Principles and Methods of Preparation of Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Review and Author's Perspective

Synthesis of alga-coated copper oxide nanoparticles with potential applications in shrimp farming

Copper (Cu) is a crucial element that plays a vital role in facilitating proper biological activities in living organisms. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using a straightforward precipitation chemical method from a copper nitrate precursor at a temperature of 85 °C. Subsequently, these NPs were coated with the aqueous extract of Sargassum angustifolium algae. The size, morphology, and coating of the NPs were analyzed through various methods, revealing dimensions of approximately 50 nm, a multidimensional shaped structure, and successful algae coating. The antibacterial activity of both coated and uncoated CuO NPs against Vibrio harveyi, a significant pathogen in Litopenaeus vannamei, was investigated. Results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for uncoated CuO NPs was 1000 μg/mL, whereas for coated CuO NPs, it was 500 μg/mL. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the synthesized NPs was assessed. Interestingly, uncoated CuO NPs exhibited superior antioxidant activity (IC50 ≥ 16 μg/mL). The study also explored the cytotoxicity of different concentrations (10-100 μg/mL) of both coated and uncoated CuO NPs. Following 48 h of incubation, cell viability assays on shrimp hemocytes and human lymphocytes were conducted. The findings indicated that CuO NPs coated with alga extract at a concentration of 10 μg/mL increased shrimp hemocyte viability. In contrast, uncoated CuO NPs at a concentration of 25 μg/mL and higher, as well as CuO NPs at a concentration of 50 μg/mL and higher, led to a decrease in shrimp hemocyte survival. Notably, this study represents the first quantitative assessment of the toxicity of CuO NPs on shrimp cells, allowing for a comparative analysis with human cells.

Comparative efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection versus PRP combined with vitamin C injection for partial-thickness rotator cuff tears: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The optimal approach for managing partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCT) remains controversial. Recent studies related to PTRCTs have shown that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection might be an effective treatment option. Despite the role of vitamin C in collagen synthesis and its antioxidant properties, the effects of combined PRP and vitamin C treatment on rotator cuff repair are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of combined treatment of PRP and vitamin C treatment on PTRCTs.

METHODS

One hundred-ten patients with PTRCTs were randomly allocated to two groups and underwent subacromial injections of either (A) normal saline and platelet-rich plasma or (B) vitamin C and platelet-rich plasma. The Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and visual analog scale were used to evaluate the outcomes before, 1 month after, and 3 months after injection.

RESULTS

At the 3-month follow-up, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of ASES and Constant scores. Although a slight difference favoring group B was noted in functional scores and pain reduction, this difference was not statistically significant. However, both groups demonstrated significant pain reduction over time (p-value < 0.001). Additionally, the enhancement of ASES and Constant scores in both groups was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, both PRP injection alone and PRP combined with vitamin C led to significant reductions in pain and enhancements in function scores over time (p < 0.001), suggesting the effectiveness of PRP as a non-surgical treatment for PTRCTs within 3 months. While PRP alone showed significant benefits, further research is required to ascertain if the combination therapy offers statistically significant advantages over PRP alone.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical trial registration code: IRCT20230821059205N1.

Effects of Testicular Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection on Sperm Parameters in Men with Severe Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT): A Clinical Evaluation

BACKGROUND

Severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT), characterized by a reduced sperm count, motility, and altered morphology, presents a significant challenge in the field of male infertility. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), renowned for its regenerative capabilities, emerges as a potential intervention for this condition. This study aims to explore the impact of PRP on male infertility, focusing specifically on individuals with severe OAT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The clinical trial study involved 88 infertile men diagnosed with OAT and devoid of underlying diseases. These participants were referred to the infertility center and subsequently divided into two cohorts: a control (44 individuals) and an intervention group (44 individuals). Patients in the intervention group received 2 cc of PRP in each testicle, prepared by centrifuging the patients autologous blood samples. Sperm parameters and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) of the patients were measured before and after the procedure. Statistical analysis used SPSS version 16 software, with a significance level set at less than 5%.

RESULTS

The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in concentration (11.32 ± 8.44 vs. 16.06 ± 15.16, P=0.030), progressive motility (8.86 ± 7.79 vs. 11.97 ± 11.82%, P=0.014) and DNA fragmentation (25.62 ± 12.84 vs. 17.23 ± 9.15%, P<0.001) between the control and intervention groups after PRP injection. However, no significant difference was found in normal morphology (1.63 ± 1.44 vs. 1.81 ± 3.68%, P=0.628) and volume (2.13 ± 0.82 vs. 2.24 ± 1.43, P=0.663) between the control and intervention groups after PRP injection.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of PRP treatment in increasing sperm concentration and motility, while also reducing sperm DNA fragmentation. However, further studies are needed to validate these findings (registration number: IRCT20220317054318N2).

GOLDIC Therapy Holds Promise as an Orthobiologic Agent: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Introduction

Orthobiologic agents play a significant role in regenerative medicine. The quest for newer and more effective Orthobiologic agents is never-ending, leading to the evolution of more reformed products. GOLDIC (GOLD Induced cytokine) is a recently evolving Orthobiologic agent developed by conditioning autologous serum with gold particles. We aim to collate the available evidence on GOLDIC and provide a systematic literature review.

Materials and methods

Using Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines literature search was done for GOLDIC. After duplicate removal and exclusions, 62 articles were scrutinized, of which 8 articles qualified for full-text review. A risk-of-bias assessment of the included studies was done.

Results

All articles showed standardized preparation methods of GOLDIC and uniformity in the number of doses administered, except one study. Reproducible results were noted like an increase in plasma gelsolin and improved KOOS, WOMAC, and VAS scores.

Conclusion

GOLDIC has the potential to be a significant Orthobiologic modality considering its standardized preparation techniques, method of administration, and uniformly reproducible outcome measures. However, further high-quality evidence is needed to analyze the clinical efficiency and safety profile of GOLDIC.

Systematic review registration

INPLASY202350027 [https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.5.0027].

The concentration of platelets in PRP does not affect pain outcomes in lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: To investigate the analyze the relationship between concentration platelet-dose in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections and improvements in pain when treating lateral epicondylitis. Methods: A systematic review was conducted into five medical databases, exploring the difference in pain outcomes based on concentration of PRP. Results: Initial querying of the databases yielded 1408 articles with 20 articles ultimately included. There was no statistical significance between effect sizes of the two treatment groups (high and low platelet concentration; p = 0.976). Conclusion: Both large and small concentrations of platelets depict significant reduction in pain, however, between subgroups there was no significance. It can thus be concluded that concentration of platelets in PRP does not impact overall pain relief.

An Evaluation of the Rate and Type of Orthodontic Tooth Movement When Injecting Platelet-Rich Plasma During Mini-Implant-Based Segmented en-Masse Retraction of Upper Anterior Teeth

INTRODUCTION

The study aimed to determine the influence of palatal injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the rate and type of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) during the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two-arm parallel-group trial, in which 30 class II division 1 adult patients (7 males and 23 females) aged 16 to 27 years were recruited. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group, in which PRP was injected in the palatal mucosa of the maxillary six anterior teeth immediately before starting the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth, whereas in the control group, traditional treatment was employed. Following the first premolar extraction, space closure was accomplished using frictionless mechanics for the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth. In both groups, a rigid segmented arch made of stainless steel with a diameter of 0.021 x 0.025 inch and an 8-mm power arm was used for the upper anterior teeth, and mini-implants were inserted between the upper second premolar and first molar at 8 mm apical from the archwire line. NiTi coil springs were used for retraction. Measurements were recorded at the onset of space closure (T0) and every 40 days till the middle of the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth (T1).

RESULTS

Thirty patients completed the trial, and no patients were lost to follow-up in both groups. The OTM rate in the PRP group was similar to that of the control group (P = 0.596). The upper anterior teeth in the two groups were retracted mostly by controlled tipping and partially by translation. Statistically insignificant differences were observed between the two groups regarding the rest of the cephalometric variables. No serious harms were observed in either group.

CONCLUSIONS

PRP was ineffective in accelerating the OTM rate during the en-masse retraction of upper anterior teeth and it did not affect the type of tooth movement.

