1
|
Alsaqr A, Alhumaid S, Alanazi M, Abusharha A. Prescribing patterns for hyperopia: an insight of the optometrist perspective and practice. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:226. [PMID: 38807053 PMCID: PMC11134738 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the current prescribing patterns for correcting hyperopia among optometrists in clinical practice in Saudi Arabia and compare those to current international guidelines. And explore the factors that influence practitioners' prescribing decision. METHOD This cross-sectional study employed 30 items online survey that encompass demographic data, current practice and cycloplegia use, numerical response to indicate the minimum level of hyperopia at which optometrists would consider prescribing spectacles to non-strabismic children and determine the diopter value required for prescribing correction for hyperopia if present with other factors. RESULT A total of 104 optometrists responded to the survey (52 females and 52 males). They recruited from 35 cities across Saudi Arabia. Out of total, 44% of them considered cycloplegic refraction essential under 12 years and 56% of them extended the range to 18 years. Large variation were found between the optometrists' responses and current guideline recommendations. Several factors influenced the decision-making of the practicing optometrist including signs and symptoms, bilateral hyperopia, average dioptric value, reading difficulty, and accommodative function. CONCLUSION There are some matches between the international guidelines and the practice patterns that followed by optometrists in Saudi Arabia, however, the optometrists did not report that they are following them purposefully. These findings highlight the need to improve optometrists' practice about spectacle prescription in pediatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsaqr
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh Alhumaid
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muteb Alanazi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abusharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alfreihi S, Alsoby R, Haimed LA, Asiri O, Meeli MA. Clinical profile of amblyopia in a tertiary care facility without proper vision screening in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2024; 38:78-82. [PMID: 38628408 PMCID: PMC11016997 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_87_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical profile of amblyopia among patients referred to a tertiary care facility in Saudi Arabia. METHODS All patients between 1 and 14 years presenting to the amblyopia clinic from 2016 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Amblyopia was defined as visual acuity <0.2 LogMAR (20/30) in the worse eye or two-line difference between the two eyes. We classified patients into strabismic, refractive, mixed strabismic, and refractive and deprivation amblyopia. We subclassified our cohort according to age (< and ≥5 years). RESULTS Three hundred and eighty-three patients (199 male 54%) were seen in our clinic. Seventeen patients were excluded because they did not meet our inclusion criteria. The mean age at presentation was 5.05 ± 2.49 years. Strabismic amblyopia was found in 180 (49%), refractive in 101 (27.6%), mixed in 69 (19%), and deprivation in 16 (4.2%). Anisometropia in 85.25% and isometropia in 14.75%. Hyperopic astigmatism was the most common refractive error in 246 (67.2%). Esotropia was the most common deviation (90%). Strabismic amblyopia was significantly higher in the <5 years group (62.4% vs. 36.7%). While refractive amblyopia was significantly higher in ≥5 years group (38.8% vs. 15.7%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Strabismic amblyopia was the most commonly diagnosed in our cohort, especially among patients <5 years of age. Refractive amblyopia was more common in older patients and may be under-detected due to the lack of proper vision screening. The implementation of proper vision screening should help in early detection and successful treatment at an early age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Alfreihi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alsoby
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifah Abu Haimed
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Asiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Meeli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
AlJarallah OJ, AlFehaid MS, Alnadawi AA, Ghulaysi S, Almouzan AK, Aljurayyan TK, Alnemari AM, Aldawsari K, Almalki H. Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Amblyopia Among Parents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e53308. [PMID: 38435939 PMCID: PMC10906696 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amblyopia is an abnormal development of usually one eye, leading to permanent decreased vision in the affected eye if not treated early. The condition is primarily caused by strabismus, cataract, anisometropic refractive error, or genetic factors and can manifest from birth to seven years of age, with a worldwide prevalence of 1.75%. This study examines parental knowledge of amblyopia in an effort to improve its early detection and intervention. Improving awareness can have a direct impact by lowering the incidence of untreated amblyopia and its related visual impairment. This study can also help healthcare professionals understand how to communicate with parents about amblyopia more effectively. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study included 417 parent participants from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, selected through random sampling while ensuring representation from various governorates. The data was collected using an online questionnaire distributed by different social media platforms (Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram) to the parents of all governorates, and the sample was selected randomly. It was meticulously cleaned using Excel and analyzed with IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Our results showed a predominant understanding of amblyopia as "poor vision in one or both eyes" (19.1%) as well as the role of eye movement or brain-eye coordination in the condition. Only 51.3% of parents were aware of lazy eye. Notably, the internet and doctors were the primary sources of information about amblyopia. Only 8.9% of the participants were aware that amblyopia cannot be treated after 10 years of age. Understanding the causes of amblyopia mainly included genetic factors and refractive errors. Sociodemographic factors such as gender, educational level, family history of eye disease, and having a child with a lazy eye significantly influenced the parents' awareness levels of amblyopia. Conclusion Our study underscores the need for targeted educational initiatives to improve the knowledge and awareness of amblyopia among parents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. By addressing misconceptions, enhancing access to accurate information, and fostering a deeper understanding of amblyopia and its management, we can work toward ensuring timely diagnosis and appropriate interventions, ultimately reducing the prevalence and impact of amblyopia in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Talal K Aljurayyan
- College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, SAU
| | | | - Khalid Aldawsari
- College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, SAU
| | - Hussam Almalki
- Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bokhary KA, Hakami KA, El-Hiti GA, Fahmy RM. Effect of curfew from the COVID-19 pandemic on amblyopia treatment in children in Saudi Arabia. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231208263. [PMID: 37915838 PMCID: PMC10617009 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231208263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amblyopia was defined as a reduction in the best-corrected visual acuity in one or both eyes with the presence of amblyogenic factors. Objective The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of curfews resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic on amblyopia treatment in children. Design A prospective longitudinal study. Methods The study was conducted in pediatric ophthalmology clinics at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Children aged 3-9 years who underwent amblyopia treatment from September 2020 to May 2021 were recruited. Visual acuity data were collected from the subjects' record files for the first visits prior to the curfew and from the clinics for the second visits after the curfew had ended. Results A total of 97 children with amblyopia (strabismic, anisometropic, mixed, and visual deprivation) were included. In all, 15 children did not attend the clinic for follow-up visits after the outbreak of COVID-19. The follow-up visits for most of the participants took place 4-5 months after the first visit. No significant difference in visual acuity in the amblyopic eye was found between the first and second visits (p > 0.05). No significant correlation was noted between the baseline difference in visual acuity at the first and second visits and the duration of the amblyopia treatment between the two visits. The adjusted model shows a variation of 0.18% according to the duration between the two visits. Conclusion The findings showed no significant difference in visual acuity in amblyopic eyes between the first and second visits (before and after the COVID-19 curfew), although visual acuity was clinically improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud A Bokhary
- Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khoulla A Hakami
- Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania M Fahmy
- Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ophthalmology Department, College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Althiabi S, AlDarrab A, Alenezi SH, Alharbi BA, Aljbreen AJ, Alsalamah GF, Alotaibi RA, Almutairi FA, Albadrani NA. Psychological and Social Challenges Parents of Children With Strabismus Face in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e36920. [PMID: 37128539 PMCID: PMC10148722 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Strabismus or squint is when one eye is misaligned or looking in a different direction. Some people consider strabismus as a cosmetic problem, causing patients in this condition to be mishandled, especially children, which might affect their vision and their quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological and social challenges faced by parents of children with strabismus during the years 2020-2021. Subjects and methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted among parents who have children with strabismus onset from birth till the age of 16 years. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among parents during their visits to the vision eye specialist center. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics of patients with strabismus and a 12-item questionnaire to measure the psychological impact on the parents of children with strabismus. Results Out of the 105 respondents, 65.7% were fathers, and 55.2% had children aged six years old or less. The most prominent strabismus type was esotropia (where the eye turns inward; 38.1%), while the most common nature of strabismus was intermittent (76.2%). The mean total score of psychological impact was 36.2 (SD=8.15) out of 60 points, with 62.9% considered as having an average psychological impact. Moreover, 77.1% of the respondents believed that strabismus could be treated and improved. Conclusion There was a moderate psychosocial challenge among parents of children with strabismus. Out of all the subjects, mothers who had prior visits to government hospitals were noticed to be greatly affected psychologically as compared to other subjects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR. Awareness and Knowledge of Amblyopia: A Cross-Sectional Study Among the Population of Hail City, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e32194. [PMID: 36505952 PMCID: PMC9728983 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amblyopia, also known as the lazy eye, is the reduction of the best-corrected visual acuity of one or both eyes that cannot be attributed exclusively to a structural abnormality of the eye. This study investigated the Hail population's awareness of amblyopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), from May to October 2022. Data entry and analysis were done using RStudio (R version 4.1.1). Results This study included 496 of the general population (23.8% males and 76.2% females), and the majority of them had a university degree (65.7%). Of the population, 52.4% knew the definition of amblyopia, 43.4% knew the treatment of amblyopia, and 85.1% knew the importance of checking the child's vision before school to ensure normal development. In 35.7% of the population, the main source of information was the internet and social media. The median knowledge score of participants was 4 (interquartile range (IQR): 3-5) with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 9. Based on the univariate analysis, participants aged 41 years or older had significantly lower knowledge scores (β = -0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.81 to -0.99, p = 0.049), whereas respondents with a positive family history of amblyopia had a significantly higher knowledge score (β = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.02 to 0.61, p = 0.034). Conclusions This study assessed the awareness and knowledge of amblyopia among the population in Hail city. According to our data, we found a significantly poor awareness and knowledge compared to other big cities in the same country such as Riyadh and Jeddah. This indicates that knowledge in smaller cities is deficient in enough and accurate sources of knowledge of eye conditions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Moafa MA, Alrasheed SH. Status of Childhood Eye Care Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Eye Care Professionals’ Perspectives. Open Ophthalmol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18743641-v16-e2206200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that there are approximately 19 million visually impaired children worldwide, and most of the conditions are treatable by early intervention at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Objective:
To assess the status of paediatric eye care services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among eye care professionals (optometrists and ophthalmologists) in public sector hospitals in various regions of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through an online self-administered paediatric eye care service questionnaire based on a validated questionnaire.
Results:
A total of 137 completed questionnaires were obtained, with a response rate of 83%. The highest percentage of trained paediatric teams at hospitals was recorded at 95% in the eastern region (p= 0.024), while the lowest percentage was 44% in the southern region. Trained paediatric nurses were available in 88% of the eastern region hospitals, followed by 56% of the central region hospitals (p= 0.001). Services such as separate paediatric optometry clinics, dedicated ophthalmology outpatient clinics, and advanced diagnostic equipment were significantly higher in number in the eastern region than in the other regions (p˂0.001). The general status of human resources of eye professionals reveals that 73% of the facilities had both trained optometrists and ophthalmologists, approximately 70.8% had anaesthesiologists available, and almost 73.7% had easy access to available paediatricians.
Conclusion:
The overall quality of paediatric eye-related health care is satisfactory in most Saudi regions. However, there are some discrepancies among the regions in paediatric eye care services and facility types, which may need to be addressed by decision-makers in the Ministry of Health.
Collapse
|
8
|
Aljohani S, Aldakhil S, Alrasheed SH, Tan QQ, Alshammeri S. The Clinical Characteristics of Amblyopia in Children Under 17 Years of Age in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2677-2684. [PMID: 36003073 PMCID: PMC9394647 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s379550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To provide the clinical characteristics of amblyopia in children under 17 years of age in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods The study was a cross-sectional hospital-based, included 121 children with amblyopia aged between 3 and 17 years, referred from 6 hospitals in Qassim region to the paediatric optometry clinic at Qassim University medical city. Demographics and comprehensive ocular examination including visual acuity (VA), assessment of anterior and posterior segment, cycloplegic refraction (RE), angle of deviation, and cause of amblyopia were collected. Results The mean age at diagnosis of amblyopia was 8.93 ± 3.67 years. The leading cause of amblyopia was strabismus and anisometropia shared the same percentage at 29.75%, and the combined-mechanism at 18.18%. Amblyopia was more common in males 57.85%, particularly strabismic amblyopia in 66.67% and anisometropic amblyopia in 61.11%, p = 0.408. Amblyopia was more predominant in the age group 6- to 9-year-old, particularly, strabismic amblyopia 44.44%, and amblyopia due to a combined mechanism of 36.36%, p = 0.066. The degree of hyperopia was not varied by the cause of amblyopia (P = 0.401), with slightly high hyperopia found in ametropic and strabismic amblyopia. Conversely, hyperopic astigmatism was significantly associated with amblyopia P = 0.020, with a high degree of hyperopic astigmatism found in meridional amblyopia and ametropic amblyopia. Conclusion The commonest types of amblyopia in children were attributed to strabismus and anisometropia. Causes of amblyopia differed by age group with strabismus, anisometropia, and combined mechanism accounting for most children aged 6- to 9-years and strabismus for children aged less than 6 years. Hyperopic and myopic astigmatism were significantly associated with anisometropia and meridional amblyopia. Therefore, efforts should be made for early diagnosis and management of childhood amblyopia and uncorrected refractive errors to avoid their impact on quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Aljohani
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Aldakhil
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif H Alrasheed
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Binocular Vision, Faculty of Optometry and Visual Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Correspondence: Saif H Alrasheed, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O.Box 6688, Qassim, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966505201475, Fax +966-16-3800050, Email
| | - Qing-Qing Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Saleh Alshammeri
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stoll N, Di Foggia E, Speeg-Schatz C, Meunier H, Rimele A, Ancé P, Moreau PH, Sauer A. Development and validation of a new method for visual acuity assesment on tablet in pediatric population: eMOVA test. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35439959 PMCID: PMC9020062 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amblyopia is a major public health concern. Its screening and management require reliable methods of visual acuity assessment. New technologies offer nowadays many tests available on different app stores for smartphone or tablet but most of them often lack of scientific validation for a medical use. The aim of our study was to attempt validating a tablet-based near visual acuity test adapted to the pediatric population: the eMOVA test (electronic Measurement Of Visual Acuity) by comparing visual acuity measured with more conventional test. METHODS A cohort of 100 children aged 3 to 8 attending the ophthalmic-pediatric for eye examination between September 2016 and June 2017 were included in the study. Near visual acuity was assessed on participants using both the eMOVA test and a Standard test (Rossano-Weiss test). Duration of each test, its comprehension, its acceptability and the attention of the child during the test was also investigated. RESULTS The eMOVA test overestimated near visual acuity by 0.06 logMAR. This difference, statistically significant, was not clinically relevant. The duration of the eMOVA test was longer than the reference test, but less discomfort and preferred by children and their parents compared to standard tests. CONCLUSION The eMOVA test appears as a reliable test to assess near visual acuity in children. By its portability and efficiency, this application proved to be a relevant tool to be used for children eye examination in daily routine at the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Stoll
- Three borders ophthalmologic center, 76 rue de Battenheim, 68170, Rixheim, France.
