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Biernacka P, Adamska I, Felisiak K. The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds-A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28103993. [PMID: 37241734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a relict tree species showing high resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Its fruits and leaves have high medicinal value due to the presence of flavonoids, terpene trilactones and phenolic compounds. However, ginkgo seeds contain toxic and allergenic alkylphenols. The publication revises the latest research results (mainly from 2018-2022) regarding the chemical composition of extracts obtained from this plant and provides information on the use of extracts or their selected ingredients in medicine and food production. A very important section of the publication is the part in which the results of the review of patents concerning the use of Ginkgo biloba and its selected ingredients in food production are presented. Despite the constantly growing number of studies on its toxicity and interactions with synthetic drugs, its health-promoting properties are the reason for the interest of scientists and motivation to create new food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Biernacka
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Adamska
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Felisiak
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
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Chen JF, Wu SW, Shi ZM, Hu B. Traditional Chinese medicine for colorectal cancer treatment: potential targets and mechanisms of action. Chin Med 2023; 18:14. [PMID: 36782251 PMCID: PMC9923939 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, it is prone to metastasis, and its development involves abnormalities in multiple signaling pathways. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, target therapy, and immunotherapy remain the main treatments for CRC, but improvement in the overall survival rate and quality of life is urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of preventing and treating CRC. It could affect CRC cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, invasion, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance by regulating multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptors, p53, TGF-β, mTOR, Hedgehog, and immunomodulatory signaling pathways. In this paper, the main signaling pathways and potential targets of TCM and its active ingredients in the treatment of CRC were systematically summarized, providing a theoretical basis for treating CRC with TCM and new ideas for further exploring the pathogenesis of CRC and developing new anti-CRC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fang Chen
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China ,grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wei Wu
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China ,grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Man Shi
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China ,grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Ye J, Yang K, Li Y, Xu F, Cheng S, Zhang W, Liao Y, Yang X, Wang L, Wang Q. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals the regulatory network governing terpene trilactones biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2068-2085. [PMID: 35532090 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is currently the only remaining gymnosperm of the Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo genus, and its history can be traced back to the Carboniferous 200 million years ago. Terpene trilactones (TTLs) are one of the main active ingredients in G. biloba, including ginkgolides and bilobalide. They have a good curative effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases because of their special antagonistic effect on platelet-activating factors. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply mine genes related to TTLs and to analyze their transcriptional regulation mechanism, which will hold vitally important scientific and practical significance for quality improvement and regulation of G. biloba. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq on the root, stem, immature leaf, mature leaf, microstrobilus, ovulate strobilus, immature fruit and mature fruit of G. biloba. The TTL regulatory network of G. biloba in different organs was revealed by different transcriptomic analysis strategies. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the five modules were closely correlated with organs. The 12 transcription factors, 5 structural genes and 24 Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) were identified as candidate regulators for TTL accumulation by WGCNA and cytoscape visualization. Finally, 6 APETALA2/ethylene response factors, 2 CYP450s and bHLH were inferred to regulate the metabolism of TTLs by correlation analysis. This study is the comprehensive in authenticating transcription factors, structural genes and CYP450 involved in TTL biosynthesis, thereby providing molecular evidence for revealing the comprehensive regulatory network involved in TTL metabolism in G. biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Ke Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- National Selenium Rich Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Qijian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
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Li T, Zhang X, Jiang P, Zhang D, Feng L, Lai X, Qin M, Wei Y, Zhang C, Gao Y. Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists of natural origin for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review of current evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:933140. [PMID: 36120362 PMCID: PMC9471864 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.933140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Recent trials of platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists (PAFRA) appeared to indicate that they could play a neuroprotective role in the treatment of AIS; therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of PAFRA in patients with AIS. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in seven electronic databases from inception to 11 March 2022. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which patients were treated with PAFRA strategies within 7 days of stroke onset were included. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was selected as the primary outcome of this systematic review. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed based on the Cochrane Collaborations tool. The review protocol was previously registered (PROSPERO CRD42020182075). Results: Fifteen RCTs comprising a total of 3,907 participants were included in this study. The PAFRA-related compounds included natural preparations of terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins, namely, ginkgo endoterpene diester meglumine (GEDM, seven RCTs), ginkgo biloba dropping pill (GBDP, one RCT), ginkgolide injection (GDI, four RCTs), hesperidin (HES, one RCT), ginsenoside Rd injection (GSRI, one RCT), and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA, one RCT). All studies were conducted in China between 2017 and 2021, employing a two-arm parallel design with sample sizes ranging from 40 to 1,113. Eight studies (53.3%) provided no information on their method of randomization, and only two studies (13.3%) utilized the double-blind design. Treatment was associated with improved clinical outcomes for (1) GEDM, GDI, and GBDP in patients treated with conventional treatment (CM) [GEDM + CM for AIS on mRS: MDmRS = −0.42, 95% CI (−0.47, −0.37), five trials, p < 0.00001; GEDM + CM for AIS on NIHSS: MDNIHSS = −1.02, 95% CI (−1.51, −0.52), four trials, p < 0.0001]; (2) GEDM and GDI in patients treated with neuroprotective agent (NPA) [GEDM + NPA + CM for AIS on mRS: MDmRS = −0.40, 95% CI (−0.54, −0.26), p < 0.00001; GEDM + NPA + CM for AIS on NIHSS: MDNIHSS = −3.93, 95%CI (−7.72, −0.14), p = 0.04]; (3) GBDP in patients treated with CM; (4) GDI and GSRI in patients treated with IV rt-PA therapy (IVT); and (5) HSYA in patients compared with Dengzhan Xixin injection (DZXXI). No access to improved clinical outcome was associated with HES in patients treated with IVT. Seven RCTs reported adverse events (AEs) but found that taking PAFRA-related preparations was not associated with an increased incidence of AEs. Conclusions: This systematic review not only makes an important contribution to the existing body of current evidence but also lays a well-conducted basis for providing opinions and recommendation on the evaluation of PAFRA-based medicine, which could also highlight the need for well-designed clinical trials of PAFRA for AIS to increase the quality of available evidence. Further research is required, using standardized functional outcome measures for AIS, adequate blinding and suitable comparator groups reflecting current best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luda Feng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing Lai
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Qin
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wei
- Department of Internal Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao, ; Chi Zhang,
| | - Ying Gao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao, ; Chi Zhang,
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Zhao H, Guo Q, Li B, Shi M. The Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo Terpene Lactone Preparations in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821937. [PMID: 35392576 PMCID: PMC8982077 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ginkgo terpene lactone preparations including ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection, ginkgolide injection, and ginkgolide B injection for ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: We searched the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with publication date earlier than 31 August 2021 in PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Journals Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Wanfang Database, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. RevMan 5.3 software was applied to analyze the data and generate the forest plot and funnel plot. Meanwhile, publication bias was also assessed by Egger’s test with STATA 12 software. Results: A total of 28 RCTs were eligible for inclusion. Among them, 23 RCTs were used to evaluate the efficacy of ginkgo terpene lactone preparations as the main treatment intervention for IS. To be specific, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection was superior to control drug in improving clinical efficacy [RR = 1.18, 95% CI (1.12, 1.24), Z = 6.36, p < 0.001] and neurological function [MD = −1.42, 95% CI (−1.91, −0.93), Z = 5.66, p < 0.001]. However, the effectiveness of the ginkgolide B injection group was equivalent to that of the control group. Additionally, ginkgolide injection achieved better clinical efficacy [RR = 1.10, 95% CI (1.02, 1.18), Z = 2.36, p = 0.02], but the changes of neurological function deficit was not obviously different between two groups [MD = −0.43, 95% CI (−4.32, 3.46), Z = 0.22, p = 0.83]. Furthermore, meta-analysis of five trials on ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection combined with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolytic therapy for acute IS showed that combination therapy was better in improving clinical efficacy [OR = 1.91, 95% CI (1.13, 3.22), Z = 2.41, p = 0.02] and neurological function [MD = −3.31, 95% Cl (−3.64,−2.98), Z = 19.63, p < 0.001]. Importantly, no serious adverse drug reactions/adverse drug events (ADRs/ADEs) were reported. Conclusion: Ginkgo terpene lactone preparations have good therapeutic effects on patients with IS. For acute IS, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine injection can be used as a complementary therapy to improve the clinical efficacy of rt-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Baoli Li
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Min Shi,
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Liu XG, Lu X, Gao W, Li P, Yang H. Structure, synthesis, biosynthesis, and activity of the characteristic compounds from Ginkgo biloba L. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:474-511. [PMID: 34581387 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1928-2021Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the most distinctive plants to have emerged on earth and has no close living relatives. Owing to its phylogenetic divergence from other plants, G. biloba contains many compounds with unique structures that have served to broaden the chemical diversity of herbal medicine. Examples of such compounds include terpene trilactones (ginkgolides), acylated flavonol glycosides (ginkgoghrelins), biflavones (ginkgetin), ginkgotides and ginkgolic acids. The extract of G. biloba leaf is used to prevent and/or treat cardiovascular diseases, while many ginkgo-derived compounds are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical trials worldwide. The global annual sales of G. biloba products are estimated to total US$10 billion. However, the content and purity of the active compounds isolated by traditional methods are usually low and subject to varying environmental factors, making it difficult to meet the huge demand of the international market. This highlights the need to develop new strategies for the preparation of these characteristic compounds from G. biloba. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the structures and bioactivities of these compounds and summarize the recent research on the development of strategies for the synthesis, biosynthesis, and biotechnological production of the characteristic terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkylphenols/alkylphenolic acids of G. biloba. Our aim is to provide an important point of reference for all scientists who research ginkgo-related compounds for medicinal or other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Anti-neoplastic Effect of Ginkgolide C through Modulating c-Met Phosphorylation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218303. [PMID: 33167504 PMCID: PMC7664003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide C (GGC) derived from Ginkgo biloba, has been reported to exhibit various biological functions. However, the anti-neoplastic effect of GGC and its mechanisms in liver cancer have not been studied previously. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition receptor (c-Met) pathway can regulate tumor growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-neoplastic effect of GGC against HCC cells and we observed that GGC inhibited HGF-induced c-Met and c-Met downstream oncogenic pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK. In addition, GGC also suppressed the proliferation of expression of diverse tumorigenic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin, IAP-1, IAP-2, Cyclin D1, and COX-2) and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the silencing of c-Met by small interfering RNA (siRNA) mitigated c-Met expression and enhanced GGC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, it was noted that GGC also significantly reduced the invasion and migration of HCC cells. Overall, the data clearly demonstrate that GGC exerts its anti-neoplastic activity through modulating c-Met phosphorylation and may be used as an effective therapy against HCC.
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Paul S, Candelario-Jalil E. Emerging neuroprotective strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke: An overview of clinical and preclinical studies. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113518. [PMID: 33144066 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and thesecond leading cause of death worldwide. With the global population aged 65 and over growing faster than all other age groups, the incidence of stroke is also increasing. In addition, there is a shift in the overall stroke burden towards younger age groups, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Stroke in most cases is caused due to an abrupt blockage of an artery (ischemic stroke), but in some instances stroke may be caused due to bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel ruptures (hemorrhagic stroke). Although treatment options for stroke are still limited, with the advancement in recanalization therapy using both pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis some progress has been made in helping patients recover from ischemic stroke. However, there is still a substantial need for the development of therapeutic agents for neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke to protect the brain from damage prior to and during recanalization, extend the therapeutic time window for intervention and further improve functional outcome. The current review has assessed the past challenges in developing neuroprotective strategies, evaluated the recent advances in clinical trials, discussed the recent initiative by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in USA for the search of novel neuroprotectants (Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network, SPAN) and identified emerging neuroprotectants being currently evaluated in preclinical studies. The underlying molecular mechanism of each of the neuroprotective strategies have also been summarized, which could assist in the development of future strategies for combinational therapy in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Yuan Z, Tian Y, He F, Zhou H. Endophytes from Ginkgo biloba and their secondary metabolites. Chin Med 2019; 14:51. [PMID: 31728156 PMCID: PMC6842171 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a medicinal plant which contains abundant endophytes and various secondary metabolites. According to the literary about the information of endophytics from Ginkgo biloba, Chaetomium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium and Charobacter were isolated from the root, stem, leaf, seed and bark of G. biloba. The endophytics could produce lots of phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, and other compounds. These compounds have antibacteria, antioxidation, anticardiovascular, anticancer, antimicrobial and some novel functions. This paper set forth the development of active extracts isolated from endophytes of Ginkgo biloba and will help to improve the resources of Ginkgo biloba to be used in a broader field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yuan
- 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China.,3College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199 China
| | - Yun Tian
- 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Fulin He
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ginkgo Biloba, Yongzhou, 425199 China.,3College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199 China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
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Huang WC, Chen YL, Liu HC, Wu SJ, Liou CJ. Ginkgolide C reduced oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:1178-1184. [PMID: 30532639 PMCID: PMC6260475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide C, isolated from Ginkgo biloba, is a diterpene lactone that has multiple biological functions and can improve Alzheimer disease and platelet aggregation. Ginkgolide C also inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The present study evaluated whether ginkgolide C reduced lipid accumulation and regulated the molecular mechanism of lipogenesis in oleic acid-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM oleic acid for 48 h to induce a fatty liver cell model. Then, the cells were exposed to various concentrations of ginkgolide C for 24 h. Staining with Oil Red O and the fluorescent dye BODIPY 493/503 revealed that ginkgolide C significantly reduced excessive lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Ginkgolide C decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c to block the expression of fatty acid synthase. Ginkgolide C treatment also promoted the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase and the phosphorylation level of hormone-sensitive lipase to enhance the decomposition of triglycerides. In addition, ginkgolide C stimulated CPT-1 to activate fatty acid β-oxidation, significantly increased sirt1 and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and decreased expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase for suppressed fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that ginkgolide C reduced lipid accumulation and increased lipolysis through the sirt1/AMPK pathway in oleic acid-induced fatty liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chia Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ju Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Jiun Liou
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
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12
