Development and psychometric properties of a self-regulation scale about leisure time physical activity in Iranian male adolescents

Full-Day Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Levels of Typically Developing Children and Adolescents in the Middle East: A Systematic Review

Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) are important components of physical behaviour associated with long-term health outcomes. Environmental and cultural factors may influence physical behaviour. To explore full day PA and SB in children and adolescents (2-18 years old) in the Middle East, a systematic literature review was performed including 183 journal articles. A wide range of PA and SB outcomes were reported, in some cases making synthesis of results difficult. As a consequence, results were generally reported narratively (MVPA time, total PA, SB time). Meta-regression of daily step count revealed females took 4600 fewer steps than males, with 3000 fewer steps on weekdays than weekends, and overweight individuals taking 2800 fewer steps/day. Steps decreased with age. Meta-regression for TV viewing time demonstrated an increase by 0.04 h per year of age. Even though environmental and cultural conditions may be different, PA and SB of children and adolescents in the Middle East were largely comparable to those of Europeans and North Americans. The wide range of data collection instruments used (both self-report questionnaire and body-worn devices) and heterogeneity of data made synthesis of reported data across studies very difficult, suggesting a need for greater standardisation of data collection methods.

Predicting role of illness perception in treatment self-regulation among patients with type 2 diabetes

Background and Objective

Impaired self-regulation negatively impacts self-efficacy, self-management, blood sugar control, and quality of life among patients with diabetes. Hence, identifying the predictors of self-regulation is a necessity for healthcare providers. The current study aimed to determine the predictive role of illness perception in treatment self-regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

The current study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 200 patients with type 2 diabetes, who were referred to the only specialized clinic for endocrinology and diabetes affiliated with Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020, were recruited through a convenience sampling method. For data collection, the brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire were used. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS v21 using a multivariable regression model.

Results

Mean and standard deviation scores of self-regulation and illness perception were 69.11 ± 17.61 and 36.21 ± 7.05, respectively. Results of the multivariate regression model revealed the significant correlations of self-regulation with illness perception, age, cardiovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic foot ulcers.

Conclusions

In this study, participants presented a moderate level of self-regulation. The results also revealed that illness perception could be a predictor of improving patients' self-regulation. Therefore, providing infrastructure programs such as continuous education and appropriate care programs for diabetic patients to improve their illness perception can effectively improve their self-regulation behaviors.

Assessing adolescent diet and physical activity behaviour, knowledge and awareness in low- and middle-income countries: a systematised review of quantitative epidemiological tools

PURPOSE

Quantitative epidemiological tools are routinely used to assess adolescent diet and physical activity (PA) constructs (behaviour, knowledge, and awareness) as risk factors for non-communicable diseases. This study sought to synthesize evidence on the quantitative epidemiological tools that have been used to assess adolescent diet and PA constructs in low to middle-income countries (LMIC).

METHODS

A systematised review was conducted using 3 databases (EbscoHost, Scopus and Web of Science).

RESULTS

We identified 292 LMIC studies assessing adolescent diet and PA. Identified studies predominantly explored behavioural (90%) constructs with a paucity of studies investigating knowledge and awareness. The majority of studies used subjective (94%) and self-administered (78%) tools. Only 39% of LMIC studies used tools validated for their contexts.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings highlight the need for more contextual tools for assessing adolescent diet and PA in LMICs. Diet and PA measurement tools used in future research will need to incorporate measures of knowledge and awareness for a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of diet and PA in adolescents. Furthermore, there is a need for more evidence on the reliability and validity of these tools for use, in both cross sectional and longitudinal studies, in LMIC contexts.

Development and Validation of Iranian Adolescent’s Participation Assessment Tool

Background

Health promotion of children and adolescents through participation in purposeful and meaningful activities is one of the focuses of occupational therapy. In this study, in line with the Iranian culture, a tool for assessment of Iranian adolescents’ participation in daily occupations/activities was developed and validated.

Method

An exploratory sequential mixed method was used to develop and validate the tool. Content and structural validity and reliability of the initial version were estimated.

Results

During the validation process, the items were reduced to 54. Data were collected from 481 adolescents to investigate factor analysis. According to principal component analysis, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin index was 0.88, and the analysis yielded seven factors explaining 47.2% of the total variance. The tool showed excellent internal consistency and test–retest reliability.

