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Schmitt L, Hoppe J, Cea-Medina P, Bruch PM, Krings KS, Lechtenberg I, Drießen D, Peter C, Bhatia S, Dietrich S, Stork B, Fritz G, Gohlke H, Müller TJJ, Wesselborg S. Novel meriolin derivatives potently inhibit cell cycle progression and transcription in leukemia and lymphoma cells via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:279. [PMID: 38862521 PMCID: PMC11167047 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A key feature of cancer is the disruption of cell cycle regulation, which is characterized by the selective and abnormal activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Consequently, targeting CDKs via meriolins represents an attractive therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Meriolins represent a semisynthetic compound class derived from meridianins and variolins with a known CDK inhibitory potential. Here, we analyzed the two novel derivatives meriolin 16 and meriolin 36 in comparison to other potent CDK inhibitors and could show that they displayed a high cytotoxic potential in different lymphoma and leukemia cell lines as well as in primary patient-derived lymphoma and leukemia cells. In a kinome screen, we showed that meriolin 16 and 36 prevalently inhibited most of the CDKs (such as CDK1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). In drug-to-target modeling studies, we predicted a common binding mode of meriolin 16 and 36 to the ATP-pocket of CDK2 and an additional flipped binding for meriolin 36. We could show that cell cycle progression and proliferation were blocked by abolishing phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (a major target of CDK2) at Ser612 and Thr82. Moreover, meriolin 16 prevented the CDK9-mediated phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II at Ser2 which is crucial for transcription initiation. This renders both meriolin derivatives as valuable anticancer drugs as they target three different Achilles' heels of the tumor: (1) inhibition of cell cycle progression and proliferation, (2) prevention of transcription, and (3) induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmitt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Hoppe
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pablo Cea-Medina
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter-Martin Bruch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karina S Krings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilka Lechtenberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Drießen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC) and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wesselborg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Zhao L, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Fan Y, Gao L, Zhao Y, Wang X, Mo D, Lu H, Wang D. Dicliptera chinensis-derived polysaccharide enhanced the growth activity of submandibular gland cells in vitro after radiotherapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31005. [PMID: 38799761 PMCID: PMC11126834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Radiotherapy for head and neck can damage the salivary gland cells, which can easily result in xerostomia. No effective treatment for radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction currently exists. Thus, we aimed to study the protective effect of Dicliptera chinensis polysaccharides (DCP) on the prevention of submandibular gland (SMG) cell damage caused by radiotherapy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Design Mechanical enzyme digestion was used to extract primary rat SMG cells. A radiation injury model was established by treating these cells with a dose of 8 Gy, followed by intervention using different DCP concentrations. The cell counting kit 8 assay was used to determine the inhibition rate of SMG cells in each group. The rates of apoptosis and cell cycle progression were detected using flow cytometry. Expression of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex (MRN) was detected using western blotting. Results DCP increased the proliferation of SMG cells after irradiation, and cell growth activity positively correlated with polysaccharide concentration. Flow cytometry analysis of SMG cell apoptosis revealed that DCP markedly reduced the total apoptosis rate after irradiation, especially the early apoptosis rate. Cell cycle results suggested that DCP reduced the number of cells in the S and G2 phases after irradiation and alleviated the S and G2 blocks. Western blot results indicated that the expression of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 decreased in the radiation-injured group, whereas their expression increased after DCP treatment. Conclusions DCP can protect the rat SMG cells after radiation and be used as a protective agent against salivary gland cell damage caused by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yanchun Zhu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
- Xiaolan People's Hospital, ZhongShan, 528415, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, 545000, China
| | - Yude Huang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yiyang Fan
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
- Yichang City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Linjin Gao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Dongqing Mo
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Haoyu Lu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Daiyou Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, NO. 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deformity, Nanning, 530021, China
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Huang CS, Hsieh MS, Yadav VK, Wu YC, Liu SC, Yeh CT, Huang MS. PAICS/DYRK3 Multienzyme Interactions as Coregulators of Purinosome Formation and Metabolism on Radioresistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17346. [PMID: 38139175 PMCID: PMC10744311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent type of oral cancer. While therapeutic innovations have made strides, radioresistance persists as a significant hindrance in OSCC treatment. Despite identifying numerous targets that could potentially suppress the oncogenic attributes of OSCC, the exploration of oncogenic protein kinases for cancer therapy remains limited. Consequently, the functions of many kinase proteins in OSCC continue to be largely undetermined. In this research, we aim to disclose protein kinases that target OSCC and elaborate their roles and molecular mechanisms. Through the examination of the kinome library of radiotherapy-resistant/sensitive OSCC cell lines (HN12 and SAS), we identified a key gene, the tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 (DYRK3), a member of the DYRK family. We developed an in vitro cell model, composed of radiation-resistant OSCC, to scrutinize the clinical implications and contributions of DYRK3 and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PAICS) signaling in OSCC. This investigation involves bioinformatics and human tissue arrays. We seek to comprehend the role of DYRK3 and PAICS signaling in the development of OSCC and its resistance to radiotherapy. Various in vitro assays are utilized to reveal the essential molecular mechanism behind radiotherapy resistance in connection with the DYRK3 and PAICS interaction. In our study, we quantified the concentrations of DYRK3 and PAICS proteins and tracked the expression levels of key pluripotency markers, particularly PPAT. Furthermore, we extended our investigation to include an analysis of Glut-1, a gene recognized for its linkage to radioresistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Furthermore, we conducted an in vivo study to affirm the impact of DYRK3 and PAICS on tumor growth and radiotherapy resistance, focusing particularly on the role of DYRK3 in the radiotherapy resistance pathway. This focus leads us to identify new therapeutic agents that can combat radiotherapy resistance by inhibiting DYRK3 (GSK-626616). Our in vitro models showed that inhibiting PAICS disrupts purinosome formation and influences the survival rate of radiation-resistant OSCC cell lines. These outcomes underscore the pivotal role of the DYRK3/PAICS axis in directing OSCC radiotherapy resistance pathways and, as a result, influencing OSCC progression or therapy resistance. Our findings also reveal a significant correlation between DYRK3 expression and the PAICS enzyme in OSCC radiotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (C.-S.H.); (M.-S.H.); (V.K.Y.); (Y.-C.W.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shou Hsieh
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (C.-S.H.); (M.-S.H.); (V.K.Y.); (Y.-C.W.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Vijesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (C.-S.H.); (M.-S.H.); (V.K.Y.); (Y.-C.W.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Che Wu
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (C.-S.H.); (M.-S.H.); (V.K.Y.); (Y.-C.W.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Cheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, College of Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung 950, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Suan Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (C.-S.H.); (M.-S.H.); (V.K.Y.); (Y.-C.W.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
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4
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Biglari-Zadeh G, Sargazi S, Mohammadi M, Ghasemi M, Majidpour M, Saravani R, Mirinejad S. Relationship Between Genetic Polymorphisms in Cell Cycle Regulatory Gene TP53 and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Case-Control Study and In Silico Analyses. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1827-1849. [PMID: 36856940 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic condition with several potential causes. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of PCOS that often coexists with hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, being overweight, and hormonal imbalances. The functioning of multiple replication and transcription factors is regulated by tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), which play a crucial role in maintaining genomic integrity and controlling the cell cycle of granulosa cells. In the present study, we examined how three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TP53, a cell cycle regulatory gene, affect the risk of developing PCOS in a sample of an Iranian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 PCOS patients and 200 healthy women to analyze TP53 rs17880604, rs1625895, and rs1042522 SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Our findings revealed that the majority of PCOS cases were overweight [25 < body mass index (BMI) < 30]. A positive association was observed between the TP53 rs1042522 SNP and the risk of PCOS under codominant heterozygous and overdominant genetic patterns (odds ratio > 1). Meanwhile, a negative association was observed between TP53 SNPs (rs1625895, rs17880604) and susceptibility to PCOS under codominant heterozygous and dominant models of inheritance (odds ratio < 1). Moreover, different genotype and haplotype combinations of rs17880604/rs1625895/rs1042522 conferred a decreased risk of PCOS in our population. We found no statistical difference in the frequency of TP53 genotypes between PCOS cases and/or controls in terms of BMI, waist circumference, prolactin level, and markers of lipid and carbohydrate profile (P > 0.05). Molecular dynamic prediction showed that the missense substitution in the 17p13.1 position (rs1042522) could change the properties and secondary structure of the p53 protein. As inherited risk factors, TP53 variations may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PCOS among Iranian women. Replicated population-based studies on other ethnicities are required to find the genetic contribution of variants of TP53, or SNPs located in other TSGs, to the etiology of this endocrine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Biglari-Zadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran.