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Zhu J, Wang P, Qian M, Liang C, Zi J, Yu R. Effect of Levopimaradiene on Terpene Trilactones Biosynthesis and Gene Expression Profiling in Ginkgo biloba Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolides (GKs) and Bilobalide (BB) are rare terpene trilactones obtained from Ginkgo biloba, but their biosynthetic pathway is still unclear. In this paper, effects of levopimaradiene (LP) on increasing the production of terpene trilactones of G. biloba dedifferentiated cells (DDCs) and cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were reported. The productions of ginkgolide A (GA) and ginkgolide B (GB) were 1.61 and 1.32 folds larger than that of the control groups when G. biloba DDCs was treated with LP, and the productions of ginkgolide C (GC) and BB reached 234 and 161 μg L−1 after treated with LP for 60 h. The production of GA, GB, GC and BB was 2.03, 1.43, 1.22 and 1.19 folds larger than that of the control groups in LP-treated CMCs groups. The results demonstrated that BB could be produced from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. qRT-PCR experiments showed that LP was a significant precursor manipulated the biosynthesis of terpene trilactones via affecting the transcript levels of several related genes in the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minghua Qian
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chuxin Liang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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13
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Chen X, Gao C, Guo L, Hu G, Luo Q, Liu J, Nielsen J, Chen J, Liu L. DCEO Biotechnology: Tools To Design, Construct, Evaluate, and Optimize the Metabolic Pathway for Biosynthesis of Chemicals. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulai Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jian Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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14
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Büschleb M, Dorich S, Hanessian S, Tao D, Schenthal KB, Overman LE. Synthetic Strategies toward Natural Products Containing Contiguous Stereogenic Quaternary Carbon Atoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4156-86. [PMID: 26836448 PMCID: PMC4865016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the total synthesis of complex natural products that contain two or more contiguous stereogenic quaternary carbon atoms in their intricate structures are reviewed with 12 representative examples. Emphasis has been put on methods to create quaternary carbon stereocenters, including syntheses of the same natural product by different groups, thereby showcasing the diversity of thought and individual creativity. A compendium of selected natural products containing two or more contiguous stereogenic quaternary carbon atoms and key reactions in their total or partial syntheses is provided in the Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Büschleb
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C. P. 6128, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dorich
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C. P. 6128, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C. P. 6128, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Daniel Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Kyle B Schenthal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
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15
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Büschleb M, Dorich S, Hanessian S, Tao D, Schenthal KB, Overman LE. Strategien für die Synthese von Naturstoffen mit benachbarten stereogenen quartären Kohlenstoffatomen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Büschleb
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville; C. P. 6128 Montréal Qc H3C 3J7 Kanada
| | - Stéphane Dorich
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville; C. P. 6128 Montréal Qc H3C 3J7 Kanada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville; C. P. 6128 Montréal Qc H3C 3J7 Kanada
| | - Daniel Tao
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
| | - Kyle B. Schenthal
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
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16
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17
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Chen L, Tong H, Wang M, Zhu J, Zi J, Song L, Yu R. Effect of Enzyme Inhibitors on Terpene Trilactones Biosynthesis and Gene Expression Profiling in Ginkgo biloba Cultured Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of terpene trilactones of Ginkgo biloba is unclear. In this present study, suspension cultured cells of G. biloba were used to explore the regulation of the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways in response to specific enzyme inhibitors (lovastatin and clomazone). The results showed that the biosynthesis of bilobalide was more highly correlated with the MVA pathway, and the biosynthesis of ginkgolides was more highly correlated with the MEP pathway. Meanwhile, according to the results, it could be speculated that bilobalide might be a product of ginkgolide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Tong
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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18
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Parveen I, Wang M, Zhao J, Chittiboyina AG, Tabanca N, Ali A, Baerson SR, Techen N, Chappell J, Khan IA, Pan Z. Investigating sesquiterpene biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba: molecular cloning and functional characterization of (E,E)-farnesol and α-bisabolene synthases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:451-62. [PMID: 26442918 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest living tree species and has been extensively investigated as a source of bioactive natural compounds, including bioactive flavonoids, diterpene lactones, terpenoids and polysaccharides which accumulate in foliar tissues. Despite this chemical diversity, relatively few enzymes associated with any biosynthetic pathway from ginkgo have been characterized to date. In the present work, predicted transcripts potentially encoding enzymes associated with the biosynthesis of diterpenoid and terpenoid compounds, including putative terpene synthases, were first identified by mining publicly-available G. biloba RNA-seq data sets. Recombinant enzyme studies with two of the TPS-like sequences led to the identification of GbTPS1 and GbTPS2, encoding farnesol and bisabolene synthases, respectively. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis revealed the two terpene synthase genes as primitive genes that might have evolved from an ancestral diterpene synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Parveen
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Abbas Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Scott R Baerson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit (USDA-ARS-NPURU), P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Natascha Techen
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Joe Chappell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 405036, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Thad Cochran Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit (USDA-ARS-NPURU), P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.