| | - Elsa Di Foggia
- Colmar Civil Hospitals, 39 avenue de la Liberté, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Claude Speeg-Schatz
- University professor, University hospitals of Strasbourg, 1 quai Louis Pasteur, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Meunier
- Cognitive and Adaptative Neuroscience Laboratory, Strasbourg University, 67000, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Adam Rimele
- SILABE Platform, Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Pascal Ancé
- SILABE Platform, Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Moreau
- SILABE Platform, Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Arnaud Sauer
- University professor, University hospitals of Strasbourg, 1 quai Louis Pasteur, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yasir ZH, Basakran FA, Alhumaid NA, Balous MA, Banaeem AS, Al-Shangiti AK, Khandekar R. Prevalence and determinants of refractive error and related ocular morbidities among Saudi adolescence population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Oman J Ophthalmol 2022; 15:25-30. [PMID: 35388239 PMCID: PMC8979385 DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_114_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude and determinants of refractive error (RE) and related ocular morbidities among preparatory and secondary Saudi students in Riyadh. METHODS This study was conducted in 2017-2018 at preparatory (12-14 years) and secondary (15-18 years) schools. A "Spot Screener" was used to determine if the child passed or failed a refraction test. Fail test meant RE ≥ ± 0.50 D. Data were collected on refractive status in each eye, anisometropia, and strabismus. The type of RE was estimated and analysis was performed for an association to gender, age, and education levels. The use of spectacle while screening defined the compliance of spectacle wear. RESULTS The study sample was comprised of 708 Saudi students. There were 59.5% of boys. The prevalence of RE was 43.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.0, 47.3). The prevalence of RE in preparatory and secondary students was 44.5% and 43.2%, respectively. The proportion of myopia (≥ -0.5 D) and hyperopia (≥ +0.5 D) among students with RE was 82.2% and 17.8%, respectively. Family history of RE was positively associated to RE in students (odds ratio: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.3, 2.5]). The current screening initiative identified 45 (6.4%) new cases of RE who required spectacles. The compliance rate for using visual aid among students with RE was 74.6%. The prevalence of anisometropia and strabismus was 3.0% and 4.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of Saudi adolescence in Riyadh have RE. Periodic ophthalmic assessment and refractive services are recommended as part of school health screening initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziaul Haq Yasir
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ziaul Haq Yasir, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, 2775 AlUrubah Road, Umm AlHamam AlGharbi, Unit 2, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | | | - Nora Ali Alhumaid
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Rajiv Khandekar
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paysse EA, Kong L, Achim C, Weikert MP, Whitlow BT, Romany G, Coats DK. Developmental Improvement in Children With Intellectual Disability After Photorefractive Keratectomy for Severe Isoametropia. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 235:15-23. [PMID: 34450111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of refractive error correction from photorefractive keratectomy on development in children with severe isoametropia, subnormal visual acuity, and intellectual disability unable to use refraction correction. DESIGN Prospective noncomparative interventional case series. METHODS Before and after photorefractive keratometry (PRK), subjects who had plateaued developmentally for 18 or more months were assessed using a battery of developmental tests. The primary outcome measure was the change in the developmental quotient (DQ) 6 months after PRK. Secondary outcomes were the change in the DQ, uncorrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and corneal status 12, 24, and 36 months after PRK. RESULTS Sixteen subjects aged 2 to 8 years were included. Twelve were highly myopic (mean, -9.69 ± 3.82 diopters [D]), 3 highly hyperopic (mean, +5.75 ± 0.59 D) and 1 highly astigmatic (mean, +3.50 D). Six months after PRK, the DQ significantly improved for expressive communication (mean, 4.51 ± 2.27 months; P = .04), interpersonal relationships (mean, 9.45 ± 4.18 months; P = .02) and coping (mean, 6.44 ± 2.10 months; P = .05). Twelve months after PRK, the DQ significantly improved for receptive communication (8.04 ± 1.80 months; P < .001), expressive communication (6.99 ± 2.27 months; P < .05), written communication (9.28 ± 3.72 months; P < .04), domestic skills (6.50 ± 2.43 months; P < .03), interpersonal relationships (10.57 ± 4.17 months; P < .02), and coping (8.41 ± 3.25 months; P < .5). CONCLUSIONS PRK significantly improves developmental abilities of children with intellectual disability, severe isoametropia, and previously plateaued development, in addition to improving visual acuity and refractive error.