| | - Malihe Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghasemi
- Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Moloud Infertility Center, Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743463, Iran
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5
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Al-Hujaily EM, Al-Sowayan BS, Alyousef Z, Uddin S, Alammari F. Recruiting Immunity for the Fight against Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213696. [PMID: 36430176 PMCID: PMC9697544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have changed the landscape of cancer management and improved the standard treatment protocols used in multiple tumors. This has led to significant improvements in progression-free survival and overall survival rates. In this review article, we provide an insight into the major immunotherapeutic methods that are currently under investigation for colorectal cancer (CRC) and their clinical implementations. We emphasize therapies that are based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and adoptive cell therapy, their mechanisms of action, their advantages, and their potential in combination therapy. We also highlight the clinical trials that have demonstrated both the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicities associated with each method. In addition, we summarize emerging targets that are now being evaluated as potential interventions for CRC. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future direction for the cancer immunotherapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensaf M. Al-Hujaily
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batla S. Al-Sowayan
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad Alyousef
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Farah Alammari
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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6
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Wang H, Wu D, Gao C, Teng H, Zhao Y, He Z, Chen W, Zong Y, Du R. Seco-Lupane Triterpene Derivatives Induce Ferroptosis through GPX4/ACSL4 Axis and Target Cyclin D1 to Block the Cell Cycle. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10014-10044. [PMID: 35801495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 70 new seco-lupane triterpene derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized, and their in vitro anticancer activities were evaluated. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that most compounds inhibited the growth of a variety of tumor cells in vitro. With the extension of alkyl chains, the activity of azole compounds gradually increased while that of indole compounds first increased and then decreased. Moreover, all indole derivatives showed stronger anticancer activity than azole derivatives. In addition, compound 21 showed the strongest inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 0.97 μM. Mechanistic studies showed that compound 21 coregulates the cell death process by inducing ferroptosis and regulating the cell cycle. In conclusion, compound 21 can be used as a ferroptosis inducer and cycle blocker to regulate the HepG2 death process, and it has the potential to become an effective new drug for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunyu Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongbo Teng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Education, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Education, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Education, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Education, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer, Changchun 130118, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Ministry of National Education, Changchun 130118, China
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7
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Chandrashekar N, Subramanian R, Thiruvengadam D. Baicalein inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis in human A549 cells and benzo(a)pyrene-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23053. [PMID: 35332611 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our current study is done to explore the possible mechanisms to elaborate on the growth inhibitory effect of baicalein (BE) in human lung carcinoma. Initially, BE (25 and 50 µM) treatment for 24 h, suppressed the viability and inhibited population growth in A549 cells. BE upholds the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with concomitant replenishment of glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity. The expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 markedly increased after BE treatment will intimidate A549 cells proliferation by the ROS-independent pathway via the antioxidant pathway. In vivo investigations were carried out on BE (12 mg/kg, oral) in benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P; 50 mg/kg, oral) induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. BE induces caspase-dependent apoptosis by increasing the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c accompanied by upregulating the outflow of p53, Bax, and caspase-3 with a concomitant abatement in the outflow of Bcl-2 in both in vitro and in vivo. In the murine model, BE treatment hindered the countenance of proliferation-related proteins (argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions and proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Additionally, appraisal of the cell nucleus by transmission electron microscopic assessment uncovered that BE treatment adequately counteracts B(a)P-induced lung cancer cell survival. During the transition of the G0 /G1 phase, BE is arrested in the cell cycle process. This might be the cause of a substantial increase in the appearance of p21Cip1 with concomitant downregulating the expressions of CDK4, cyclin D, and cyclin E both in vitro and in vivo. Our results conclude that BE treatment induced apoptosis and repressed proliferation both in vitro and in vivo of human lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveenkumar Chandrashekar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy Degree College - Autonomous, Meganahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghunandhakumar Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaki Thiruvengadam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Cai J, Wu D, Jin Y, Bao S. Effect of CMB Carrying PTX and CRISPR/Cas9 on Endometrial Cancer Naked Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7119195. [PMID: 35368966 PMCID: PMC8975627 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7119195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer, one of the most common gynecological cancers in women. Patients with advanced or recurrent disease have poor long-term outcomes. The current experiment explore the roles of cationic microbubbles (CMBs) carrying paclitaxel (PTX) and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids on the xenotransplantation model of mice with endometrial cancer. The tumor histology, tumor cell viability, cell cycle, and invasion ability were investigated. Meanwhile, the P27, P21, GSK-3, Bcl-2 associated death promoter (Bad), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and C-erbB-2 expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. CMB-PTX-CRISPR/Cas9 had an inhibitory action on the tumor growth, tumor cell viability, cell cycle, and invasion ability of the mouse xenograft model of endometrial cancer. The CMB-PTX-CRISPR/Cas9 increased the GSK-3, P21, P27, and Bad expression levels, while reduced the C-erbB-2 and mTOR expressions. CMBs loaded with both PTX and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids may be a new combination treatment with much potential. CMB-PTX-CRISPR/Cas9 may regulate the tumor cell viability, invasion, and metastasis of endometrial cancer naked mouse model by upregulating expressions of GSK-3, P21, P27, and Bad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Cai
- Central Laboratory, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Dongcai Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Yanbin Jin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Shan Bao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
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9
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Ren L, Wang L, Rehberg M, Stoeger T, Zhang J, Chen S. Applications and Immunological Effects of Quantum Dots on Respiratory System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:795232. [PMID: 35069577 PMCID: PMC8770806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), are one kind of nanoscale semiconductor crystals with specific electronic and optical properties, offering near-infrared mission and chemically active surfaces. Increasing interest for QDs exists in developing theranostics platforms for bioapplications such as imaging, drug delivery and therapy. Here we summarized QDs’ biomedical applications, toxicity, and immunological effects on the respiratory system. Bioapplications of QDs in lung include biomedical imaging, drug delivery, bio-sensing or diagnosis and therapy. Generically, toxic effects of nanoparticles are related to the generation of oxidative stresses with subsequent DNA damage and decreased lung cells viability in vitro and in vivo because of release of toxic metal ions or the features of QDs like its surface charge. Lastly, pulmonary immunological effects of QDs mainly include proinflammatory cytokines release and recruiting innate leukocytes or adaptive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibin Ren
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg and Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg and Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shanze Chen
