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Wang L, Wang P, Liu B, Zhang H, Wei CC, Xiong M, Luo G, Wang M. LncRNA MEG3 Inhibits the Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition of Bladder Cancer Cells through the Snail/E-cadherin Axis. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:726-734. [PMID: 38990449 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bladder cancer cells and the potential mechanisms. METHODS Cell invasion, migration, and wound healing assays were conducted to assess the effects of MEG3 on the invasive and migratory capabilities of bladder cancer cells. The expression levels of E-cadherin were measured using Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and dual luciferase reporter assays. RNA immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays were performed to investigate the interactions between MEG3 and its downstream targets. RESULTS MEG3 suppressed the invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells and modulated the transcription of E-cadherin. The binding of MEG3 to the zinc finger region of the transcription factor Snail prevented its ability to transcriptionally repress E-cadherin. Additionally, MEG3 suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and P38, thereby decreasing the expression of Snail and stimulating the expression of E-cadherin. CONCLUSION MEG3 plays a vital role in suppressing the EMT in bladder cancer cells, indicating its potential as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wei
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China.
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Purpurowicz P, Kaminski TW, Kordan W, Korzekwa AJ, Purpurowicz Z, Jabłonowski Z. The Role of Semaphorin 6D (Sema6D) in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer-A Preliminary Study on Human Plasma and Urine. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1426. [PMID: 39061999 PMCID: PMC11274001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of bladder cancer worldwide in the last three decades has been increasing in both men and women. So far, there is no established non-invasive bladder cancer biomarker in daily clinical practice. Semaphorin 6D (sema6D) is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the class VI semaphorins. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the potential role of sema6D in bladder cancer. The study group consisted of 40 patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and the control group of 20 patients without malignancies. There was a statistically significantly higher urinary sema6D concentration in patients than controls (p < 0.05) but no significant difference in plasma 6D. There were no statistically significant differences in urinary or plasma concentration of sema6D between low- or high-grade cancer and according to the tumor stage in TNM classification. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between plasma sema6D and age of patients (R = -0.6; p = 0.019). Plasma sema6D does not seem to be useful in the clinical practice at this point. However, the urinary sema6D concentration could potentially serve as a marker of NMIBC used for diagnostic purposes, monitoring, and early relapse detection or the assessment of the treatment efficacy. Urinary sema6D is probably not associated with the grading or staging of NMIBC, so it cannot be used for the prediction of disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Purpurowicz
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz W Kaminski
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, VERSITI Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Władysław Kordan
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna J Korzekwa
- Research Group of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Purpurowicz
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
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Guo L, Cid A, Cucci J, Kunkel B, Defeis L, Matthews M. Acu-URO17 is a highly sensitive and specific bladder cancer biomarker. BJUI COMPASS 2024; 5:497-501. [PMID: 38751950 PMCID: PMC11090771 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluates the efficacy of Acu-URO17, a highly sensitive and specific immunocytochemistry (ICC) test targeting Keratin 17, in comparison to urine cytology and UroVysion™ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting bladder cancer cells in voided urine specimens. Methods Acupath conducted a large-scale comparison study using 2378 voided urine specimens. Acu-URO17, urine cytology and UroVysion™ FISH were performed on these specimens according to standardized protocols. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for Acu-URO17 in comparison to urine cytology and UroVysion™ FISH. Results In cases diagnosed with high-grade urothelial cancer via urine cytology, Acu-URO17 demonstrated a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 82%. When compared to UroVysion™ FISH results, Acu-URO17 exhibited a sensitivity of 97.1% and a specificity of 77.8%, surpassing the sensitivity of UroVysion™ FISH (57.1%). Notably, Acu-URO17 showed a high NPV of 99.9%, indicating its reliability in confirming negative urine cytology results and risk-stratifying atypical and suspicious cytology results. Conclusion The results of this large-scale prospective study support Acu-URO17 as a clinically relevant, non-invasive and cost-effective tool for detecting bladder cancer cells in voided urine specimens. Its high sensitivity, specificity and NPV make it a valuable adjunct to urine cytology and UroVysion™ FISH in the diagnosis and management of urothelial carcinoma (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwu Guo
- Acupath Laboratories IncPlainviewNew YorkUSA
| | | | - John Cucci
- Acupath Laboratories IncPlainviewNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Lisa Defeis
- Acupath Laboratories IncPlainviewNew YorkUSA
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Wang J, Wang T, Feng YK, Liu Y, Fu B, Liu XT, Wu QZ. Deubiquitinating enzyme PSMD7 promotes bladder cancer development: Involvement of RAB1A stabilization. Cell Signal 2024; 114:110996. [PMID: 38040402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 7 (PSMD7) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is involved in the stability of ubiquitinated proteins and participates in the development of multiple types of cancer. The roles of PSMD7 and its potential mechanisms in bladder cancer (BC) remain elusive. METHODS In this study, we identified that PSMD7 was overexpressed in BC tissues based on gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and TNMplot web. To investigate the functional role of PSMD7, two BC cell lines, T24 and 5637, were selected. The cells were transfected with vectors containing short hairpin RNAs against PSMD7 or plasmids containing full-length PSMD7 to knockdown or overexpress PSMD7. RESULTS Our results revealed that silencing PSMD7 inhibited cell proliferation, cycle progression, migration, invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis, whereas PSMD7 overexpression led to the opposite effects in the BC cells. Mechanically, PSMD7 influenced the protein expression but not the mRNA expression of the Ras-related protein Rab-1 A (RAB1A). PSMD7 combined with RAB1A and negatively regulated its ubiquitination, indicating that PSMD7 enhanced the stability of RAB1A through post-transcriptional modification. Moreover, the rescue experiment demonstrated that RAB1A was an important downstream effector molecule of PSMD7. Besides, the negative regulation of silencing PSMD7 on tumor growth was confirmed in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study substantiated a novel mechanism by which PSMD7 stabilized RAB1A to accelerate the progression of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Kang Feng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Qi-Zhe Wu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
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Jiang D, Zhang H, Yin B, He M, Lu X, He C. The Prognostic Hub Gene POLE2 Promotes BLCA Cell Growth via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1984-1998. [PMID: 38963027 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073273633231113060429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BLCA is a common urothelial malignancy characterized by a high recurrence rate. Despite its prevalence, the molecular mechanisms underlying its development remain unclear. AIMS This study aimed to explore new prognostic biomarkers and investigate the underlying mechanism of bladder cancer (BLCA). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to identify key prognostic biomarkers for BLCA and to elucidate their roles in the disease. METHODS We first collected the overlapping DEGs from GSE42089 and TCGA-BLCA samples for the subsequent weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to find a key module. Then, key module genes were analyzed by the MCODE algorithm, prognostic risk model, expression and immunohistochemical staining to identify the prognostic hub gene. Finally, the hub gene was subjected to clinical feature analysis, as well as cellular function assays. RESULTS In WGCNA on 1037 overlapping genes, the blue module was the key module. After a series of bioinformatics analyses, POLE2 was identified as a prognostic hub gene in BLCA from potential genes (TROAP, POLE2, ANLN, and E2F8). POLE2 level was increased in BLCA and related to different clinical features of BLCA patients. Cellular assays showed that si-POLE2 inhibited BLCA proliferation, and si-POLE2+ 740Y-P in BLCA cells up-regulated the PI3K and AKT protein levels. CONCLUSION In conclusion, POLE2 was identified to be a promising prognostic biomarker as an oncogene in BLCA. It was also found that POLE2 exerts a promoting function by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Bingde Yin
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Minke He
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Xuwei Lu
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Chang He
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
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Li HZ, Zhu J, Weng GJ, Li JJ, Li L, Zhao JW. Application of nanotechnology in bladder cancer diagnosis and therapeutic drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8368-8386. [PMID: 37580958 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01323e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urinary system, and its high recurrence rate is a great economic burden to patients. Traditional diagnosis and treatment methods have the disadvantages of insufficient targeting, obvious side effects and low sensitivity, which seriously limit the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of BC. Due to their small size, easy surface modification, optical properties such as plasmon resonance, and surface enhanced Raman scattering, good electrical conductivity and photothermal conversion properties, nanomaterials have great potential application value in the realization of specific diagnosis and targeted therapy of BC. At present, the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of BC is attracting great attention and achieving rich research results. Therefore, this paper summarizes the recent research on nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of BC, clarifies the existing advantages and disadvantages, and provides theoretical guidance for promoting the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Zhuo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Weng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jun-Wu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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Oh TJ, Lee JY, Seo Y, Woo MA, Lim JS, Na YG, Song KH, Bang BR, Lee JJ, Shin JH, An S. Evaluation of Sensitive Urine DNA-Based PENK Methylation Test for Detecting Bladder Cancer in Patients with Hematuria. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:646-654. [PMID: 37330048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematuria is a prevalent symptom associated with bladder cancer (BC). However, the invasiveness and cost of cystoscopy, the current gold standard for BC diagnosis in patients with hematuria, necessitate the development of a sensitive and accurate noninvasive test. This study introduces and validates a highly sensitive urine-based DNA methylation test. The test improves sensitivity in detecting PENK methylation in urine DNA using linear target enrichment followed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. In a case-control study comprising 175 patients with BC and 143 patients without BC with hematuria, the test's optimal cutoff value was determined by distinguishing between two groups, achieved an overall sensitivity of 86.9% and a specificity of 91.6%, with an area under the curve of 0.892. A prospective validation clinical study involving 366 patients with hematuria scheduled for cystoscopy assessed the test's performance. The test demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 84.2% in detecting 38 cases of BC, a specificity of 95.7%, and an area under the curve of 0.900. Notably, the sensitivity for detecting Ta high grade and higher stages of BC reached 92.3%. The test's negative predictive value was 98.2%, and the positive predictive value was 68.7%. These findings highlight the potential of the PENK methylation in urine DNA using linear target enrichment followed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR test in urine as a promising molecular diagnostic tool for detecting primary BC in patients with hematuria, which may reduce the need for cystoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Min A Woo
