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Khan A, Siddiqui U, Fatima S, Rehman A, Jairajpuri M. Protein disulfide isomerase uses thrombin-antithrombin complex as a template to bind its target protein and alter the blood coagulation rates. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231540. [PMID: 38660763 PMCID: PMC11096647 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During inflammation and situations of cellular stress protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is released in the blood plasma from the platelet and endothelial cells to influence thrombosis. The addition of exogenous PDI makes the environment pro-thrombotic by inducing disulfide bond formation in specific plasma protein targets like vitronectin, factor V, and factor XI. However, the mechanistic details of PDI interaction with its target remain largely unknown. A decrease in the coagulation time was detected in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) on addition of the purified recombinant PDI (175 nM). The coagulation time can be controlled using an activator (quercetin penta sulfate, QPS) or an inhibitor (quercetin 3-rutinoside, Q3R) of PDI activity. Likewise, the PDI variants that increase the PDI activity (H399R) decrease, and the variant with low activity (C53A) increases the blood coagulation time. An SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the PDI does not form a stable complex with either thrombin or antithrombin (ATIII) but it uses the ATIII-thrombin complex as a template to bind and maintain its activity. A complete inhibition of thrombin activity on the formation of ATIII-thrombin-PDI complex, and the complex-bound PDI-catalyzed disulfide bond formation of the target proteins may control the pro- and anti-thrombotic role of PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Burhan Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Urfi Siddiqui
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sana Fatima
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ahmed Abdur Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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Bano S, Khan AB, Fatima S, Rashid Q, Prakash A, Gupta N, Ahmad I, Ansari S, Lynn AM, Abid M, Jairajpuri MA. Mannose 2, 3, 4, 5, 6- O-pentasulfate (MPS): a partial activator of human heparin cofactor II with anticoagulation potential. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:3717-3727. [PMID: 35343865 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2053749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolic diseases are a major cause of mortality in human and the currently available anticoagulants are associated with various drawbacks, therefore the search for anticoagulants that have better safety profile is highly desirable. Compounds that are part of the dietary routine can be modified to possibly increase their anticoagulant potential. We show mannose 2,3,4,5,6-O-pentasulfate (MPS) as a synthetically modified form of mannose that has appreciable anticoagulation properties. An in silico study identified that mannose in sulfated form can bind effectively to the heparin-binding site of antithrombin (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCII). Mannose was sulfated using a simple sulfation strategy-involving triethylamine-sulfur trioxide adduct. HCII and ATIII were purified from human plasma and the binding analysis using fluorometer and isothermal calorimetry showed that MPS binds at a unique site. A thrombin inhibition analysis using the chromogenic substrate showed that MPS partially enhances the activity of HCII. Further an assessment of in vitro blood coagulation assays using human plasma showed that the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were prolonged in the presence of MPS. A molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the HCII-MPS complex showed fluctuations in a N-terminal loop and the cofactor binding site of HCII. The results indicate that MPS is a promising lead due to its effect on the in vitro coagulation rate.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadabi Bano
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Burhan Khan
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Fatima
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Qudsia Rashid
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shoyab Ansari
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Andrew M Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Abdelfadiel E, Gunta R, Villuri BK, Afosah DK, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Designing Smaller, Synthetic, Functional Mimetics of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Allosteric Modulators of Coagulation Factors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4503-4531. [PMID: 37001055 PMCID: PMC10108365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are arguably the most diverse collection of natural products. Unfortunately, this bounty of structures remains untapped. Decades of research has realized only one GAG-like synthetic, small-molecule drug, fondaparinux. This represents an abysmal output because GAGs present a frontier that few medicinal chemists, and even fewer pharmaceutical companies, dare to undertake. GAGs are heterogeneous, polymeric, polydisperse, highly water soluble, synthetically challenging, too rapidly cleared, and difficult to analyze. Additionally, GAG binding to proteins is not very selective and GAG-binding sites are shallow. This Perspective attempts to transform this negative view into a much more promising one by highlighting recent advances in GAG mimetics. The Perspective focuses on the principles used in the design/discovery of drug-like, synthetic, sulfated small molecules as allosteric modulators of coagulation factors, such as antithrombin, thrombin, and factor XIa. These principles will also aid the design/discovery of sulfated agents against cancer, inflammation, and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsamani
I. Abdelfadiel
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rama Gunta
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Bharath Kumar Villuri
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Daniel K. Afosah
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute
for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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Lizazman MA, Karunakaran T, Jong VIYM. Trapezifolixanthone as a common constituent in the genus Calophyllum: An insight Review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schuurs ZP, Hammond E, Elli S, Rudd TR, Mycroft-West CJ, Lima MA, Skidmore MA, Karlsson R, Chen YH, Bagdonaite I, Yang Z, Ahmed YA, Richard DJ, Turnbull J, Ferro V, Coombe DR, Gandhi NS. Evidence of a putative glycosaminoglycan binding site on the glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N-terminal domain. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2806-2818. [PMID: 33968333 PMCID: PMC8093007 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread throughout the world's population since its initial discovery in 2019. The virus infects cells via a glycosylated spike protein located on its surface. The protein primarily binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, using glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as co-receptors. Here, we performed bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulations of the spike protein to investigate the existence of additional GAG binding sites on the receptor-binding domain (RBD), separate from previously reported heparin-binding sites. A putative GAG binding site in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the protein was identified, encompassing residues 245-246. We hypothesized that GAGs of a sufficient length might bridge the gap between this site and the PRRARS furin cleavage site, including the mutation S247R. Docking studies using GlycoTorch Vina and subsequent MD simulations of the spike trimer in the presence of dodecasaccharides of the GAGs heparin and heparan sulfate supported this possibility. The heparan sulfate chain bridged the gap, binding the furin cleavage site and S247R. In contrast, the heparin chain bound the furin cleavage site and surrounding glycosylation structures, but not S247R. These findings identify a site in the spike protein that favors heparan sulfate binding that may be particularly pertinent for a better understanding of the recent UK and South African strains. This will also assist in future targeted therapy programs that could include repurposing clinical heparan sulfate mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah P. Schuurs
- QUT, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Edward Hammond
- Zucero Therapeutics Ltd, 1 Westlink Court, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G.Ronzoni”, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Analytical and Biological Sciences Division, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Marcelo A. Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Yen-Hsi Chen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Yassir A. Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Derek J. Richard
- QUT, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeremy Turnbull
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Deirdre R. Coombe
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Neha S. Gandhi
- QUT, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Cancer and Ageing Research Program, School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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From Natural Products to New Synthetic Small Molecules: A Journey through the World of Xanthones. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020431. [PMID: 33467544 PMCID: PMC7829950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the contributions of the corresponding author (M.M.M.P.) and her research group to Medicinal Chemistry concerning the isolation from plant and marine sources of xanthone derivatives as well as their synthesis, biological/pharmacological activities, formulation and analytical applications. Although her group activity has been spread over several chemical families with relevance in Medicinal Chemistry, the main focus of the investigation and research has been in the xanthone family. Xanthone derivatives have a variety of activities with great potential for therapeutic applications due to their versatile framework. The group has contributed with several libraries of xanthones derivatives, with a variety of activities such as antitumor, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and multidrug resistance reversal effects. Besides therapeutic applications, our group has also developed xanthone derivatives with analytical applications as chiral selectors for liquid chromatography and for maritime application as antifouling agents for marine paints. Chemically, it has been challenging to afford green chemistry methods and achieve enantiomeric purity of chiral derivatives. In this review, the structures of the most significant compounds will be presented.
