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Panda M, Dehuri P, Mohapatra D, Pandey AK. Diagnostic utility of transfer learning by using convolutional neural network for cytological diagnosis of malignant effusions. Diagn Cytopathol 2024. [PMID: 39007486 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytological analysis of effusion specimens provides critical information regarding the diagnosis and staging of malignancies, thus guiding their treatment and subsequent monitoring. Keeping in view the challenges encountered in the morphological interpretation, we explored convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as an important tool for the cytological diagnosis of malignant effusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of patients at our institute, over 3.5 years yielded a dataset of 342 effusion samples and 518 images with known diagnoses. Cytological examination and cell block preparation were performed to establish correlation with the gold standard, histopathology. We developed a deep learning model using PyTorch, fine-tuned it on a labelled dataset, and evaluated its diagnostic performance using test samples. RESULTS The model exhibited encouraging results in the distinction of benign and malignant effusions with area under curve (AUC) of 0.8674, F-measure or F1 score which denotes the harmonic mean of precision and recall, to be 0.8678 thus, demonstrating optimal accuracy of our CNN model. CONCLUSION The study highlights the promising potential of transfer learning in enhancing the clinical pathology laboratory efficiency when dealing with malignant effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Panda
- Department of Pathology, IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India
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Tweel JED, Ecclestone BR, Boktor M, Dinakaran D, Mackey JR, Reza PH. Automated Whole Slide Imaging for Label-Free Histology Using Photon Absorption Remote Sensing Microscopy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2024; 71:1901-1912. [PMID: 38231822 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2024.3355296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathologists rely on histochemical stains to impart contrast in thin translucent tissue samples, revealing tissue features necessary for identifying pathological conditions. However, the chemical labeling process is destructive and often irreversible or challenging to undo, imposing practical limits on the number of stains that can be applied to the same tissue section. Here we present an automated label-free whole slide scanner using a PARS microscope designed for imaging thin, transmissible samples. METHODS Peak SNR and in-focus acquisitions are achieved across entire tissue sections using the scattering signal from the PARS detection beam to measure the optimal focal plane. Whole slide images (WSI) are seamlessly stitched together using a custom contrast leveling algorithm. Identical tissue sections are subsequently H&E stained and brightfield imaged. The one-to-one WSIs from both modalities are visually and quantitatively compared. RESULTS PARS WSIs are presented at standard 40x magnification in malignant human breast and skin samples. We show correspondence of subcellular diagnostic details in both PARS and H&E WSIs and demonstrate virtual H&E staining of an entire PARS WSI. The one-to-one WSI from both modalities show quantitative similarity in nuclear features and structural information. CONCLUSION PARS WSIs are compatible with existing digital pathology tools, and samples remain suitable for histochemical, immunohistochemical, and other staining techniques. SIGNIFICANCE This work is a critical advance for integrating label-free optical methods into standard histopathology workflows.
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Tian F, Liu D, Wei N, Fu Q, Sun L, Liu W, Sui X, Tian K, Nemeth G, Feng J, Xu J, Xiao L, Han J, Fu J, Shi Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Hu C, Feng B, Sun Y, Wang Y, Yu G, Kong D, Wang M, Li W, Chen K, Li X. Prediction of tumor origin in cancers of unknown primary origin with cytology-based deep learning. Nat Med 2024; 30:1309-1319. [PMID: 38627559 PMCID: PMC11108774 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) site poses diagnostic challenges due to its elusive nature. Many cases of CUP manifest as pleural and peritoneal serous effusions. Leveraging cytological images from 57,220 cases at four tertiary hospitals, we developed a deep-learning method for tumor origin differentiation using cytological histology (TORCH) that can identify malignancy and predict tumor origin in both hydrothorax and ascites. We examined its performance on three internal (n = 12,799) and two external (n = 14,538) testing sets. In both internal and external testing sets, TORCH achieved area under the receiver operating curve values ranging from 0.953 to 0.991 for cancer diagnosis and 0.953 to 0.979 for tumor origin localization. TORCH accurately predicted primary tumor origins, with a top-1 accuracy of 82.6% and top-3 accuracy of 98.9%. Compared with results derived from pathologists, TORCH showed better prediction efficacy (1.677 versus 1.265, P < 0.001), enhancing junior pathologists' diagnostic scores significantly (1.326 versus 1.101, P < 0.001). Patients with CUP whose initial treatment protocol was concordant with TORCH-predicted origins had better overall survival than those who were administrated discordant treatment (27 versus 17 months, P = 0.006). Our study underscores the potential of TORCH as a valuable ancillary tool in clinical practice, although further validation in randomized trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Fu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Sui
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Kathryn Tian
- Harvard Dunster House, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jingyu Feng
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junya Han