- Genomictree, Inc., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Gil Na
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki Hak Song
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | | | - Ju Hyun Shin
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
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Lucchesi CA, Vasilatis DM, Mantrala S, Chandrasekar T, Mudryj M, Ghosh PM. Pesticides and Bladder Cancer: Mechanisms Leading to Anti-Cancer Drug Chemoresistance and New Chemosensitization Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11395. [PMID: 37511154 PMCID: PMC10380322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple risk factors have been associated with bladder cancer. This review focuses on pesticide exposure, as it is not currently known whether agricultural products have a direct or indirect effect on bladder cancer, despite recent reports demonstrating a strong correlation. While it is known that pesticide exposure is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in humans and dogs, the mechanism(s) by which specific pesticides cause bladder cancer initiation or progression is unknown. In this narrative review, we discuss what is currently known about pesticide exposure and the link to bladder cancer. This review highlights multiple pathways modulated by pesticide exposure with direct links to bladder cancer oncogenesis/metastasis (MMP-2, TGF-β, STAT3) and chemoresistance (drug efflux, DNA repair, and apoptosis resistance) and potential therapeutic tactics to counter these pesticide-induced affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Lucchesi
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (D.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Demitria M. Vasilatis
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (D.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Saisamkalpa Mantrala
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (D.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Thenappan Chandrasekar
- Department of Urological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (D.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (D.M.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Daza J, Grauer R, Chen S, Lavallèe E, Razdan S, Dey L, Steineck G, Renström-Koskela L, Li Q, Hussein AA, Mehrazin R, Waingankar N, Guru K, Wiklund P, Sfakianos JP. Development of a predictive model for recurrence-free survival in pTa low-grade bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:256.e9-256.e15. [PMID: 36941190 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on Ta low-grade (LG) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have shown that follow-up cystoscopies are normal in 82% and 67% of patients with single and multiple tumors, respectively. OBJECTIVE To develop a predictive model associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months in TaLG cases that consider the patients' risk aversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from a prospectively maintained database of 202 newly diagnosed TaLG NMIBC patients treated at Scandinavian institutions were used for the analysis. To identify risk groups associated with recurrence, we performed a classification tree analysis. Association between risk groups and RFS was evaluated by Kaplan Meier analysis. A Cox proportional hazard model selected significant risk factors associated with RFS using the variables defining the risk groups. The reported C index for the Cox model was 0.7. The model was internally validated and calibrated using 1000 bootstrapped samples. A nomogram to estimate RFS at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months was generated. The performance of our model was compared to EUA/AUA stratification using a decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS The tree classification found that tumor number, tumor size and age were the most relevant variables associated with recurrence. The patients with the worst RFS were those with multifocal or single, ≥ 4cm tumors. All the relevant variables identified by the classification tree were significantly associated with RFS in the Cox proportional hazard model. DCA analysis showed that our model outperformed EUA/AUA stratification and the treat all/none approaches. CONCLUSION We developed a predictive model to identify TaLG patients that benefit from less frequent follow-up cystoscopy schedule based on the estimated RFS and personal recurrence risk aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Daza
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Ralph Grauer
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Etienne Lavallèe
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shirin Razdan
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Linda Dey
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Qiang Li
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Ahmed A Hussein
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Reza Mehrazin
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nikhil Waingankar
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Khurshid Guru
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Peter Wiklund
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John P Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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Ganji M, Bakhshi S, Shoari A, Ahangari Cohan R. Discovery of potential FGFR3 inhibitors via QSAR, pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening and molecular docking studies against bladder cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:111. [PMID: 36765337 PMCID: PMC9913026 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is known as a favorable aim in vast range of cancers, particularly in bladder cancer treatment. Pharmacophore and QSAR modeling approaches are broadly utilized for developing novel compounds for the determination of inhibitory activity versus the biological target. In this study, these methods employed to identify FGFR3 potential inhibitors. METHODS To find the potential compounds for bladder cancer targeting, ZINC and NCI databases were screened. Pharmacophore and QSAR modeling of FGFR3 inhibitors were utilized for dataset screening. Then, with regard to several factors such as Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties and Lipinski's Rule of Five, the recognized compounds were filtered. In further step, utilizing the flexible docking technique, the obtained compounds interactions with FGFR3 were analyzed. RESULTS The best five compounds, namely ZINC09045651, ZINC08433190, ZINC00702764, ZINC00710252 and ZINC00668789 were selected for Molecular Dynamics (MD) studies. Off-targeting of screened compounds was also investigated through CDD search and molecular docking. MD outcomes confirmed docking investigations and revealed that five selected compounds could make steady interactions with the FGFR3 and might have effective inhibitory potencies on FGFR3. CONCLUSION These compounds can be considered as candidates for bladder cancer therapy with improved therapeutic properties and less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ganji
- grid.412266.50000 0001 1781 3962Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Bakhshi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoari
- grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, No. 69, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, 1316543551, Iran.
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11
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Ding L, Deng X, Wang K, Xia W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Shao X, Wang J. Preoperative Systemic Inflammatory Markers as a Significant Prognostic Factor After TURBT in Patients with Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:283-296. [PMID: 36713048 PMCID: PMC9875575 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s393511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) have been widely proposed to have predictive value for the patient prognosis of many malignancies, including bladder cancer. However, the predictive value of their combination in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is unclear. Methods Cases of NMIBC patients who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor were recruited from two tertiary public medical centers. A systemic inflammatory marker (SIM) score was calculated based on comprehensive consideration of NLR, PLR, and LMR. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The Log rank test was used to compare differences between the groups. Cox regression was used to screen risk factors affecting RFS and PFS. Nomogram models were established and validated, and patients were stratified based on the model scores. Results The study dataset was grouped according to a 7:3 randomization, with the training cohort consisting of 292 cases and the validation cohort consisting of 124 cases. Cox regression analysis showed that SIM score is an independent predictor of RFS and PFS in NMIBC patients. The novel models were established based on the SIM score and other statistically significant clinicopathological features. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting 1-, 2-, and 3-year RFS was 0.667, 0.689, and 0.713, respectively. The AUC for predicting 1-, 2-, and 3-year PFS was 0.807, 0.775, and 0.862, respectively. Based on the risk stratification, patients at high risk of recurrence and progression could be accurately identified. The established models were applied to the patient evaluation of the validation cohort, which proved the great performance of the novel models. Conclusion The novel models based on the SIM score and clinicopathological characteristics can accurately predict the survival prognosis of NMIBC patients, and the models can be used by clinicians for individualized patient assessment and to assist in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Deng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Xia
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Junqi Wang, Email
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12
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Microbiome in Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010084. [PMID: 36611376 PMCID: PMC9818914 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies on bladder cancer and the microbiome have been conducted so far, useful strains at the species level have not yet been identified. In addition, in the case of urine studies, methodological heterogeneity is too great, and in tissue studies, the species level through shotgun analysis has not been revealed, and studies using stool samples have provided only limited information. In this review, we will review all the microbiome studies related to bladder cancer so far through a systematic review.
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13
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Li Z, Qi N, Gao Z, Ding L, Zhu J, Guo Q, Wang J, Wen R, Li H. How to Perform Intravesical Chemotherapy after Second TURBT for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Single-Center Experience. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010169. [PMID: 36614970 PMCID: PMC9820835 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study aimed to explore whether the original IVC regimen should be continued after the second TURBT or whether the IVC induction phase should be restarted from the beginning. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 137 patients who underwent a second TURBT at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between April 2014 and June 2022. Based on the pathological findings, patients were divided into two groups: group A patients, who did not have a residual tumor on pathological examination after the second TURBT; and group B patients, who had residual tumor. Recurrence was determined using cystoscopy and imaging every three months. The endpoint was recurrence-free survival. RESULT In the entire cohort, there was a statistically significant difference in the RFS between patients in the two IVC regimens (p = 0.029). The RFS of patients in group B1 was significantly lower than that of patients in group B2 (p = 0.009). There was no significant difference in RFS between the subgroups A1 and A2 (p = 0.560). Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the IVC regimen after a second TURBT (p = 0.012) and T stage after a second TURBT (p = 0.005) were both independent predictors for patient RFS. CONCLUSION If the pathological findings of the second TURBT specimen is benign, patients can continue their previous treatment regimen without restarting an IVC induction phase. Unnecessary IVC can be avoided in these patients. In contrast, for patients with residual tumors in the second TURBT specimen, the need to restart the IVC induction phase should be emphasized to improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Nienie Qi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Rumin Wen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (H.L.)
