Protective Effect of Ginger oil on Aspirin and Pylorus Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcer model in Rats

Gastroprotective Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Broccoli Stems on Acute Injury in Rats: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Gastric Function and Inflammatory Responses

Background and Objectives: Acute gastric injury is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to the stomach lining. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential effects of broccoli stem extract (BSE) against acute gastritis in a rat model. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant properties of BSE were evaluated through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity assays and total polyphenol content analysis. Acute gastric injury was induced using 150 mM HCl/60% EtOH, and male SD rats (6-weeks old, n = 6/group) were administered BSE by oral gavage at concentrations of 50, 125, and 250 mg/kg. Results: The BSE 250 mg/kg group exhibited significant relief of clinical signs compared to the negative control group. In addition, the BSE 250 mg/kg group showed significant improvements in gastric tissue, including macroscopic reductions in ulcer size and improved overall gastric morphology as assessed through gross examination, as well as microscopic improvements such as reduced inflammation and the restoration of mucosal integrity observed in histopathological analysis. BSE modulated NF-κB signaling, decreased inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and increased PGE2 levels. Pyloric ligation experiments demonstrated reduced pepsin and gastric acid secretion. Improvements in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility were also observed in the BSE-treated group. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of BSE as an effective therapeutic agent for acute gastritis in rats, offering significant improvements in gastric damage, inflammation, and motility.

The Effect of Dried Ginger (Gan Jiang) on Stomach Energy Metabolism and the Related Mechanism in Rats Based on Metabonomics

Dried ginger is a commonly used stomachic. Dried ginger is often used as a gastric protector to treat stomach-related diseases. However, the effect of dried ginger on energy metabolism in stomach tissue of rats under physiological condition has not been studied. In this study, different doses of water extract of dried ginger were given to rats for 4 weeks. The activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) enzyme, ATP content, mitochondrial metabolic rate and mitochondrial number in stomach tissue of rats were measured. Analysis of potential biomarkers related to the effect of dried ginger on energy metabolism in stomach tissue of rats by metabonomics, and their metabolic pathways were also analyzed. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in Na+ -K+ -ATPase in high-dose group (GJH), medium-dose group (GJM) and low-dose group (GJL) compared to the Control group. The Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity was significantly increased in stomach tissue of GJH group and GJM group, but there were no significant changes in stomach tissue of GJL group. The SDH activity and the ATP levels were significantly increased in stomach tissue of GJH group, GJM group and GJL group. The mitochondrial metabolic rate was significantly increased in GJL group, but there was no significant change in GJM group and was inhibited in GJH group. These effects might be mediated by arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, purine metabolism pathway.

Moringa oleifera alcoholic extract protected stomach from bisphenol A-induced gastric ulcer in rats via its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

This study evaluated the protective potentials of Moringa oleifera leaf alcoholic extract (MOLE) against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced stomach ulceration and inflammation in rats. Control rats received olive oil. Second group administered MOLE (200 mg/kg bwt) by oral gavage. Third group was given BPA (50 mg/ kg bwt) for 4 weeks. Fourth group administrated BPA and MOLE simultaneously. Fifth group was given MOLE for 4 weeks then administered BPA and MOLE for another 4 weeks. Bisphenol A induced gastric ulceration and decreased the volume of gastric juice, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reduced glutathione (GSH) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein in stomach tissues, while increased the titratable acidity, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) contents, and caspase-3 and NF‑κB proteins in stomach tissue. However, MOLE ameliorated BPA-induced gastric ulceration and significantly increased the volume of gastric juice, PGE2, GSH and IL-10 contents, SOD activity, and PCNA protein while significantly decreased titratable acidity, MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 contents, and of NF‑κB and caspase-3 proteins in gastric tissue. This study indicated that MOLE protected stomach against BPA-induced gastric injury via its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

A systematic review of possible interactions for herbal medicines and dietary supplements used concomitantly with disease-modifying or symptom-alleviating multiple sclerosis drugs