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Khan H, Alam W, Alsharif KF, Aschner M, Pervez S, Saso L. Alkaloids and Colon Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications for Cell Cycle Arrest. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030920. [PMID: 35164185 PMCID: PMC8838632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most fatal disease worldwide, with colon cancer being the third most prevalent and fatal form of cancer in several Western countries. The risk of acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy remains a significant hurdle in the management of various types of cancer, especially colon cancer. Therefore, it is essential to develop alternative treatment modalities. Naturally occurring alkaloids have been shown to regulate various mechanistic pathways linked to cell proliferation, cell cycle, and metastasis. This review aims to shed light on the potential of alkaloids as anti-colon-cancer chemotherapy agents that can modulate or arrest the cell cycle. Preclinical investigated alkaloids have shown anti-colon cancer activities and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest at different stages, suggesting that alkaloids may have the potential to act as anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099,Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Samreen Pervez
- Department of Pharmacy, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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11
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Das R, Kundu S, Laskar S, Choudhury Y, Ghosh SK. In silico assessment of DNA damage response gene variants associated with head and neck cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2090-2107. [PMID: 35037836 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2027817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC), the sixth most common cancer globally, stands first in India, especially Northeast India, where tobacco usage is predominant, which introduces various carcinogens leading to malignancies by accumulating DNA damages. Consequently, the present work aimed to predict the impact of significant germline variants in DNA repair and Tumour Suppressor genes on HNC development. WES in Ion ProtonTM platform on 'discovery set' (n = 15), followed by recurrence assessment of the observed variants on 'confirmation set' (n = 40) using Sanger Sequencing was performed on the HNC-prevalent NE Indian populations. Initially, 53 variants were identified, of which seven HNC-linked DNA damage response gene variants were frequent in the studied populations. Different tools ascertained the biological consequences of these variants, of which the non-coding variants viz. EXO1_rs4150018, RAD52_rs6413436, CHD5_rs2746066, HACE1_rs6918700 showed risk, while FLT3_rs2491227 and BMPR1A_rs7074064 conferred protection against HNC by affecting transcriptional regulation and splicing mechanism. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the full-length p53 model predicted that the observed coding TP53_rs1042522 variant conferred HNC-risk by altering the structural dynamics of the protein, which displayed difficulty in the transition between active and inactive conformations due to high-energy barrier. Subsequent pathway and gene ontology analysis revealed that EXO1, RAD52 and TP53 variants affected the Double-Strand Break Repair pathway, whereas CHD5 and HACE1 variants inactivated DNA repair cascade, facilitating uncontrolled cell proliferation, impaired apoptosis and malignant transformation. Conversely, FLT3 and BMPR1A variants protected against HNC by controlling tumorigenesis, which requires experimental validation. These findings may serve as prognostic markers for developing preventive measures against HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raima Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sharbadeb Kundu
- Genome Science, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West India
| | - Shaheen Laskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India
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12
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Istiaq A, Ohta K. Ribosome-Induced Cellular Multipotency, an Emerging Avenue in Cell Fate Reversal. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092276. [PMID: 34571922 PMCID: PMC8469204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribosome, which is present in all three domains of life, plays a well-established, critical role in the translation process by decoding messenger RNA into protein. Ribosomal proteins, in contrast, appear to play non-translational roles in growth, differentiation, and disease. We recently discovered that ribosomes are involved in reverting cellular potency to a multipotent state. Ribosomal incorporation (the uptake of free ribosome by living cells) can direct the fate of both somatic and cancer cells into multipotency, allowing them to switch cell lineage. During this process, both types of cells experienced cell-cycle arrest and cellular stress while remaining multipotent. This review provides a molecular perspective on current insights into ribosome-induced multipotency and sheds light on how a common stress-associated mechanism may be involved. We also discuss the impact of this phenomenon on cancer cell reprogramming and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Istiaq
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- HIGO Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-802-6014
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13
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Epigenetic Silencing of DAPK1and p16 INK4a Genes by CpG Island Hypermethylation in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 36:200-207. [PMID: 33867711 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing induced by hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter regions of genes is believed to be an important mechanism of carcinogenesis in human cancers including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Previously published data on gene methylation of EOC focused mainly on single gene or on cancer tissues. Objectives of the study were to estimate the promoter hypermethylation status of DAPK1 and p16 INK4a genes in circulating blood of EOC patients and to determine their association with clinicopathological features of EOC. This case-control study included 50 EOC patients and 20 apparently healthy and age matched female controls. Isolation of genomic DNA was carried out from peripheral venous blood. Methylation in promoter region of DAPK1 and p16 INK4a genes was determined by methylation-specific PCR. Methylation of DAPK1 was occurred in 42 out of 50 cases (84.0%) and methylation of p16 INK4a gene was occurred in 34 out of 50 cases (68.0%). Methylation of both genes was occurred in 25 cases (50.0%). Occurrence of methylation in DAPK1 and p16 INK4a genes was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) in cases compared to controls. Methylation of both genes was not statistically associated with age at diagnosis, menopausal status, histopathological types and FIGO staging of EOC. Identification of the peculiar promoter hypermethylation of DAPK1 and p16 INK4a genes might be a successful approach for ancillary diagnosis of EOC at early stage in blood sample.
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14
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Kashyap D, Garg VK, Sandberg EN, Goel N, Bishayee A. Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressive Components of the Cell Cycle in Breast Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040569. [PMID: 33920506 PMCID: PMC8072616 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a disease of inappropriate cell proliferation, is strongly interconnected with the cell cycle. All cancers consist of an abnormal accumulation of neoplastic cells, which are propagated toward uncontrolled cell division and proliferation in response to mitogenic signals. Mitogenic stimuli include genetic and epigenetic changes in cell cycle regulatory genes and other genes which regulate the cell cycle. This suggests that multiple, distinct pathways of genetic alterations lead to cancer development. Products of both oncogenes (including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs) and cyclins) and tumor suppressor genes (including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) regulate cell cycle machinery and promote or suppress cell cycle progression, respectively. The identification of cyclins and CDKs help to explain and understand the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle machinery. During breast cancer tumorigenesis, cyclins A, B, C, D1, and E; cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs); and CDK-inhibitor proteins p16, p21, p27, and p53 are known to play significant roles in cell cycle control and are tightly regulated in normal breast epithelial cells. Following mitogenic stimuli, these components are deregulated, which promotes neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Multiple studies implicate the roles of both types of components-oncogenic CDKs and cyclins, along with tumor-suppressing cyclin-dependent inhibitors-in breast cancer initiation and progression. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed that there is a prognostic significance for screening for these described components, regarding patient outcomes and their responses to therapy. The aim of this review article is to summarize the roles of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive components of the cell cycle in breast cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, Punjab, India;
| | | | - Elise N. Sandberg
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
| | - Neelam Goel
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: (N.G.); or (A.B.)
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.G.); or (A.B.)