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Ding L, Wang X, Deng X, Xia W, Wang K, Yu X, Huang Y, Wang J. Preoperative systemic immune‐inflammation index as a significant prognostic factor after
TURBT
in patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: A retrospective study based on propensity score matching analysis. Cancer Med 2022; 12:7019-7028. [PMID: 36479836 PMCID: PMC10067042 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of the preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with recurrence-free survival (RFS) after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. METHODS The clinicopathological characteristics and follow-up data of NMIBC patients were collected retrospectively from two tertiary medical centers. A 1:1 PSM analysis was carried out using the nearest-neighbor method (caliper size: 0.02). Cox regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors associated with RFS. RESULTS A total of 416 NMIBC patients were included in this study. Before and after matching, patients with increased SII had worse RFS (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.027, respectively). Multivariate Cox analysis identified SII as an independent predictor of RFS before (HR [95% CI]: 1.789 [1.232, 2.599], p = 0.002) and after matching (HR [95% CI]: 1.646 [1.077, 2.515], p = 0.021). In the matched subgroup analysis, an elevated SII had a significant association with postoperative worse RFS in the T1 stage (p = 0.025), primary status (p = 0.049), high-grade (p = 0.0015), and multiple lesions (p = 0.043) subgroups. CONCLUSION SII could accurately stratify the prognosis of NMIBC patients before and after PSM analysis. An elevated SII was significantly associated with worse RFS in NMIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou PR China
| | - Xiangbu Wang
- Department of Pathology The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou PR China
| | - Xiaobin Deng
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Wentao Xia
- Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou PR China
| | - Xianlin Yu
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Yaotian Huang
- Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Urology The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou PR China
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15
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Corsi NJ, Messing EM, Sood A, Keeley J, Bronkema C, Rakic N, Jamil M, Dalela D, Arora S, Piontkowski AJ, Majdalany SE, Butaney M, Rakic I, Li P, Menon M, Rogers CG, Abdollah F. Risk-Based Assessment Of the Impact Of Intravesical Therapy on Recurrence-Free Survival Rate Following Resection of Suspected Low-grade, Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC): A Southwest Oncology Groups (SWOG) S0337 Posthoc Analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2022; 20:e498-e505. [PMID: 35871040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has an elevated risk of recurrence, and immediate postresection intravesical instillation of chemotherapy (IVC) significantly reduces the risk of recurrence. Questions remain about which subpopulation may maximally benefit from IVC. Our aim was to develop risk groups based on recurrence risk in NMIBC, and then evaluate the impact of a single, postoperative instillation of IVC on the subsequent risk of recurrence for each risk group. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the SWOG S0337 trial cohort, we performed a posthoc analysis of 345 patients who were diagnosed with suspected low-grade NMIBC, underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), and received post-operative IVC (gemcitabine vs. saline). Using regression tree analysis, the regression tree stratified patients based on their risk of recurrence into low-risk - single tumor and aged < 57 years, intermediate-risk - single tumor and aged ≥ 57 years, and high-risk - multiple tumors. We used Cox proportional hazard models to test the impact of recurrence-free rate, and after adjustment to available covariates. RESULTS Median age of the cohort was 66.5 (IQR: 59.7-75.8 years) with 85% of patients being males. Median overall follow-up time was 3.07 years (IQR: 0.75-4.01 years). When testing the impact of treatment in each risk group separately, we found that patients in the intermediate-risk treated with gemcitabine had a 24-month recurrence free rate of 77% (95% CI: 68%-86%) vs. 59% (95% CI: 49%-70%) in the saline group. This survival difference was confirmed on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio: 0.39, 95% CI: 23%-66%, P < 0.001). This group represented 53% of our cohort. Conversely, we did not observe a significant difference in recurrence-free survival among patients in the low- (P = 0.7) and high-risk (P = 0.4) groups. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that older patients with a single tumor of suspected low-grade NMIBC at TURBT maximally benefit from immediate postresection IVC (gemcitabine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Corsi
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Akshay Sood
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jacob Keeley
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Chandler Bronkema
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikola Rakic
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Marcus Jamil
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Deepansh Dalela
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Sohrab Arora
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Austin J Piontkowski
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Sami E Majdalany
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Mohit Butaney
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Ivan Rakic
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Pin Li
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Mani Menon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Craig G Rogers
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Firas Abdollah
- Vattikuti Urology Institute Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.
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Ding L, Deng X, Xia W, Wang K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Shao X, Wang J. Development and external validation of a novel nomogram model for predicting postoperative recurrence-free survival in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1070043. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTransurethral resection of the bladder tumor with or without adjuvant intravesical instillation (IVI) has been the standard treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), whereas a high percentage of patients still experience local tumor recurrence and disease progression after receiving the standard treatment modalities. Unfortunately, current relevant prediction models for determining the recurrent and progression risk of NMIBC patients are far from impeccable.MethodsClinicopathological characteristics and follow-up information were retrospectively collected from two tertiary medical centers between October 2018 and June 2021. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression analysis were used to screen potential risk factors affecting recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients. A nomogram model was established, and the patients were risk-stratified based on the model scores. Both internal and external validation were performed by sampling the model with 1,000 bootstrap resamples.ResultsThe study included 299 patient data obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and 117 patient data obtained from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. Univariate regression analysis suggested that urine red blood cell count and different tumor invasion locations might be potential predictors of RFS. LASSO-Cox regression confirmed that prior recurrence status, times of IVI, and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) were independent factors for predicting RFS. The area under the curve for predicting 1-, 2-, and 3-year RFS was 0.835, 0.833, and 0.871, respectively. Based on the risk stratification, patients at high risk of recurrence and progression could be accurately identified. A user-friendly risk calculator based on the model is deposited at https://dl0710.shinyapps.io/nmibc_rfs/.ConclusionInternal and external validation analyses showed that our model had excellent predictive discriminatory ability and stability. The risk calculator can be used for individualized assessment of survival risk in NMIBC patients and can assist in guiding clinical decision-making.
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Roslan A, Sulaiman N, Mohd Ghani KA, Nurdin A. Cancer-Associated Membrane Protein as Targeted Therapy for Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102218. [PMID: 36297654 PMCID: PMC9607037 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) recurrence is one of the primary clinical problems encountered by patients following chemotherapy. However, the mechanisms underlying their resistance to chemotherapy remain unclear. Alteration in the pattern of membrane proteins (MPs) is thought to be associated with this recurrence outcome, often leading to cell dysfunction. Since MPs are found throughout the cell membrane, they have become the focus of attention for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers for BC, therefore, requires a major collaborative effort. This review describes studies on membrane proteins as potential biomarkers to facilitate personalised medicine. It aims to introduce and discuss the types and significant functions of membrane proteins as potential biomarkers for future medicine. Other types of biomarkers such as DNA-, RNA- or metabolite-based biomarkers are not included in this review, but the focus is mainly on cell membrane surface protein-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adlina Roslan
- Laboratory of UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research (CANRES), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurshahira Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Asri Mohd Ghani
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Armania Nurdin
- Laboratory of UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research (CANRES), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8609-2971
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Does post-void residual urine volume affect potential recurrence risk for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer? Future Sci OA 2022; 8:FSO823. [PMID: 36788983 PMCID: PMC9912276 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Bladder cancer is the second most common urological malignancy after prostate cancer. Increase in the post-void residual (PVR) volume may result in an increase in the risk of cancer recurrence. Methods Patient demographic data, tumor stage and grade, PVR volume and 2 years follow-up data for recurrence were obtained and evaluated. Results One-hundred-and-nineteen patients were subdivided into three groups according to PVR urine volume. The increase of PVR volume was related to short recurrence-free survival (RFS) especially for patients with PVR volume of 60 ml or more. Conclusion Low PVR volume in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer may play a role in reducing cancer recurrence. However further research is needed in this field.
