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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Sparano C, Vignozzi L, Maggi M. Acquired hypoprolactinemia in men, possible phenotype. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024:10.1007/s11154-024-09895-9. [PMID: 39066947 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The physiological role of prolactin (PRL) in men is still not well defined. The pathological increase is characterized by sexual function impairment along with possible negative consequences in body composition and metabolic profile. Conversely, the clinical significance of reduced PRL levels was only partially investigated or mainly neglected. The present paper aims to summarize and critically discuss possible phenotypes characterizing male subjects with reduced PRL levels. When possible, meta-analytic results were provided. Available data derived from patients seeking medical care for sexual dysfunction as well as from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showed that low PRL in males is associated with a worse metabolic phenotype (including diabetes mellitus), mood disturbances (including anxiety and depression), and sexual dysfunctions (including psychogenic erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions). Whether or not these features are direct consequences of reduced PRL levels or whether the latter reflect other pathway impairments such as serotoninergic failure cannot be clarified. The present data, however, emphasize that a deficiency of PRL should be taken into account and need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clotilde Sparano
- Endocrinology Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Mario Serio Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, 50139, Italy.
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2
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Grattan DR. Does the brain make prolactin? J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13432. [PMID: 39041379 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The prolactin receptor (Prlr) is widely expressed in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. Prolactin also has an increasing range of well-characterised effects on central nervous system function. Because of this, over many years, there has been interest in whether the hormone itself is also expressed within the brain, perhaps acting as a neuropeptide to regulate brain function via its receptor in neurons. The aim of this invited review is to critically evaluate the evidence for brain production of prolactin. Unlike the evidence for the Prlr, evidence for brain prolactin is inconsistent and variable. A range of different antibodies have been used, each characterising a different distribution of prolactin-like immunoreactivity. Prolactin mRNA has been detected in the brain, but only at levels markedly lower than seen in the pituitary gland. Importantly, it has largely only been detected by highly sensitive amplification-based techniques, and the extreme sensitivity means there is a risk of false-positive data. Modern in situ hybridisation methods and single-cell RNA sequencing have not provided supporting evidence, but it is hard to prove a negative! Finally, I acknowledge and discuss the possibility that prolactin might be produced in the brain under specific circumstances, such as to promote a neuroprotective response to cell damage. Collectively, however, based on this analysis, I have formed the opinion that brain production of prolactin is unlikely, and even if occurs, it is of little physiological consequence. Most, if not all of the brain actions of prolactin can be explained by pituitary prolactin gaining access to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Munro V, Wilkinson M, Imran SA. Neuropsychological complications of hypoprolactinemia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024:10.1007/s11154-024-09892-y. [PMID: 38955985 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is primarily produced by the pituitary lactotrophic cells and while initially named for its role in lactation, PRL has several other biological roles including immunomodulation, osmotic balance, angiogenesis, calcium metabolism, and appetite regulation. Most of the PRL-related literature has traditionally focused on hyperprolactinemia, whereas hypoprolactinemia has received little attention. There is evidence to suggest that PRL receptors are widely distributed within the central nervous system including the limbic system. Furthermore, PRL has been shown to play key role in the stress regulation pathway. Recent data also suggest that hypoprolactinemia may be associated with increased sexual dysfunction, anxiety, and depression. In this paper we discuss the current understanding regarding the neuropsychological impact of hypoprolactinemia and highlight the need for adequately defining hypoprolactinemia as an entity and consideration for future replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Munro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 2Y9, Canada
| | - Michael Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IWK Hospital, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, B3K 6R8, NS, Canada
| | - Syed Ali Imran
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 2Y9, Canada.
