1
|
Yuan X, Xue X, Liang Z, He C. Study on the potential hypoglycemic flavonoids in Abrus precatorius leaves: purification process, quality profile and activity mechanisms by transcriptomics and network pharmacology. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38623836 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2340756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between flavonoids in Abrus precatorius leaves (APL) and their hypoglycaemic effects, which have not been studied before. An efficient purification process, transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis were applied for the first time. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of total flavonoids. The results showed that D101 resin was most suitable for purification of flavonoids of APL, which could increase its purity from 25.2% to 85.2% and achieve a recovery rate of 86.9%. The analysis of transcriptomics and network pharmacology revealed that flavonoids of APL could play a hypoglycaemic role by regulating 31 targets through AGE-RAGE and other signal pathways. Flavonoids of APL could exert hydroglycaemic effects by inhibiting AGEs, α-glucosidase and DPPH. This study provides a solid basis for hypoglycaemic product development and in-depth research of flavonoids in APL.
Collapse
Key Words
- APL, Abrus precatorius leaves; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; T2D, type 2 diabetes; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; BV, bed volume; DEGs, differentially expressed genes; GO, gene ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes.
- Abrus precatorius L
- hypoglycaemic activity
- network pharmacology
- purification
- total flavonoids
- transcriptomics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujiang Yuan
- Center for Drug Research and Development/Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the P.R.C/ Key Laboratory of modern Chinese medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems/ Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Xianmei Xue
- Center for Drug Research and Development/Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the P.R.C/ Key Laboratory of modern Chinese medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems/ Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Zhike Liang
- Center for Drug Research and Development/Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the P.R.C/ Key Laboratory of modern Chinese medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems/ Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P R China
| | - Cuimin He
- Center for Drug Research and Development/Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the P.R.C/ Key Laboratory of modern Chinese medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems/ Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P R China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Okoro EE, Ahmad MS, Maharjan R, Khan M, Sherwani ZA, Ul-Haq Z, Ugheighele SE, Erukainure OL, Osoniyi OR, Onajobi FD, Iqbal Choudhary M. Antibacteria, Antiurease, and Antiproliferative Abruquinones from Abrus precatoriusRoots. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRODUCTS FROM NATURE 2022; 12:276-290. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2022.2069154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeka E. Okoro
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Biology Department, Adventist University of West Africa, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Malik Shoaib Ahmad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Rukesh Maharjan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Majid Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Zaid A. Sherwani
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Samuel E. Ugheighele
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ochuko L. Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Omolaja R. Osoniyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo D. Onajobi
- Biochemistry Department, Babcock University Ilishan-Remo, Ikeja PMB 21244, Nigeria
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He C, Huang W, Xue X, Liang Z, Ye H, Li K, Yuan X. UPLC-MS fingerprints, phytochemicals and quality evaluation of flavonoids from Abrus precatorius leaves. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
4
|
Boye A, Barku VYA, Acheampong DO, Ofori EG. Abrus precatorius Leaf Extract Reverses Alloxan/Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats through Hormonal (Insulin, GLP-1, and Glucagon) and Enzymatic ( α-Amylase/ α-Glucosidase) Modulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9920826. [PMID: 34341763 PMCID: PMC8325591 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9920826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abrus precatorius is used in folk medicine across Afro-Asian regions of the world. Earlier, glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus precatorius leaf extract (APLE) was confirmed experimentally in STZ/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats; however, the underlying mechanism of antidiabetic effect and pancreato-protection remained unknown. OBJECTIVE This study elucidated antidiabetic mechanisms and pancreato-protective effects of APLE in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS APLE was prepared by ethanol/Soxhlet extraction method. Total phenols and flavonoids were quantified calorimetrically after initial phytochemical screening. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was established in adult Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 120-180 g) of both sexes by daily sequential injection of nicotinamide (48 mg/kg; ip) and Alloxan (120 mg/kg; ip) over a period of 7 days. Except control rats which had fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 4.60 mmol/L, rats having stable FBG (16-21 mmol/L) 7 days post-nicotinamide/Alloxan injection were considered diabetic and were randomly reassigned to one of the following groups (model, APLE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively; po) and metformin (300 mg/kg; po)) and treated daily for 18 days. Bodyweight and FBG were measured every 72 hours for 18 days. On day 18, rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia; organs (kidney, liver, pancreas, and spleen) were isolated and weighed. Blood was collected for estimation of serum insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 using a rat-specific ELISA kit. The pancreas was processed, sectioned, and H&E-stained for histological examination. Effect of APLE on enzymatic activity of alpha (α)-amylase and α-glucosidase was assessed. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of APLE were assessed using standard methods. RESULTS APLE dose-dependently decreased the initial FBG by 68.67%, 31.07%, and 4.39% compared to model (4.34%) and metformin (43.63%). APLE (100 mg/kg) treatment restored weight loss relative to model. APLE increased serum insulin and GLP-1 but decreased serum glucagon relative to model. APLE increased both the number and median crosssectional area (×106 μm2) of pancreatic islets compared to that of model. APLE produced concentration-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase relative to acarbose. APLE concentration dependently scavenged DPPH and nitric oxide (NO) radicals and demonstrated increased ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC) relative to standards. CONCLUSION Antidiabetic effect of APLE is mediated through modulation of insulin and GLP-1 inversely with glucagon, noncompetitive inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, free radical scavenging, and recovery of damaged/necro-apoptosized pancreatic β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Victor Yao Atsu Barku
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric Gyamerah Ofori
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Okoro EE, Maharjan R, Jabeen A, Ahmad MS, Azhar M, Shehla N, Zaman W, Shams S, Osoniyi OR, Onajobi FD, Choudhary MI. Isoflavanquinones from Abrus precatorius roots with their antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112743. [PMID: 33962136 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical studies on the root of Abrus precatorius Linn. (Fabaceae), leads towards the identification of four undescribed (abruquinones M, N, O, and P), and seven known abruquinones, (abruquinones A, E, B, F, I, D, and G). Spectroscopic analyses (1D, and 2D NMR, HRESI-MS) were used in elucidating structures of the all compounds. Evaluation of anticancer activities of the isolated isoflavanquinones revealed that abruquinones M, and N showed cytotoxicity against oral CAL-27 (IC50 values 6.48 and 5.26 μM, respectively), and colon (Caco-2) cell lines (IC50 values 15.79 and 10.33 μM, respectively). Abruquinone M also inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) with IC50 of 31.33 μM. The isolated isoflavanquiones also showed potent anti-inflammatory potential through phagocyte oxidative burst and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α inhibition in vitro. These findings suggest isoflavanquinones from A. precatorius roots as candidates for further research in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeka E Okoro
- Biochemistry Department, Babcock University Ilishan-Remo, Ikeja, PMB 21244, Nigeria; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Biology Department, Adventist University of West Africa, Monrovia, Liberia.
| | - Rukesh Maharjan
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Malik Shoaib Ahmad
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Azhar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Nuzhat Shehla
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sidrah Shams
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Omolaja R Osoniyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo D Onajobi
- Biochemistry Department, Babcock University Ilishan-Remo, Ikeja, PMB 21244, Nigeria
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boye A, Acheampong DO, Gyamerah EO, Asiamah EA, Addo JK, Mensah DA, Brah AS, Ayiku PJ. Glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus Precatorius (L.) leaf extract in normoglycemic and STZ/Nicotinamide - Induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112918. [PMID: 32360561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Abrus precatorius (L.) leaves are used as folk medicine by the local communities in the western region of Ghana to treat diabetes mellitus; however, this health claim remains unverified scientifically. OBJECTIVE The study investigated glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus precatorius leaf extract (APLE) in normoglycemic and STZ/nicotinamide (NIC)-induced diabetic rats. METHOD after preparation of APLE, it was subjected to phytochemical screening, proximate composition and elemental assessments by using standard methods. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and maltose, lactose and sucrose oral challenge were assessed in normoglycemic rats post-APLE. Morphological characteristics of glucose response curve (time of glucose peak and shape of glucose response curve) were determined. Subsequently, diabetes mellitus was experimentally established in normoglycaemic adult Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 150-250 g) of both sexes by sequential injection of Streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg ip)-reconstituted in sodium citrate buffer and NIC (110 mg/kg ip)-reconstituted in normal saline (1:1 v/v) for 16 weeks. Except control rats (normal saline 5 ml/kg ip; baseline fasting blood glucose [FBG] of 6.48 mmol/L), rats having FBG (stable at 11.1 mmol/L or ≥ 250 mg/dL) 3 days post-STZ/NIC injection were randomly re-assigned to one of the following groups: model (STZ/NIC-induced diabetic rats), APLE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively po) and metformin (300 mg/kg po) and treated daily for 28 days. Bodyweight and FBG were measured on weekly basis. FBG was measured by using standard glucometers. On day 28, rats were sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia, blood collected via cardiac puncture; kidney, liver and pancreas surgically harvested. While the pancreas was processed, sectioned and H&E-stained for histological examination, fresh kidney and liver were homogenized for assessment of total anti-oxidant capacity. Median cross-sectional area of pancreatic