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Li X, Chen W, Li R, Chen X, Huang G, Lu C, Wen Z, Peng X, Liu K, Zhang C, Li H, Hu Y, Zhao Z, Tao L, Lai Y. Bladder cancer diagnosis with a four-miRNA panel in serum. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3311-3322. [PMID: 36047424 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies. Due to the disadvantage of existing bladder cancer diagnostic tools, miRNAs hold promise as new diagnostic markers. Materials & methods: A total of 224 participants were involved in this three-cohort trial. A total of 15 candidate miRNAs were selected, and miRNAs with diagnostic ability were screened out with quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Diagnostic capability was ascertained by the receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve. Bioinformatics analysis was constructed for target gene prediction and functional annotation. Results: Six candidate miRNAs showed significantly different expression between bladder cancer patients and normal controls, and the final diagnostic panel comprised miR-181b-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-199-5p and miR-221-3p. Conclusion: This four-miRNA panel could represent a stable biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkang Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongkang Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guocheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqi Peng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihao Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunduo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Zhao
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Tao
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Lai
- Department of Urology, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People's Republic of China
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Bhirud DP, Mittal A, Kumar S, Narain TA, Kishore S, Navriya SC, Ranjan SK, Panwar VK. When to Avoid a Restaging Procedure for Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer? Inferences from a Tertiary Care Center. Indian J Surg Oncol 2022; 13:604-611. [PMID: 36187522 PMCID: PMC9515286 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-022-01516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of urinary bladder carcinoma is alarming. Approximately seventy percent of these patients are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Restage transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the current recommendation for any T1 and or high-grade non muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) to accurately stage the malignancy. The question whether a second surgery is always required as a restage procedure is still unanswered. The patient's concern about completeness, morbidity, and financial considerations of a major surgery cannot be overlooked. Moreover, it also puts a strain on the already overburdened healthcare system. To answer this question, whether it is oncologically sound to omit a second resection, the current study evaluated the outcomes of patients undergoing restage TURBT, and analyzed the preoperative factors predicting a change in the staging of this malignancy. The study design was a prospective observational including NMIBC patients from September 2018 to February 2020. A total of 72 patients underwent restage TURBT. Their demographic data, imaging and cystoscopic findings, and histopathological data were recorded. The objective was to study the clinico-pathological correlations and factors predicting recurrence and upstaging of tumor in NMIBC patients undergoing restage TURBT. A total of 101 patients were found eligible for restage TURBT. Eventually, 72 underwent restage TURBT. Twelve (16.7%) patient had recurrence at restage while 3(4.16%) were upstaged to T2. Presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was independently associated with the risk of recurrence of same stage compared to no recurrence (p-0.025, OR-8.793, 95% CI-1.316-98.773). Chemical exposure (p-0.042) was also significantly associated with the same. Presence of lymphadenopathy on CT was independently associated with the risk of upstaging compared to no recurrence (p-0.032, OR-18.25, 95% CI-1.292-257.85). The study concluded that in the presence of a well-performed and adequate initial TURBT, restage TURBT could be skipped for further management. However, in small subgroup of patients with lymphadenopathy on preoperative imaging having a higher risk of tumor recurrence and upstaging, and patients with a history of chemical exposure and previous lower urinary tract symptoms having a high risk of recurrence alone, restage TURBT should still be performed to accurately stage the disease. Further studies with large patient cohort are needed to confirm and reinforce the facts proposed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13193-022-01516-8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankur Mittal
- Department of Urology, AiimsRishikesh, Uttarakhand India 249203
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Urology, AiimsRishikesh, Uttarakhand India 249203
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21
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Setti Boubaker N, Gurtner A, Trabelsi N, Manni I, Blel A, Saadi A, Chakroun M, Naimi Z, Zaghbib S, Ksontini M, Meddeb K, Rammeh S, Ayed H, Chebil M, Piaggio G, Ouerhani S. An insight into the diagnostic and prognostic value of
HOX A13
’s expression in non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24606. [PMID: 35853090 PMCID: PMC9459288 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have interrogated the molecular pathways and their interacting genes underlying bladder cancer (BCa) tumorigenesis, yet, the role of homeobox genes is still poorly understood. Specifically, HOXA13, which plays an important role as a major actor in the urogenital tract's development. Methods Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to inspect the differential expression of HOXA13 protein in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and non‐tumoral tissues. A semiquantitative scoring system was adopted to evaluate the IHC labeling. Correlation to clinical parameters was performed by descriptive statistics. Overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression model. The functional HOX A13 protein association networks (PPI) were obtained using String 11.0 database. Results HOX A13 exhibited cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Its expression levels were lower in high‐grade NMIBC (HG NMIBC) compared to low‐grade ones (LG NMIBC). The expression of HOX A13 was correlated to tumor grade (LG/HG) (p = 0.036) and stage (TA/T1) (p = 0.036). Nevertheless, its expression was not correlated to clinical parameters and was not able to predict the overall survival of patients with HG NMIBC. Finally, PPI analysis revealed that HOX A13 seems to be a part of a molecular network holding mainly PBX1, MEIS, ALDH1A2, HOX A10, and HOX A11. Conclusion The deregulation of HOX A13 is not associated with the prognosis of BCa. It seems to be rather implicated in the early initiation of urothelial tumorigenesis and thus may serve as a diagnostic marker in patients with NMIBC. Further experimentations on larger validation sets are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Setti Boubaker
- Laboratory of Proteins Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP‐MB) INSAT University of Tunis Carthage Tunis Tunisia
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Aymone Gurtner
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Nesrine Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Proteins Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP‐MB) INSAT University of Tunis Carthage Tunis Tunisia
| | - Isabella Manni
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
| | - Ahlem Blel
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Saadi
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Marouene Chakroun
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Zeineb Naimi
- Medical Oncology Department Faculty of Medicine Salah Azaiez Institute University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Selim Zaghbib
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Meriam Ksontini
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Khedija Meddeb
- Medical Oncology Department Faculty of Medicine Salah Azaiez Institute University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Rammeh
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Haroun Ayed
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chebil
- Urology Department Faculty of Medicine Charles Nicolle Hospital University of Tunis‐El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- UOSD SAFU Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies IRCCS‐Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome Italy
| | - Slah Ouerhani
- Laboratory of Proteins Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP‐MB) INSAT University of Tunis Carthage Tunis Tunisia
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22
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Daei S, Ziamajidi N, Abbasalipourkabir R, Khanaki K, Bahreini F. Anticancer Effects of Gold Nanoparticles by Inducing Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer 5637 Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2673-2683. [PMID: 34455542 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a developing and revolutionary science that has been widely recommended for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Among the various nanoparticles used in nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted much attentions due to their promising anticancer properties. Despite the potential advantages of AuNPs, their apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects have not yet been reported on human bladder cancer 5637 cells. This motivated us to evaluate (reactive oxygen species) ROS-mediated apoptosis in 5637 cells. For this task, inhibitory effect of AuNPs was investigated after 24-h exposure to different concentrations of AuNPs by MTT assay. Also, apoptosis level was assessed by ROS production, flow cytometry, and Hoechst 33,258 staining. Besides, mRNA expression of B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) genes, and caspase-3,7 activity were determined by qRT-PCR and colorimetric assay, respectively. Moreover, migration rate was evaluated by wound healing assay. MTT results demonstrate that AuNPs can reduce 5637-cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, while fluorimetric assay data show significant increased ROS production in 25 and 50 µg/ml-treated cells. It is also observed that AuNPs lead to Bax overexpression and downregulation of Bcl-2 and VEGFA genes. In line with this, flow cytometry results show increased levels of apoptosis in 25 and 50 µg/ml AuNP-treated cells (p < 0.05). Similarly, Hoechst staining indicates a remarkable increase in cells with apoptotic morphology after treating with AuNPs. Overall, our findings show that AuNPs significantly provoke ROS production, induce apoptosis, and suppress cell migration in bladder cancer 5637 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Daei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ziamajidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Korosh Khanaki
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bahreini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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23
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El Ahanidi H, El Azzouzi M, Hafidi Alaoui C, Tetou M, Bensaid M, Chaoui I, Benbacer L, Hassan I, Oukabli M, Michaud K, Ameur A, Al Bouzidi A, El Mzibri M, Jandus C, Attaleb M. Immune Checkpoint and Telomerase Crosstalk Is Mediated by miRNA-138 in Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:795242. [PMID: 35223454 PMCID: PMC8874320 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.795242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), therapy failure, and severe side effects in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are the major challenges in the clinical management of bladder cancer (BC). Here, we identify new molecular targetable signatures to improve BC patients’ stratification and the outcome of current immunotherapies. Material and Methods In a prospective cohort of 70 BC patients, we assessed the genetic and molecular regulation of TERT in maintaining telomere length in parallel to immune checkpoint and microRNA expression. Results TERT was undetectable in healthy bladder tissues but upregulated in invasive BC stages and high tumor grade. Its expression was linked with the combined effect of the C250T mutation and THOR hypermethylation, associated with progressing tumors and maintaining of telomere length. In the same cohort, PD-L1 scored highest in NMIBC, while PD-L2 was upregulated in MIBC. We also show that miR-100-5p and 138-5p were highly expressed in healthy bladder specimens and cell line, while expression decreased in the BC tissues and BC cell lines. In line with the binding prediction for these miRNAs on target genes, miRs 100-5p and 138-5p expression strongly inverse correlated with TERT, PD-L1, and PD-L2 expression, but not PD1. Conclusion We identify a loop involving TERT, PD1-ligands, and miR-138-5p in BC, that might represent not only a useful biomarker for improved diagnosis and patients’ stratification but also as a promising axis that might be therapeutically targeted in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar El Ahanidi
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
- Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Meryem El Azzouzi
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
- Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chaimae Hafidi Alaoui
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Tetou
- Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Imane Chaoui
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Laila Benbacer
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ilias Hassan
- Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Oukabli
- Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Katarzyna Michaud
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Ameur
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
- Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed El Mzibri
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Attaleb