Therapeutic Potential of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Fracture Healing: A Comprehensive Review

Fracture healing is a dynamic process essential for the restoration of bone integrity and function. However, factors such as patient age, comorbidities, and the severity of the fracture can impede this process, leading to delayed healing or nonunion. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for enhancing fracture healing. PRP is an autologous blood product containing a concentrated mixture of platelets, growth factors, and cytokines known to promote tissue regeneration and repair. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the fracture healing process, emphasizing the importance of timely and efficient bone repair. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the purported efficacy of PRP in fracture healing, drawing upon both preclinical and clinical evidence. Preclinical studies in animal models have demonstrated the ability of PRP to accelerate fracture healing, stimulate osteogenesis, and enhance bone regeneration. Clinical studies have yielded mixed results, with some reporting positive outcomes in terms of accelerated healing and improved functional outcomes, while others have shown no significant benefits over standard treatments. Factors influencing the efficacy of PRP, such as timing of administration, PRP concentration, and patient-specific variables, are also examined. Furthermore, safety considerations and potential adverse effects associated with PRP therapy are discussed. Despite the promising preclinical findings, challenges remain in standardizing PRP formulations, optimizing administration protocols, and addressing unanswered questions regarding its long-term efficacy and safety. This review aims to provide insights into the therapeutic potential of PRP in fracture healing, informing future research directions and guiding clinical practice.

EuroGuiderm guideline on lichen sclerosus-Treatment of lichen sclerosus

INTRODUCTION

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory skin disease affecting all ages. LS typically involves the anogenital site where it causes itching and soreness; it may lead to sexual and urinary dysfunction in females and males; however, it may be asymptomatic. First signs of LS are usually a whitening of the genital skin, sometimes preceded by redness and oedema; fissuring, scarring, shrinkage and fusion of structures may follow in its course. LS is associated with an increased risk of genital cancer. LS has a huge impact on the quality of life of affected patients, and it is important to raise more awareness of this not uncommon disease in order to diagnose and treat it early.

OBJECTIVES

The guideline intends to provide guidance on the diagnostic of LS (part 1), highlight important aspects in the care of LS patients, generate recommendations and treatment algorithms (part 2) on topical, interventional and surgical therapy, based on the latest evidence, provide guidance in the management of LS patients during pregnancy, provide guidance for the follow-up of patients with LS and inform about new developments and potential research aspects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The guideline was developed in accordance with the EuroGuiDerm Methods Manual v1.3 https://www.edf.one/de/home/Guidelines/EDF-EuroGuiDerm.html. The wording of the recommendations was standardized (as suggested by the GRADE Working Group). The guideline development group is comprised of 34 experts from 16 countries, including 5 patient representatives.

RESULTS

Ultrapotent or potent topical corticosteroids in females and males, adults and children remain gold standard of care for genital LS; co-treatment with emollients is recommended. If standard treatment fails in males, a surgical intervention is recommended, complete circumcision may cure LS in males. UV light treatment is recommended for extragenital LS; however, there is limited scientific evidence. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are second line treatment. Laser treatment, using various wave lengths, is under investigation, and it can currently not be recommended for the treatment of LS. Treatment with biologics is only reported in single cases.

CONCLUSIONS

LS has to be diagnosed and treated as early as possible in order to minimize sequelae like scarring and cancer development. Topical potent and ultrapotent corticosteroids are the gold standard of care; genital LS is often a lifelong disease and needs to be treated long-term.

Efficacy of intra-ovarian injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma in women with poor responders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONTEXT

The effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on ovarian reserve markers in poor ovarian response (POR) is challenging.

AIM

This systematic review and meta-analysis was, therefore, designed to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-ovarian injection of autologous PRP on improving ovarian reserve markers and assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes in infertile women with POR.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted for the efficacy of intra-ovarian injection of autologous PRP on the improvement of ovarian reserve markers and ART outcomes in infertile women with POR. The methodological quality of the included studies was checked and eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis to find pooled results. Keywords were primary ovarian insufficiency, premature menopause, poor responder, poor ovarian response, diminished/decreased ovarian reserve, platelet-rich plasma, and intra-ovarian or a combination of them. The effect of PRP on fertility indices was evaluated using the standardized mean difference (SMD). The analysis was performed through STATA version 13.

KEY RESULTS

13 studies containing 1289 patients were included. Mean age, body mass index (BMI) and duration of infertility was 37.63 ± 2.66 years, 24 ± 1.23 kg/m2 and 4.79 ± 1.64 years, respectively. Most of the studies measured the outcomes 2-3/3 months after intra-ovarian injection of autologous PRP. The antral follicular count (AFC) after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 0.95 compared to before treatment. The day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) after treatment by PRP is lower with an SMD of - 0.25 compared to before treatment. The day 3 estradiol (E2) after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 0.17 compared to before treatment. The anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 0.44 compared to before treatment. The total oocytes number after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 0.73 compared to before treatment. The number of MII oocytes after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 0.63 compared to before treatment. The number of cleavage-stage embryos after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 1.31 compared to before treatment. The number of day 5 embryo after treatment by PRP is higher with an SMD of 1.28 compared to before treatment. Pooled estimation of a meta-analysis of prevalence studies reported a prevalence of 22% for clinical pregnancy, 5% for spontaneous pregnancy and 21% for ongoing pregnancy following PRP therapy.

CONCLUSION

Intra-ovarian injection of PRP improved ovarian reserve markers with increasing AFC, serum level of AMH and day 3 E2 and decreasing serum level of day 3 FSH. In addition, this treatment improved ART outcomes through the increasing of number total oocytes, number of MII oocytes, number of cleavage-stage embryos and number of day 5 embryos in POR women.

IMPLICATIONS

Although treatment of POR women remains challenging, the use of intra-ovarian injection of autologous PRP in POR patients prior to IVF/ICSI cycles is a sign of new hope for increasing the success of IVF/ICSI. However, further well-organized, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to substantiate this result and recommend intra-ovarian injection of PRP as part of routine treatment in women with POR.

Platelet-rich plasma therapy in erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease: a systematic review of the literature

PURPOSE

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a regenerative therapy has gained interest in the field of andrology for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and Peyronie's disease (PD). This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the current evidence on the use of PRP for these conditions.

METHODS

We performed a systematic literature search according to the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed and Scopus databases in December 2023. Studies were included if they evaluated the effect of PRP therapy for ED or PD in humans.

RESULTS

We identified 164 articles, 17 of which were included, consisting of 11 studies on ED, 5 studies on PD, and 1 study on both. We included four randomized controlled trials, 11 prospective cohort studies, and three retrospective cohort studies including a total of 1099 patients. The studies on ED and PD generally showed small to moderate benefits with mild and transient side effects and no major adverse events were reported. General limitations included variations in PRP protocols, small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and lack of control groups except in the three randomized trials on ED and the one on PD.

CONCLUSION

The literature on PRP therapy in andrology is limited and difficult to interpret due to variations in protocols and methodological drawbacks. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal preparation and treatment protocols for PRP therapy and clarify its effectiveness in andrology.

The use of platelet rich plasma in the treatment of degenerative joint disease in cats: an exploratory case series

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of intra-articular autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) in managing Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) in cats.

Design

Prospective pilot clinical trial.

Methods

Six domestic cats with clinically and radiographically diagnosed DJD received intra-articular injections of autologous PRP. Clinical assessments pre and post intra-articular injections were conducted using the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI, owner assessed) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS, clinician assessed) at baseline, Day 14, Day 28, and Day 42-45.

Results

Significant improvements were noted in both FMPI and VAS scores at the end of the study period, indicating enhanced joint function and reduced pain.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

The study suggests the potential of PRP therapy as a safe and effective treatment for feline DJD, warranting further research with larger cohorts and longer follow-up to establish comprehensive treatment guidelines.

Meta-Analysis of Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Combined with Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia

BACKGROUND

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent type of hair loss that impacts individuals of both genders. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and minoxidil have been employed as therapeutic interventions for AGA, yet the efficacy of their concurrent use remains ambiguous.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a comprehensive review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in combination with minoxidil for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA).

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search of the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, encompassing their complete records up until December 2023. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that compared the combination of PRP and minoxidil with minoxidil or PRP alone in patients with AGA. The primary outcome measure was the change in hair growth as assessed by the hair density or hair thickness. Secondary outcome measures included patient satisfaction, and global photographic assessment.