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15
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Singh SP, Mishra A, Shyanti RK, Singh RP, Acharya A. Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Carica papaya Leaf Extract (AgNPs-PLE) Causes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Prostate (DU145) Cancer Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1316-1331. [PMID: 32557113 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer has been limited by the poor efficacy and toxicity profiles of available drugs. There is a growing demand to develop alternative approaches to combat cancer such as use of nano-formulation-based drugs. Here, we report biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with papaya leaf extract (PLE) and its anti-cancer properties against different human cancer cells. Purified nanoparticles were characterized by standard techniques, such as TEM, STM, SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity of AgNPs-PLE was carried out against different human cancer cells and non-tumorigenic human keratinocytes cells. AgNPs-PLE when compared with AgNPs-citric acid or PLE showed better efficacy against cancer cells and was also relatively less toxic to normal cells. Treatment of DU145 cells with AgNPs-PLE (0.5-5.0 μg/ml) for 24-48 h lowered total cell number by 24-36% (P < 0.05). Inhibition of cell growth was linked with arrest of cell cycle at G2/M phase at 24 h, while G1 and G2/M phase arrests at 48 h. ROS production was observed at earlier time points in presence of AgNPs-PLE, suggesting its role behind apoptosis in DU145 cells. Induction of apoptosis (57%) was revealed by AO/EB staining in DU145 cells along with induction of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP proteins. G1-S phase cell cycle check point marker, cyclin D1 was down-regulated along with an increase in cip1/p21 and kip1/p27 tumor suppressor proteins by AgNPs-PLE. These findings suggest the anti-cancer properties of AgNPs-PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Abhijeet Mishra
- Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritis K Shyanti
- Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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16
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Buskaran K, Bullo S, Hussein MZ, Masarudin MJ, Mohd Moklas MA, Fakurazi S. Anticancer Molecular Mechanism of Protocatechuic Acid Loaded on Folate Coated Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Delivery System in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040817. [PMID: 33572054 PMCID: PMC7915244 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is listed as the fifth-ranked cancer, responsible for 9.1% of all cancer deaths globally due to its assertive nature and poor survival rate. To overcome this obstacle, efforts have been made to ensure effective cancer therapy via nanotechnology utilization. Recent studies have shown that functionalized graphene oxide (GO)-loaded protocatechuic acid has shown some anticancer activities in both passive and active targeting. The nanocomposites’ physicochemical characterizations were conducted. A lactate dehydrogenase experiment was conducted to estimate the severity of cell damage. Subsequently, a clonogenic assay was carried out to examine the colony-forming ability during long-term exposure of the nanocomposites. The Annexin V/ propidium iodide analysis showed that nanocomposites induced late apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Following the intervention of nanocomposites, cell cycle arrest was ascertained at G2/M phase. There was depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and an upregulation of reactive oxygen species when HepG2 cells were induced by nanocomposites. Finally, the proteomic profiling array and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins induced by graphene oxide conjugated PEG loaded with protocatechuic acid drug folic acid coated nanocomposite (GOP–PCA–FA) in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, GOP–PCA–FA nanocomposites treated HepG2 cells exhibited significant anticancer activities with less toxicity compared to pristine protocatechuic acid and GOP–PCA nanocomposites, due to the utilization of a folic acid-targeting nanodrug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Buskaran
- Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutic, Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Saifullah Bullo
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.B.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (S.B.); (M.Z.H.)
| | - Mas Jaffri Masarudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory for Vaccine and Immunotherapeutic, Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-2352
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17
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Dang L, Wang Y, Shi C, Liao M, Sun Z, Fang S. A Potential Tumor Suppressor Gene Named miR-508-5p Inhibited the Proliferation and Invasion of Human Melanoma Cells by Targeting KIT. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820951801. [PMID: 33000689 PMCID: PMC7533916 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820951801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the main death cause of human skin cancer. Increasing evidences demonstrate that microRNAs act as key roles in mediating tumor occurrence and progression. MiR-508-5p has proved to participate in the development of various types of human malignancies. However, the role of miR-508-5p in melanoma remained unclear. In in vitro study, miR-508-5p level in peripheral blood samples of patients with melanoma and human melanoma A375 cells was downregulated compared to that in normal peripheral blood samples or normal human epidermal melanocytes (MHEM). MiR-508-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration and invasion in A375 cells, and thus inhibiting KIT expression at both gene and protein levels. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed miR-508-5p reduced cell proliferation by targeting KIT to modulate RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Taken together, we speculated that miR-508-5p functioned as an important suppressor in human melanoma by targeting KIT, suggesting miR-508-5p might be a promising tumor suppressor gene for further target therapies from bench to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cuiping Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengsi Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaojun Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sining Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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18
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Hlisníková H, Petrovičová I, Kolena B, Šidlovská M, Sirotkin A. Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates' Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6811. [PMID: 32961939 PMCID: PMC7559247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Hlisníková
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.P.); (B.K.); (M.Š.); (A.S.)
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19
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Shaikh MH, Barrett JW, Khan MI, Kim HAJ, Zeng PYF, Mymryk JS, Nichols AC. Chromosome 3p loss in the progression and prognosis of head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2020; 109:104944. [PMID: 32828022 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by aggressive behavior with a tendency for recurrence and metastasis. Analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and other cohort studies suggest that the loss of the chromosomal 3p arm is a frequent genetic event observed in both human papillomavirus positive and negative HNSCC. Early molecular analyses (i.e. RFLP, CGH) identified three common regions (3p14.2, 3p21.3 and 3p25) that frequently exhibited loss of genetic material on one arm of the 3p chromosome. More recently, next generation sequencing has revealed the loss of larger regions of this arm. Here we review the role of chromosomal 3p arm loss in early initiation and progression of HNSCC, and its relationship with poor patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiq Hassan Shaikh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed I Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh A J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Y F Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Mishra RK, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Kumar A, Khan R. Understanding the Monoclonal Antibody Involvement in Targeting the Activation of Tumor Suppressor Genes. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1810-1823. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200616133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have always provided outstanding therapeutic arsenal in the
treatment of cancer, be it hematological malignancies or solid tumors. Monoclonal antibodies mediated
targeting of cancer genes in general and tumor-suppressor genes, in particular, have appreciably allowed
the possibilities of trafficking these antibodies to specific tumor mechanisms and aim for the pin-point
maneuvered tumor treatment strategies. The conventional cancer treatment options are associated with
enormous limitations like drug resistance, acute and pan-toxic side effects and collateral damage to other
unrelated cells and organs. Therefore, monoclonal antibody-mediated treatments have some special advantages
of specific targeting of cancer-related genes and minimizing the off-target side effects. A large
number of monoclonal antibody-mediated treatment regimen viz. use of immunoconjugates, clinically
targeting TGFβ with pan-TGFβ monoclonal antibodies, p53 by its monoclonal antibodies and EGFRtargeted
monoclonal antibodies, etc. have been observed in the recent past. In this review, the authors
have discussed some of the significant advances in the context of targeting tumor suppressor genes with
monoclonal antibodies. Approximately 250 articles were scanned from research databases like PubMed
central, Europe PubMed Central and google scholar up to the date of inception, and relevant reports on
monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of cancer genes were selected. mAb mediated targeting of tumor
suppressor genes is a recent grey paradigm, which has not been explored up to its maximum potential.