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19
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Ginkgolide C Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via the AMPK Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:298635. [PMID: 26413119 PMCID: PMC4568043 DOI: 10.1155/2015/298635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgolide C, isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, is a diterpene lactone derivative [corrected] reported to have multiple biological functions, from decreased platelet aggregation to ameliorating Alzheimer disease. The study aim was to evaluate the antiadipogenic effect of ginkgolide C in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ginkgolide C was used to treat differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Cell supernatant was collected to assay glycerol release, and cells were lysed to measure protein and gene expression related to adipogenesis and lipolysis by western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Ginkgolide C significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes. It also decreased adipogenesis-related transcription factor expression, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein. Furthermore, ginkgolide C enhanced adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase production for lipolysis and increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in decreased activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase for fatty acid synthesis. In coculture with an AMPK inhibitor (compound C), ginkgolide C also improved activation of sirtuin 1 and phosphorylation of AMPK in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The results suggest that ginkgolide C is an effective flavone for increasing lipolysis and inhibiting adipogenesis in adipocytes through the activated AMPK pathway.
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Isah T. Rethinking Ginkgo biloba L.: Medicinal uses and conservation. Pharmacogn Rev 2015; 9:140-8. [PMID: 26392712 PMCID: PMC4557237 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.162137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba) is an ancient medicinal tree species that has been in existence for millennia without undergoing modifications due to its resistance to environmental stresses. Palaeobotanical history showed a wide distribution of the species across the globe but declined over geological time, becoming restricted to narrow geographical range with few surviving individuals in the modern day. The tree is slow growing, adapted to many ecological conditions and shows numerous adaptation in developmental patterns. Medicinal use of the species is attracting research interest, especially the various parts of the tree that are used in orthodox or traditional medicine to treat diseases due to the many bioactive compounds. The primary compounds receiving increasing research interest are the triterpene lactones and flavonoids; these are the target of biotechnological strategies being employed to enhance production. Many genetic and environmental factors have contributed to the endangered status of the species; conservation measures are required to protect it from extinction. In many countries, the cultivation of plantations for the supply of ginkgo leaf-based pharmaceutical formulations is in progress, and efforts to standardize ginkgo leaf extract as herbal medication for human use are being made. Microcuttings and cuttings, cryopreservation, and plant tissue culture have all aided to conserve G. biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasiu Isah
- Department of Botany, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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21
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Ginkgo biloba extract improves insulin signaling and attenuates inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue depot of obese rats. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:419106. [PMID: 25960614 PMCID: PMC4415619 DOI: 10.1155/2015/419106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high incidence and severity of obesity and its related disorders, it is highly desirable to develop new strategies to treat or even to prevent its development. We have previously described that Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) improved insulin resistance and reduced body weight gain of obese rats. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of GbE on both inflammatory cascade and insulin signaling in retroperitoneal fat depot of diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed with high fat diet for 2 months and thereafter treated for 14 days with 500 mg/kg of GbE. Rats were then euthanized and samples from retroperitoneal fat depot were used for western blotting, RT-PCR, and ELISA experiments. The GbE treatment promoted a significant reduction on both food/energy intake and body weight gain in comparison to the nontreated obese rats. In addition, a significant increase of both Adipo R1 and IL-10 gene expressions and IR and Akt phosphorylation was also observed, while NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced. Our data suggest that GbE might have potential as a therapy to treat obesity-related metabolic diseases, with special interest to treat obese subjects resistant to adhere to a nutritional education program.
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