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system, with no curative medicine available. The use of herbal drugs and dietary supplements is increasing among people with MS (PwMS), raising a need for knowledge about potential interactions between conventional MS medicine and herbal drugs/dietary supplements. This systematic review provides information about the safety of simultaneous use of conventional MS-drugs and herbal drugs frequently used by PwMS. The study included 14 selected disease-modifying treatments and drugs frequently used for symptom-alleviation. A total of 129 published papers found via PubMed and Web of Science were reviewed according to defined inclusion- and exclusion criteria. Findings suggested that daily recommended doses of Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba should not be exceeded, and herbal preparations differing from standardized products should be avoided, especially when combined with anticoagulants or substrates of certain cytochrome P450 isoforms. Further studies are required regarding ginseng's ability to increase aspirin bioavailability. Combinations between chronic cannabis use and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be carefully monitored, whereas no significant evidence for drug-interactions between conventional MS-drugs and ginger, cranberry, vitamin D, fatty acids, turmeric, probiotics or glucosamine was found.

Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Review

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is the most common disorder of the stomach and duodenum, which is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. PUD occurs due to an imbalance between offensive and defensive factors and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI), Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics are frequently used for the treatment. Recently, medicinal plants have emerged as efficacious, safe and widely available alternative therapies for PUD. The aim of this review was to study the medicinal plants and phytochemicals, which have been used for PUD treatment to evaluate the potential role of natural compounds to develop herbal remedies for PUD. Information was obtained using a literature search of electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys and Cochrane. Common and scientific names of the plants and keywords such as 'peptic ulcer', 'gastric ulcer', 'stomach ulcer' and 'duodenal ulcer' were used for search. Eventually, 279 plants from 89 families were identified and information on the plant families, part of the plant used, chemical constituents, extracts, ulcer model used and dosage were abstracted. The results indicated that most of the anti-PUD plants were from Asteraceae (7.1%) and Fabaceae (6.8%) families while flavonoids (49%), tannins (13%), saponins (10%) and alkaloids (9%) were the most common natural compounds in plants with anti-PUD activity.

A Comprehensive Review on the Screening Models for the Pharmacological Assessment of Antiulcer Drugs

BACKGROUND

Due to inappropriate diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular use of drugs like NSAIDs and sedentary lifestyle, one may feel upper abdominal pain which may be the predictor of the gastrointestinal disorder called Peptic Ulcer. When an imbalance occurs between the defensive factor and aggressive factor of the stomach, ulcer formation in the esophageal lining, stomach, or duodenum takes place. This leads to the formation of small sores that cause pain. Another condition that synergizes the abdominal pain is vomiting materials which look like coffee grounds, blood in the stool, black or tarry stools. This pain may increase after lunch or dinner. This problem persists, that often leads to the gastroenterologist's consultation.

OBJECTIVE

There are many antiulcer screening models present for the determination of antiulcer activity of the drug molecule. The main objective of this study is to find which model is best for the determination of antiulcer activity.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted on the databases namely Science direct and PubMed with the help of different keywords such as "Anti-ulcer", "In-vitro models" and "In-vivo models". The search was customized by applying the appropriate filters so as to get the most relevant articles to meet the objective of this review article.

RESULT

There are different research and review papers based on the antiulcer screening models for the determination of antiulcer activity of new drug molecules.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of our study, we found some useful models for the antiulcer activity of drugs and suggested that, if we use in-vitro and in-vivo methods together, then we may obtain the most relevant result in our research area.

The Therapeutic Effect of Nigella sativa Seed on Indomethacin-induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Background:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. However, gastric complications remain a major problem limiting their clinical usage. This study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa seed (N. sativa seed) hydroalcoholic extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats and its possible mechanism.

Methods:

This study was carried out on forty-eight male Wistar rats. Gastric ulcer was induced by indomethacin (35 mg/kg). N. sativa seed extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and ranitidine (50 mg/kg) was administered orally for five days after ulcer induction. Ulcer index, gastric acid secretion, gastric mucus content, total thiol, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total hexose, and protein content in gastric juice were determined.