- Biology and Medical Research Unit, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires (CNESTEN), Rabat, Morocco
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Attaleb, ;
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24
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Gellings P, Galeas-Pena M, Morici LA. Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin-derived extracellular vesicles as an alternative to live BCG immunotherapy. Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:519-527. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Goldberg IP, Lichtbroun B, Singer EA, Ghodoussipour S. Pharmacologic Therapies for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current and Future Treatments. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 4:13-22. [PMID: 36051251 PMCID: PMC9431226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and 70% of cases are non-muscle invasive at the time of diagnosis. Effective treatment is crucial to prevent progression, which occurs in about 30% of patients. The American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and chemotherapy. However, ongoing shortages and high rates of BCG unresponsiveness creates a major need for novel therapies. In this narrative review, we discuss the evolving landscape of therapeutic options for NMIBC. Pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibody, was the first systemic therapy to be FDA-approved for BCG-unresponsive, high-risk disease. Promising new agents under investigation include various other checkpoint inhibitors and adenovirus-based therapies including CG0070 and nadofaragene firadenovec (rAd-IFNa/Syn3). Finally, new mechanisms of drug delivery are under investigation, including delivery with the GemRIS (TAR-200) device and delivery of intravesical chemotherapy at higher temperatures. With the promise of novel therapies on the horizon, we can expect the role of urologists in the management of NMIBC to evolve and expand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Lichtbroun
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eric A. Singer
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Saum Ghodoussipour
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Saum Ghodoussipour, MD,
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26
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Colling R, Colling H, Browning L, Verrill C. Validation of grading of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma by digital pathology for routine diagnosis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:995. [PMID: 34488682 PMCID: PMC8420048 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological grading of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma has a direct impact upon management. This study evaluates the reproducibility of grading these tumours on glass slides and digital pathology. Methods Forty eight non-invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas were graded by three uropathologists on glass and on a digital platform using the 1973 WHO and 2004 ISUP/WHO systems. Results Consensus grades for glass and digital grading gave Cohen’s kappa scores of 0.78 (2004) and 0.82 (1973). Of 142 decisions made on the key therapeutic borderline of low grade versus high grade urothelial carcinoma (2004) by the three pathologists, 85% were in agreement. For the 1973 grading system, agreement overall was 90%. Conclusions Agreement on grading on glass slide and digital screen assessment is similar or in some cases improved, suggesting at least non-inferiority of DP for grading of non-invasive urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Colling
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Hayleigh Colling
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lisa Browning
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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27
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Sawazaki H, Arai Y, Ito Y, Sato K, Tsuda H, Yamaga T, Sakurai H. Expression of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 is a Predictive Biomarker of Intravesical Recurrence in Patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:603-611. [PMID: 34458203 PMCID: PMC8387640 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s326249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a Na+-independent amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in various cancer types. We evaluated the prognostic value of LAT1 expression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 119 consecutive patients who underwent initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Of these, 75 patients with NMIBC were included in this study. Patients were classified into two groups according to the proportion of LAT1-positive cells, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Associations between LAT1 expression and clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Cox multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of intravesical recurrence (IVR). The LAT1 integrated risk model was compared with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk model to evaluate the predictive ability for IVR based on the c-index. Results The median follow-up was 37 months. Twenty-eight patients (37.3%) had IVR. LAT1 expression was not correlated with any other clinicopathological factors. Patients with high LAT1 expression had a worse IVR-free survival than that of patients with low LAT1 expression (P = 0.038). Cox multivariate analyses indicated that tumor multiplicity and high LAT1 expression were independent predictors of IVR. The LAT1 integrated risk model had a significantly improved performance over the EORTC model for assessing recurrence risk (c-index: 0.695, improvement: 0.091, P = 0.001). When patients were stratified into three groups according to the score calculated by the LAT1 integrated risk model, the 2-year IVR-free survival rates were 93.3% in patients with 0 points, 66.9% for those with 2 points, and 37.5% for those with 4 points. Conclusion High LAT1 expression was an independent predictor of IVR in patients with NMIBC. The LAT1 integrated risk model had good predictability for IVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutake Sawazaki
- Department of Urology, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Higashimurayama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Arai
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Pathology, Tama-Hokubu Medical Center, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Kimiya Sato
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
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Rodríguez Cintas M, Márquez S, González-Gallego J. The Impact of Physical Activity on Risk and Health-Related Quality of Life in Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2021; 7:355-364. [PMID: 38993609 PMCID: PMC11181820 DOI: 10.3233/blc-200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentarism is an important modifiable risk factor in the struggle against cancer. In the last decades, the relationship between physical activity and different types of cancer has been investigated in depth. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the literature on the effectiveness of physical activity in reducing the risk to develop bladder cancer and improving health-related quality of life in patients. METHODS A systematic review was conducted through a search of the Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) databases to seek information and PRISMA system to delimitate the research. Outcomes included in searches were physical activity, tobacco consumption, obesity, body mass index, and metabolic syndrome, associated with bladder cancer and quality of life. RESULTS Database searches identified 394 records, of which 75 were duplicated. A total of 280 articles were excluded based on abstract screening. An additional 16 full-text articles were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria. Overall, 21 of the 23 studies included in the review reported beneficial effects of physical activity in bladder cancer. The majority of papers found that physical activity is a significant factor in reducing the risk of bladder cancer. Moreover, physical activity improves health-related quality of life in bladder cancer survivors, and diminishes both recurrence and mortality in those who engage in regular activity. Lastly, physical inactivity is associated with increased body mass index, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and unfavourable energy balance, which led to a greater probability of suffering from bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS These data reinforce the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of bladder cancer and to improve survivorship and health-related quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Márquez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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29
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Prediction of Bladder Cancer Treatment Side Effects Using an Ontology-Based Reasoning for Enhanced Patient Health Safety. INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/informatics8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting potential cancer treatment side effects at time of prescription could decrease potential health risks and achieve better patient satisfaction. This paper presents a new approach, founded on evidence-based medical knowledge, using as much information and proof as possible to help a computer program to predict bladder cancer treatment side effects and support the oncologist’s decision. This will help in deciding treatment options for patients with bladder malignancies. Bladder cancer knowledge is complex and requires simplification before any attempt to represent it in a formal or computerized manner. In this work we rely on the capabilities of OWL ontologies to seamlessly capture and conceptualize the required knowledge about this type of cancer and the underlying patient treatment process. Our ontology allows case-based reasoning to effectively predict treatment side effects for a given set of contextual information related to a specific medical case. The ontology is enriched with proofs and evidence collected from online biomedical research databases using “web crawlers”. We have exclusively designed the crawler algorithm to search for the required knowledge based on a set of specified keywords. Results from the study presented 80.3% of real reported bladder cancer treatment side-effects prediction and were close to really occurring adverse events recorded within the collected test samples when applying the approach. Evidence-based medicine combined with semantic knowledge-based models is prominent in generating predictions related to possible health concerns. The integration of a diversity of knowledge and evidence into one single integrated knowledge-base could dramatically enhance the process of predicting treatment risks and side effects applied to bladder cancer oncotherapy.
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30
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Yergin CG, Pafford R, Pirris J, Rao D, Rahmathulla G. Spinal Tuberculosis Secondary to Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin Treatment for Bladder Cancer. Cureus 2021; 13:e17446. [PMID: 34589352 PMCID: PMC8460556 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical administration of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an important component of the gold standard in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, complications of this treatment include infections caused by the dissemination of Mycobacterium bovis. We present a case of a 62-year-old man who had been treated with intravesical BCG for bladder cancer and developed an M. bovis infection of his vertebral column. About four months after completing the BCG treatment, he developed an acute onset of severe upper thoracic radicular back pain, with radiation anteriorly to his sternum. Examination revealed the presence of early myelopathy. After other causes were ruled out, he was diagnosed with the infection four months later. He was investigated for the pain, with resulting imaging identifying an erosive ventral epidural mass at the T4-T5 levels causing cord compression. The patient underwent a transthoracic procedure to evacuate the paraspinal mass lesion and obtain a diagnostic biopsy, followed by a posterolateral decompression of the lesion and posterior instrumented stabilization. Pathology resulted in the identification of a granuloma with a single acid-fast bacillus (AFB) from the paraspinal abscess, thus being diagnostic of a mycobacterial granuloma with paraspinal involvement. We subsequently performed an extensive review of current literature, looking at articles on spinal osteomyelitis following intravesical BCG treatment of bladder cancer. We identified 26 documented cases in English literature. We present our case report with a good outcome at 24 months, resolving with appropriate chemotherapy. Additionally, we completed a systematic review of the literature and discuss this infrequent iatrogenic pathology. Our report reveals the good response to targeted therapy in the case of osteomyelitis at other skeletal sites and that practitioners caring for these patients maintain a high degree of suspicion in the workup of these patients. Early identification and treatment can appropriately treat osteomyelitis with good long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste G Yergin
- Neurological Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Ryan Pafford
- Neurological Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - John Pirris
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Dinesh Rao
- Neuroradiology, University of Florida Health, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Gazanfar Rahmathulla
- Neurological Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
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31