Collapse
|
12
|
Acheampong HO, Kumah DB, Addo EK, Asare AK, Agyei-Manu E, Mohammed AS, Baah-Konadu B, Osei Duah Junior I, Mintah P, Darrah S, Akuffo KO. Practice patterns in the management of amblyopia among optometrists in Ghana. Strabismus 2022; 30:18-28. [PMID: 35023425 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2021.2022715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite internationally recognized guidelines, amblyopia management varies among eye care professionals worldwide. Hence, we sought to investigate the practice patterns of amblyopia management and the factors associated with the decision to treat amblyopia among optometrists in Ghana. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among registered optometrists in Ghana from January 2020 to October 2020. Data collection was done through the administration of online questionnaires via e-mail (google form). The structured questionnaires included demographic information, mode, and scope of practice, diagnostic criteria, examination procedures, treatment modalities, and prognosis. A p value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. The mean (±SD) age of all the 168 respondents was 32.6 (±6.1) years (range: 24-50 years). The majority of the optometrists (64.9%) treated amblyopia in their practice; with the most prevalent being refractive amblyopia (68.2%), followed by strabismic amblyopia (27.1%), then form-deprivation amblyopia (4.7%). Most (76.1%) amblyopic patients presented with symptomatic squinting. The most common ocular and medical history was anisometropia (90.0%), and the most common diagnostic procedures were patient history, visual acuity, and refraction. Optical correction (88.3%) was mainly prescribed for amblyopia treatment, followed by patching (58.5%). Nearly half of the respondent (45.0%) reported good prognosis after amblyopia treatment. After statistical adjustment, female optometrists were significantly associated with decreased odds of treating amblyopia (AOR = 0.36, p = .004). Refractive amblyopia is the main type of amblyopia managed by optometrists in Ghana. Hence, optical correction is the primary treatment regime. Current amblyopia management practice among optometrists adhere to recommended guidelines and our findings demonstrate uniformity in the standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Osei Acheampong
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - David Ben Kumah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Emmanuel Kofi Addo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Centre, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Akosua Kesewah Asare
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Eldad Agyei-Manu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.,Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Abubakar Sadik Mohammed
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Benjamin Baah-Konadu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Isaiah Osei Duah Junior
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Prince Mintah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Samson Darrah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| | - Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raffa L, Almalki A, Aldosari A, Alsulami R. Parent's eyecare seeking behavior for young children in Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_35_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
14
|
Hu B, Liu Z, Zhao J, Zeng L, Hao G, Shui D, Mao K. The Global Prevalence of Amblyopia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:819998. [PMID: 35601430 PMCID: PMC9114436 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.819998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data about the prevalence of amblyopia around the world vary widely among regions and periods. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of amblyopia in children. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for prevalence studies published up to 5 November 2021. The outcome was the prevalence of amblyopia, analyzed as pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 97 studies were included, including 4,645,274 children and 7,706 patients with amblyopia. The overall worldwide pooled prevalence of amblyopia was 1.36% (95%CI: 1.27-1.46%). The prevalence of amblyopia was higher in males (1.40%, 95%CI: 1.10-1.70%) than in females (1.24%, 95%CI: 0.94-1.54%) (OR = 0.885, 95%CI: 0.795-0.985, P = 0.025). The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that there were no significant associations between the prevalence of amblyopia and geographical area, publication year, age, sample size, and whether it was carried out in a developed or developing country (all P > 0.05). Begg's test (P = 0.065) and Egger's test (P < 0.001) showed that there was a significant publication bias in the prevalence of amblyopia. In conclusion, amblyopia is a significant vision problem worldwide, and public health strategies of early screening, treatment, and management are important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Budan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Zongshun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Gengsheng Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Dan Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Ke Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alatawi A, Alali N, Alamrani A, Hashem F, Alhemaidi S, Alreshidi S, Albalawi H. Amblyopia and Routine Eye Exam in Children: Parent's Perspective. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:935. [PMID: 34682200 PMCID: PMC8535128 DOI: 10.3390/children8100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amblyopia is a reduced best-corrected visual acuity of one or both eyes that cannot be attributed to a structural abnormality; it is a functional reduction in the vision of an eye caused by disuse during a critical period of visual development. It is considered the leading cause of visual defects in children. With early diagnosis and treatment, children with amblyopia can significantly improve their vision. However, if it is neglected and not treated during childhood, unfortunately, it permanently decreases vision. Therefore, prevention, detection, and treatment largely depend on parents. This article explores parents' perspectives on amblyopia and routine examination of their children's eyes. A cross-sectional study used an electronic questionnaire consisting of five main sections to assess the level of awareness of amblyopia among parents. As a result, a total of 325 participants were included in our analysis. 209 (64.3%) were mothers, and 116 (35/7%) were fathers. The age groups were 35-50 years of age (61.5%), 20-34 years (23.4%), and older than 50 years (15%). Participants with a history of amblyopia numbered 23 (7.1%), and 39 had an amblyopic child (12%). A good awareness level of amblyopia among parents was found in only 10 (3%) participants, a fair awareness level in 202 (62%), and 113 (35%) participants were classified as having a poor awareness level of amblyopia. Only 13.8% of the parents took their children for yearly routine eye exams, while the majority (72%) took their children only if they had a complaint, and 14.2% took them for eye checkups only before school entry. In conclusion, parents' awareness of amblyopia in Tabuk City, KSA, was low. In addition, a limited proportion of parents reported consistently taking their children for routine eye exams. Therefore, raising awareness should be considered in public education regarding the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alhanouf Alatawi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Tabuk 47717, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naif Alali
- Ophthalmology Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (F.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Abrar Alamrani
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Khaled Hospital, Tabuk 47915, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faris Hashem
- Ophthalmology Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (F.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Seham Alhemaidi
- Ophthalmology Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (F.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Shaker Alreshidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hani Albalawi
- Ophthalmology Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (F.H.); (S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malaika R, Raffa L, Algethami M, Alessa S. Pediatric spectacle prescription: Understanding practice patterns among ophthalmologists and optometrists in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2021; 34:278-283. [PMID: 34527872 PMCID: PMC8409352 DOI: 10.4103/1319-4534.322608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to understand the approach to prescribing spectacles for children and the interpretation of refractive errors among ophthalmologists/optometrists in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September and November 2018 using a database of online registrants for ophthalmologists and optometrists practicing in Saudi Arabia. The survey included 10 multiple-choice questions designed to elicit information about how ophthalmologists and optometrists deal with commonly encountered case scenarios covering different practical aspects of pediatric refraction. The responses were compared using the proportion of pediatric clientele received in the respondents' practices (Group A: <25%, Group B: 25%) and drawing upon concepts from the published literature. RESULTS One hundred and three participants, including ophthalmologists, specialists/registrars, and optometrists from across Saudi Arabia, participated in this survey. Approximately 25% were classified as Group A. Large discrepancies were observed between the participants' responses and actual practices based on guideline recommendations. Responses varied significantly between Groups A and B on certain issues pertaining to pseudomyopia (P < 0.001), anisometropia (P = 0.033), and high astigmatism (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION Practice patterns regarding pediatric spectacle prescription varied among ophthalmologists and optometrists in Saudi Arabia. The approach to managing refractive errors in children was better among ophthalmologists/optometrists servicing a larger pediatric clientele, suggesting the need to increase awareness among all groups of ophthalmologists/optometrists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Malaika