RESULTS

A total of 6 studies involving 343 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that PRP combined with minoxidil significantly improved hair growth compared to minoxidil or PRP alone. The pooled analysis demonstrated a significant increase in hair density (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 9.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.57-11.70) and hair diameter (WMD = 4.72; 95% CI 3.21-6.23) in the PRP combined with minoxidil group. Moreover, patients receiving PRP combined with minoxidil reported higher satisfaction rates compared to those using minoxidil or PRP alone.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests that PRP combined with minoxidil is an effective treatment for AGA, providing significant improvement in hair growth and patient satisfaction.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Evaluation of activation characteristics of a canine platelet concentrate produced by a commercial double centrifugation system

Introduction

In veterinary medicine there are few readily available products for platelet transfusion to patients with thrombocytopenia. Commercial tabletop platelet concentrating systems have recently become available to veterinarians, primarily directed towards uses associated with regenerative medicine. These systems could potentially be used to produce fresh concentrated platelets for use in transfusion medicine. This study evaluated the concentration, activation, and sterility of a double centrifugation platelet concentrate (PC) produced by a commercial benchtop system.

Methods

Ten healthy dogs were studied. Whole blood was collected and mixed with ACD-A in a 1:7.6 ratio of ACD-A to whole blood. 12 mL of this mixture was processed into PC via single centrifugation, while 60 mL of the anticoagulated whole blood was processed via a commercial double centrifugation system. Both types of PC were evaluated for platelet concentration, CD62P expression with and without thrombin stimulation, and for sterility.

Results

Mean platelet count in the double centrifuged PC was 863 ± 352 × 103/μL, with very low white blood cell contamination (median of 0.47 × 103 leukocyte/μL (range 0.15-2.18 × 103/μL)). The double-centrifuged PC had similar baseline activation characteristics (as determined by P-selectin expression) as the single centrifuge PC (0.76% vs. 0.72% unstimulated, 30.5% vs. 34.9% stimulated, p = 0.432).

Discussion

The benchtop PC system studied here did not cause activation of platelets during production and produced a sterile product that can be further investigated as a source of fresh platelet concentrates for transfusion purposes.

Essential principles for blood centrifugation

Currently, autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) are frequently used for soft- and hard-tissue regeneration, not only within the oral cavity, but also extra-orally including chronic wounds, burns, joints, dermatological conditions, among others. The benefits of APCs are largely influenced by the treatment strategy but also their preparation. This paper therefore discusses in detail: the physical properties of blood cells, the basic principles of blood centrifugation, the impact of the centrifugation protocol (rotations/revolutions per minute, g-force, variation between centrifuges), the importance of timing during the preparation of APCs, the impact of the inner surface of the blood tubes, the use/nonuse of anticoagulants within APC tubes, the impact of the patient's hematocrit, age, and gender, as well as the important requirements for an optimal centrifugation protocol. All these variables indeed have a significant impact on the clinical outcome of APCs.

Plasma-derived extracellular matrix for xenofree and cost-effective organoid modeling for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes significant cancer mortality worldwide. Cancer organoids can serve as useful disease models by high costs, complexity, and contamination risks from animal-derived products and extracellular matrix (ECM) that limit its applications. On the other hand, synthetic ECM alternatives also have limitations in mimicking native biocomplexity. This study explores the development of a physiologically relevant HCC organoid model using plasma-derived extracellular matrix as a scaffold and nutritive biomatrix with different cellularity components to better mimic the heterogenous HCC microenvironment. Plasma-rich platelet is recognized for its elevated levels of growth factors, which can promote cell proliferation. By employing it as a biomatrix for organoid culture there is a potential to enhance the quality and functionality of organoid models for diverse applications in biomedical research and regenerative medicine and to better replicate the heterogeneous microenvironment of HCC.

METHOD

To generate the liver cancer organoids, HUH-7 hepatoma cells were cultured alone (homogenous model) or with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (heterogeneous model) in plasma-rich platelet extracellular matrix (ECM). The organoids were grown for 14 days and analyzed for cancer properties including cell viability, invasion, stemness, and drug resistance.

RESULTS

HCC organoids were developed comprising HUH-7 hepatoma cells with or without human mesenchymal stromal and endothelial cells in plasma ECM scaffolds. Both homogeneous (HUH-7 only) and heterogeneous (mixed cellularity) organoids displayed viability, cancer hallmarks, and chemoresistance. The heterogeneous organoids showed enhanced invasion potential, cancer stem cell populations, and late-stage HCC genetic signatures versus homogeneous counterparts.

CONCLUSION

The engineered HCC organoids system offers a clinically relevant and cost-effective model to study liver cancer pathogenesis, stromal interactions, and drug resistance. The plasma ECM-based culture technique could enable standardized and reproducible HCC modeling. It could also provide a promising option for organoid culture and scaling up.

Ultrafast gelling bioadhesive based on blood plasma and gelatin for wound closure and healing

Tissue adhesives offer a plethora of advantages in achieving efficient wound closure over conventional sutures and staples. Such materials are of great value, especially in cases where suturing could potentially damage tissues or compromise blood flow or in cases of hard-to-reach areas. Besides providing wound closure, the tissue adhesives must also facilitate wound healing. Previously, plasma-based tissue adhesives and similar bioinspired strategies have been utilized to aid in wound healing. Still, their application is constrained by factors such as high cost, diminished biocompatibility, prolonged gelation times, inadequate swelling, quick resorption, as well as short-term and inconsistent efficacy. To address these limitations, we report the development of a highly biocompatible and ultrafast-gelling tissue adhesive hydrogels. Freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma, heat-denatured freeze-dried platelet-poor plasma, and gelatin were utilized as the base matrix. Gelation was initiated by adding tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride. The fabricated gels displayed rapid gelation (3-4 s), low swelling, increased proliferation, and migration against L929 cells and had porcine skin tissue adhesion strength similar to that of plasma-based commercial glue (Tisseel®).

Evaluating anthelmintic, anti-platelet, and anti-coagulant activities, and identifying the bioactive phytochemicals of Amaranthus blitum L

BACKGROUND

Highlighting affordable alternative crops that are rich in bioactive phytoconstituents is essential for advancing nutrition and ensuring food security. Amaranthus blitum L. (AB) stands out as one such crop with a traditional history of being used to treat intestinal disorders, roundworm infections, and hemorrhage. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and hematologic activities across various extracts of AB and investigate the phytoconstituents responsible for these activities.

METHODS

In vitro anthelmintic activity against Trichinella spiralis was evaluated in terms of larval viability reduction. The anti-platelet activities were assessed based on the inhibitory effect against induced platelet aggregation. Further, effects on the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway, and the ultimate common stage of blood coagulation, were monitored through measuring blood coagulation parameters: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and thrombin time (TT), respectively. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTS

Interestingly, a previously undescribed compound (19), N-(cis-p-coumaroyl)-ʟ-tryptophan, was isolated and identified along with 21 known compounds. Significant in vitro larvicidal activities were demonstrated by the investigated AB extracts at 1 mg/mL. Among tested compounds, compound 18 (rutin) displayed the highest larvicidal activity. Moreover, compounds 19 and 20 (N-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-ʟ-tryptophan) induced complete larval death within 48 h. The crude extract exhibited the minimal platelet aggregation of 43.42 ± 11.69%, compared with 76.22 ± 14.34% in the control plasma. Additionally, the crude extract and two compounds 19 and 20 significantly inhibited the extrinsic coagulation pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings extend awareness about the nutritional value of AB as a food, with thrombosis-preventing capabilities and introducing a promising source for new anthelmintic and anticoagulant agents.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for Endometrial Treatment Efficacy and Safety in Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Comprehensive Review

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is among the new ground-breaking methods called for endometrial disorders detected in assisted reproductive technology (ART). This research work takes account of both a systematic literature review and an exploration of the molecular connections. The report aims to present the capabilities and benefits of the PRP in ART and the nonconformance and dangers involved in its use in ART. However, all these stages of ART need conducive endometrium, live micro embryo, and coordinated interaction between the blastocyst and the uterus. Despite all ART has achieved, implantation failure still exists as a problem having one quarter being attributed to the absence of the endometrial receptivity level. The review points to a corresponding increase in the role of autologous PRP in promoting cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory effects to facilitate effective endometrial receptivity. The outcome of prior trials with the PRP approach proved to be positive for women with adenomyosis, thin endometrial lining, recurring implantation failure, chronic endometritis, and Asherman's syndrome. Challenges still exist in the proper placement of PRP for all women with infertility problems as well as how it works for individuals with blood disorders and infections. This study will look into the safest number of doses, the time of acting, and the possible future health hazards that both mother and child may face.

Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with platelet-rich plasma injection for lumbar disc herniation: analysis of clinical and imaging outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and imaging outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH).