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Janev A, Ramuta TŽ, Tratnjek L, Sardoč Ž, Obradović H, Mojsilović S, Taskovska M, Smrkolj T, Kreft ME. Detrimental Effect of Various Preparations of the Human Amniotic Membrane Homogenate on the 2D and 3D Bladder Cancer In vitro Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:690358. [PMID: 34249888 PMCID: PMC8267883 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.690358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being among the ten most common cancers with high recurrence rates worldwide, there have been no major breakthroughs in the standard treatment options for bladder cancer in recent years. The use of a human amniotic membrane (hAM) to treat cancer is one of the promising ideas that have emerged in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of hAM homogenate on 2D and 3D cancer models. We evaluated the effects of hAM homogenates on the human muscle invasive bladder cancer urothelial (T24) cells, papillary cancer urothelial (RT4) cells and normal porcine urothelial (NPU) cells as well as on human mammary gland non-tumorigenic (MCF10a) cells and low-metastatic breast cancer (MCF7) cells. After 24 h, we observed a gradual detachment of cancerous cells from the culture surface, while the hAM homogenate did not affect the normal cells. The most pronounced effect hAM homogenate had on bladder cancer cells; however, the potency of their detachment was dependent on the treatment protocol and the preparation of hAM homogenate. We demonstrated that hAM homogenate significantly decreased the adhesion, growth, and proliferation of human bladder invasive and papillary cancer urothelial cells and did not affect normal urothelial cells even in 7-day treatment. By using light and electron microscopy we showed that hAM homogenate disrupted the architecture of 2D and 3D bladder cancer models. The information provided by our study highlights the detrimental effect of hAM homogenate on bladder cancer cells and strengthens the idea of the potential clinical application of hAM for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Janev
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Larisa Tratnjek
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Sardoč
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hristina Obradović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavko Mojsilović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Taskovska
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Chair of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Smrkolj
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Chair of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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32
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Shih KW, Chen WC, Chang CH, Tai TE, Wu JC, Huang AC, Liu MC. Non-Muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer: Re-envisioning Therapeutic Journey from Traditional to Regenerative Interventions. Aging Dis 2021; 12:868-885. [PMID: 34094648 PMCID: PMC8139208 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is one of the most common cancer and major cause of economical and health burden in developed countries. Progression of NMIBC has been characterized as low-grade (Ta) and high grade (carcinoma in situ and T1). The current surgical intervention for NMIBC includes transurethral resection of bladder tumor; however, its recurrence still remains a challenge. The BCG-based immunotherapy is much effective against low-grade NMIBC. BCG increases the influx of T cells at bladder cancer site and inhibits proliferation of bladder cancer cells. The chemotherapy is another traditional approach to address NMIBC by supplementing BCG. Notwithstanding, these current therapeutic measures possess limited efficacy in controlling NMIBC, and do not provide comprehensive long-term relief. Hence, biomaterials and scaffolds seem an effective medium to deliver therapeutic agents for restructuring bladder post-treatment. The regenerative therapies such as stem cells and PRP have also been explored for possible solution to NMIBC. Based on above-mentioned approaches, we have comprehensively analyzed therapeutic journey from traditional to regenerative interventions for the treatment of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wei Shih
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Chen
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsin Chang
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,4Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ting-En Tai
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Cheng Wu
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,5Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,6Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Andy C Huang
- 8Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,11221, Taiwan.,9Department of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei 10629, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- 1Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,3TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,7Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,10School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Lourenço C, Constâncio V, Henrique R, Carvalho Â, Jerónimo C. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers for Urologic Cancers: An Overview of Current Methods and Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1529. [PMID: 33810357 PMCID: PMC8036842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urologic cancers are a heterogeneous group of tumors, some of which have poor prognosis. This is partly due to the unavailability of specific and sensitive diagnostic techniques and monitoring tests, ideally non- or minimally invasive. Hence, liquid biopsies are promising tools that have been gaining significant attention over the last decade. Among the different classes of biomarkers that can be isolated from biofluids, urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a promising low-invasive source of biomarkers, with the potential to improve cancer diagnosis and disease management. Different techniques have been developed to isolate and characterize the cargo of these vesicles; however, no consensus has been reached, challenging the comparison among studies. This results in a vast number of studies portraying an extensive list of uEV-derived candidate biomarkers for urologic cancers, with the potential to improve clinical outcome; however, without significant validation. Herein, we review the current published research on miRNA and protein-derived uEV for prostate, bladder and kidney cancers, focusing on different uEV isolation methods, and its implications for biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lourenço
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (Â.C.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Constâncio
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (Â.C.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
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de Jonge H, Iamele L, Maggi M, Pessino G, Scotti C. Anti-Cancer Auto-Antibodies: Roles, Applications and Open Issues. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:813. [PMID: 33672007 PMCID: PMC7919283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Auto-antibodies are classically associated with autoimmune diseases, where they are an integral part of diagnostic panels. However, recent evidence is accumulating on the presence of auto-antibodies against single or selected panels of auto-antigens in many types of cancer. Auto-antibodies might initially represent an epiphenomenon derived from the inflammatory environment induced by the tumor. However, their effect on tumor evolution can be crucial, as is discussed in this paper. It has been demonstrated that some of these auto-antibodies can be used for early detection and cancer staging, as well as for monitoring of cancer regression during treatment and follow up. Interestingly, certain auto-antibodies were found to promote cancer progression and metastasis, while others contribute to the body's defense against it. Moreover, auto-antibodies are of a polyclonal nature, which means that often several antibodies are involved in the response to a single tumor antigen. Dissection of these antibody specificities is now possible, allowing their identification at the genetic, structural, and epitope levels. In this review, we report the evidence available on the presence of auto-antibodies in the main cancer types and discuss some of the open issues that still need to be addressed by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Scotti
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (H.d.J.); (L.I.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
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35
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Lu Y, Tao J. Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity as Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer Prognosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:699732. [PMID: 34690923 PMCID: PMC8529220 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.699732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary bladder carcinoma is common in developed settings, and prognosis may be impacted by lifestyle factors such as excess body weight and diabetes mellitus. The present meta-analysis aimed to systematically collate and analyze evidence on the impact of diabetes and excess BMI on bladder cancer outcomes. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were screened for relevant studies that examined the association between bladder cancer outcomes and diabetes and/or excess body weight. The primary outcomes for this study were mortality (both all-cause and cancer-specific), risk of cancer progression, and recurrence. Strength of association was presented in the form of pooled adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 16.0. RESULTS Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria. Nine of these examined diabetes mellitus while 16 studied body mass index. All studies were retrospective. Diabetic patients had significantly higher risk for all-cause mortality (HR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.44, n=3), cancer specific mortality (HR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.16, n=7), disease progression (HR 1.54, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.06, n=8), and recurrence (HR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.48, n=8) compared to non-diabetics. No statistically significant risk change for all-cause mortality, cancer specific mortality, disease progression, and recurrence was found for overweight patients. However, obese individuals were at higher risk for disease progression (HR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.50, n=3) and recurrence (HR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.40, n=7) compared to normal BMI patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that diabetes and excess body weight negatively influences bladder cancer prognosis and outcome. The increased risk of mortality due to diabetes was similar to that in the general population. Since retrospective studies are potentially susceptible to bias, future prospective studies on this subject are required.
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36
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MicroRNA‑34a‑5p serves as a tumor suppressor by regulating the cell motility of bladder cancer cells through matrix metalloproteinase‑2 silencing. Oncol Rep 2020; 45:911-920. [PMID: 33650650 PMCID: PMC7859909 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), a common urologic cancer, is the fifth most frequently diagnosed tumor worldwide. hsa-miR-34a displays antitumor activity in several types of cancer. However, the functional mechanisms underlying hsa-miR-34a in BC remains largely unknown. We observed that hsa-mir-34a levels were significantly and negatively associated with clinical disease stage as well as regional lymph node metastasis in human BC. In a series of in vitro investigations, overexpression of hsa-miR-34a inhibited cell migration and invasion in BC cell lines 5637 and UMUC3 as detected by Transwell assays. We further found that hsa-miR-34a inhibited cell migration and invasion by silencing matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and thus interrupting MMP-2-mediated cell motility. Our analysis of BC datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed a negative correlation between hsa-miR-34a and MMP-2. Moreover, higher MMP-2 protein expression was observed in the BC tissues when compared with that noted in the normal tissue. MMP-2 levels were also significantly associated with clinical disease stage and poor survival rate in human BC. These findings indicate that MMP-2 plays a critical role in regulating BC progression. Therefore, hsa-miR-34a is a promising treatment to target MMP-2 for the prevention and inhibition of cell migration and invasion in BC.
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37
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Richards KA, Lin SW, Chuo CY, Derleth CL, Yi J, Zivkovic M, Ogale S, Prasad S, Decastro GJ, Steinberg GD. Increased Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Treatment Intensity Associated With Improved Outcomes in Elderly Patients With Non–Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer in United States Clinical Practice. Urology 2020; 145:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer tissues have increased base excision repair capacity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16371. [PMID: 33004944 PMCID: PMC7529820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of bladder cancer (BC) are complex and have not been fully elucidated. Alterations in base excision repair (BER) capacity, one of several DNA repair mechanisms assigned to preserving genome integrity, have been reported to influence cancer susceptibility, recurrence, and progression, as well as responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We report herein that non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC) tissues exhibit increased uracil incision, abasic endonuclease and gap-filling activities, as well as total BER capacity in comparison to normal bladder tissue from the same patient (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected in 8-oxoG incision activity between cancer and normal tissues. NMIBC tissues have elevated protein levels of uracil DNA glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease 1 and DNA polymerase β protein. Moreover, the fold increase in total BER and the individual BER enzyme activities were greater in high-grade tissues than in low-grade NMIBC tissues. These findings suggest that enhanced BER activity may play a role in the etiology of NMIBC and that BER proteins could serve as biomarkers in disease prognosis, progression or response to genotoxic therapeutics, such as Bacillus Calmette–Guérin.