islets of Langerhans was determined for each group by using Amscope. RESULTS Cumulatively, APLE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively) dose-dependently decreased the initial FBG by 55.22, 76.15 and 77.77% respectively compared to model (-1.04%) and metformin (72.29%) groups. APLE treatment recovered damaged pancreatic β-cells and also increased median cross-sectional area (x106 μm2) of pancreatic islets compared to that of model group. APLE significantly (P < 0.05) increased total anti-oxidant capacity (5.21 ± 0.02 AscAE μg/mL) of plasma, kidney and liver compared to model (4.06 ± 0.04 AscAE μg/mL) and metformin (4.87 ± 0.03 AscAE μg/mL) groups. CONCLUSION APLE has demonstrated glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects in rats and arrested the characteristic loss in bodyweight associated with diabetes mellitus. This finding preliminarily confirms folk use of APLE as an anti-diabetic herbal medicine, whiles providing a rationale for further translational studies on APLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric Ofori Gyamerah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest Amponsah Asiamah
- Departments of Forensic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice Kwaku Addo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Derrick Addae Mensah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Augustine Suurinobah Brah
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Philippa Jennifer Ayiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calzada F, Solares-Pascasio JI, Ordoñez-Razo RM, Velazquez C, Barbosa E, García-Hernández N, Mendez-Luna D, Correa-Basurto J. Antihyperglycemic Activity of the Leaves from Annona cherimola Miller and Rutin on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9:1-6. [PMID: 28250646 PMCID: PMC5330092 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.199781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Annona cherimola, known as “chirimoya” has been reported in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Objective: The aims of the present study were to validate and assess the traditional use of A. cherimola as an antidiabetic agent. Materials and Methods: The ethanol extract from A. cherimola (300 mg/kg, EEAc), subsequent fractions (100 mg/kg), and rutin (30 mg/kg) were studied on alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic (AITD) and normoglycemic rats. In addition, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and oral sucrose tolerance test (OSTT) were performed in normoglycemic rats. Molecular docking technique was used to conduct the computational study. Results: Bioassay-guided fractionation of EEAc afforded as major antihyperglycemic compound, rutin. EEAc attenuated postprandial hyperglycemia in acute test using AITD rats (331.5 mg/dL) carrying the glycemic levels to 149.2 mg/dL. Rutin after 2 h, attenuated postprandial hyperglycemia in an acute assay using AITD rats such as EEAc, with maximum effect (150.0 mg/dL) being seen at 4 h. The antihyperglycemic activities of EEAc and rutin were comparable with acarbose (151.3 mg/dL). In the subchronic assay on AITD rats, the EEAc and rutin showed a reduction of the blood glucose levels since the 1st week of treatment, reaching levels similar to normoglycemic state (116.9 mg/kg) that stayed constant for the rest of the assay. OGTT and OSTT showed that EEAc and rutin significantly lowered blood glucose levels in normoglycemic rats at 2 h after a glucose or sucrose load such as acarbose. Computational molecular docking showed that rutin interacted with four amino acids residues in the enzyme α-glucosidase. Conclusion: The results suggest that rutin an α-glucosidase inhibitor was responsible in part of the antihyperglycemic activity of A. cherimola. Its in vivo antihyperglycemic activity is in good agreement with the traditional use of A. cherimola for the treatment of diabetes. SUMMARY The ethanol extract from Annona cherimola (300 mg/kg, EEAc), subsequent fractions (100 mg/kg) and rutin (30 mg/kg) were studied on alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic (AITD) and normoglycemic rats. The results suggest that rutin; an α-glucosidase inhibitor was responsible in part of the antihyperglycemic activity of A. cherimola. Its in vivo antihyperglycemic activity is in good agreement with the traditional use of A. cherimola for the treatment of diabetes.
Abbreviations Used: EEAc: The ethanol extract from Annona cherimola, AITD: Alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats, OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test, OSTT: Oral sucrose tolerance test, DM: Diabetes mellitus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calzada
- Medical Research Unit in Pharmacology, UMAE Speciality Hospital-2° Floor CORCE National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06725, México City, México
| | - Jesús Iván Solares-Pascasio
- Medical Research Unit in Pharmacology, UMAE Speciality Hospital-2° Floor CORCE National Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06725, México City, México
| | - R M Ordoñez-Razo
- Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics UMAE Pediatric Hospital. Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, México
| | - Claudia Velazquez
- Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Km. 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Unidad Universitaria, C. P. 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, México
| | - Elizabeth Barbosa
- Postgraduate Studies and Research, Superior School of Medicine of IPN, Plan de San Luís y Díaz Mirón, CP 11340, México City, México
| | - Normand García-Hernández
- Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics UMAE Pediatric Hospital. Medical Center Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, México
| | - David Mendez-Luna
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformátics/ Drug Design, Superior School of Medicine of IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 México City, México
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformátics/ Drug Design, Superior School of Medicine of IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 México City, México
| |
Collapse
|