Therefore, this review will be of appreciable significance that it will boost further in-depth understanding
of various aspects of mAb arbitrated cancer targeting and will warrant and promote further rigorous
research initiatives in this regard. The authors expect that this review will acquaint the readers
with the current status regarding the recent progress in the domain of mAbs and their employability and
targetability towards tumor suppressor genes in anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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21
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Protective Effects of Salicornia europaea on UVB-Induced Misoriented Cell Divisions in Skin Epithelium. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Correct orientation of cell division is extremely important in the maintenance, regeneration, and repair of continuously proliferating tissues, such as the epidermis. Regulation of the axis of division of epidermal cells prevents the apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation, and eventually the cancer. Thus, the orientation of cell division is critical for maintaining the tissue architecture. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. europaea extract on the texture of human skin and the behavior of these cells during skin morphogenesis. In sun-exposed skin, S. europaea improved the texture. A multilayered, highly differentiated in vitro skin model indicated that, S. europaea extract suppressed the UVB-induced changes in the morphology of basal keratinocytes. Orientation of cell division was determined by measuring the axis of mitosis in the vertical sections of our experimental model. Analyses of the digital images revealed that S. europaea preserved the axis of division of basal keratinocytes from UVB-induced perturbations. Our findings uncover a new mechanism by which S. europaea responds to the spindle misorientation induced by UVB.
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Wu CY, Chan CH, Dubey NK, Wei HJ, Lu JH, Chang CC, Cheng HC, Ou KL, Deng WP. Highly Expressed FOXF1 Inhibit Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Growth via Inducing Tumor Suppressor and G1-Phase Cell-Cycle Arrest. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093227. [PMID: 32370197 PMCID: PMC7246752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer pathogenesis results from genetic alteration-induced high or low transcriptional programs, which become highly dependent on regulators of gene expression. However, their role in progressive regulation of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and how these dependencies may offer opportunities for novel therapeutic options remain to be understood. Previously, we identified forkhead box F1 (FOXF1) as a reprogramming mediator which leads to stemnesss when mesenchymal stem cells fuse with lung cancer cells, and we now examine its effect on lung cancer through establishing lowly and highly expressing FOXF1 NSCLC engineered cell lines. Higher expression of FOXF1 was enabled in cell lines through lentiviral transduction, and their viability, proliferation, and anchorage-dependent growth was assessed. Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to analyze cellular percentage in cell-cycle phases and levels of cellular cyclins, respectively. In mice, tumorigenic behavior of FOXF1 was investigated. We found that FOXF1 was downregulated in lung cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. Cell proliferation and ability of migration, anchorage-independent growth, and transformation were inhibited in H441-FOXF1H and H1299-FOXF1H, with upregulated tumor suppressor p21 and suppressed cellular cyclins, leading to cell-cycle arrest at the gap 1 (G1) phase. H441-FOXF1H and H1299-FOXF1H injected mice showed reduced tumor size. Conclusively, highly expressing FOXF1 inhibited NSCLC growth via activating tumor suppressor p21 and G1 cell-cycle arrest, thus offering a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Wu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Chan
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (N.K.D.); (H.-J.W.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-C.C.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Navneet Kumar Dubey
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (N.K.D.); (H.-J.W.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-C.C.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jian Wei
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (N.K.D.); (H.-J.W.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-C.C.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hua Lu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (N.K.D.); (H.-J.W.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-C.C.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Cheng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (N.K.D.); (H.-J.W.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-C.C.)
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- 3D Global Biotech Inc., New Taipei City 22175, Taiwan
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (N.K.D.); (H.-J.W.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-C.C.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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de Azevedo JWV, de Medeiros Fernandes TAA, Fernandes JV, de Azevedo JCV, Lanza DCF, Bezerra CM, Andrade VS, de Araújo JMG, Fernandes JV. Biology and pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1099-1116. [PMID: 31966039 PMCID: PMC6955653 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone tumor of mesenchymal origin, most frequently occurring during the rapid growth phase of long bones, and usually located in the epiphyseal growth plates of the femur or the tibia. Its most common feature is genome disorganization, aneuploidy with chromosomal alterations, deregulation of tumor suppressor genes and of the cell cycle, and an absence of DNA repair. This suggests the involvement of surveillance failures, DNA repair or apoptosis control during osteogenesis, allowing the survival of cells which have undergone alterations during differentiation. Epigenetic events, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome remodeling and expression of non-coding RNAs have been identified as possible risk factors for the tumor. It has been reported that p53 target genes or those genes that have their activity modulated by p53, in addition to other tumor suppressor genes, are silenced in OS-derived cell lines by hypermethylation of their promoters. In osteogenesis, osteoblasts are formed from pluripotent mesenchymal cells, with potential for self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation into various cell types. This involves complex signaling pathways and multiple factors. Any disturbance in this process can cause deregulation of the differentiation and proliferation of these cells, leading to the malignant phenotype. Therefore, the origin of OS seems to be multifactorial, involving the deregulation of differentiation of mesenchymal cells and tumor suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, epigenetic events and the production of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christiane Medeiros Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Vânia Sousa Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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Analysis of polymorphisms, promoter methylation, and mRNA expression profile of maternal and placental P53 and P21 genes in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:92. [PMID: 31703578 PMCID: PMC6842146 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preeclampsia (PE), as a multisystem disorder, is associated with maternal hypertension and proteinuria. Apoptosis seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of PE, although its precise pathogenic mechanisms are not well established. In this study, we aimed to identify the association between maternal TP53-rs1042522, P21-rs1801270, and P21-rs1059234 polymorphisms and PE. In addition, we examined the effects of promoter methylation and TP53 and P21 polymorphisms on placental mRNA expression in PE women. Methods The blood of 226 PE women and 228 normotensive pregnant women was examined in this study. In addition, the placentas were genotyped in 109 PE and 112 control women. The methylation status was assessed by a methylation-specific PCR assay, while mRNA expression was examined via Quantitative Real Time PCR. Results The maternal and placental P21-rs1801270 CA genotype had a significant association with the reduced risk of PE. In the dominant, recessive, and allelic models, maternal/placental P21-rs1059234 polymorphism had no statistically significant association with the risk of PE. On the other hand, the reduced risk of PE was associated with maternal, but not placental TP53-rs1042522 polymorphism in the dominant and recessive models. The maternal and placental P21-rs1801270 polymorphism was associated with PE risk. The maternal P21 Trs1059234Crs1801270 haplotype was associated with 3.4-fold increase in PE risk, However the maternal P21 Trs1059234Ars 1801270 haplotype and placental Crs1059234CA rs1801270 haplotype led to 0.5 and 0.4-fold decrease in PE risk, respectively. PE women showed 5.6 times higher levels of placental mRNA expression of TP53 gene, although it was not associated with rs1042522 polymorphism. The relative placental mRNA expression of P21 gene was 0.2 in PE women. It was also 2.4 times higher in individuals with rs1801270CA genotype than those with AA genotype. The hyper-methylation of P21 and TP53 genes in the promoter region was associated with a 3.4-fold and 3-fold increase in PE risk, respectively. However, no association was found between P21 and TP53 mRNA expression and promoter methylation. Conclusion In conclusion, P21-rs1801270 and TP53-rs1042522 polymorphisms were involved in reduced risk of PE. P21-rs1801270 was associated with decreased P21 mRNA expression. The hyper-methylation of P21 and TP53 genes in the promoter region was associated with a higher PE risk.