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39
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Andolfi C, Bloodworth JC, Papachristos A, Sweis RF. The Urinary Microbiome and Bladder Cancer: Susceptibility and Immune Responsiveness. Bladder Cancer 2020; 6:225-235. [PMID: 33195783 PMCID: PMC7605348 DOI: 10.3233/blc-200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease worldwide and is associated with a high mortality rate. Across all stages of bladder cancer, immunotherapy has now become the cornerstone of treatment. The commensal microbiome has become a major focus of research given its impact on numerous states of human health and disease. Many links between commensal microbes and immune function have been reported. Recently a commensal urinary microbiome has been identified and characterized in healthy individuals by several research groups. The urinary microbiome is now emerging as an important factor influencing bladder cancer development and therapeutic responsiveness. In this report, we identify findings from important clinical and mechanistic studies on the urinary microbiome and future opportunities to impact prevention and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Andolfi
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Bloodworth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Apostolos Papachristos
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Randy F Sweis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA.,Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
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40
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Bessa A, Martin R, Häggström C, Enting D, Amery S, Khan MS, Cahill F, Wylie H, Broadhead S, Chatterton K, Malde S, Nair R, Thurairaja R, Kumar P, Haire A, Green S, Northover M, Briggs K, Van Hemelrijck M. Unmet needs in sexual health in bladder cancer patients: a systematic review of the evidence. BMC Urol 2020; 20:64. [PMID: 32493286 PMCID: PMC7268732 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) treatment can have a detrimental effect on the sexual organs of patients and yet assessment of sexual health needs has been greatly overlooked for these patients compared to those who have undergone other cancer therapies. Methods This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in July 2019. Studies were identified by conducting searches for Medline (using the PubMed interface), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Ovid Gateway (Embase and Ovid) using a list of defined search terms. Results 15 out of 37 studies included men only, 10 studies women only and 11 both sexes. Most participants were aged 50 to 65 years. Most studies (n = 34) focused on muscle invasive BC and only three on non-muscle invasive BC. Measurements of sexual dysfunction, including erection, ejaculation, firmness and desire, were the most commonly used measurements to report sexual health in men. In women, lubrification/dryness, desire, orgasm and dyspareunia were the most commonly reported. Twenty-one studies evaluated sexual dysfunction based on validated questionnaires, two with a non-validated questionnaire and through interviewing participants. Conclusion While recognition of the importance of the inclusion of psychometric measurements to assess sexual health is growing, there is a lack of consistent measures to assess sexual health in BC. With the focus on QoL arising in cancer survivorship, further studies are needed to develop, standardize and implement use of sexual health questionnaires with appropriate psychometrics and social measures to evaluate QoL in BC patients. Trial registration “PROSPERO does not currently accept registrations for scoping reviews, literature reviews or mapping reviews. PROSPERO is therefore unable to accept your application or provide a registration number. This decision should not stop you from submitting your project for publication to a journal.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Bessa
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | | | - Christel Häggström
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Deborah Enting
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Amery
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Fidelma Cahill
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Harriet Wylie
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Samantha Broadhead
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Chatterton
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sachin Malde
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rajesh Nair
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ramesh Thurairaja
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Anna Haire
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Saran Green
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Margaret Northover
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Briggs
- Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- King's College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), TOUR, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Efiloğlu Ö, Başok Bİ, Turan T, Toprak T, Erol B, Çaşkurlu T, Yıldırım A. Role of serum and urine transforming growth factor beta 1, matrix metallopeptidase 9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, and nerve growth factor beta levels and serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting recurrence and progression risks in patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Turk J Urol 2020; 46:206-212. [PMID: 32053096 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2020.19186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the correlation between serum and urine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), and nerve growth factor beta (NGF-β) levels and serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as well as the recurrence and progression risks of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIAL AND METHODS The current study included 89 individuals: n=47, patients with primary NMIBC (patient group) and n=42, healthy controls (control group). The TGF-β1, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and NGF-β levels in the blood and urine samples were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, the serum NLR was evaluated. For the statistical analysis, a generalized linear model was used to compare the groups. In the analysis, gender and use of cigarettes were used as the secondary factors, and age was included as the covariate in the generalized linear model set for the intergroup evaluations. Meanwhile, a logistic regression model was utilized to evaluate the impact of the biomarkers on the risk of recurrence and progression. RESULTS The serum NLR was higher in the patient group than in the control group (p=0.033). The patients with disease recurrence had higher body mass index and MMP-9 levels, but the results were not statistically significant. Moreover, the patients with a high NLR had a high risk of disease progression (odds ratio [OR]=13.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.057-161.18, p=0.045), whereas the patients with a high serum TGF-β1 level (OR=0.972, 95% CI=0.945-0.999, p=0.047) had a low risk of disease progression. CONCLUSION High NLR and low TGF-β1 values were associated with an increased risk of disease progression in patients with NMIBC. However, no relationships were found between TGF-β1, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and NGF-β values and the recurrence of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Efiloğlu
- Department of Urology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu İşbilen Başok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Turgay Turan
- Department of Urology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Toprak
- Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Erol
- Department of Urology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Turhan Çaşkurlu
- Department of Urology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Asıf Yıldırım
- Department of Urology, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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The role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with pTa non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The peritumoral inflammatory reaction has a substantial importance in the oncologic outcome of bladder cancer (BC). One biomarker proven to be practical and accessible is the NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) for high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The aim of the study was to investigate the role of NLR as a prognostic biomarker for disease recurrence, progression and survival of p Ta (pathological assesment of the primary tumor) NMIBC.
Material and Methods: In our retrospective study we included 54 patients with pTa NMIBC from a total of 235 patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) during two consecutive years: January 2007 - December 2008 [median follow-up 106 months (interquartile range-IQR 68-116)]. Criteria for inclusion were: primary tumor, low-grade, with NLR available at 2 weeks prior to TURBT. NLR was considered altered if higher than 3.
Results: The median age of the patients included was 63 years (IQR 55 - 72). Most of the patients had NLR---lt---3 (37 patients). Median EORTC (European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer) Recurrence Score was 4 (IQR 1-6), while EORTC Progression Score was 3 (IQR 0-6), respectively. Recurrence occurred in 8 out of 54 (14.81 %) patients and progression was identified in 2 out of 54 (3.70 %) patients with muscle-invasive BC during follow-up. NLR---gt---3 was not associated with clinical and pathological factors. In multivariable Cox regression analyses NLR as a continuous variable was an independent predictive factor for recurrence. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) Kaplan-Meier analysis did not show a statistical significance between NLR groups: 82.67% vs. 64.12%, p=0.26. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a lower Progression-free survival (PFS) in the NLR---gt---3 group: 94.12% vs. 100%, p=0.04. During follow-up (106 months) 18 patients deceased with no impact of NLR as a prognostic factor in multivariable analyses. Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) analysis showed a 10-year OS of 70.27% in the low NLR group compared with 58.82% in the high NLR group, p=0.45.
Conclusion: In this cohort, high NLR was associated with high recurrence rate in patients with Ta NMIBC. In low-risk NMIBC NLR could represent a valid biomarker for clinical usage regarding the intensity of follow-up schedule.
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Hudolin T, Kastelan Z, El-Saleh A, Bakula M, Coric M, Kes P, Tomas D, Basic-Jukic N. Bone morphogenic proteins-2, -4, -6 and 7 in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1291-1297. [PMID: 31966059 PMCID: PMC6956307 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and may play an important role in the regulation of malignant cells in bladder cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate BMP expression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Tumor tissue samples from 71 patients treated with transurethral resection and 10 samples of normal bladder tissue were stained using immunohistochemistry for BMP-2, -4, -6 and -7. The levels of BMP were correlated with the number and size of tumors in the bladder, the pathohistological findings as well as with tumor recurrence and progression. The results of the present study demonstrated that BMP-2 and -7 are highly expressed in normal bladder tissue, but significantly downregulated in cancer samples. This reduction correlates with a faster rate of tumor recurrence as well as with an increase in the number of recurrent tumors. There was no evident interrelation between BMP-2 and -7 reduction and changes in tumor grade and stage. In conclusion, BMP-2 and -7 are potential prognostic factors for tumor recurrence and further studies on BMP and bladder cancer are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tvrtko Hudolin
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Kastelan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ahmad El-Saleh
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirko Bakula
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Coric
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Kes
- Department of Dialysis, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Tomas
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Basic-Jukic
- Department of Dialysis, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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BCG Therapy of Bladder Cancer Stimulates a Prolonged Release of the Chemoattractant CXCL10 (IP10) in Patient Urine. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070940. [PMID: 31277459 PMCID: PMC6678801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intra-vesical instillation of Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is an effective therapy for high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which provokes a local immune response resulting in 70% of patients free of relapse after three years. Because non-responder patients usually have a bad prognosis, the early identification of treatment failure is crucial. We hypothesized that, if an effective immune response was taking place in the bladder, soluble factors would be released to the urine many days after BCG instillations. Methods: An extensive panel of cytokines and chemokines released into the urine seven days after every BCG instillation was screened in a cohort of NMIBC patients over three years. Results: The determinations of the urinary concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and creatinine showed that increasing concentrations of C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) also known as interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP10) could be detected during the six-week induction cycle of BCG-treated patients released into the urine by CD14+ cells. In vitro, CXCL10 facilitated the recruitment of effector immune cells after the BCG-mediated upregulation of CXCR3 in both T- and natural killer (NK)-cells. Conclusions: The high concentrations of chemokine detected one week after the encounter with mycobacteria suggest that the CXCL10 axis might be related to the intensity of the immune anti-tumor response.