METHODS

A total of 155 patients with LDH between January 2020 and June 2022 were retrospective analyzed, of which 75 underwent PELD with PRP and 80 underwent PELD only. Clinical functional scores and imaging data were compared. Clinical functional scores included visual analog scale of leg pain (VAS-LP) and back pain (VAS-BP), Japanese Orthopedic Association score (JOA), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and modified MacNab criteria. Imaging data included disc height index (DHI), spinal cross-sectional area (SCSA), disc protrusion size (DPZ), and ratio value of disc grey scales (RVG).

RESULTS

Both groups showed clinical improvement, and VAS-LP, VAS-BP, JOA and ODI were significantly improved in the PRP group compared with the control group at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively (P < 0.05). At the last follow-up, the differences in SCSA, DPZ and RVG between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05), with the PRP group being superior to the control group. The excellent and good rates of the modified Macnab criteria in the PRP group and control group were 93.3% and 90%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). No serious complications occurred during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION

PELD combined with PRP is a safe and effective method for treating patients with LDH. PRP injection was beneficial for delaying disc degeneration and promoting disc remodeling.

RT-QuIC detection of chronic wasting disease prion in platelet samples of white-tailed deer

BACKGROUND

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervids. Currently, a definitive diagnosis of CWD relies on immunohistochemistry detection of PrPSc in the obex and retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) of the affected cervids. For high-throughput screening of CWD in wild cervids, RPLN samples are tested by ELISA followed by IHC confirmation of positive results. Recently, real-time quacking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) has been used to detect CWD positivity in various types of samples. To develop a blood RT-QuIC assay suitable for CWD diagnosis, this study evaluated the assay sensitivity and specificity with and without ASR1-based preanalytical enrichment and NaI as the main ionic component in assay buffer.

RESULTS

A total of 23 platelet samples derived from CWD-positive deer (ELISA + /IHC +) and 30 platelet samples from CWD-negative (ELISA-) deer were tested. The diagnostic sensitivity was 43.48% (NaCl), 65.22% (NaI), 60.87% (NaCl-ASR1) or 82.61% (NaI-ASR1). The diagnostic specificity was 96.67% (NaCl), 100% (NaI), 100% (NaCl-ASR1), or 96.67% (NaI-ASR1). The probability of detecting CWD prion in platelet samples derived from CWD-positive deer was 0.924 (95% CRI: 0.714, 0.989) under NaI-ASR1 experimental condition and 0.530 (95% CRI: 0.156, 0.890) under NaCl alone condition. The rate of amyloid formation (RFA) was greatest under the NaI-ASR1 condition at 10-2 (0.01491, 95% CRI: 0.00675, 0.03384) and 10-3 (0.00629, 95% CRI: 0.00283, 0.01410) sample dilution levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporation of ASR1-based preanalytical enrichment and NaI as the main ionic component significantly improved the sensitivity of CWD RT-QuIC on deer platelet samples. Blood test by the improved RT-QuIC assay may be used for antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of CWD.

The Impact of Platelet-Rich Plasma Application during Cesarean Section on Wound Healing and Postoperative Pain: A Single-Blind Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate if platelet-rich plasma (PRP) application into the wound during cesarean delivery improves wound healing and reduces pain in the postoperative period. Materials and Methods: A total of 46 patients undergoing cesarean section (CS) were included in this single-blind placebo-controlled intervention study: 23 women in the PRP group and 23 in the placebo group. Every patient was asked to evaluate pain by using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) immediately after surgery, as well as 6 and 12 h after the surgery. The use of analgetics was also recorded. The postoperative scar was assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Results: There was no case of wound dehiscence in either group. Significant differences between the groups in the scar quality assessment were detected in both patient and doctor POSAS results on days 8, 30 and 90 after surgery in the favor of the PRP group. There was no difference in the pain intensity assessment on the VAS recorded after surgery, but PRP patients required fewer paracetamol doses per day than the control group. Conclusions: PRP application during CS significantly improved wound healing in both short- and long-term assessment. Although it did not influence postoperative pain intensity, it may reduce the use of analgetics after surgery.

Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles: a new-generation nanostructured tool for chronic wound healing

Chronic nonhealing wounds pose a serious challenge to regaining skin function and integrity. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are nanostructured particles with the potential to promote wound healing since they can enhance neovascularization and cell migration and reduce inflammation and scarring. This work provides an innovative overview of the technical laboratory issues in PEV production, PEVs' role in chronic wound healing and the benefits and challenges in its clinical translation. The article also explores the challenges of proper sourcing, extraction techniques and storage conditions, and discusses the necessity of further evaluations and combinational therapeutics, including dressing biomaterials, M2-derived exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles and microneedle technology, to boost their therapeutic efficacy as advanced strategies for wound healing.

Modified platelet rich plasma therapy for alopecia totalis

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized most commonly by patchy nonscarring hair loss which may progress to alopecia totalis which has poor prognosis. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy along with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide that is modified PRP proved to be beneficial in the case of alopecia totalis and helps in weaning patient off oral immunosuppression.

Percutaneous Interventions for Injuries in Athletes: Implications on Return to Play

For nonsurgical musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries in athletes, image-guided percutaneous intervention may aid in recovery and decrease return to play (RTP) time. These interventions fall into two major categories: to reduce inflammation (and therefore alleviate pain) or to promote healing. This review describes the risks and benefits of the various percutaneous interventions in MSK athletic injury and surveys the literature regarding the implication of these interventions on RTP.

Evaluation of Dentist Perception of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) for Accelerated Tooth Movement - Cross Sectional Survey

The current survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, awareness and perception of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on accelerated tooth movement among dentist present in the state of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu dentists were the subjects of the cross-sectional questionnaire survey. 500 participants completed self-administered questionnaires about their knowledge, awareness, and perception of PRP's effect on accelerated tooth movement. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (V 22.0) was used to do the statistical analysis. It computed the frequency distribution.The result showed that 466 (93.2%) had prior knowledge of PRP, whereas 34 (6.4%) had no previous experience with it. A total of 156 (31.2%) dentists were aware that PRP procedures are used for teeth rotation and canine retraction.15.2% of participants stated that PRP facilitates accelerated tooth movement.Therefore, results of the study show that the dentists were a little aware of PRP as an additional therapeutic strategy for accelerating tooth movement.More awareness required among the dentist regarding application and its benefits of PRP in accelerated tooth movement.

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Treatment in Recalcitrant, Bilateral Phono-traumatic Lesions

OBJECTIVE

Mature vocal fold nodules and fibrous phono-traumatic lesions that have failed standard voice therapy can be challenging. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is rich in growth factors and easily obtained from a simple blood draw. Growth factor injection into the vocal folds may reverse the scar and inflammation in recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions such as mature vocal fold nodules. This study reports the short-term (3months) voice results after PRP injection in 11 subjects with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions that have failed voice therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Serial autologous PRP injections were used to treat 11 patients with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions in an office setting. All had prior conservative voice therapy or surgery and were deemed failures. Pre and post-treatment video stroboscopy, Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10), and Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) before and after treatment (3months) were tabulated and compared. An expert rater blinded to the treatment condition rated the stroboscopy and voice results.

RESULTS

At 3months postinjection, 9 of the 11 patients reported improved VHI-10 and noted sustained voice improvement after PRP injections. Median VHI-10 changed from 20 to 13 (P < 0.05 paired t test). The CSID scores changed from 17 to 5 (NS P > 0.05, paired t test). Nine of 11 patients reported improved vocal effort and stamina. Stroboscopy ratings were better after treatment than before treatment in 7 of the 11 subjects.

CONCLUSION

Short-term improvements in voice may occur in patients with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions following PRP injection. PRP injections into the vocal folds may be a new treatment for nonsurgical intervention in patients with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

II.

Cord blood platelet rich plasma (PRP) as a potential alternative to autologous PRP for allogenic preparation and regenerative applications

As an abundant supplier of growth factors, chemokines and other bioactive molecules, platelet rich plasma (PRP) become a leading therapy for tissue regeneration. The PRP therapy is an inexpensive and feasible source of growth factor compared to commercial products however, the better source of platelets is the major challenge. Many researchers are skeptical about cord blood as an alternative source for the allogenic preparation of PRP. In the present study, we have compared adult peripheral and cord blood PRP for their regenerative capacity and immuno-modulatory nature. ELISA data indicates that the cord PRP contained a considerably higher amount of growth factors compared to adult PRP. In-vitro results indicate a significant increase in cell proliferation and migration with cord PRP treatment. The immunomodulatory evaluation shows cord blood PRP has better potential in switching activated macrophages to anti-inflammatory markers when compared with adult PRP, as well as the cytokines production indicates a significant reduction in the release of IFN-γ in cord PRP treatment. The study shows the beneficial effects of using cord blood PRP over adult PRP however, future studies are required to validate cord blood PRP as a permanent source for regenerative therapy.