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Raffa
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sara Alessa
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pujari A, Saluja G, Chawla R, Samdani A, Phuljhele S, Saxena R. Optical coherence tomography angiography in amblyopia: A critical update on current understandings and future perspectives. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:1324-1332. [PMID: 34472984 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211042554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive tool to assess the retino-choroidal vasculature in vivo. It tracks the red blood cell movement and maps the vasculature in quick succession. In routine, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, and others are commonly being studied to unveil its clinic role. On the other hand, amblyopia is a condition where the visual acuity is subnormal due to non-organic causes in the eye. But the OCTA studies till now have shown variable changes along retino-choroidal vasculature. Hence, to comprehend the existing literature knowledge, a systematic literature search was carried out and the original works describing novel findings in amblyopic eyes on OCTA were included. Upon detailed assessment, firstly, the disturbed vasculature along superficial retinal plexus, deeper retinal plexus, and choroidal plexus were evident in most untreated amblyopic eyes. However, such changes were not uniform, which is due to noted heterogenic patient profile, small sample size, biometric biases, non-uniform algorithms, and other factors. And to note, even in presence of such diverse changes, almost all the authors stated a plausible explanation for their notable changes. Secondly, the utility of OCTA in identifying vascular changes with standard treatments and segregation of visual beneficiaries from non-beneficiaries were possible. Hence, to conclude, OCTA is a valuable tool which can provide valuable useful insights into the amblyopic eyes during pre and post treatment periods. However, to gather more concrete evidence for clinical benefits, systematic, homogenous, and better structured clinical studies are mandated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Saluja
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohan Chawla
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asha Samdani
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Phuljhele
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Amblyopia risk factors among pediatric patients in a hospital-based setting using photoscreening. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254831. [PMID: 34324539 PMCID: PMC8320995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of amblyopia risk factors in children visiting the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) using automated vision screening. METHODS This was a hospital-based screening of 1102 children aged between 2 and 6 years. Vision screening was performed using PlusoptiX S12 over 2 years (2018-2020). The need for referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist was based on the amblyopia risk factors set forth by the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Referred patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination. RESULTS A total of 1102 children were screened, 63 were referred for amblyopia risk factors (5.7%); 37/63 (59%) underwent comprehensive eye examination and 73% were prescribed glasses. Of the non-referred group of children, 6.35% had astigmatism, 6.25% were hyperopic and 3.27% were myopic. The refractive errors observed among the examined patients were distributed as follows: 41% astigmatism, 51% hyperopia, and 8% myopia; amblyopia was not detected. Refractive amblyopia risk factors were associated with the presence of systemic disorders. Bland-Altman plots showed most of the differences to be within limits of agreement. CONCLUSION Using an automated vision screener in a hospital-based cohort of children aged 2 to 6 years, the rate of refractive amblyopia risk factors was 5.7%. Hyperopia was the most commonly encountered refractive error and children with systemic disorders were at higher risk.
Collapse
|
19
|
Alghamdi W. Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Children in Saudi Arabia: A Systemic Review. Open Ophthalmol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874364102115010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (RE) and uncorrected refractive error (URE) in school-aged children of 4 to 14 years of age in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
An extensive search was performed for peer-reviewed studies with data from the Saudi population during the past 20 years. The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and Embase databases were used. Two independent reviewers evaluated publications and extracted the data. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on a critical appraisal tool designed for systematic reviews. The pooled prevalence of refractive error, uncorrected refractive error and different types of refractive error were estimated by using the random-effects meta-analysis.
Results and Discussion:
Eight school-based studies were included in this review. Among the overall pooled population of 12,247childern, the estimated prevalence of refractive error was 17.5% (95% CI: 11.1- 25). In the five studies that reported uncorrected refractive error (N=10,198), the pooled prevalence was 16.8% (95% CI: 11.4 – 21.3). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was very similar among boys, 16.8 (95% CI: 10.8- 24.1), and girls, 17.7% (95% CI: 10.2 – 25.9). Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error and was present in 40.8% (95% CI: 16.1 – 69.9) followed by astigmatism 29.7% (95% CI: 6.1- 61.7) and hyperopia 28.3% (95% CI: 16.9 – 41.2).
Conclusion:
This review highlights the high prevalence of refractive errors and uncorrected refractive error among children in Saudi Arabia. More studies are required using standardised methods in different regions where there is a lack of information on UREs. It is recommended that vision screening programs of children for RE should be implemented at the community level and integrated into school health programmes in order to detect UREs and prevent amblyopia, which is one of the debilitating consequences of URE.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tegegne MM, Assem AS, Merie YA. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Amblyopia Among School Age Children at Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:143-153. [PMID: 34040476 PMCID: PMC8140911 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s293446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, amblyopia prevalence among children is in the range of 0.13% to 12.9%. However, there are no known community-based data regarding amblyopia prevalence and its associated factors among school age children in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of amblyopia and to identify factors associated with amblyopia among school age children in Bahir Dar city, northwest Ethiopia. METHODS AND MATERIALS A cross-sectional study among a school age community of Bahir Dar city was conducted from April 1 to May 29, 2018. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and checklist through interview and physical examination. Bivariable logistic regression was done, and variables with p value <0.2 were entered to multivariable logistic regression using SPSS 20. Variables with p value of <0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression were considered as significant predictors. RESULTS In total 601 (94.8%) subjects participated. Amblyopia was prevalent in 6.5% of school age children in Bahir Dar city. The odds of being amblyopic among participants who had anisometropia >2D were about 9.3 times (AOR=9.35, CI: 2.86-30.60) more as compared to those who had no anisometropia. The odds of being amblyopic among participants having a refractive error >+5D hypermetropia were about 22 times (AOR=21.77, CI: 7.15-66.34) more as compared to participants who had no hypermetropia. CONCLUSION The prevalence of amblyopia among school age children at Bahir Dar city is higher than the World Health Organization cut point. Having anisometropia greater than 1 diopter, anisometropia >2 diopter, having anisometropia less than 1 diopter, having a history of strabismus, having a hyperopia of > +5 diopter, > +2 diopter, having a positive history of visual deprivation and having a positive history of strabismus in the family were the significant factors positively associated with amblyopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mebratu Mulusew Tegegne
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abel Sinshaw Assem