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Wu T, Duan X, Hu C, Wu C, Chen X, Huang J, Liu J, Cui S. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Abies spectabilis extract and its anticancer activity on bladder cancer T24 cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:512-523. [PMID: 30810403 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1560305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized from plant extracts and their anticancer activity have attracted significant attention. We report the green approach for the synthesis of AuNPs using extract from Abies spectabilis plant. In this study, the reaction parameters were optimized to control the size of the nanoparticle, which was confirmed by Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). Various characterization technique such as SAED pattern, UV visible spectroscopy, EDX, FTIR, and AFM were employed to analyze the synthesized AuNPs obtained from A. spectabilis plant extract. Furthermore, we investigated the anticancer activities using T24 cell lines. Interestingly, the results of extensive screening on the applications of newly synthesized AuNPs were tested for their cytotoxicity effects on anticancer activity against T24 cells by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was studied using TUNEL, DAPI, caspase activity, cell invasion and migration. Nanoparticles at different concentrations ranging from 1 to 25 μg/ml exhibited a dose dependent cytotoxicity for 24 h. Condensation and DNA fragmentation are characteristic of apoptosis by DAPI, TUNEL staining, and the significant up regulations of Beclin-1, Bax and caspase 3, whereas the expressions of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bid were down regulated. However, this study, therefore attempts to report the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles of A. spectabilis plant extract beneficial for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- a Department of Urology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Xi Duan
- b Department of Dermatovenereology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- a Department of Urology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Changqiang Wu
- c School of Medical Imaging , North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- a Department of Urology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Jing Huang
- a Department of Urology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Junbo Liu
- a Department of Urology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Shu Cui
- a Department of Urology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
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Do J, Lee SW, Jeh SU, Hwa JS, Hyun JS, Choi SM. Overnight continuous saline irrigation after transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is helpful in prevention of early recurrence. Can Urol Assoc J 2018; 12:E480-E483. [PMID: 29989883 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been reported that many methods prevent recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), but it has rarely been reported that overnight continuous saline irrigation is effective in preventing recurrence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of overnight continuous saline irrigation in preventing recurrence after TURBT. METHODS We retrospectively studied patients with NMIBC who underwent TURBT from January 2010 to May 2015 at our institution. Patients who underwent cystoscopy every 12 weeks during the first year after surgery were included. Patients with cancer stage ≥pT2, lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis were excluded. The overnight continuous saline irrigation (OCSI) group and the no irrigation group were compared and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 332 patients were included in the study. There were no differences in the basic characteristics of the patients between the two groups. In the OCSI group, the recurrence-free survival rate was higher than that in the no irrigation group, indicating that there was a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS After TURBT surgery, OCSI may help prevent early recurrence of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmo Do
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sin Woo Lee
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong Uk Jeh
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Hwa
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae Seog Hyun
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - See Min Choi
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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Niegisch G, Gerullis H, Lin SW, Pavlova J, Gondos A, Rudolph A, Haas G, Hennies N, Kramer MW. A Real-World Data Study to Evaluate Treatment Patterns, Clinical Characteristics and Survival Outcomes for First- and Second-Line Treatment in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Patients in Germany. J Cancer 2018; 9:1337-1348. [PMID: 29721042 PMCID: PMC5929077 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. In particular, the incidence of bladder cancer varies widely across Europe; Germany has the ninth highest international age-standardized incidence. For advanced UC or metastatic UC (mUC), platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard first-line (1L) treatment; however, there is wide heterogeneity of second-line (2L) treatments, ranging from vinflunine in parts of Europe to taxanes and other agents elsewhere in Europe, in the United States and globally. Limited data exist on treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with advanced UC or mUC in the routine clinical setting in Germany. The objective of this study was to describe clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and subsequent outcomes in this setting. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort analysis evaluated 1L and 2L treatment patterns and overall survival (OS) in patients aged ≥18 years with advanced UC or mUC (T4b, N2-3 and/or M1) at office-based urology and academic as well as nonacademic urology clinics throughout Germany between 1 November 2009 and 2 June 2016. Data were obtained through the GermanOncology database and additional treatment centers using similar electronic case report forms. Results: Among the 435 patients included in the analysis, 435 received 1L treatment and 125 received 2L treatment. Median age at start of 1L treatment was 69 years, 75% of patients were male, 75% were current or ex-smokers, 15% had hemoglobin <10 g/dL and 44% had creatinine clearance<60 mL/min/1.73; proportions were similar with 2L treatment. Cardiovascular disease was the most frequently reported comorbidity (65%), followed by diabetes (19%). Most patients (77%) received 1L platinum-based combination treatment (most commonly gemcitabine + cisplatin, 83%). Of those treated with 2L treatment, 66% received a single agent (most commonly vinflunine, 71%). Median OS (95% CI) with 1L treatment was 16.1 months (13.7-19.2) overall and 17.7 months (14.4-24.2) with 1L cisplatin + gemcitabine. In the 1L setting, 12-month OS was 61%, 24-month OS was 39% and 36-month OS was 26%. Median (95% CI) OS with 2L treatment was 9.2 months (5.5-11.6) overall and 5.9 months (4.1-12.6) with 2L vinflunine. In the 2L setting, OS rates for the same time periods were 40%, 22% and 8%, respectively. Median (95% CI) progression-free survival was 7 months (6.4-8.1) and 4 months (3.0-4.8), respectively, in the 1L and 2L settings. Objective response rates were 34% in the 1L setting and 14% in the 2L setting. No difference in OS by sex or smoking status was noted. Patients with or without renal impairment had a 12-month OS of 54% or 69%, respectively. OS at 12 months was 63% among patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0 to 1 vs 53% among patients with an ECOG PS of ≥2. Cox regression analysis found no difference in OS between vinflunine and other 2L treatments (P = 0.69). Conclusions: This study provides a contemporary multicenter assessment of real-world treatment patterns and outcomes among palliatively treated patients with UC in Germany. The findings were generally consistent with the poor treatment outcomes observed globally, underscoring the need for effective 1L and 2L treatment for advanced UC or mUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gerullis
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital for Urology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Adam Gondos
- Real World Insights, QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Real World Insights, QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gabriele Haas
- Real World Insights, QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nora Hennies
- Real World Insights, QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario W. Kramer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Aboushousha T, Hammam O, Helal N, El Dahshan S. Impact of Cyclin D1 and Heterogeneous Nuclear
Ribonucleoprotein-K (HnRNP-K) on Urinary Bladder
Carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:513-519. [PMID: 29480994 PMCID: PMC5980943 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression of cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K in relation to the pathological findings in bladder cancer including the type, grade, muscle invasion and bilharzial association. Methods: We studied the immunoexpression; as regard the percentage, intensity and score of both cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K in different bladder lesions including 10 cases of cystitis; 10 cases of carcinoma insitu (CIS), 20 cases of Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 66 cases of urothelial carcinoma (UC). Results: High expression of cyclin D1 was found in UC compared to other groups (p<0.001) and in UC with low grade, non-muscle invasive and papillary tumors compared to their counterparts (p<0.05, <0.01 and <0.05 respectively), however, bilharzial association does not affect cyclin D1 expression. Higher hnRNP-K expression was found in SCC compared to other groups (p <0.001) and in UC with high grade, muscle invasive and non-papillary tumors compared to their counterparts (p<0.001each). Bilharzial-associated UC showed higher expression of hnRNP-K percent (p<0.05) compared to non-bilharzial cases. Conclusion: This study elucidated a possible contribution of cyclin D1 and hnRNP-K expression in the initiation and progression of urinary bladder carcinoma, so, both of them can be used in predicting progression of urinary bladder carcinoma and to differentiate between UC and SCC in high grade tumors. The possible role of both markers in immunotherapy deserves supplementary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Aboushousha
- Pathology Departments,Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
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Dettlaff K, Stawny M, Ogrodowczyk M, Jelińska A, Bednarski W, Wątróbska-Świetlikowska D, Keck RW, Khan OA, Mostafa IH, Jankun J. Formulation and characterization of EGCG for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Int J Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28627636 PMCID: PMC5504970 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the annual incidence of bladder cancer is approximately 70,000 new cases, with a mortality rate of approximately 15,000/year. The most common subtype (70%) of bladder cancer is superficial, namely hte non-muscle invasive disease form limited to the urothelium. The rate of progression and recurrence is up to 40 and 70%, respectively. Urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder is typically treated with transurethral resection. The cancerous cells can float onto the adjacent epithelium, increasing the risk of recurrence. The standard of care is to offer adjuvant intravesical agents to reduce the risk of progression and recurrence. Current intravesical treatments are costly and are associated with special biohazard handling protocols. Patients are treated with intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmetter-Guerin (BCG) bacterium, or mitomycin C (MMC) following resection, both of which can cause moderate to severe side-effects which are rarely life-threatening. We previously examined the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)in comparison with MMC to prevent tumor cell implantation/growth in an animal model of superficial bladder cancer. Experiments revile that EGCG is slightly more effective than MMC at decreasing tumor cell implantation and consequent cancer growth in a bladder. This treatment requires the stringent sterile requirement of EGCG. EGCG can be unstable when sterilized at high temperatures. Thus, we evaluated two low temperature sterilization methods, such as ionizing radiation or the filtration method followed by freeze-drying. Both methods ensure the sterility of the sample; however, infrared and HPLC analysis revealed a slightly better stability of irradiated EGCG over the filtration method. The concentration of stable free radicals following irradiation was low, which are unlikely to exert any damaging effects to EGCG. Therefore, we consider that radiation will be the preferred method of EGCG sterilization, and that this may prove useful for the effective use of EGCG in the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dettlaff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60‑780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Stawny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60‑780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ogrodowczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60‑780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Jelińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60‑780 Poznań, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Rick W Keck
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Omar A Khan
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ibrahim H Mostafa
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Gopalakrishna A, Longo TA, Fantony JJ, Harrison MR, Inman BA. Physical activity patterns and associations with health-related quality of life in bladder cancer survivors. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:540.e1-540.e6. [PMID: 28527621 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity has been shown to significantly improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and survivorship in a variety of patients with cancer . However, little is known about the physical activity patterns of bladder cancer survivors and how these are related to HRQOL in the United States. Our objective was to describe self-reported physical activity patterns and HRQOL and examine the association between these measures in a large cohort of bladder cancer survivors. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, long-term bladder cancer survivors identified through an institutional database were mailed a survey that included the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Bladder Cancer (FACT-BL) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Associations between HRQOL, as assessed by the FACT-BL, and physical activity, as assessed by the IPAQ, were examined by stratified analyses of HRQOL by different levels of physical activity, proportional odds ordinal logistic regression models, and local polynomial regression models. RESULTS A total of 472 subjects (49% response rate) completed the survey. The mean age was 74 years; 81% were male and 87% were white. The median total weekly physical activity was 2,794 MET-min. Subjects reporting "high" physical activity had a median FACT-BL score of 129 compared with 119 among those reporting "low" physical activity, a statistically and clinically significant difference. Similarly, subjects reporting "high" physical activity had a 2.2-fold increased odds of reporting higher global HRQOL compared with subjects reporting "low" physical activity. CONCLUSIONS This large cohort of bladder cancer survivors reported high levels of physical activity. Physical activity was positively associated with HRQOL. Further studies investigating the causal relationship between physical activity and HRQOL in the posttreatment setting in bladder cancer survivors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A Longo
- Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Brant A Inman
- Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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