Results:

The ulcer index in groups of N. sativa seed was significantly lower as compared to indomethacin group. N. sativa seed significantly decreased MDA and protein content, but increased total thiol, total hexose, and mucus content as compared to indomethacin group. N. sativa seed did not affect gastric acid secretion.

Conclusion:

These findings showed that the gastroprotective effect of N. sativa seed against indomethacin- induced ulcer was mainly exerted by antioxidant activity, stimulation of gastric mucus secretion and also increased total hexose in the gastric mucosa.

Solid γ-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compound with Gingerols, a Multi-Component Guest: Preparation, Properties and Application in Yogurt

Gingerols from the rhizome of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) were obtained by a simple extraction, followed by purification. The gingerols extract was composed of 6-gingerol (54%), 8-gingerol (20%), and 10-gingerol (26%). It was included into γ-cyclodextrin by classic co-dissolution procedures. Solid-state characterisation of γ-cyclodextrin·gingerols shows that this inclusion compound features 1:1 host-to-guest stoichiometry and that it is a microcrystalline powder with a crystalline cell that belongs to the tetragonal space group 4212, having the host molecules stacked in infinite channels where the gingerols are accommodated. In chimico studies with ABTS•+ scavenging, NO• scavenging, β-carotene peroxidation, and 5-LOX inhibition show that γ-cyclodextrin is a suitable carrier for gingerols, because it does not alter their reactivity towards these substances. Yogurt was tested as a matrix for the incorporation of gingerols and γ-cyclodextrin·gingerols into foodstuff. The colour of the fortified yogurt suffered little alterations. In the case of yogurt with the inclusion compound, γ-cyclodextrin·gingerols, as fortificant, these alterations were not perceptible to the naked eye. Moreover, yogurt with γ-cyclodextrin·gingerols showed a good antioxidant activity, thus being suitable for use in nutraceutical applications.

The preventive effect of Nigella sativa seed on gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin in rat

Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered as one of the most administrated groups of medications worldwide. Due to the role of NSAIDs in inducing gastric ulceration, their clinical applications are still challenging. Nigella sativa seed is widely used as an herbal medication against gastrointestinal complications. The present experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of N. sativa seed hydro-alcoholic extract on gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin (IND) and to evaluate its possible mechanisms in rat. Methods: This study was performed on 48 male Wistar rats. Acute gastric ulceration was induced by IND (35 mg/kg). N. sativa seed extract (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and ranitidine (50 mg/kg) were administered orally for five days before the induction ulcer. Ulcer index, gastric acid secretion, gastric mucus content, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total hexose, gastric juice protein content were determined on the fifth day. Results: The ulcer index in all groups of N. sativa seed was significantly lower than that of the IND group. N sativa seed considerably decreased MDA and protein content, but increased total thiol, total hexose, and mucus content compared to the IND group. N. sativa seed did not affect gastric acid secretion. Conclusion: These findings were indicative of the gastroprotective effect of N. sativa seed against the IND-induced ulcer, suggesting that it can mainly be exerted through the anti-oxidant activity of the extract as well as its role in stimulating gastric mucus secretion and increasing total hexose in the gastric mucosa.

Gastroprotective Effect of Zingerone on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats

Background and objectives: Zingerone is an ingredient of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with different pharmacological activities. Several studies have investigated the effect of zingerone on various gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhea. This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of zingerone on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Materials and Methods: Gastric ulcers were induced by ethanol (96%, 5 mL/kg, po) in male wistar rats and zingerone (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administrated orally. Normal saline and ranitidine were used as negative and positive control, respectively. In this study, the number and length of ulcers, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in stomach tissues were determined. Results: The findings showed that the mean number and length of gastric ulcers were significantly lower in zingerone-received groups than ethanol group (P < 0.05). The level of malondialdehyde was decreased in the stomach of zingerone groups (P < 0.05) compared to the ethanol group. In addition, zingerone treatment prevented the decrease of nitric oxide level by ethanol in the stomach tissue. Conclusions: The present study showed that zingerone has a protective effect on the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, which may be due to its free radical scavenging activity.