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4
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Tani N, Ikeda T, Ishikawa T. Effects of Prolactin on Brain Neurons under Hypoxia. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:152. [PMID: 38276281 PMCID: PMC10817236 DOI: 10.3390/life14010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The levels and potential role of prolactin (PRL) in the brain under conditions of acute systemic hypoxia were examined, focusing on the accumulation of PRL in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its effects on neuronal activity and injury. The amount of PRL in the brain was investigated using brain tissues from forensic autopsy cases. We counted the number of neurites that formed in human primary neurons (HNs) after the addition of PRL. Furthermore, HNs supplemented with PRL or triiodothyronine (T3) were exposed to hypoxic conditions, and the dead cells were counted. The results showed correlations between brain PRL and CSF PRL levels. Additionally, PRL accumulation in the brain was observed in cases of asphyxia. In vitro experimental findings indicated increased neurite formation in the HNs treated with PRL. Moreover, both PRL and T3 demonstrated neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death, with PRL showing stronger neuroprotective potential than T3. These results suggest that PRL accumulates in the brain during hypoxia, potentially influences neuronal activity, and exhibits neuroprotective properties against hypoxia-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tani
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (T.I.)
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (T.I.)
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (T.I.)
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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5
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Bienboire-Frosini C, Marcet-Rius M, Orihuela A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Casas-Alvarado A, Mota-Rojas D. Mother-Young Bonding: Neurobiological Aspects and Maternal Biochemical Signaling in Altricial Domesticated Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030532. [PMID: 36766424 PMCID: PMC9913798 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-young bonding is a type of early learning where the female and their newborn recognize each other through a series of neurobiological mechanisms and neurotransmitters that establish a behavioral preference for filial individuals. This process is essential to promote their welfare by providing maternal care, particularly in altricial species, animals that require extended parental care due to their limited neurodevelopment at birth. Olfactory, auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli trigger the neural integration of multimodal sensory and conditioned affective associations in mammals. This review aims to discuss the neurobiological aspects of bonding processes in altricial mammals, with a focus on the brain structures and neurotransmitters involved and how these influence the signaling during the first days of the life of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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6
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Toh P, Nicholson JL, Vetter AM, Berry MJ, Torres DJ. Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315445. [PMID: 36499772 PMCID: PMC9739294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the body to maintain homeostasis requires constant communication between the brain and peripheral tissues. Different organs produce signals, often in the form of hormones, which are detected by the hypothalamus. In response, the hypothalamus alters its regulation of bodily processes, which is achieved through its own pathways of hormonal communication. The generation and transmission of the molecules involved in these bi-directional axes can be affected by redox balance. The essential trace element selenium is known to influence numerous physiological processes, including energy homeostasis, through its various redox functions. Selenium must be obtained through the diet and is used to synthesize selenoproteins, a family of proteins with mainly antioxidant functions. Alterations in selenium status have been correlated with homeostatic disturbances in humans and studies with animal models of selenoprotein dysfunction indicate a strong influence on energy balance. The relationship between selenium and energy metabolism is complicated, however, as selenium has been shown to participate in multiple levels of homeostatic communication. This review discusses the role of selenium in the various pathways of communication between the body and the brain that are essential for maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Toh
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jessica L. Nicholson
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Vetter
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Marla J. Berry
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel J. Torres
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Müller M, Niemeyer K, Urban N, Ojha NK, Zufall F, Leinders‐Zufall T, Schaefer M, Thorn‐Seshold O. BTDAzo: A Photoswitchable TRPC5 Channel Activator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201565. [PMID: 35713469 PMCID: PMC9542918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable reagents can be powerful tools for high-precision biological control. TRPC5 is a Ca2+ -permeable cation channel with distinct tissue-specific roles, from synaptic function to hormone regulation. Reagents giving spatiotemporally-resolved control over TRPC5 activity may be key to understanding and harnessing its biology. Here we develop the first photoswitchable TRPC5-modulator, BTDAzo, to address this goal. BTDAzo can photocontrol TRPC5 currents in cell culture, as well as controlling endogenous TRPC5-based neuronal Ca2+ responses in mouse brain slices. BTDAzos are also the first reported azo-benzothiadiazines, an accessible and conveniently derivatised azoheteroarene with strong two-colour photoswitching. BTDAzo's ability to control TRPC5 across relevant channel biology settings makes it suitable for a range of dynamically reversible photoswitching studies in TRP channel biology, with the aim to decipher the various biological roles of this centrally important ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Department of PharmacyLMU MunichButenandtstrasse 781377MunichGermany
