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Sethi J, Subramani V. Knock Knock. Indian J Nephrol 2024; 34:90. [PMID: 38645922 PMCID: PMC11003584 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_429_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sethi
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
| | - Vignesh Subramani
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
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Abderraman GM, Niang A, Mohamed T, Mahan JD, Luyckx VA. Understanding Similarities and Differences in CKD and Dialysis Care in Children and Adults. Semin Nephrol 2023; 43:151440. [PMID: 38016864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In lower-income settings there is often a dearth of resources and nephrologists, especially pediatric nephrologists, and individual physicians often find themselves caring for patients with chronic kidney diseases and end-stage kidney failure across the age spectrum. The management of such patients in high-income settings is relatively protocolized and permits high-volume services to run efficiently. The basic principles of managing chronic kidney disease and providing dialysis are similar for adults and children, however, given the differences in body size, causes of kidney failure, nutrition, and growth between children and adults with kidney diseases, nephrologists must understand the relevance of these differences, and have an approach to providing quality and safe dialysis to each group. Prevention, early diagnosis, and early intervention with simple therapeutic and lifestyle interventions are achievable goals to manage symptoms, complications, and reduce progression, or avoid kidney failure in children and adults. These strategies currently are easier to implement in higher-resource settings with robust health systems. In many low-resource settings, kidney diseases are only first diagnosed at end stage, and resources to pay out of pocket for appropriate care are lacking. Many barriers therefore exist in these settings, where specialist nephrology personnel may be least accessible. To improve management of patients at all ages, we highlight differences and similarities, and provide practical guidance on the management of children and adults with chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. It is important that children are managed with a view to optimizing growth and well-being and maximizing future options (eg, maintaining vein health and optimizing cardiovascular risk), and that adults are managed with attention paid to quality of life and optimization of physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mahamat Abderraman
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, Renaissance University Hospital Center, University of N'Djamena, Chad, Africa.
| | - Abdou Niang
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, Dalal Diam University Hospital Center, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal, Africa
| | - Tahagod Mohamed
- Pediatric Nephrology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus OH
| | - John D Mahan
- Pediatric Nephrology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus OH; Nationwide Children's Hospital Center for Faculty Development, Columbus OH
| | - Valerie A Luyckx
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Zamanfar D, Ghazaiean M. An overview of CYP27B1 enzyme mutation and management: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7007. [PMID: 36879673 PMCID: PMC9984874 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 (VDDRIA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the Cytochrome P450 Family 27 Subfamily B Member 1 (CYP27B1) gene, which encodes for the enzyme 1 alpha-hydroxylase. We report a known case of VDDRIA with hypotonia, growth and developmental disorders and discuss about the mutation and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zamanfar
- Pediatric Endocrinologist, Diabetes Research Center of Mazandaran Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Mobin Ghazaiean
- Student Research Committee Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
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Ogunmwonyi I, Adebajo A, Wilkinson JM. The genetic and epigenetic contributions to the development of nutritional rickets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1059034. [PMID: 36619587 PMCID: PMC9815715 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1059034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional rickets is an important disease in global health. Although nutritional rickets commonly manifests as bony deformities, there is an increased risk of life-threatening seizures secondary to hypocalcaemia. Dietary vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of nutritional rickets among children and infants. This is especially true in populations of darker skinned individuals in high-latitude environments due to decreased ultraviolet light exposure, and in populations in tropical and subtropical climates due to cultural practices. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that genetic factors might influence the likelihood of developing nutritional rickets by influencing an individual's susceptibility to develop deficiencies in vitamin D and/or calcium. This evidence has been drawn from a variety of different techniques ranging from traditional twin studies to next generation sequencing techniques. Additionally, the role of the epigenome in the development of rickets, although poorly understood, may be related to the effects of DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs on genes involved in bone metabolism. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence that investigates the genetic and epigenetic determinants of nutritional rickets.
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Menshawey E, Menshawey R, Nabeh OA. Shedding light on vitamin D: the shared mechanistic and pathophysiological role between hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19 risk factors and complications. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1017-1031. [PMID: 34185200 PMCID: PMC8239482 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is the culprit of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which has infected approximately 173 million people and killed more than 3.73 million. At risk groups including diabetic and obese patients are more vulnerable to COVID-19-related complications and poor outcomes. Substantial evidence points to hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for severe disease, the need for ICU, and mortality. 1,25(OH)D, a key regulator of calcium homeostasis, is believed to have various immune-regulatory roles including; promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines, down regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, dampening entry and replication of SARS-COV-2, and the production of antimicrobial peptides. In addition, there are strong connections which suggest that dysregulated 1,25(OH)D levels play a mechanistic and pathophysiologic role in several disease processes that are shared with COVID-19 including: diabetes, obesity, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, and even hypercoagulable states. With evidence continuing to grow for the case that low vitamin D status is a risk factor for COVID-19 disease and poor outcomes, there is a need now to address the public health efforts set in place to minimize infection, such as lock down orders, which may have inadvertently increased hypovitaminosis D in the general population and those already at risk (elderly, obese, and disabled). Moreover, there is a need to address the implications of this evidence and how we may apply the use of cheaply available supplementation, which has yet to overcome the near global concern of hypovitaminosis D. In our review, we exhaustively scope these shared pathophysiologic connections between COVID-19 and hypovitaminosis D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Menshawey
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr al Ainy, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Rahma Menshawey
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr al Ainy, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Omnia Azmy Nabeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Kasr al Ainy, Geziret Elroda, Manial, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
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Rickets in Children: An Update. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070738. [PMID: 34199067 PMCID: PMC8301330 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickets refers to a deficient mineralization of the growth plate cartilage, predominantly affecting longer bones. Despite the fact that preventive measures are available, it is still a common disease worldwide; nutritional rickets, due to vitamin D deficiency or dietary calcium inadequate intake, remains the most common form. Medical history, physical examination, radiologic features and biochemical tests are essential for diagnosis. Although recent studies suggest hypophosphatemia as the leading alteration, rickets is classically divided into two categories: calcipenic rickets and phosphopenic rickets. Knowledge of this categorization and of respective clinical and laboratory features is essential for rapid diagnosis and correct management. The aim of this review is to analyze the epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of the different forms of rickets, describing the novelties on this “long-lived” disease.