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Basheikh A, Alhibshi N, Bamakrid M, Baqais R, Basendwah M, Howldar S. Knowledge and attitudes regarding amblyopia among parents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:60. [PMID: 33568219 PMCID: PMC7877017 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess parents’ perceptions about amblyopia and its causes, symptoms, risk factors, treatments, and the importance of follow-up and to evaluate their awareness regarding the consequences and critical complications. Results Parents or their companions (n = 401) were surveyed, and 52.9% were mothers, 81.8% of mothers and 85.7% of fathers were highly educated (diploma, college or university degree), and 58 (14.5%) had a child who was afflicted with amblyopia. The knowledge subscale (nine items) showed acceptable reliability. Twenty percent of the participants declared having adequate knowledge about amblyopia, but assessment by item showed low percentages of an adequate knowledge level, ranging from 0% for amblyopia causes, 35.9% for definition, and 59.9% for whether amblyopia is a hereditary disease. Thus, the rate of adequate knowledge (Knowledge Score ≥ 8) was 25.9%, and was associated with parents’ nationality (p < 0.05) and self-declared knowledge about amblyopia (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed among respondents who had a child with amblyopia. There was a lack of knowledge about basic information and different aspects of the disease, which emphasized the relevance of school-based screening programs and adequate use of trustworthy internet resources using easily understood medical information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Basheikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80112, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nizar Alhibshi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80112, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Motaz Bamakrid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80112, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Baqais
- Cardiac Surgery Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sara Howldar
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asare AK, Akuffo KO, Kumah DB, Agyei-Manu E, Darko CK, Addo EK. Prevalence and pattern of amblyopia in a rural hospital in Ghana. Strabismus 2020; 28:119-127. [PMID: 32627626 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2020.1779319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amblyopia is a developmental ocular disease of childhood-onset which may lead to persistent sequelae into adulthood. Early detection and management of amblyopia usually result in an improved visual outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of amblyopia in a rural hospital in Ghana. Clinical records of patients seen (from January 2014 to December 2018) at Westphalian Medical Center, Oyoko, Ashanti Region, Ghana, were reviewed retrospectively. Unilateral amblyopia was defined as a two-line interocular difference or more in visual acuity. Bilateral amblyopia was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of Snellen 6/12 or worse in both eyes, with evidence of bilateral ametropia or obstruction of the visual pathway. Following a review of 12,602 patient records, 258 cases of amblyopia were identified. The mean (±SD) presenting age of amblyopic patients was 24.3 ± 16.1 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1. The period prevalence of amblyopia was 2.04%. The period prevalence of unilateral and bilateral amblyopia was 1.38% and 0.66%, respectively. The most prevalent form of amblyopia was refractive with a cumulative prevalence of 1.42%. Strabismic and stimulus deprivation amblyopia accounted for 0.36% and 0.21% of all amblyopic cases, respectively. A major cause of amblyopia in this population was refractive error, hence the use of spectacle correction for its initial management. Repeated assessment after an appropriate period of refractive adaptation would elucidate the proportion of amblyopias needing additional treatment modalities. Vision screening for early detection of amblyopia in childhood with accessible and effective management of amblyopia (including refractive correction and occlusion treatment) is necessary to reduce the impact of amblyopia in Ghana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akosua Kesewah Asare
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - David Ben Kumah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eldad Agyei-Manu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christine Karikari Darko
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kofi Addo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Visual outcomes after refractive laser corneal surgery and phakic IOL in amblyopic eyes. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2827-2834. [PMID: 32601965 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of laser corneal surgery and phakic IOL surgery in adult amblyopic eyes. METHODS Retrospective assessment was done in 688 amblyopic eyes 640 patients who underwent LASIK or phakic IOLs. Ophthalmological evaluation included measurement of uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities. Analysis of modulation transfer function (MTF) was also done post-operatively as a measure of contrast sensitivity. Patients completed follow-up examinations at 1 day, 3 day, 3 months and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS The mean patient age was 24.30 ± 3.04 years with 59% females. The CDVA of amblyopic eyes improved significantly from the mean preoperative level of 0.48 ± 0.18 to 0.59 ± 0.18 at 12 months. There was improvement in the contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies. Refractive errors were corrected in both LASIK and phakic IOL group, but there was no clinically significant difference in visual outcomes between each group. CONCLUSION Laser vision correction and phakic IOL surgery for amblyopic eyes are promising alternative methods for improving visual outcomes in adult refractive amblyopia patients who have failed with conventional approaches.
Collapse
|
24
|
Knowledge towards Strabismus and Associated Factors among Adults in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:3639273. [PMID: 32377416 PMCID: PMC7197001 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3639273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Strabismus/squint is an ocular misalignment in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. It is an avoidable cause of blindness and has a global prevalence which ranges from 2% to 6%. Knowledge of eye diseases is important in encouraging people to seek early treatment, which further helps in reducing the burden of visual impairment. Studies in Ethiopia showed that the level of good knowledge was 37%. There is a lack of information regarding knowledge and related factors of strabismus in the study area and limited in Ethiopia at large. Objective. The aim of this study was to asses knowledge about strabismus and associated factors among adults in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a pretested structured questionnaire through face to face interview from April 17 to May 01, 2019. Using multistage random sampling, 553 participants were included. Data from the entire questionnaire were coded, entered into Epi info version 7, and exported to SPSS version 20 for processing and analysis. Binary logistic regression was fitted, and variables with P value <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression were considered as statistically significant. Results. A total of 553 adults with a response rate of 93.25% participated in the study. The median age was 33 (IQR = 14) years. Among the participants, 52.3% (95% CI: 47.9–56.4) had good knowledge towards strabismus. Being a student (AOR = 2.15, (95% CI: 1.11–4.13) was positively associated, while monthly income >5000 birrs (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26–0.76) was negatively associated with good knowledge about strabismus. Conclusion. Almost half of the participants had good knowledge. Occupation and monthly income had a significant association with knowledge about strabismus. Since the source of information (TV/radio and Internet) was extremely important for the reliability and the level of knowledge, it is better to have sufficient media coverage.
Collapse
|
25
|
Weldy E, Shimoda A, Patnaik J, Jung J, Singh J. Long-term visual outcomes following abusive head trauma with retinal hemorrhage. J AAPOS 2019; 23:329.e1-329.e4. [PMID: 31655114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.08.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the rates of vision loss and select ocular findings after abusive head trauma (AHT) with retinal hemorrhages at a single center. METHODS The study cohort was identified by review of billing records for patients presenting simultaneously with retinal hemorrhages and abusive head trauma at the Children's Hospital of Colorado from October 2005 to April 2017. The following data were analyzed: retinal examination at initial admission and visual acuity, other pertinent eye findings, and eye management at follow-up visits. Patients with <1 month of follow-up were excluded. RESULTS Of 96 children, at last follow-up 46% had abnormal vision for the given age in at least one eye. Ocular findings included strabismus (43%), amblyopia (40%), optic disk pallor (13%), and cortical visual impairment (19%). For the 41 patients with strabismus, 20 (49%) required eye muscle surgery. Cortical visual impairment was almost three times higher in patients with strabismus compared with patients without strabismus (P = 0.023) and almost 6 times higher in patients with optic disk pallor than in those without (P < 0.001). Three patients (3%) required retinal surgery. CONCLUSIONS In our study cohort, there was a high rate of long-term vision impairment and ophthalmologic comorbidities in children with AHT and retinal hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Weldy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Aurora.