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25
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Marin M, Burucúa M, Rensetti D, Rosales JJ, Odeón A, Pérez S. Differential expression of cyclins mRNA in neural tissues of BoHV-1- and BoHV-5- infected cattle. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103691. [PMID: 31445121 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus types 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) are closely related alphaherpesviruses. BoHV-5 causes non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in calves. BoHV-1 is associated with several syndromes and, occasionally, can cause encephalitis. Although both viruses are neurotropic and they share similar biological properties, it is unknown why these alphaherpesviruses differ in their ability to cause neurological disease. Neural tissue samples were collected from BoHV-1- and BoHV-5-intranasally inoculated calves during acute infection, latency and reactivation and the levels of cyclins mRNA expression were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Striking differences in the levels of cyclins mRNA were particularly detected in trigeminal ganglion (TG). The expression levels of cyclins in TG during BoHV-5 latency suggest that these viruses utilize different strategies to persist in the host. It is apparent that a relationship between virus loads and cyclin mRNA levels can be established only during acute infection and other factors might be involved in the regulation of cell cycle components during BoHV latency and reactivation. Bovine alphaherpesviruses neuropathogenicity might be influenced by the differential control of cell cycle components by these herpesviruses. This is the first report on BoHV-5 modulation of cyclins expression in neural tissues from its natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Marin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Burucúa
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Rensetti
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Juan José Rosales
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil, 7000, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Anselmo Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Ruta 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil, 7000, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Tandil, 7000, Argentina.
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SIRT2 Contributes to the Resistance of Melanoma Cells to the Multikinase Inhibitor Dasatinib. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050673. [PMID: 31091806 PMCID: PMC6562913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and can only be cured if detected early. Unfortunately, later stages of the disease do not guarantee success due to the rapid rate of melanoma cell metastasis and their high resistance to applied therapies. The search for new molecular targets and targeted therapy may represent the future in the development of effective methods for combating this cancer. SIRT2 is a promising target; thus, we downregulated SIRT2 expression in melanoma cells in vertical growth and metastatic phases and demonstrated that sirtuin acts as regulator of the basic functions of melanoma cells. A detailed transcriptomic analysis showed that SIRT2 regulates the expression of multiple genes encoding the tyrosine kinase pathways that are molecular targets of dasatinib. Indeed, cells with low SIRT2 expression were more susceptible to dasatinib, as demonstrated by multiple techniques, e.g., neutral red uptake, 3/7 caspase activity, colony formation assay, and in vitro scratch assay. Furthermore, these cells showed an altered phosphorylation profile for proteins playing roles in the response to dasatinib. Thus, our research indicates new, previously unknown SIRT2 functions in the regulation of gene expression, which is of key clinical significance.
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Bandilovska I, Keam SP, Gamell C, Machicado C, Haupt S, Haupt Y. E6AP goes viral: the role of E6AP in viral- and non-viral-related cancers. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:707-714. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since its discovery, the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) has been studied extensively in two pathological contexts: infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and the neurodevelopmental disorder, Angelman syndrome. Vital biological links between E6AP and other viruses, namely hepatitis C virus and encephalomyocarditis virus, have been recently uncovered. Critically, oncogenic E6AP activities have been demonstrated to contribute to cancers of both viral and non-viral origins. HPV-associated cancers serve as the primary example of E6AP involvement in cancers driven by viruses. Studies over the past few years have exposed a role for E6AP in non-viral-related cancers. This has been demonstrated in B-cell lymphoma and prostate cancers, where oncogenic E6AP functions drive these cancers by acting on key tumour suppressors. In this review we discuss the role of E6AP in viral infection, viral propagation and viral-related cancer. We discuss processes affected by oncogenic E6AP, which promote cancers of viral and non-viral aetiology. Overall, recent findings support the role of oncogenic E6AP in disrupting key cellular processes, including tumour suppression and the immune response. E6AP is consequently emerging as an attractive therapeutic target for a number of specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Machicado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Priebe MK, Dewert N, Amschler K, Erpenbeck L, Heinzerling L, Schön MP, Seitz CS, Lorenz VN. c-Rel is a cell cycle modulator in human melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:121-128. [PMID: 30466153 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma progression and resistance to therapy are associated with faulty regulation of signalling molecules including the central transcription factor NF-κB. Increased expression of the c-Rel subunit of NF-κB has been described in progressing melanoma, though mechanistic implications of this upregulation remain unclear. To elucidate the functional role of c-Rel in melanoma biology, we have assessed its expression in human melanoma as well as in melanoma cell lines. Suppression of c-Rel expression in four melanoma cell lines resulted in reduced growth and altered cell cycle regulation, namely G2/M and polyploid phase induction. Moreover, mitotic spindle morphology was profoundly altered in three of the cell lines with a predominance of monopolar structures. These findings suggest that c-Rel is involved in G2/M phase regulation, prevention of polyploidy and, consequently, chromosomal stability. Our results highlight a novel tumor-promoting function of c-Rel in human melanoma cells through governing cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Priebe
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadin Dewert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia S Seitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Verena N Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg-August-University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Korbolina EE, Brusentsov II, Bryzgalov LO, Leberfarb EY, Degtyareva AO, Merkulova TI. Novel approach to functional SNPs discovery from genome-wide data reveals promising variants for colon cancer risk. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:851-859. [PMID: 29573091 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, the genetic basis of predisposition remains unexplained. The goal of the study was to assess the regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) in the human genome and to reveal СRC drivers based on the available chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq, ChIA-PET) and transcriptional profiling (RNA-Seq) data. We combined positional (locations within genome regulatory elements) and functional (associated with allele-specific binding and expression) criteria followed by an analysis using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and minor allele frequency (MAF) datasets. DeSeq2 analysis through 70 CRC patients reinforced the regulatory potential. rSNPs (1,476) that were associated with significant (P < 0.01) allele-specific events resulting in thirty that exhibited a link with CRC according to the MAF and 27, with a risk of malignancy in general according to GWAS. Selected rSNPs may modify the expression of genes for tumor suppressors and the regulators of signaling pathways, including noncoding RNAs. However, the rSNPs from the most represented group affect the expression of genes related to splicing. Our findings strongly suggest that the identified variants might contribute to CRC susceptibility, which indicates that aberrant splicing is one of the key mechanisms for unraveling disease etiopathogenesis and provides useful inputs for interpreting how genotypic variation corresponds to phenotypic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Korbolina
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novisibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ilja I Brusentsov
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid O Bryzgalov
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Yu Leberfarb
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tatyana I Merkulova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novisibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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30
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Vogt G. Investigating the genetic and epigenetic basis of big biological questions with the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish: A review and perspectives. J Biosci 2018; 43:189-223. [PMID: 29485126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 15 years, considerable attempts have been undertaken to develop the obligately parthenogenetic marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis as a new model in biology. Its main advantage is the production of large numbers of offspring that are genetically identical to the mother, making this crustacean particularly suitable for research in epigenetics. Now, a draft genome, transcriptome and genome-wide methylome are available opening new windows for research. In this article, I summarize the biological advantages and genomic and epigenetic features of marbled crayfish and, based on first promising data, discuss what this new model could contribute to answering of ''big'' biological questions. Genome mining is expected to reveal new insights into the genetic specificities of decapod crustaceans, the genetic basis of arthropod reproduction, moulting and immunity, and more general topics such as the genetic underpinning of adaptation to fresh water, omnivory, biomineralization, sexual system change, behavioural variation, clonal genome evolution, and resistance to cancer. Epigenetic investigations with the marbled crayfish can help clarifying the role of epigenetic mechanisms in gene regulation, tissue specification, adult stem cell regulation, cell ageing, organ regeneration and disease susceptibility. Marbled crayfish is further suitable to elucidate the relationship between genetic and epigenetic variation, the transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic signatures and the contribution of epigenetic phenotype variation to the establishment of social hierarchies, environmental adaptation and speciation. These issues can be tackled by experiments with highly standardized laboratory lineages, comparison of differently adapted wild populations and the generation of genetically and epigenetically edited strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,