Antiplatelet mechanism of a subtilisin-like serine protease from Solanum tuberosum (StSBTc-3)

The aims of this study are to characterize the antiplatelet activity of StSBTc-3, a potato serine protease with fibrino (geno) lytic activity, and to provide information on its mechanism of action. The results obtained show that StSBTc-3 inhibits clot retraction and prevents platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, convulxin, and A23187. Platelet aggregation inhibition occurs in a dose-dependent manner and is not affected by inactivation of StSBTc-3 with the inhibitor of serine proteases phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). In addition, StSBTc-3 reduces fibrinogen binding onto platelets. In-silico calculations show a high binding affinity between StSBTc-3 and human α2bβ3 integrin suggesting that the antiplatelet activity of StSBTc-3 could be associated with the fibronectin type III domain present in its amino acid sequence. Binding experiments show that StSBTc-3 binds to α2bβ3 preventing the interaction between α2bβ3 and fibrinogen and, consequently, inhibiting platelet aggregation. StSBTc-3 represents a promising compound to be considered as an alternative to commercially available drugs used in cardiovascular therapies.

Regenerative potential of platelet concentrates in chronic oral mucosal lesions

Chronic oral mucosal diseases (COMDs) represent a significant challenge for clinicians and patients. They are commonly associated with chronic pain and negative effects on healing and patient's quality of life. Regenerative medicine including the use of biological autologous blood-derived substances (e.g., platelet concentrates [PCs]), has been reported to improve healing and reduce pain in orthopedic and maxillofacial surgeries as well as chronic oral mucosal diseases. In this review, we aim to describe the different types of PCs and their applications in the management of COMDs such as lichen planus, mucositis, pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and plasma cell mucositis, in terms of healing potential, pain control, and quality of life. Overall, PC applications seem to enhance healing and reduce pain in patients with COMDs. However, due to the small sample size and the lack of standardized clinical trials, further research is required to support these findings.

Characterization of platelet rich plasma in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats: Cell, and PDGF-BB and TGF-ß1 growth factor analysis

Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains growth factors (GFs) that modulate the expression of inflammatory cells; thus, these products could be considered a good strategy to favor tissue regeneration in feline immunodeficiency (FIV) positive cats. However, there is no scientific documentation on obtaining PRP in FIV-positive cats. Authors hypothesized that PRP can be obtained in FIV cats following the PRGF®-Endoret® methodology. The objectives of this study were to compare the platelet, erythrocyte, and leukocyte concentration between whole blood (WB) and the PRP; and determine the concentration of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in FIV-positive cats. Sixteen adults FIV-positive asymptomatic cats were included in the study. WB samples were drawn and the PRP was obtained by centrifugation at 265g for 10 min. Erythrocyte and leukocyte, platelets, and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined both in WB and in PRP. PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 concentrations were additionally determined in PRP. Platelet concentration increased 1.1 times in PRP fraction compared to WB, but no significant differences were reported. MPV was statistically higher in WB than in PRP (p = 0.001). Erythrocytes and leukocytes counts were decreased by 99% and 92%, respectively in the PRP fraction (p < 0.001). Regarding TGF-ß1, a higher concentration was shown in the PRP (p < 0.02). Although the product obtained could not be classified as PRP according to the PRGF®-Endoret® methodology, based on the drastic reduction of RBC and WBC, the PLT concentrate is of high purity.

Optimization of Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparation for Regenerative Medicine: Comparison of Different Anticoagulants and Resuspension Media

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising therapy in regenerative medicine. However, the lack of standardization in PRP preparation protocols presents a challenge in achieving reproducible and accurate results. This study aimed to optimize the PRP preparation protocol by investigating the impact of two different anticoagulants, sodium citrate (SC) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and resuspension media, plasma versus sodium chloride (NaCl). Platelet recovery rates were calculated and compared between groups, in addition to platelet activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released into plasma after PRP activation. The platelet recovery rate was higher with EDTA in comparison to SC (51.04% vs. 29.85%, p = 0.005). Platelet activity was also higher, with a higher expression of two platelet antibodies, platelet surface P-Selectin (CD62p) and PAC-1, in the EDTA group. The concentration of VEGF was higher with SC in comparison to EDTA (628.73 vs. 265.44 pg/mL, p = 0.013). Platelet recovery rates and VEGF levels were higher in PRP resuspended in plasma when compared to NaCl (61.60% vs. 48.61%, p = 0.011 and 363.32 vs. 159.83 pg/mL, p = 0.005, respectively). Our study reinforces the superiority of EDTA (as anticoagulant) and plasma (for resuspension) in obtaining a higher platelet recovery and preserving platelet functionality during PRP preparation.

[Study of centrifuge conditions for preparing rabbit leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma by single centrifugation]

Objective

To explore the best centrifuge condition for preparing rabbit leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma (LP-PRP) by using single centrifugation method.

Methods

Sixteen healthy New Zealand rabbits, aged 3-4 months, were utilized in the investigation. A total of 15 mL anticoagulated blood was extracted from the central ear artery of each rabbit, with a repeat of the blood collection procedure after 1 and 2 months. The obtained blood specimens were individually subjected to centrifugation at a radius of 16.7 cm and speeds of 1 200, 1 300, 1 400, and 1 500 r/min (equivalent to centrifugal forces of 269× g, 315× g, 365× g, and 420× g) for durations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes, resulting in a total of 16 groups. Following centrifugation, collect plasma from each group to a distance of 1.5 mL from the separation plane. The volumes, platelet enrichment coefficient, and platelet recovery rates of LP-PRP in each group, under varying centrifugation conditions, were methodically computed and subsequently compared.

Results

The volume of LP-PRP obtained under all centrifugation conditions ranged from 1.8 to 7.6 mL. At a consistent centrifugal speed, an extension of centrifugation time leaded to a significant increase in the volume of LP-PRP, accompanied by a declining trend in the platelet enrichment coefficient of LP-PRP. When centrifuged for 2 minutes, the volume of LP-PRP at speeds of 1 200 and 1 300 r/min was less than 2.0 mL, while the volume of LP-PRP obtained under other conditions was more than 2.0 mL. When centrifuged for 4 and 5 minutes, the volume of LP-PRP obtained at each speed was more than 4 mL. LP-PRP with a platelet enrichment coefficient more than 2.0 could be prepared by centrifuging at 1 200 r/min for each time group and 1 300 r/min for 2 and 3 minutes, and the highest LP-PRP platelet enrichment coefficient could be obtained by centrifugation for 2 minutes at a speed of 1 200 r/min. The platelet recovery rates of LP-PRP obtained by centrifugation at 1 200 r/min for 4 and 5 minutes, as well as centrifugation at 1 400 r/min for 5 minutes, were both greater than 60%. There was no significant difference between the groups when centrifuged at 1 200 r/min for 4 and 5 minutes ( P>0.05).

Conclusion

In the process of preparing rabbit LP-PRP using a single centrifugation method, collecting 15 mL of blood and centrifuging at a radius of 16.7 cm and speed of 1 200 r/min for 4 minutes can prepare LP-PRP with a volume exceeding 2.0 mL, platelet enrichment coefficient exceeding 2.0, and platelet recovery rate exceeding 60%. This centrifugal condition can achieve the optimal LP-PRP action parameters in the shortest possible time.

Robust adhesive nanocomposite sponge composed of citric acid and nano clays modified cellulose for rapid hemostasis of lethal non-compressible hemorrhage

Massive bleeding control plays the main role in saving people's lives in emergency situations. Herein, modified cellulose-based nanocomposite sponges by polydopamine (PDA) and laponite nano-clay was developed to sturdily deal with non-compressible lethal severe bleeding. PDA accomplishes supreme adhesion in the bleeding site (∼405 kPa) to form strong physical barrier and seal the position. Sponges super porous (∼70 % porosity) and super absorbent capacity (48 g blood absorbed per 1 g sponge) by concentrating the blood cells and platelets provides the requirements for primary hemostasis. Synergistically, the nanocomposite sponges' intelligent chemical structure induces hemostasis by activation of the XI, IX, X, II and FVII factors of intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Excellent hemostatic performance of sponges in-vitro was assessed by RBC accumulation (∼100 %), blood clotting index (∼10 %), platelet aggregation/activation (∼93 %) and clotting time. The nanocomposite sponges depicted super performance in the fatal high-pressure non-compressible hemorrhage model by reducing of >2, 15 and 3 times in the bleeding amount at New Zealand rabbit's heart and liver, and rat's femoral artery bleeding models, respectively compared to commercial hemostatic agents (Pvalue˂0.001). The in-vivo host response results exhibited biosafety with no systemic and significant local inflammatory response by hematological, pathological and biochemical parameters assessments.