| | - Konstantin Niemeyer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLeipzig UniversityHärtelstraße 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLeipzig UniversityHärtelstraße 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Navin K. Ojha
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular MedicineSaarland UniversityKirrbergerstraße 10066421HomburgGermany
| | - Frank Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular MedicineSaarland UniversityKirrbergerstraße 10066421HomburgGermany
| | - Trese Leinders‐Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular MedicineSaarland UniversityKirrbergerstraße 10066421HomburgGermany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLeipzig UniversityHärtelstraße 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
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8
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Müller M, Niemeyer K, Urban N, Ojha NK, Zufall F, Leinders-Zufall T, Schaefer M, Thorn-Seshold O. BTDAzo ‐ A Photoswitchable TRPC5 Channel Activator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Ludwig Maximillians University Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Pharmacy Butenandstr. 7 81377 Munich GERMANY
| | - Konstantin Niemeyer
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Härtelstr. 16-18 04107 Leipzig GERMANY
| | - Nicole Urban
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Härtelstraße 16-18 04107 Leipzig GERMANY
| | - Navin K. Ojha
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Kirrbergerstraße 100 66421 Homburg GERMANY
| | - Frank Zufall
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Kirrbergerstraße 100 66421 Homburg GERMANY
| | - Trese Leinders-Zufall
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Kirrbergerstraße 100 66421 Homburg GERMANY
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Härtelstraße 16-18 04107 Leipzig GERMANY
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Dept Pharmacy Butenandtstr 5-13 81377 Munich GERMANY
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9
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Link K, Shved N, Serrano N, Akgül G, Caelers A, Faass O, Mouttet F, Raabe O, D’Cotta H, Baroiller JF, Eppler E. Effects of seawater and freshwater challenges on the Gh/Igf system in the saline-tolerant blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:976488. [PMID: 36313755 PMCID: PMC9596810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.976488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (Gh) as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) are involved in the physiological adaptation of fish to varying salinities. The Igfs have been also ascribed other physiological roles during development, growth, reproduction and immune regulation. However, the main emphasis in the investigation of osmoregulatory responses has been the endocrine, liver-derived Igf1 route and local regulation within the liver and osmoregulatory organs. Few studies have focused on the impact of salinity alterations on the Gh/Igf-system within the neuroendocrine and immune systems and particularly in a salinity-tolerant species, such as the blackchin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron. This species is tolerant to hypersalinity and saline variations, but it is confronted by severe climate changes in the Saloum inverse estuary. Here we investigated bidirectional effects of increased salinity followed by its decrease on the gene regulation of prl, gh, igf1, igf2, Gh receptor and the tumor-necrosis factor a. A mixed population of sexually mature 14-month old blackchin tilapia adapted to freshwater were first exposed to seawater for one week and then to fresh water for another week. Brain, pituitary, head kidney and spleen were excised at 4 h, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after both exposures and revealed differential expression patterns. This investigation should give us a better understanding of the role of the Gh/Igf system within the neuroendocrine and immune organs and the impact of bidirectional saline challenges on fish osmoregulation in non-osmoregulatory organs, notably the complex orchestration of growth factors and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Link
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natallia Shved
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Serrano
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gülfirde Akgül
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antje Caelers
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faass
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Oksana Raabe
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena D’Cotta
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development) (IRD), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Practical School of Advanced Studies) (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research) (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (Mixed Research Unit) (UMR) 5554, Montpellier, France
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Baroiller
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development) (IRD), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Practical School of Advanced Studies) (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research) (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (Mixed Research Unit) (UMR) 5554, Montpellier, France
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Eppler,
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