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Li Y, Yuan X, Chen R, Lin X, Shangguan H, Yang X, Zhang Y. Clinical and genetic analysis of two Chinese families with vitamin D-dependent rickets type IA and follow-up. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:273. [PMID: 33004071 PMCID: PMC7528464 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vitamin D-dependent rickets type IA (VDDR-IA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the early onset of severe rickets. The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to analyze the clinical characteristics and therapy of two patients with VDDR-IA from two separate Chinese families, and (2) investigate the CYP27B1 gene mutations in two large pedigrees. Methods Medical history, clinical manifestations, physical examination, radiological findings and laboratory data were analyzed from two patients with VDDR-IA. Serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1, 25-(OH)2D3] of the two patients and their respective families were measured by ELISA and blood samples from both families was obtained for CYP27B1 gene sequence. Results Two patients had typical manifestations and radiological evidence of rickets. Laboratory data showed hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia, along with high levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. However, serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 level were low in the patients but normal in their family members. Genetic sequence identified two patients were homozygous for a duplication mutation in exon 8 of CYP27B1 gene (c.1319_1325dupCCCACCC, p.Phe443Profs * 24). After treating with calcitriol and calcium, there was biochemical improvement with normalization of serum calcium and phosphorus, and radiographic evidence of compensatory skeletal mineralization. One patient developed nephrocalcinosis during follow-up. Conclusions This study identified a recurrent seven-nucleotide insertion of CYP27B1 in two large pedigrees, and compared the clinical characteristics and individual therapy of two affected patients. Additionally, our experience further supports the notion that nephrocalcinosis can occur even on standard doses of calcitriol and oral calcium, and normal level of serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH and 25-(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.,Affiliated Dongfeng General Hospital of Hubei Medical College, Shiyan, 442008, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Xiangquan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Huakun Shangguan
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 145, 817 Middle Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
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Chanchlani R, Nemer P, Sinha R, Nemer L, Krishnappa V, Sochett E, Safadi F, Raina R. An Overview of Rickets in Children. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:980-990. [PMID: 32647755 PMCID: PMC7335963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickets is a common bone disease worldwide that is associated with disturbances in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and can lead to short stature and joint deformities. Rickets can be diagnosed based on history and physical examination, radiological features, and biochemical tests. It can be classified into 2 major groups based on phosphate or calcium levels: phosphopenic and calcipenic. Knowledge of categorization of the type of rickets is essential for prompt diagnosis and proper management. Nutritional rickets is a preventable disease through adequate intake of vitamin D through both dietary and sunlight exposure. There are other subtypes of rickets, such as vitamin D-dependent type 1 rickets and vitamin D-dependent type 2 rickets (due to defects in vitamin D metabolism), renal rickets (due to poor kidney function), and hypophosphatemic rickets (vitamin D-resistant rickets secondary to renal phosphate wasting wherein fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) often plays a major role), which requires closer monitoring and supplementation with activated vitamin D with or without phosphate supplements. An important development has been the introduction of burosumab, a human monoclonal antibody to FGF-23, which is approved for the treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia among children 1 year and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chanchlani
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul Nemer
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajiv Sinha
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Lena Nemer
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Vinod Krishnappa
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Department of Public Health, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Etienne Sochett
- Division of Pediatrics Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fayez Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron Children Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
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Underland L, Markowitz M, Gensure R. Calcium and Phosphate Hormones: Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23. Pediatr Rev 2020; 41:3-11. [PMID: 31894068 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Underland
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, the University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Morri Markowitz
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, the University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert Gensure
- Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Akhtar Ali S, Mathalikunnel A, Bhardwaj V, Braskett M, Pitukcheewanont P. Nutritional hypophosphatemic rickets secondary to Neocate® use. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:1887-1891. [PMID: 31143989 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Elemental formula is commonly used in children with feeding intolerance. We describe two, medically complex and feeding tube dependent, patients exclusively fed with Neocate® who subsequently developed hypophosphatemic rickets. Both patients had gross motor decline and pain with physical touch. They were found to have low serum phosphorus, normal calcium, and vitamin D studies, with elevated alkaline phosphatase suggestive of nutritional hypophosphatemia. Both courses were complicated by hypocalcemia following formula change and phosphorus supplementation, highlighting the need for careful management of phosphate repletion in affected individuals. Diligent serial electrolyte monitoring as well as attention to bone health is needed in conjunction with elemental nutrition. Formula change led to restoration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and radiographic improvement in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akhtar Ali
- Center For Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), 4650 Sunset Blvd, # 61, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - A Mathalikunnel
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Bhardwaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CHLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Braskett
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, CHLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Pitukcheewanont
- Center For Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Division of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), 4650 Sunset Blvd, # 61, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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Clive B, Chobotuk T. An 18-month-old boy with growth failure and gross motor skill regression. Paediatr Child Health 2017; 22:363-364. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Karnik P, Dave N, Garasia M. Vitamin D resistant rickets: What an anesthesiologist should know. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33:550-551. [PMID: 29416255 PMCID: PMC5791276 DOI: 10.4103/joacp.joacp_124_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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