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Vogt G. Investigating the genetic and epigenetic basis of big biological questions with the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish: A review and perspectives. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tang Y, Xie M, Jiang N, Huang F, Zhang X, Li R, Lu J, Liao S, Liu Y. Icarisid II inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28621234 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Icarisid II, one of the main active components of Herba Epimedii extracts, shows potent antitumor activity in various cancer cell lines, including osteosarcoma cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of icarisid II against osteosarcoma U2OS needs further exploration. This study aims to investigate further antitumor effects of icarisid II on human osteosarcoma cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism. We cultivated human osteosarcoma USO2 cells in vitro using different concentrations of icarisid II (0-30 µM). Cell viability was detected at 24, 48, and 72 h using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide analysis. Cell cycle was tested by flow cytometry after treatment with icarisid II for 48 h. Annexin V-allophycocyanin and 7-aminoactinomycin D staining were conducted to detect cell apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were performed to measure the levels of genes and proteins related to cell cycle and apoptosis. Results showed that icarisid II significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values were 14.44, 11.02, and 7.37 µM at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Cell cycle was arrested in the G2/M phase in vitro. In addition, icarisid II upregulated the expression levels of P21 and CyclinB1 whereas downregulated the expression levels of CyclinD1, CDC2, and P-Cdc25C, which were related to cell cycle arrest in U2OS cells. The cell apoptotic rate increased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with icarisid II for 48 h. Icarisid II induced apoptosis by upregulating Bax, downregulating Bcl-2, and activating apoptosis-related proteins, including cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. These data indicate that icarisid II exhibits an antiproliferation effect on human osteosarcoma cells and induces apoptosis by activating the caspase family in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro. Therefore, icarisid II may be used as a candidate agent for the clinical treatment of osteosarcoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tang
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mao Xie
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Neng Jiang
- 2 Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ruishan Li
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- 1 The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shijie Liao
- 3 Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Liu
- 3 Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Câmara DAD, Porcacchia AS, Costa AS, Azevedo RA, Kerkis I. Murine melanoma cells incomplete reprogramming using non-viral vector. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28618452 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The reprogramming of cancer cells into induced pluripotent stem cells or less aggressive cancer cells can provide a modern platform to study cancer-related genes and their interactions with cell environment before and after reprogramming. Herein, we aimed to investigate the reprogramming capacity of murine melanoma B16F10 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The B16F10 was transfected using non-viral circular DNA plasmid containing the genes Sox-2, Oct4, Nanog, Lin28 and green fluorescent protein (GFP). These cells were characterized by immunofluorescence, analysis RT-PCR and cell cycle. RESULTS Our results demonstrated for the first time that reprogramming of B16F10 may be induced using non-viral minicircle DNA containing the four reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Lin 28, Nanog (OSLN) and the GFP reporter gene. The resulting clones are composed by epithelioid cells. These cells display characteristics of cancer stem cells, thus expressing pluripotent stem cell markers and dividing asymmetrically and symmetrically. Reprogrammed B16F10 cells did not form teratomas; however, they showed the suppression of tumourigenic abilities characterized by a reduced tumour size, when compared with parental B16F10 cell line. In contrast to parental cell line that showed accumulation of the cells in S phase of cell cycle, the cells of reprogrammed clones are accumulated in G1 phase. Long-term cultivation of reprogrammed B16F10 cells induces regression of their reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply that in result of reprogramming of B16F10 cells less aggressive Murine Melanoma Reprogrammed Cancer Cells may be obtained. These cells represent an interesting model to study mechanism of cells malignancy as well as provide a novel tool for anti-cancer drugs screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A D Câmara
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A S Porcacchia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A S Costa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Azevedo
- Departament of Immunology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - I Kerkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tong R, Yang Q, Wang C, Bi F, Jiang B. OVCA1 expression and its correlation with the expression levels of cyclin D1 and p16 in cervical cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2929-2936. [PMID: 28521400 PMCID: PMC5431343 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the associations between the protein and mRNA expression levels of ovarian cancer gene 1 (OVCA1), cyclin D1 and p16 and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in cervical lesions. The protein expression levels of OVCA1, cyclin D1 and p16 in 66 cases of cervical cancer, 64 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 34 normal cervix tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of OVCA1, cyclin D1 and p16 in cervical cancer and normal cervix cells were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that the protein expression levels of OVCA1 increased gradually, whereas its mRNA expression levels decreased gradually, in the progression from normal cervix tissue to CIN and cervical cancer (P<0.01). In addition, significant differences in the protein expression levels of OVCA1 between low-and high-level CIN, as well as between the early and advanced stages of cervical cancer, were observed (P<0.05). No significant associations were detected between the protein and mRNA expression levels of OVCA1 and the pathological type of cervical cancer or the presence of lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). The expression levels of OVCA1 mRNA and protein were positively correlated with the levels of p16 expression (P<0.01). Significant differences were also observed in the OVCA1 protein and mRNA expression levels between the HR-HPV (+) and HR-HPV (−) groups (P<0.05). Therefore, aberrant expression of OVCA1 protein and mRNA may be important during the development of cervical lesions, particularly in the early stages. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the effects of OVCA1 during cervical cancer development may involve p16 and HPV, as the levels of OVCA1 in cervical lesions were correlated with abnormal expression of p16 and HR-HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tong
- Ward One of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Nanhu Branch of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China.,Ward Four of Tumor Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Ward One of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Nanhu Branch of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Ward Four of Tumor Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Bi
- Ward One of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Nanhu Branch of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Pathology Department, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
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Manimaran A, Buddhan R, Manoharan S. EMODIN DOWNREGULATES CELL PROLIFERATION MARKERS DURING DMBA INDUCED ORAL CARCINOGENESIS IN GOLDEN SYRIAN HAMSTERS. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017; 14:83-91. [PMID: 28573225 PMCID: PMC5446469 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cell-cycle disruption is the major characteristic features of neoplastic transformation and the status of cell-cycle regulators can thus be utilized to assess the prognostic significance in patients with cancer. The PCNA, cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6 and survivin expression in the buccal mucosa was utilized to evaluate the Emodin efficacy on abnormal cell proliferation during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced oral carcinogenesis in golden Syrian hamsters. Materials and methods: Topical application of DMBA, three times a week for 14 weeks, on the hamsters’ buccal pouches developed well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Results: Cyclin D1 and PCNA over-expression and up-regulation of CDK4, CDK6 and survivin were noticed in the buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Emodin administration (50mg/kg b.w) orally to hamsters treated with DMBA down-regulated the expression of cell proliferation markers in the buccal mucosa. Conclusions: The anti-cell proliferative role of Emodin is owing to its modulating efficacy on cell-cycle markers towards the tumor suppression during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asokan Manimaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajamanickam Buddhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Manoharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, India