| | | | - Jennifer Patnaik
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Aurora; Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Jasleen Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Aurora; Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alsaqr AM, Masmali AM. The awareness of amblyopia among parents in Saudi Arabia. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2019; 11:2515841419868103. [PMID: 31448359 PMCID: PMC6688140 DOI: 10.1177/2515841419868103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Amblyopia is the most common cause of unilateral visual impairment. This study investigated parents' awareness of amblyopia in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods This was a cross-sectional population study. The survey consisted of two main sections; the first section contained 13 general background questions, and the second section (10 questions) focused on awareness of amblyopia, routine vision checks and how to raise awareness of amblyopia in the community. The survey was distributed to respondents using email and social media. Results The responses of 1649 families were received. Respondents' age range was from 22-62 years (mean ± standard deviation = 33.6 ± 8.7 years). Most respondents had no previous knowledge of amblyopia (1155 participants, 70%), and 313 participants (19%) had no idea if their children had amblyopia. In total, 990 participants (60%) did not visit the eye clinic with their children for a routine eye exam. A total of 495 parents (30%), who were aware of amblyopia, knew of it mainly from eye clinic visits and from Internet websites. A total of 140 respondents reported that their children had amblyopia; 58.3% of those children underwent routine eye examinations once a year, and the rest underwent routine eye examinations twice a year. Conclusion The results clearly showed a lack of amblyopia awareness among the Saudi community. This lack of awareness can lead to visual impairment among children. More efficient efforts are urgently needed from health professionals, education centres, the media and social organizations to promote awareness of amblyopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Alsaqr
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Masmali
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Atowa UC, Hansraj R, Wajuihian SO. Visual problems: a review of prevalence studies on visual impairment in school-age children. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1037-1043. [PMID: 31236365 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.06.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood visual impairment (VI) have a significant impact on the educational achievement, career choices and social life of affected individual, and in children, is mainly due to either preventable or treatable causes. Reliable data on the prevalence and causes of VI in children will guide the development of a systematic vision screening program for its early detection and successful treatment of possible causes. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the available data on prevalence and causes of VI in school-age children from various regions globally. A discussion on the major findings highlighting the definition criteria, classifications and limitations for further studies is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna C Atowa
- Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rekha Hansraj
- Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Samuel O Wajuihian
- Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Al-Haddad C, Ismail K, Jurdi KW, Keaik M. Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Amblyopia Across Age Groups. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2019; 26:71-76. [PMID: 31543663 PMCID: PMC6737791 DOI: 10.4103/meajo.meajo_182_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose is to study the clinical profile of amblyopia by age at diagnosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of 327 amblyopic patients over 7 years (September 2009-December 2016) was performed, divided by age at diagnosis into four groups: <3, 3-7, 8-15, and >15 years. Demographics, eye conditions and eye examination parameters including visual acuity (VA), refractive errors, and motility measurements were collected. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis and follow-up time was 6.2 ± 6.1 years standard deviation (SD) and 12.4 months ± 20.6 SD, respectively. The most common overall cause of amblyopia was strabismus (37%) followed by anisometropia (36%). The main causes by age at diagnosis were: strabismus at <3 years, anisometropia at 3-7 years, anisometropia at 8-15 years, and mixed at >15 years. Significant improvement in VA with treatment was noted with age between 3 and 15 years (3-7 years, P = 0.001 and 8-15 years, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Strabismus was the main cause of amblyopia at <3 years of age; anisometropia was more prevalent in older children (3-15 years). The fact that more than a quarter of our amblyopic patients were detected late (after the age of 8 years) underscores the need for expanded vision screening measures in young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Al-Haddad
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karine Ismail
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kheir Wajiha Jurdi
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mona Keaik
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of amblyopia in children, aged 4 to 10 years, in Bulgaria, who underwent a complete eye examination.Methods: The study was designed as cross-sectional epidemiological study, and the results were calculated in percentages. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed on 1,675 children, aged 4 to 10 years (mean age 7.7 years), during the period 01 Feb 2017-21 April 2017, in five cities, in the western part of Bulgaria. All children were verbal, none of them had a neurologic deficit or mental development delay and a complete examination was successfully performed. The ophthalmological examination consisted of: autorefractometry (using pediatric autorefractor with infrared photoretinoscopy), visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and visual acuity with pinhole occluder, cover/uncover and alternate cover test, Worth four-dot test, stereopsis, biomicroscopy and funds examination. Amblyopia was defined as reduction of the BCVA for near and far distances under 40/60 on one or on both eyes in the absence of any pathology of the eye, excluding a pathology leading to stimulus deprivation amblyopia, and in the presence of an amblyogenic factor.Results: Out of 1,675 children, 42 (2.5%) were diagnosed with amblyopia: 7% had strabismic amblyopia (3), 59% had anisometropic amblyopia (25), 31% had isoametropic amblyopia (13), and 3% deprivation amblyopia (1). Unilateral amblyopia was diagnosed in 73% (27) of the cases and bilateral amblyopia in 27% (15). For 45% (754) of the children, it was their first visit to an ophthalmologist.Conclusions: The prevalence of amblyopia among these patients (2.5%) is correlating well with the expected, based on data from other authors, between 1.5% and 3.5%. The fact that nearly half of the children (45%) have not been examined by an ophthalmologist is, however, alarming. The lack of a national screening program in Bulgaria could be the main reason. Other factors include: insufficient number of pediatric ophthalmologists in the country and the lack of awareness among the parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stela Petrova Dikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Ophthalmology, XX DCC, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Atanasov Dragoev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Eye Hospital "Visus", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Silvi Chernodrinska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Eye Hospital "Visus", Sofia, Bulgaria.,Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Aleksandrovska, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fayi KA, Alahmari DS, Alamri DS, Al-Falki YH. Prevalence of amblyopia and its impact on the academic performance of male medical students in Southern Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2018; 32:290-294. [PMID: 30581299 PMCID: PMC6300786 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To estimate the prevalence of amblyopia among medical students in Saudi Arabia, and investigate the impact of amblyopia on their Academic performance. Methods This is a cross-sectional study which targeted 478 of male medical students from the College of Medicine at King Khalid University. A questionnaire was used to investigate the demographics of participants. Distance visual acuity was assessed monocularly using tumbling “E” chart in all participants. Then detailed ophthalmic evaluation was performed for any student with two or more lines difference between the two eyes or visual acuity of ≤20/40 in either eye. Results A sample of 478 male medical students, of whom 12(2.5%) were found to have amblyopia. Anisometropic amblyopia was the most common type (10/12, 83.3%) followed by strabismic amblyopia (2/12, 16.7%). There is a significant relation between past ocular history and amblyopia (p-value = 0.008). Up to 25% of amblyopic students not diagnosed before and 25% of them agree that amblyopia affects their social & psychiatric status. There was no effect of amblyopia on the academic performance (P-value = 0.5). Conclusion Amblyopia was found in 2.5% of male medical students. Amblyopia had a moderate effect on the students' lives, but it did not affect their academic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Fayi
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dhafer S Alamri