A Comprehensive Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Its Emerging Role in Accelerating Bone Healing

This comprehensive review delves into the emerging role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in accelerating bone healing. PRP, a blood-derived product rich in platelets and growth factors, has garnered attention for its regenerative potential. The review begins by defining PRP and providing a historical background, highlighting its significance in expediting bone healing. PRP's composition and preparation methods, including centrifugation techniques and commercial kits, are explored. Mechanistically, PRP operates by releasing growth factors, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis, elucidating its cellular effects. Applications in fracture healing and orthopaedic surgeries, such as joint arthroplasty and spinal fusion, are discussed, emphasising the promising outcomes in clinical trials. Safety considerations, patient selection criteria, and the need for PRP preparation and application standardisation are underscored. The review outlines ongoing research trends, potential technological advancements, and unexplored areas in paediatric applications and inflammatory bone disorders. The implications for clinical practice involve informed decision-making, optimised protocols, and interdisciplinary collaboration. In conclusion, the future of PRP in bone healing holds exciting prospects, with the potential for precision medicine, integration with emerging therapies, expanded applications, and enhanced technological innovations shaping its trajectory in orthopaedics and regenerative medicine.

A Comparative Study on Platelet-Rich Plasma From Elderly Individuals and Young Adults to Treat Pressure Ulcers in Mice

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to compare the therapeutic effects of activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared from elderly individuals and young adults to treat pressure ulcers (PUs), and to accumulate a theoretical basis for allogeneic PRP treatment of PUs in elderly patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Whole blood was extracted from elderly individuals aged >65 y and young adult volunteers for PRP preparation, and platelet concentrations in whole blood and PRP were compared. Growth factors released from activated PRP were assayed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: the control saline, elderly-PRP (Group A), and young adult-PRP (Group B). Ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced PUs were established on the backs of mice. PUs were photographed on days 0, 5, and 10 to assess their sizes. Specimens were collected on day 10 and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31 was conducted to evaluate vascular formation, and cell invasion was assessed using a Transwell assay. The action of PRP on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-dependent fibroblast activity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition was analyzed using immunofluorescence and Western blotting in vitro.

RESULTS

The platelet concentrations in whole blood and PRP of young adults were significantly higher than that in elderly individuals. The two PRP treatment groups had similar platelet enrichment coefficients of PRP. After activation, PRP from young adults produced significantly higher levels of platelet-derived growth factor, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor than PRP from elderly individuals (P < 0.05). The concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor were positively correlated with the platelet concentrations in whole blood and PRP. The effects of PRP in regulating the expressions of TGF-β, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and E-cadherin were observed in vivo and in vitro. The two PRP treatment groups exhibited better wound healing than the control group, as evidenced by more re-epithelialization, higher collagen content, skin fibrosis, and more blood vessel formation over time. Group B exhibited better wound healing than Group A (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

PRP exhibits potent wound healing ability in PU therapy, and PRP from young adults is seemingly superior to that from elderly individuals because of a higher concentration of platelets and increased production of growth factors.

Exploring the Association Between Age Groups and Success Patterns in Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy: A Cohort Study

Objective This study aimed to comprehensively examine the correlation between success trends in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy and the advancing age of patients undergoing fertility interventions. Methods Female participants were categorized randomly into five age groups undergoing PRP or conventional hormone replacement therapy. Procedures included controlled ovarian stimulation, escalating estrogen dosage, gonadotrophin injections, and embryo transfer post-ovulation trigger. A pivotal PRP intervention was provided to half of the age sub-groups, and endometrial thickness was assessed 24 hours prior to embryo transfer. Statistical analysis employed SPSS 26.0 for Windows Student Version (IBM Inc., Armonk, New York), incorporating descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test to explore age-PRP success relationships (p<0.05). Results The study, involving 60 participants, revealed a balanced patient distribution across age groups, with 20-30 age groups contributing 23.33% each. Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between PRP and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) groups. Post-intervention, PRP demonstrated consistently higher endometrial thickness (p<0.001) and clinical pregnancy rates (63.33%) compared to HRT (40%). These findings suggest a positive association between PRP therapy and improved outcomes, particularly in younger age cohorts. Conclusion The study challenges traditional perspectives on hormonal influences in fertility, highlighting a potential link between PRP therapy and favorable outcomes among younger age groups. Improved endometrial thickness and clinical pregnancy rates in the PRP group emphasize the need for further exploration of PRP's mechanisms and applications in reproductive medicine.

Insights Into Visual Rehabilitation: Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

This review comprehensively explores pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) as a pivotal intervention in visually rehabilitating individuals afflicted with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The review begins by elucidating the significance of PDR within the spectrum of diabetic retinopathy (DR), emphasizing the progressive nature of the disease and the consequential impact on visual health. A detailed analysis of PRP follows, encompassing its definition, purpose, and historical development, shedding light on the procedural intricacies and mechanisms of action. The postoperative care and follow-up section underscores the necessity of vigilant monitoring for complications, visual recovery, and the importance of regular ophthalmic check-ups. The subsequent discussion delves into patient education and counseling, stressing the need to manage expectations, encourage lifestyle modifications, and highlight the significance of follow-up appointments. The review concludes with insights into future directions, including advancements in laser technology and emerging therapies, offering a glimpse into the evolving landscape of DR management. By addressing ongoing challenges and embracing innovative approaches, this review provides a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare practitioners who visually rehabilitate individuals struggling with PDR.

Recent Achievements in the Development of Biomaterials Improved with Platelet Concentrates for Soft and Hard Tissue Engineering Applications

Platelet concentrates such as platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin or concentrated growth factors are cost-effective autologous preparations containing various growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β, insulin-like growth factor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. For this reason, they are often used in regenerative medicine to treat wounds, nerve damage as well as cartilage and bone defects. Unfortunately, after administration, these preparations release growth factors very quickly, which lose their activity rapidly. As a consequence, this results in the need to repeat the therapy, which is associated with additional pain and discomfort for the patient. Recent research shows that combining platelet concentrates with biomaterials overcomes this problem because growth factors are released in a more sustainable manner. Moreover, this concept fits into the latest trends in tissue engineering, which include biomaterials, bioactive factors and cells. Therefore, this review presents the latest literature reports on the properties of biomaterials enriched with platelet concentrates for applications in skin, nerve, cartilage and bone tissue engineering.

Treatment of severe pressure ulcers with protein-enriched filtered platelet-rich plasma (PEFPRP): a possible management

Background: Biological dressings with non-transfusion blood components are among the treatments available for pressure ulcers (PUs). Biological dressings contain active concentrated pro-regenerative molecules that can modify and switch off local inflammatory pathways. This re-establishes the physiological homing, which results in healing. In our study, we used a biological component obtained by ultrafiltration of plasma-platelet concentrate: protein-enriched filtered platelet-rich plasma (PEFPRP) with a higher platelet and higher plasma protein concentration. We tested whether treatment with PEFPRP could improve healing in advanced-stage pressure ulcers with a large surface area. All the patients in this study had a surgical indication but were not able to undergo surgery for various reasons. Materials and methods: Ten patients with severe neurological disability and advanced-stage sacral pressure ulcers were treated with allogenic PEFPRP. The mean lesion surface area at T0 was 13.4 cm2 ( ± 9.8 SD). PEFPRP was derived from allogenic plasma-platelet apheresis that had been pre-ultrafiltered with a ProSmart™ filter (Medica, Italy) to obtain a concentration after filtration of the plasma protein (12-16 g/dL) and platelet (1-1.2 x 106 microL). Results and Conclusion: All cases showed a reduction in the surface area of the pressure ulcer and in the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) score. The mean reduction values at week 6 were as follows: -52% for surface area and -21% for PUSH. Rapid wound healing is fundamental to avoid infections and improve patients' quality of life. This blood component builds new tissue by creating a new extracellular matrix. This, in turn, promotes rapid restoration of the three-dimensional structure of the tissue necessary for healing deeper wounds. PEFPRP shrinks the PU and improves its morphological features (reducing undermining and boosting granulation tissue). PEFPRP also promotes tissue restoration, obtaining an optimal scar. It is a safe and feasible treatment, and these preliminary results support the use of PEFPRP in the treatment of pressure ulcers. PEFPRP dressings could be integrated in the standard treatment of advanced-stage PU.

