improved patient access and adherence to treatment, and reduce stigma and discrimination among lay health workers toward both HIV and depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the current knowledge and attitudes of lay HIV counselors toward managing depression in primary care in Mozambique. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods cross-sectional study to assess depression-related knowledge and attitudes among lay HIV counselors in 13 primary healthcare facilities in Mozambique. We used the quantitative Depression Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) scale, followed by open-ended questions to further explore three key DAQ domains: the nature of depression, treatment preferences, and professional attitudes or reactions. Results The sample included 107 participants (77.6% female, mean age: 32.3 years, sd = 7.4). Most (82.2%) had less than a high/technical school education. Findings suggested that some HIV counselors had knowledge of depression and described it as a cluster of psychological symptoms (e.g., deep sadness, anguish, apathy, isolation, and low self-esteem) sometimes leading to suicidal thoughts, or as a consequence of life stressors such as loss of a loved one, abuse, unemployment or physical illness, including being diagnosed with HIV infection. HIV counselors identified talking to trusted people about their problems, including family and/or counseling with a psychotherapist, as the best way for patients to deal with depression. While acknowledging challenges, counselors found working with patients with depression to be rewarding. Conclusion Lay health counselors identified HIV and psychosocial issues as key risk factors for depression. They believed that the treatment approach should focus on social support and psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Mandlate
- Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Claire Greene
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luis F. Pereira
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Annika C. Sweetland
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donald Kokonya
- School of Medicine, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Cristiane S. Duarte
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francine Cournos
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Milton L. Wainberg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohsin Sidat
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Esperança Sevene
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Marcelo F. Mello
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Carney B, Daniels C, Xu X, Sunil T, Ganesan A, Blaylock JM, Kronmann KC, Schofield C, Lalani T, Agan B, Okulicz JF. Association between depression and HIV treatment outcomes in a US military population with HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 33980262 PMCID: PMC8117283 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is common among HIV-infected individuals and may contribute to suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequent inability to attain viral load (VL) suppression. We evaluated associations between depression, self-reported adherence, and longitudinal HIV treatment outcomes in US Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) participants with and without depression. Methods Male NHS participants with available ICD-9 data for mental health diagnoses, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) measures, and self-reported adherence (SRA) were included. ART use was defined as ART initiation between 2006 and 2010, with follow-up through 2015. SRA was defined as taking 95% of ART doses and continuous ART was defined as longitudinal ART use with gaps < 30 days. Continuous VL suppression was defined as maintaining VLs < 200 c/mL on ART. To analyse the association between depression and HIV treatment outcomes, latent class analysis was used to create classes of depression trajectories: low depression (LD), recent onset depression (ROD) and high Depression (HD). Results Participants had a mean age of 32 (± 8.3) years at HIV diagnosis, and similar proportions were Caucasian (44.3%) or African American (40.8%). Overall, older participants at HIV diagnosis had greater odds of having 95% self-reported adherence (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.12), and African Americans had lower odds (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.22–0.76) compared to Caucasians (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.52–4.28). However, there was no difference in SRA by depression trajectory. Participants with HD had an increased odds of taking ART continuously (OR 1.75, 95% CI 0.99–3.09), and those with ROD had significantly higher odds of virologic failure (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.91). Conclusions Although there was no observed association between depression and SRA, participants with ROD had lower odds of attaining the HIV treatment goal of VL suppression. Continued efforts to identify and aggressively manage mental health disorders is important to success along the HIV care continuum.
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Junaid K, Ali H, Khan AA, Khan TA, Khan AM, Khan A, Nazim R, Tahira K. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Patients with HIV/AIDS in Lahore, Pakistan: Cross-Sectional Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:77-84. [PMID: 33568954 PMCID: PMC7868298 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s268099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is defined as a psychiatric disorder characterized by depressed mood, lack of concentration, diminished energy, disturbed sleep, and low self-esteem. Depression is more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients than the general population. There is no published study available that reveals the present status of depression among HIV patients in Pakistan. As such, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression among HIV/AIDS patients attending the HIV clinic of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March 2019 in Lahore. Data were collected from 158 HIV/AIDS patients using a pretested, standardized, structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Nonprobability convenience sampling was used to recruit the study participants. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the various factors associated with depression. AORs with 95% CIs were used to assess the magnitude of associations between depression and associated factors. Results The mean age of the study participants was 35.03 years±9.123. Prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients was 32.2%. Living in a rural area (AOR 5.60, 95% CI 2.20, 14.15), fear of stigma and discrimination (AOR 3.505, 95% CI 1.364, 9.008), having worked abroad (AOR 3.017, 95% CI 1.134, 8.031), and history of substance abuse (AOR 4.147, 95% CI 1.673, 10.28) were significantly associated with depression. Conclusion The prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients is very high in Pakistan. Therefore, it is suggested that guidelines formulated to screen and treat depression among HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khunsa Junaid
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ali
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Akram Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taimoor Akram Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aabish Mehreen Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Public Health, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Nazim
- Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Tahira
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nel J, Dlamini S, Meintjes G, Burton R, Black JM, Davies NECG, Hefer E, Maartens G, Mangena PM, Mathe MT, Moosa MY, Mulaudzi MB, Moorhouse M, Nash J, Nkonyane TC, Preiser W, Rassool MS, Stead D, van der Plas H, van Vuuren C, Venter WDF, Woods JF. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults: 2020 update. South Afr J HIV Med 2020; 21:1115. [PMID: 33101723 PMCID: PMC7564911 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nel
- Helen Joseph Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sipho Dlamini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosie Burton
- Southern African Medical Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John M Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Livingstone Tertiary Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | | | - Eric Hefer
- Private Practice Medical Adviser, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phetho M Mangena
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pietersburg Hospital, Polokwane, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
| | | | - Mahomed-Yunus Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle Moorhouse
- Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Nash
- Specialist Family Physician, Amathole District Clinical Specialist Team, East London, South Africa
| | - Thandeka C Nkonyane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Dr George Mokhari Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Department of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohammed S Rassool
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Stead
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, East London, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Helen van der Plas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cloete van Vuuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Willem D F Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joana F Woods
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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