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Zheng Y, Zhang R, Shi W, Li L, Liu H, Chen Z, Wu L. Metabolism and pharmacological activities of the natural health-benefiting compound diosmin. Food Funct 2020; 11:8472-8492. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diosmin is a famous natural flavonoid for treating chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zheng
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Weimei Shi
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy
- Gannan Medical University
- Ganzhou
- China
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Ahmad I, Sharma S, Gupta N, Rashid Q, Abid M, Ashraf MZ, Jairajpuri MA. Antithrombotic potential of esculin 7, 3', 4', 5', 6'-O-pentasulfate (EPS) for its role in thrombus reduction using rat thrombosis model. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:360-368. [PMID: 30009901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently available anticoagulants for prevention and treatment of thrombosis have several limitations, thus, small organic scaffolds that can dissolve clots in vivo in a dose dependent manner with lesser side effects are highly desirable. Here we report the synthesis of esculin pentasulfate (EPS) and assessment of its in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo anticoagulant and antithrombotic potential. Assessment of in vitro clotting times showed prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) in the presence of EPS. EPS also showed remarkable reduction in thrombus formation when administered in occlusion induced thrombotic rats at a low dose (2.5 mg/kg). Further, assessment of clot rate with plasma isolated from EPS treated rats confirmed its anticoagulation potential. EPS at varying concentrations showed no significant cytotoxic effect on HEK293 cell line. Further, molecular docking analysis of EPS with known anticoagulant proteins [(antithrombin (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCF II)] that require heparin revealed good binding affinity (-7.9 kcal/mol) with ATIII but not with HCF II. ATIII when incubated with EPS showed increased fluorescence intensity, with no change in secondary structure. Overall, our results clearly show the in vivo modulation of thrombus formation using a modified natural scaffold EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Qudsia Rashid
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110 025, India
| | - Mohammad Z Ashraf
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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Role of heparin and non heparin binding serpins in coagulation and angiogenesis: A complex interplay. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:128-42. [PMID: 27372899 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pro-coagulant, anti-coagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are responsible for maintaining hemostatic balance under physiological conditions. Any deviation from these pathways would result in hypercoagulability leading to life threatening diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, portal vein thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Angiogenesis is the process of sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones and plays a critical role in vascular repair, diabetic retinopathy, chronic inflammation and cancer progression. Serpins; a superfamily of protease inhibitors, play a key role in regulating both angiogenesis and coagulation. They are characterized by the presence of highly conserved secondary structure comprising of 3 β-sheets and 7-9 α-helices. Inhibitory role of serpins is modulated by binding to cofactors, specially heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. Heparin and HSPGs are the mainstay of anti-coagulant therapy and also have therapeutic potential as anti-angiogenic inhibitors. Many of the heparin binding serpins that regulate coagulation cascade are also potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the switch between their specific anti-coagulant and anti-angiogenic role during inflammation, stress and regular hemostasis is important. In this review, we have tried to integrate the role of different serpins, their interaction with cofactors and their interplay in regulating coagulation and angiogenesis.
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Polysulfated trehalose as a novel anticoagulant agent with dual mode of action. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:630482. [PMID: 25866798 PMCID: PMC4381846 DOI: 10.1155/2015/630482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Physiological hemostatic balance is a coordinated outcome of counteracting coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. An imbalance of procoagulant and anticoagulant factors may result in life threatening thromboembolism. Presently, anticoagulant administration is the first line of therapy for the treatment of these conditions and several anticoagulants have been approved, including various forms of heparin. However, the polyanionic nature and multispecificity of heparin pose several complications. Generally, the polysulfated compounds with antithrombotic potential are thought to have feasible synthetic procedures with much less bleeding, thus having favourable safety profiles. Here we report the synthesis of a novel compound, trehalose octasulfate and the assessment of its anticoagulation potential. Molecular docking of trehalose and trehalose octasulfate with antithrombin showed a specificity switch in binding affinity on sulfation, where trehalose octasulfate interacts with critical residues of AT that are either directly involved in heparin binding or in the conformational rearrangement of AT on heparin binding. An in vitro analysis of trehalose octasulfate demonstrated prolonged clotting time. Lead compound when intravenously injected in occlusion induced thrombotic rats showed remarkable reduction in the size and weight of the clot at a low dose. Delay in coagulation time was observed by analysing blood plasma isolated from rats preinjected with trehalose octasulfate. A decrease in Adenosine 5′-Diphosphate (ADP) induced platelet aggregation indicated a probable dual anticoagulant and antiplatelet mechanism of action. To summarize, this study presents trehalose octasulfate as a novel, effective, dual acting antithrombotic agent.
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