PRP as a modulator of inflammation in FLS of RA patients by regulation of galectins and TGF-β1

An autoimmune and inflammatory condition known as rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by joint inflammation and an aggressive fibroblast-like synoviocytes. (FLS) One of the most significant immunological regulators are the galectins. Platelet-rich plasma are probably effective in immunomodulation. The aim of the present work is to investigate the role of platelet rich plasma (PRP) as a modulation of inflammation, which affects the expression of galectins and TGF-β in FLS from Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

Human FLS cells from RA patients' synovial fluid were cultured in DMEM-F12 medium, characterized by flowcytometry, treated with PRP alone, TNF-α+PRP, SF + PRP, TNF-α alone, and untreated control groups. Expression of Galectin-1, Galectin-3, Galectin-9, and TGF-β1 genes was assessed by Real-Time PCR.

Results

In SF + PRP, TNF + PRP, and PRP groups, the gene expression of Galectin-3 was considerably reduced (P > 0.05). Galectin-1 and TGF-β1 expression levels were also lowered (P > 0.05) in the TNF + PRP groups. Galectin-9 expression increased significantly in the PRP group (P > 0.05). Galectin-3 expression was markedly and extensively reduced in multiple study groups after treatment of FLS cells with 10 % PRP. Galectin-3 expression was considerably reduced when FLS were exposed to TNF- and synovial fluid in conjunction with PRP to simulate localized body inflammation.

Conclusion

Our results showed that PRP may be useful in lowering FLS-induced inflammation in RA patients' joints, particularly when Galectin-3 is involved. In the future, inflammatory illnesses like RA may be treated locally using PRP or its derivatives, which will have a larger immune modulation role and more likely pathways.

Impact of platelet activation on the release of cell-free mitochondria and circulating mitochondrial DNA

BACKGROUND

Research on circulating mitochondrial DNA (cir-mtDNA) based diagnostic is insufficient, as to its function, origin, structural features, and particularly its standardization of isolation. To date, plasma preparation performed in previous studies do not take into consideration the potential bias resulting from the release of mitochondria by activated platelets.

METHODS

To tackle this, we compared the mtDNA amount determined by a standard plasma preparation method or a method optimally avoiding platelet activation. MtDNA extracted from the plasma of seven healthy individuals was quantified by Q-PCR in the course of the process of both methods submitted to filtration, freezing or differential centrifugation.

RESULTS

98.7 to 99.4% of plasma mtDNA corresponded to extracellular mitochondria, either free or into large extracellular vesicles. Without platelet activation, the proportion of both types of entities remained preponderant (76-80%), but the amount of detected mtDNA decreased 67-fold.

CONCLUSION

We show the high capacity of platelets to release free mitochondria in "in vitro" conditions. This represents a potent confounding factor when extracting mtDNA for cir-mtDNA investigation. Platelet activation during pre-analytical conditions should therefore be avoided when studying cir-mtDNA. Our findings lead to a profound revision of the assumptions previously made by most works in this field. Overall, our data suggest the need to characterize or isolate mtDNA associated various structural forms, as well as to standardize plasma preparation, to better circumscribe cir-mtDNA's diagnostic capacity.

Harnessing Healing Power: A Comprehensive Review on Platelet-Rich Plasma in Compound Fracture Care

This comprehensive review explores the applications of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the context of compound fracture care, providing a thorough examination of its biological mechanisms, preparation techniques, and clinical implications. The analysis highlights PRP's potential in accelerating bone healing, enhancing soft tissue repair, reducing inflammation and infection risks, and managing pain during fracture recovery. The review underscores the importance of ethical and regulatory considerations in integrating PRP into orthopaedic practice, emphasising informed consent, transparent patient communication, and ongoing monitoring of ethical concerns. Looking ahead, the implications for the future of compound fracture care suggest a transformative shift with the potential for personalised medicine approaches and emerging technologies. However, the conclusion calls for a balanced perspective, acknowledging the promising applications of PRP while emphasising the need for responsible and ethical use. The collaborative efforts of healthcare professionals, researchers, and regulatory bodies are crucial in navigating this evolving landscape and harnessing the healing power of PRP to redefine orthopaedic care for individuals with compound fractures.

Optimal delivery of endothelial progenitor cells in a rat model of critical-size bone defects

Nonunion and segmental bone defects are complex issues in orthopedic trauma. The use of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), as part of a cell-based therapy for bone healing is a promising approach. In preclinical studies, culture medium (CM) is commonly used to deliver EPCs to the defect site, which has the potential for immunogenicity in humans. The goal of this study was to find an effective and clinically translatable delivery medium for EPCs. Accordingly, this study compared EPCs delivered in CM, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in a rat model of femoral critical-size defects. Fischer 344 rats (n = 35) were divided into six groups: EPC+CM, EPC+PBS, EPC+PPP, EPC+PRP, PPP alone, and PRP alone. A 5 mm mid-diaphyseal defect was created in the right femur and stabilized with a miniplate. The defect was filled with a gelatin scaffold impregnated with the corresponding treatment. Radiographic, microcomputed tomography and biomechanical analyses were performed. Overall, regardless of the delivery medium, groups that received EPCs had higher radiographic scores and union rates, higher bone volume, and superior biomechanical properties compared to groups treated with PPP or PRP alone. There were no significant differences in any outcomes between EPC subgroups or between PPP and PRP alone. These results suggest that EPCs are effective in treating segmental defects in a rat model of critical-size defects regardless of the delivery medium used. Consequently, PBS could be the optimal medium for delivering EPCs, given its low cost, ease of preparation, accessibility, noninvasiveness, and nonimmunogenic properties.

Laryngeal Applications of Platelet Rich Plasma and Platelet Poor Plasma: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) and platelet poor plasma (PPP) are regenerative therapies that offer the potential for improving care for disorders of the larynx. The laryngeal applications of these substances have been examined in both animals and humans. The goal of this systematic review is to examine the various applications of PRP and PPP in laryngology, assess the protocols for preparation and application of these substances and evaluate the outcomes and complications in both humans and animals.

METHODS

A search of PUBMED was conducted in April 2021 using combinations of keywords of "platelet rich plasma" and "platelet poor plasma" with keywords such as "larynx," "vocal folds," "laryngology," and others. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRIMSA) guidelines were followed. Articles were reviewed by two independent coauthors and included based on selection criteria pertinent to the goals of this study. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed by two independent co-authors using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials and JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies. Data regarding the pathologies treated using PRP and PPP, PRP, and PPP preparation protocols, application protocols, human voice outcomes, histopathological animal outcomes, and complications were extracted from each of the studies and presented in tables.

RESULTS

Seven studies were included based on the selection criteria. PRP or PPP were used for vocal fold scar, sulcus, atrophy and palsy; acute vocal fold injury; glottic insufficiency, and graft healing. PRP or PPP were derived from autologous blood in a one- or two-step centrifugation process and administered via injection, soaking of cartilage grafts or topical application. Mean and median voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10) and voice handicap index (VHI) scores decreased following PRP or PPP injections in two human studies and one human study showed a similar VHI-10 score before and after PRP treatment. Videostroboscopy showed the absence of injection site reactions and at least temporary improvement in glottic gap or vibratory function following treatment in some patients. Other objective measures of voice outcomes in human studies showed improved phonatory function in the one-to-four-month period following PRP or PPP injections, with some patients experiencing a subjective decrease or return to baseline in phonatory function following the initial improvement period. Animal studies found elevated levels of growth factors, organized collagen deposition, decreased granulation tissue, increased vascularization, and increased cartilage proliferation in PRP treated laryngeal tissue.

DISCUSSION

PRP and PPP might have the potential to be safely used in the larynx and at least temporarily influence wound healing and vocal function. Further study using comparable outcome measurement tools is required to assess their role and efficacy in treating acute vocal fold injury, chronic vocal fold pathologies, graft healing, and other laryngeal applications.

Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in benign vocal fold lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in benign vocal fold lesions.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in April 2023 for relevant clinical trials. Inclusion criteria were clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of PRP in benign vocal fold lesions. We conducted a comparative double-arm analysis using the pooled mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Outcomes of interest included the vocal handicap index (VHI), the Jitter and Shimmer percentages, and the noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR).