Ameliorative and protective effects of ginger and its main constituents against natural, chemical and radiation-induced toxicities: A comprehensive review

Fatal unintentional poisoning is widespread upon human exposure to toxic agents such as pesticides, heavy metals, environmental pollutants, bacterial and fungal toxins or even some medications and cosmetic products. In this regards, the application of the natural dietary agents as antidotes has engrossed a substantial attention. One of the ancient known traditional medicines and spices with an arsenal of metabolites of several reported health benefits is ginger. This extended literature review serves to demonstrate the protective effects and mechanisms of ginger and its phytochemicals against natural, chemical and radiation-induced toxicities. Collected data obtained from the in-vivo and in-vitro experimental studies in this overview detail the designation of the protective effects to ginger's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Ginger's armoury of phytochemicals exerted its protective function via different mechanisms and cell signalling pathways, including Nrf2/ARE, MAPK, NF-ƙB, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β1/Smad3, and ERK/CREB. The outcomes of this review could encourage further clinical trials of ginger applications in radiotherapy and chemotherapy regime for cancer treatments or its implementation to counteract the chemical toxicity induced by industrial pollutants, alcohol, smoking or administered drugs.

Protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ruta graveolens Linn. leaves on indomethacin and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats

BACKGROUND

The search for an ideal and new antiulcer drug has been extended to herbals for novel molecules that decrease the incidence of relapse and afford better protection.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ruta graveolens (RGE) Linn. leaves on indomethacin (IND) and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats of all the six groups were deprived of food for 24 h. Then, the first group received 1 ml/kg/day p.o. of 1% carboxymethylcellulose calcium (CMC), second group 1 ml/kg/day p.o. of 1% CMC and third group 20 mg/kg/day p.o. of IND. Fourth and fifth groups received RGE 200 and 400 mg/kg/day p.o., respectively; while the sixth group 10 mg/kg/day p.o. omeprazole. After 30 min, last three groups received 20 mg/kg/day p.o. of IND also. All these treatments after food deprivation were repeated each day for 5 consecutive days. Pylorus ligation was performed on 6th day in last five groups. After 4 h, stomach by sacrifice of the rats was examined for ulcer index (UI) and gastric mucus. Gastric juice was assessed for acidity, pH and pepsin; while gastric tissues were assessed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH).

RESULTS

Fifth group showed significant decrease in UI (10.33 ± 0.67), TBARS (0.33 ± 0.03 mmol/mg), free acidity (48.78 ± 5.12 meq/l/100 g), total acidity (99.33 ± 9.31 meq/l/100 g), and pepsin activity (8.47 ± 0.41 μg/ml) levels while it showed significant increase in mucus (412.4 ± 21.6 μg/g), GSH (57.9 ± 4.8 mmol/mg) and pH (3.32 ± 0.27) compared to third group. Percent protection in RGE 400 mg was found to be 63.32 compared to indomethacin.

CONCLUSION

RGE possesses antiulcerogenic activity as it exhibits protective effect on gastric ulcer in rats.

Curcumin Ameliorates Reserpine-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucosal Lesions Through Inhibiting IκB-α/NF-κB Pathway and Regulating Expression of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Gastrin in Rats

The objective of our study was to investigate whether curcumin protects against reserpine-induced gastrointestinal mucosal lesions (GMLs) in rats and to explore the mechanism of curcumin's action. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, reserpine-treated group, reserpine treatment group with curcumin at high dose (200 mg/kg), and reserpine treatment group with curcumin at low dose (100 mg/kg). Rats in reserpine-treated group were induced by intraperitoneally administered reserpine (0.5 mg/kg) for 28 days. TUNEL staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the apoptotic cells and morphologic changes. In addition, to explore the mechanism of curcumin in protecting GMLs, we used serum of experimental rats to assess the level of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ by ELISA and radioimmunoassay. The protein levels of NF-κB, p-IκB-α, IκB-α, Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 were examined by western blot analysis. Data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 software package. Curcumin treatment prevented tissue damage and cell death in the reserpine-treated rats and effectively decreased inflammatory response and balanced the expression of VIP and gastrin in the reserpine-treated rats. NF-κB, p-IκB-α, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 were increased in the reserpine group, but the curcumin high-dose group inhibited them. Curcumin can target the IκB-α/NF-κB pathway to inhibit inflammatory response and regulate the level of VIP and gastrin in reserpine-induced GML rats.