- Department of Family Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya H Al-Falki
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hashemi H, Pakzad R, Yekta A, Bostamzad P, Aghamirsalim M, Sardari S, Valadkhan M, Pakbin M, Heydarian S, Khabazkhoob M. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Strabismus 2018; 26:168-183. [PMID: 30059649 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2018.1500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Amblyopia is one of the most important causes of vision impairment in the world, especially in children. Although its prevalence varies in different parts of the world, no study has evaluated its prevalence in different geographical regions comprehensively. The aim of the present study was to provide global and regional estimates of the prevalence of amblyopia in different age groups via a systematic search.Methods: In this study, international databases, including Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and other relevant databases, were searched systematically to find articles on the prevalence of amblyopia in different age groups published in English. The prevalence and 95% CI were calculated using binomial distribution. The Cochran's Q-test and I2 statistic were applied to assess heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence, and a meta-regression method was utilized to investigate the factors affecting heterogeneity between studies.Results: Of 1252 studies, 73 studies were included in the analysis (sample volume: 530,252). Most of these studies (n = 25) were conducted in the WHO-Western Pacific Regional Office. The pooled prevalence estimate of amblyopia was 1.75% (95% CI: 1.62-1.88), with the highest estimate in European Regional Office (3.67%, 95% CI: 2.89-4.45) and the lowest in African Regional Office (0.51%, 95% CI: 0.24-0.78). The most common cause of amblyopia was anisometropia (61.64%). The I2 heterogeneity was 98% (p < 0.001). According to the results of univariate meta-regression, the variables of WHO region (b: 0.566, p < 0.001), sample size (b: -0.284 × 10-4, p: 0.025), and criteria for definition of amblyopia (b: -0.292, p: 0.010) had a significant effect on heterogeneity between studies, while age group, publication date, and cause of amblyopia had no significant effect on heterogeneity.Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia varies in different parts of the world, with the highest prevalence in European countries. Geographical location and criteria for definition of amblyopia are among factors contributing to the difference across the world. The results of this study can help stakeholders to design health programs, especially health interventions and amblyopia screening programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | | | | | - Sara Sardari
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Mehrnaz Valadkhan
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Mojgan Pakbin
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Samira Heydarian
- Department of rehabilitation science, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alsaqr A, Abu Sharha A, Fagehi R, Almutairi A, Alosaimi S, Almalki A, Alluwaymi A. The visual status of adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a population study. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:965-972. [PMID: 29872255 PMCID: PMC5973314 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The visual status of adolescents in Saudi Arabia (SA) has not been well reported. To date, the prevalence and types of refractive errors (REs), amblyopia, strabismus, and correctable visual impairments have not been quantified. The aim of the study was to investigate the visual status in adolescents in Riyadh, SA. Methods This study was based on a population cross-sectional and random cluster design. After design and the sample calculations, 1,007 participants, 12–20 years of age, were screened during the study. Nine participants were excluded due to ocular disorders. The participants were assessed for REs, distance visual acuity logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, pinhole test findings, and cover–uncover test findings. Results The results showed that 55.5% of the participants had some form of REs, while correctable visual impairment was found in one-fifth of the screened participants. Myopia was the dominant type (53.3%, ranged from −0.50 DS to −14.00 DS), whereas hyperopia was found in 2.2% (+2.00 DS to +5.50 DS) and astigmatism was present in 15% (−0.75 DC to −5.25 DC). Only 43% of the participants had corrected REs; however, the noncompliance for spectacle use was 20.25%. Conclusion This study was the first attempt to investigate the visual status in adolescents in SA. It provided estimations of the REs, amblyopia, and strabismus. The high prevalence of REs emphasizes the need to identify the best proactive strategies to detect and manage REs to reduce the incidence of visual impairment in SA. Increasing awareness about eye health and employing efficient screening programs could help to address the need for REs corrections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsaqr
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abu Sharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raied Fagehi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Almutairi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Alosaimi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Almalki
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alluwaymi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aldebasi YH, Ahmed MI, Monaco WA. Are optometrists necessary in primary health care centres in Saudi Arabia? AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v77i1.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the prevalence and visual characteristics of patients seen by optometrists and ophthalmologists in Saudi Arabian public hospitals. This model will demonstrate the efficacy, safety and effectiveness of optometrists as the primary point of contact for eye care in primary health care centres.Methods: A retrospective, analytical, record-based study of patients in 10 hospitals in Saudi Arabia was conducted over a period of 6 months. The hospitals were located in 3 of 14 provinces in Saudi Arabia. The current policy is that ophthalmologists be the first point of contact for patients in all hospitals. Ophthalmologists, optometrists and nurses collected the data using a predesigned data collection sheet (Appendix 1) which was divided into four sections – basic data, ocular information, ocular diagnosis and intervention. The pattern of patient examination in the eye clinics in public hospitals was analysed. Additionally, patients’ age, gender, nationality, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment were obtained from their medical records and considered for analysis. Diagnosis and treatment were classified by the scope of practice of optometrists and ophthalmologists: refraction, dispensing, rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system, detection, diagnosis and management of ocular diseases and referral to sub-specialty care were considered as optometric diagnoses. Prescription of medications and surgeries were classified as ophthalmologists’ diagnoses.Results: A total of 2601 patient records were reviewed from the pre-selected 10 public hospitals. There are approximately 415 public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Refractive error was the most prevalent diagnosis; 54.5% of the patients were prescribed spectacles to relieve their symptoms of poor vision at distance and/or near. Around 35% of patients received treatment in the form of medications (20.6%), surgeries (11.4%), contact lenses (0.9%), orthoptics (1.8%) and low-vision devices (0.1%). About 0.6% patients were referred for major investigations such as ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans. No active intervention or treatment except observation was recommended for 7.7% of patients, and 2.4% of patients were referred to other sub-specialties. Based on the scope of practice and diagnostic criteria, the optometry discipline received the highest number of patients and can manage nearly 68% of patients registered for consultation; thus, they can take care of the predominant portion of eye-related problems in the outpatient services in the public hospital.Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates that because of the disproportionate number of patients seeking care with refractive problems, optometrists can manage about two-thirds of patients visiting eye clinics of public hospitals. Thus, suggesting the need for optometrists as initial point of contact in terms of eye care services in primary health care centres. This would minimise the work load and appointment delays in public hospitals. This model will also enhance the early detection of vision-threatening eye conditions and assure appropriate referral to prevent future complications.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wallace DK, Repka MX, Lee KA, Melia M, Christiansen SP, Morse CL, Sprunger DT. Amblyopia Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:P105-P142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
35
|
Faghihi M, Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Saatchi M, Yekta A, Rafati S, Ostadimoghaddam H, Khabazkhoob M. The Prevalence of Amblyopia and Its Determinants in a Population-based Study. Strabismus 2017; 25:176-183. [DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2017.1391849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faghihi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saatchi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Rafati
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|