Conclusion

This newly developed Participation Assessment Tool for Iranian adolescents is a valid and reliable measure for assessing the participation of this group in daily activities.

Designing and evaluation of E-health educational intervention on students' physical activity: an application of Pender's health promotion model

BACKGROUND

The present study was conducted to design and evaluate the software and web-based curriculum based on Pender Model in order to promote students' physical activity.

METHODS

This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 225 eligible students who were randomly divided into two groups of web and software-based intervention and control. The sample size of the study was selected using stratified sampling method. The evaluation was done with pre-test and post-test and follow-up, which were performed immediately two and six months following the intervention. The data were analyzed employing statistical software SPSS using descriptive statistics, chi-square, one way ANOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA.

RESULTS

The obtained results revealed that the level of physical activity after the intervention in the web and software groups significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the mean score of Pender model constructs, immediately two and six months after the intervention, was significantly different in the web and software groups (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that, providing tailored message based on health promotion model's constructs has a positive effect on promoting physical activity of students.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Name: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. Registration number: IRCT20181009041298N1 . Registration date: 2018-12-02 [retrospectively registered].

Physical activity determinants among students based on Pender’s health promotion model constructs: a cross-sectional study using path analysis

Background:

Over recent years, new lifestyles have raised ongoing concerns about the quality of life of students, especially inactivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with regular physical activity among students using Pender’s health promotion model.

Methods:

The present cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 650 students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, who were selected by stratified sampling with probability proportional to size. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire, including demographic profile, Pender’s health promotion model constructs and the international physical activity questionnaire. The strongest determinants of physical activity were identified using structural equation modeling by Amos software. Data were analysed by SPSS software (16) using chi-square, one-way analysis of variance and Spearman correlation.

Results:

The results showed walking activity in 69.1%, moderate activity in 3.8% and vigorous activity in 27.1%. According to path analysis, perceived barriers were the most efficient predictor of physical activity among students, and Pender’s health promotion model constructs explained 84.9% of physical activity changes.

Conclusion:

The satisfactory predictive value of Pender’s health promotion model constructs for physical activity behaviour focused on effective structures, such as perceived barriers, supports the application of this model to design educational interventions better.

Effect of web-based and software-based educational intervention on stages of behavior change of students' physical activity

INTRODUCTION

The present study aims at designing and evaluating the effect of new educational media-based educational intervention on students' stages of behavior change of physical activity.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

In the present interventional study, 225 students of medical sciences university were assigned into two experimental and one control groups using proportional stratified random sampling, where web-based and software-based educational interventions were used. Data were collected using International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Marcus's stages of change scales, and a self-made questionnaire including constructs of barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy. Evaluation was conducted through pretest and posttest and immediate and 2 and 6 months of follow-ups after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and Chi-square, Friedman, one-way ANOVA, and ANOVA with repeated measure.

RESULTS

Based on the results, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups before the intervention (P = 0.37); however, immediately and 2 and 6 months after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of stages of change (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in the experimental group, the educational intervention led to improvement of individuals in the stages of change of physical activity. At 6-month follow-up, 75.4% of the software group and 60.6% of the web group achieved the maintenance stage.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that designing intervention based on people's level of preparation for changing behavior and using new educational methods such as web and software were effective on individuals' progress in different stages of change of physical activity behavior and physical activity rate.

Persian participation measures for adolescents: A systematic review

Introduction

Enhancing participation is the focus of occupational therapy. Comprehensive and accurate assessment ensures that clinicians can tailor an intervention to the client’s needs. This systematic review was completed to identify Persian adolescents’ participation measures and critically appraise them. It would be helpful in the selection of the most appropriate instrument to use in adolescent-related research and clinical practice.

Method

Ten bibliographic databases, four Iranian and six international, without year limits were searched up to June 2019. A systematic search was directed according to COSMIN guidelines for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures and PRISMA guidelines (Systematic review registration: CRD42017073581).

Results

Seven measures were extracted from the articles. Reviewing the content and psychometric properties of the measures as well as the methodological quality of the studies indicated that the Modified Activity Questionnaire is the only measure with consistent and moderately reliable results. It measures adolescent participation in leisure activities but not all domains of participation.

Conclusion

There may be a growing need for adapting existing Persian measures or developing new ones based on specific age features related to puberty-stage alongside cultural, social and academic demands, which have a significant effect on adolescents’ participation in meaningful occupations. High methodological quality in designing such studies also has great importance.