A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger is an important kitchen spice and also possess a myriad health benefits. The rhizomes have been used since antiquity in the various traditional systems of medicine to treat arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, sore throats, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, catarrh, nervous diseases, gingivitis, toothache, asthma, stroke and diabetes. Ginger is also used as home remedy and is of immense value in treating various gastric ailments like constipation, dyspepsia, belching, bloating, gastritis, epigastric discomfort, gastric ulcerations, indigestion, nausea and vomiting and scientific studies have validated the ethnomedicinal uses. Ginger is also shown to be effective in preventing gastric ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs like indomethacin, aspirin], reserpine, ethanol, stress (hypothermic and swimming), acetic acid and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcerations in laboratory animals. Various preclinical and clinical studies have also shown ginger to possess anti-emetic effects against different emetogenic stimuli. However, conflicting reports especially in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and motion sickness prevent us from drawing any firm conclusion on its effectiveness as a broad spectrum anti-emetic. Ginger has been shown to possess free radical scavenging, antioxidant; inhibition of lipid peroxidation and that these properties might have contributed to the observed gastroprotective effects. This review summarizes the various gastroprotective effects of ginger and also emphasizes on aspects that warranty future research to establish its activity and utility as a gastroprotective agent in humans.

Development and evaluation of a gastro-retentive delivery system for improved antiulcer activity of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale)

Aim was to develop and optimize multiunit gastro-retentive floating beads (FBs) intended for localized and prolonged release of ginger for treating gastric ulcers. Protective effect of ginger extract (GE) against ulcer is well documented, but therapeutic use is compromised due to poor bioavailability and physicochemical properties. GE was only slightly soluble (3.19 ± 0.38 mg/ml) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF; pH 1.2). The solubility decreased in water to 0.69 ± 0.03 mg/ml and further by 26% in the presence of calcium carbonate (0.5% w/v). We prepared FBs of GE using calcium carbonate and sodium alginate in different proportions. Beads were evaluated for diameter, buoyancy, entrapment, and porosity. In vitro dissolution showed a Fickian release with a cumulative release of >80% at 24 h. Preclinical evaluation was done in cold-restraint stress induced gastric ulcers, in albino rats, in terms of (i) ulcer index, hemorrhagic streaks (l), mucus content, (ii) oxido-nitrosative stress, and (iii) histopathology. GE loaded FBs (200 mg/kg) were significantly better than free GE and better/equivalent to cimetidine (10 mg/kg). The system was evaluated for therapeutic effect (curative), i.e. after the induction of ulcers. Most of the natural phytochemical or antioxidants show pretreatment effectiveness. We, however, developed and established GE FBs for sustained curative effect.

Protective Effects of Ginger against Aspirin-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats

We investigated the mechanism underlying the protective effects of ginger against gastric damage induced by aspirin in rats. Gastric mucosal lesions were produced by orally administering 200 mg/kg aspirin suspended in 1% carboxymethylcellulose solution to pyloric-ligated male Wistar rats. Ginger powder (200 mg/kg) markedly reduced the aspirin-induced gastric hemorrhagic ulcer area. The total acidity of gastric juice was not significantly influenced by aspirin or ginger. Ginger powder did not affect the aspirin-induced reduction in mucosal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) content; however, it did ameliorate the aspirin-induced increases in mucosal activity of the inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels. In the next experiment, high and low doses of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol were used instead of ginger powder in the same experimental model to examine their roles in the anti-ulcer mechanism of ginger. Both 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol reduced aspirin induced ulcer formation, mucosal iNOS and plasma TNF-α and IL-1β levels. In conclusion, ginger powder prevents the aspirin induced gastric ulcer formation by reducing mucosal iNOS activity and the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines but does not affect gastric juice or acid production or mucosal PGE2 content. This protective effect of ginger powder against gastric ulcers may be attributable to both gingerol and shogaol.