RESULTS

Six studies matched the inclusion criteria. The pooled analysis shows that PRP was associated with significantly lower VHI scores compared with the control (MD = - 5.06, p < 0.01). Regarding the Jitter percentage, the PRP group was not superior to the control group at 2 and 4 weeks. However, the results revealed that PRP significantly reduced the Jitter percentage at 3 months (MD = - 0.61, p = 0.0008). The overall analysis favored the PRP arm significantly (p < 0.001). As for the Shimmer percentage, the combined effect estimate favored the PRP group (MD = - 1.22, p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis according to the time did not reveal any significant differences between studies at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. The analysis of the NHR outcome revealed a significant difference between both groups (MD = -1.09, p = 0.01). However, at 4 weeks, the treatment group had a significantly lower NHR % compared to the control group (MD = - 0.61, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference at 3 months (MD = - 2.14, p = 0.14).

CONCLUSIONS

Platelet-rich plasma is effective in reducing VHI scores, Jitter and Shimmer percentages, and NHR values. This effect is more evident after follow-up, especially 3 months.

Platelet-Rich Plasma - a remedy present in every human being. History, functioning, and the benefits of therapy using it

Platelet-rich plasma is an autologous product used in restorative medicine. It contains a high concentration of platelets, which are rich in growth factors and other biologically active substances known for their ability to stimulate regenerative processes in the body. Currently, research is being conducted into the use of platelet-rich plasma in many areas of medicine. This publication provides information on the nature, mechanism of action, therapeutic properties and application of autologous platelet-rich plasma in medicine. Furthermore, ongoing investigations explore its potential in wound healing, orthopedics, dermatology, and even in dentistry, showcasing its versatility and promising outcomes across various medical disciplines. Additionally, the safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma therapies are subjects of continual scrutiny, aiming to refine protocols and expand its clinical utility with robust scientific evidence. The growing interest in this regenerative approach underscores its potential as a valuable tool in modern medical practice. Platelet-rich plasma therapy represents a promising avenue for personalized medicine, offering tailored treatment approaches that capitalize on the body's own healing mechanisms to promote tissue repair and regeneration.

Features of apoptotic and proliferative processes in experimental infected radiation-induced skin ulcer under conditions of photodynamic therapy and the use of platelet-rich plasma

OBJECTIVE

. Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify the features of apoptotic and proliferative processes in experimental Staphylococcus aureus-infected radiation skin ulcer under conditions of photodynamic therapy and the use of platelet-rich plasma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 95 six-month-old male rats of the WAG population, which were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 25 animals that were simulated a radiation ulcer of the skin in the thigh area with subsequent application to its surface on the 7th day after irradiation with 0.2 ml of a suspension of the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) reference strain (0.5 million microbial cells/cm2). Group 2 included 25 animals with Staphylococcus aureus-infected radiation skin ulcer, which were subjected to photodynamic therapy a day after infection. Group 3 included 45 animals with Staphylococcus aureus-infected radiation skin ulcers, which, 1 day after infection, received photodynamic therapy in the first half of the day, and in the second half of the day the periphery of the wound defect was injected with platelet-rich plasma. The material for the study was skin with underlying soft tissues from the area of radiation exposure. Histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and statistical methods were used.

RESULTS

Results: In cases of simultaneous use of photodynamic therapy and platelet-rich plasma, compared with photodynamic therapy alone, the processes ofapoptosis and proliferation were more balanced, active, with a shift in the proliferative-apoptotic ratio towards proliferation processes and met the needs of the regenerative process. From the 10th to the 22nd day of the experiment these processes increased, which indicated active healing processes, that, during survey microscopy on the 22nd day, were manifested by the complete filling of the wound cavity with granulation and connective tissues with the presence of an epithelial layer on the surface of the regenerate. From the 22nd to the 45th day of the experiment, a decrease in the rate of regeneration was recorded, as evidenced by a decrease in the intensity of apoptotic and proliferative processes. The intensity of the latter was sufficient, which led to the healing of Staphylococcus aureus-infected radiation skin ulcer on the 45th day with complete restoration of the original structure of the skin.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: Photodynamic therapy in combination with the use of platelet-rich plasma balancedly activates apoptotic and proliferative processes with a predominance of the latter in granulation and connective tissues filling the lumen of Staphylococcus aureus-infected radiation skin ulcer, which on the 45th day of the experiment leads to wound healing with complete restoration of the original structure of the skin.

Platelet-Rich Plasma for Heart Cell Regeneration Post-myocardial Infarction: A Propitious Therapeutic Approach

Globally, one of the primary factors leading to death is cardiovascular disorders, specifically coronary artery disease, which leads to myocardial infarction (MI). This article investigates the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for regenerating cardiac cells following MI. We look into the pathophysiology of MI, current treatment methods, and the heart's limited ability to heal itself. This is done to see if PRP could help the heart heal faster, reduce the size of the infarct, and stop scar tissue from forming. We analyze the production procedure of PRP, its composition of growth factors, and its utilization in many medical domains. The ways that PRP helps the heart heal are also being looked into. This includes how it affects inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Although we recognize the existing constraints, we meticulously take into account issues such as standardization, therapeutic variance, and potential harmful effects. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive guidelines, continuous research, and enhanced clinical applications to fully harness the potential of platelet-rich plasma in the regeneration of cardiac cells after a heart attack.

Comparative effectiveness of intra-articular therapies in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis comparing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with other treatment modalities

Introduction

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a progressive joint disease commonly treated with intra-articular injections, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), hyaluronic acid (HA), or corticosteroids (CS). This updated meta-analysis aims to enhance the statistical power of the results and provide comprehensive clinical evidence that reflects the most current research. By doing so, the authors aim to suggest a reliable estimate for the development of guidelines, addressing the pressing need for effective and minimally invasive treatment options.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Central were searched until March 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of intra-articular injectable therapies, including PRP, HA, CS, and placebo, in KOA. Data extraction involved baseline characteristics and outcome measures [Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, KOOS, and IKDC scores] at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Statistical analysis, including subgroup analysis, assessment of heterogeneity, and publication bias, was conducted using Review Manager.

Results

Our meta-analysis of 42 studies involving 3696 patients demonstrated that PRP treatment resulted in significant pain relief compared to HA injections, as evidenced by improved WOMAC pain (MD: -0.74; 95% CI: -1.02 to -0.46; P≤0.00001; I 2=94%) and VAS pain (MD: -0.65; 95% CI: -1.24 to -0.06; P=0.03; I2=97%) outcomes. Similarly, PRP showed greater efficacy in reducing WOMAC pain (MD: -8.06; 95% CI: -13.62 to -2.51: P=0.004; I 2=96%) and VAS pain (MD: -1.11; 95% CI: -1.64 to -0.59; P≤0.0001; I 2=68%) compared to CS injections, with the most significant improvement observed at 6 months.

Conclusions

PRP is an effective treatment for KOA. It provides symptomatic relief, has the potential to reduce disease progression, and has sustained effects up to 12 months. PRP offers superior pain relief and functional enhancement compared to CS and HA injections.

Therapeutic applications of canine platelets and their derivatives: a narrative review

Platelets contain a multitude of growth factors and play a crucial role in physiological processes such as thrombogenesis, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. As a result, platelet-derived products have significant potential for efficient utilization in the realm of regenerative medicine due to their therapeutic and biological attributes. Numerous studies have already substantiated the therapeutic viability of platelets in various canine ailments. The existing literature indicates a substantial surge in the clinical application of canine platelets, positioning platelet-derived products as a viable alternative to conventional therapeutic agents. Platelet concentrates, including platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin are commonly used as a therapeutic modality in clinical cases. These therapeutic derivatives exhibit effectiveness in tissue regeneration and can serve as complementary therapies. Notably, they offer a cost-effective and easily accessible therapeutic option, which has demonstrated its benefits in chronic inflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis and tendinitis, ophthalmic conditions, wound healing, and mandibular injuries in canine patients. The broad spectrum of therapeutic effects displayed by platelets is providing researchers with novel perspectives for crafting therapeutic models in future investigations. This review centers on exploring the therapeutic potential of canine platelets across diverse disorders. Further exploration into platelet products, encompassing their preparation and applicability in canine medicine, is imperative. These inquiries hold the promise of unveiling fresh horizons for the domain of regenerative medicine.