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Sharma R, Kumar D, Jha NK, Jha SK, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Re-expression of cell cycle markers in aged neurons and muscles: Whether cells should divide or die? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:324-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Salimi S, Shahrakipour M, Hajizadeh A, Mokhtari M, Mousavi M, Teimoori B, Yaghmaei M. Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism: Association with uterine leiomyoma risk and in silico analysis. Biomed Rep 2016; 6:237-241. [PMID: 28357079 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is the most common benign tumor causing considerable morbidity during the reproductive years in women. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a cell cycle regulatory protein that is required for the G1 phase, and increased expression levels of this protein may affect tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to assess the possible effect of the CCND1 G870A polymorphism on UL susceptibility. A total of 154 women with UL and 197 healthy women who were age-, body mass index (BMI)- and ethnicity-matched were genotyped for the CCND1 G870A (rs9344) polymorphism using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The effects of G870A transition on the structure of mRNA and proteins of CCND1 was evaluated using bioinformatics tools. The frequency of the CCND1 870AA genotype was significantly higher in women with UL compared with the control subjects, and the risk of UL was 1.4-fold higher in women with the AA genotype when compared with the GG genotype before and after adjusting for age, BMI, and ethnicity [odds ratio (OR), 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-2 (P=0.02)]. The frequency of CCND1 870GA genotype was not significantly different between the two groups. The frequency of the CCND1 870A allele was significantly higher in the women with UL when compared with the control subjects (57 vs. 48%; P=0.02). The in silico analysis revealed that the G870A transition may fundamentally alter the structure of the CCND1-mRNA. Thus, the CCND1 870AA genotype was associated with UL susceptibility in a sample of women from the southeast of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Salimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Shahrakipour
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Azam Hajizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mokhtari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran; Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Mousavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan 9861335856, Iran
| | - Batool Teimoori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran; Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743175, Iran
| | - Minoo Yaghmaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran
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Gao Z, Shi R, Yuan K, Wang Y. Expression and prognostic value of E2F activators in NSCLC and subtypes: a research based on bioinformatics analysis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14979-14987. [PMID: 27655285 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F activators (E2F1-3) codify a family of transcription factors (TFs) in higher eukaryotes. E2F activators are involved in the cell cycle regulation and synthesis of DNA in mammalian cells, and their overexpression has been detected in many human cancers. However, their clinical significance has not been deeply researched in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and bioinformatics analysis has never been reported to explore their clinical role in NSCLC. In the current study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of E2F activators in NSCLC patients through the "TCGA datasets" and the "Kaplan-Meier plotter" (KM plotter) database. Hazard ratio (HR), 95 % confidence intervals, and log-rank P were calculated. Compared with normal tissue samples, E2F activators were overexpressed in NSCLC tissues, in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues, and in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) tissues. In NSCLC patients, E2F1 expression was significantly correlated with age, sex, and tumor stage. E2F2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with sex and tumor size. We further demonstrated that E2F1 and E2F2 overexpressions were significantly associated with poor prognosis. In LUAD patients, E2F1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size and tumor stage. E2F2 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node status and tumor stage. E2F1 and E2F2 overexpression showed a significant association with poor prognosis, while E2F3 overexpression was significantly correlated to better prognosis. In LUSC patients, E2F1 was concluded to be significantly correlated with tumor stage. However, E2F activators were not found to be correlated to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojia Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzhou NO. 2 People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Run Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzhou NO. 2 People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzhou NO. 2 People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
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Abstract
Kidney cancer is a heterogenous disease encompassing several distinct clinicopathologic entities with different underlying molecular aberrations and clinical outcomes. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been shown to evoke immunologic responses that can impact the natural history of disease and clinical presentation. It is important to recognize atypical presentations of disease, including cutaneous manifestations. The incidence of skin metastases from RCC is low, yet needs to be appreciated in the appropriate setting; clinical presentation for these lesions is reviewed briefly. There are several hereditary syndromes that present with well characterized cutaneous lesions and are associated with an increased risk for RCC, including Von Hippel-Lindau and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndromes. Given that these skin lesions may be the first presenting sign for RCC, timely recognition is of essence and both are discussed in some detail. Several therapeutic options based on immunomodulation are approved for the treatment of advanced RCC. Dermatologic toxicities observed with these agents are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Amin
- Levine Cancer Institute at Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC.
| | - Earle F Burgess
- Levine Cancer Institute at Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
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Zhou X, Cui J, Liu S, Kong D, Sun H, Gu C, Wang H, Qiu X, Chang Y, Liu Z, Wang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of papilla and skin in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1779. [PMID: 26989617 PMCID: PMC4793329 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Papilla and skin are two important organs of the sea cucumber. Both tissues have ectodermic origin, but they are morphologically and functionally very different. In the present study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of the papilla and skin from the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) in order to identify and characterize gene expression profiles by using RNA-Seq technology. We generated 30.6 and 36.4 million clean reads from the papilla and skin and de novo assembled in 156,501 transcripts. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that cell part, metabolic process and catalytic activity were the most abundant GO category in cell component, biological process and molecular funcation, respectively. Comparative transcriptome analysis between the papilla and skin allowed the identification of 1,059 differentially expressed genes, of which 739 genes were expressed at higher levels in papilla, while 320 were expressed at higher levels in skin. In addition, 236 differentially expressed unigenes were not annotated with any database, 160 of which were apparently expressed at higher levels in papilla, 76 were expressed at higher levels in skin. We identified a total of 288 papilla-specific genes, 171 skin-specific genes and 600 co-expressed genes. Also, 40 genes in papilla-specific were not annotated with any database, 2 in skin-specific. Development-related genes were also enriched, such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, collagen-α2 and Integrin-α2, which may be related to the formation of the papilla and skin in sea cucumber. Further pathway analysis identified ten KEGG pathways that were differently enriched between the papilla and skin. The findings on expression profiles between two key organs of the sea cucumber should be valuable to reveal molecular mechanisms involved in the development of organs that are related but with morphological differences in the sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Cui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Derong Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - He Sun
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Chenlei Gu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongdi Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Balakrishnan A, Vyas A, Deshpande K, Vyas D. Pharmacological cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors: Implications for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2159-2164. [PMID: 26900281 PMCID: PMC4734993 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer accounts for a significant proportion of cancer deaths worldwide. The need to develop more chemotherapeutic agents to combat this disease is critical. Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), along with its binding partner cyclins, serve to control the growth of cells through the cell cycle. A new class of drugs, termed CDK inhibitors, has been studied in preclinical and now clinical trials. These inhibitors are believed to act as an anti-cancer drug by blocking CDKs to block the uncontrolled cellular proliferation that is hallmark of cancers like colorectal cancer. CDK article provides overview of the emerging drug class of CDK inhibitors and provides a list of ones that are currently in clinical trials.
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The Interplay of Reactive Oxygen Species, Hypoxia, Inflammation, and Sirtuins in Cancer Initiation and Progression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3907147. [PMID: 26798421 PMCID: PMC4699039 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3907147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ROS is a constant feature in living cells metabolizing O2. ROS concentration and compartmentation determine their physiological or pathological effects. ROS overproduction is a feature of cancer cells and plays several roles during the natural history of malignant tumor. ROS continuously contribute to each step of cancerogenesis, from the initiation to the malignant progression, acting directly or indirectly. In this review, we will (a) underline the role of ROS in the pathway leading a normal cell to tumor transformation and progression, (b) define the multiple roles of ROS during the natural history of a tumor, (c) conciliate many conflicting data about harmful or beneficial effects of ROS, (d) rethink the importance of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations in relation to the malignant progression, and (e) collocate all the cancer hallmarks in a mechanistic sequence which could represent a "physiological" response to the initial growth of a transformed stem/pluripotent cell, defining also the role of ROS in each hallmark. We will provide a simplified sketch about the relationships between ROS and cancer. The attention will be focused on the contribution of ROS to the signaling of HIF, NFκB, and Sirtuins as a leitmotif of cancer initiation and progression.
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