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Fu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunjun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Dalu Kong
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Rajakumar HK, Coimbatore Sathyabal V, Vivekanandam A, Nasrin Jabarulla K, Balamurugesan P. Evaluation of nuclear morphometry in exfoliative cytology of buccal mucosa in patients with high risk of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2024; 152:106793. [PMID: 38581818 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer poses a significant global health burden, with India having the highest prevalence. Effective detection is crucial in effective prevention. This study aimed to evaluate nuclear morphometric parameters (NMPs) in buccal mucosa cells of smokers, correlate NMPs with dysplasia, establish cut off values for grading dysplasia, and investigate the relationship between NMPs and smoking. METHODS After obtaining ethical approval and informed consent, patients were recruited from the outpatient department of our institution. A target sample size of 250 was calculated. The data included smoking exposure quantified in pack-years, nuclear morphometric analysis (NMA) of buccal mucosa cells obtained through oral cytology using Image J, and the severity of dysplasia of the slides assessed by pathologists. Statistical analysis assessed the impact of dysplasia and the association between nuclear characteristics and smoking exposure. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots determined the potential of these parameters to distinguish dysplasia levels. RESULTS Significant differences in NMPs were observed among different smoking groups. Dysplasia severity had a significant correlation with NMPs, and strong correlations were found between NMPs and lifetime smoking exposure. ROC analysis established cut off values for NMPs with good sensitivity and specificity for classifying dysplasia severity. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of NMA as a tool for oral cancer screening. NMPs can distinguish dysplasia severity and correlate with tobacco (smoking). The efficiency of NMA in a non-invasive oral cytology offers promise for patient-centered screening Additionally, the findings suggest future applications in telepathology and the potential for AI integration in automated screening after conducting multicentric large-scale studies.
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Çalım-Gürbüz B, Güvendir İ, Söylemez-Akkurt T, Gürbüz G, Erdoğan-Durmuş Ş. The Journey of Material From Clinic to Pathology Laboratory: How Much Do Clinical Residents Know About This Process? Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:462-469. [PMID: 37437129 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231185090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Pathology plays a major role in the management of patients. Specimen delivery to a pathology laboratory is the first step in the process. Sending materials to the pathology laboratory should be included as part of residency training. The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and daily practice of residents who send materials to pathology laboratory. Methods. A 34-item questionnaire asking questions about biopsy/resection and cytology material handling and transportation was answered by 154 residents. Likert scaling and multiple-choice questions with a single answer were used to evaluate the responses. Their daily routines and levels of knowledge were statistically analyzed. Results. The mean age of the respondents was 29.1 ± 3.04 (range: 24-42 years), and 63% of the residents were male. The residents of the university hospital claimed that the clinical information they had learned about transferring material to the pathology laboratory was "sufficient" or "very sufficient" (statistically significant, P = .04). Correct answers about the process of sending biopsy/resection materials of experienced residents were statistically higher, while there was no statistical significance for questions about cytology materials (P = .005, P = .24, respectively). Conclusion. The pathway to correct diagnosis builds on an understanding of the significance of pathology material. In residency training, knowledge about delivering biopsy/resection material to pathology laboratory is mostly acquired through experience. Experienced residents seem to be less familiar with cytology materials. Clinicopathological meetings may solve the main problems, but both clinics and pathology departments need to emphasize this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Çalım-Gürbüz
- Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Pathology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrem Güvendir
- Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Pathology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gökhan Gürbüz
- Istanbul Bahcelievler State Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Istanbul, Turkey
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Work TM, Singhakarn C, Weatherby TM. Cytology in cnidaria using Exaiptasia as a model. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:37-53. [PMID: 38661136 DOI: 10.3354/dao03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A need exists for additional methods to examine cnidaria at the cellular level to aid our understanding of health, anatomy, and physiology of this important group of organisms. This need is particularly acute given that disease is emerging as a major factor in declines of ecologically important functional groups such as corals. Here we describe a simple method to process cnidarian cells for microscopic examination using the model organism Exaiptasia. We show that this organism has at least 18 cell types or structures that can be readily distinguished based on defined morphological features. Some of these cells can be related back to anatomic features of the animal both at the light microscope and ultrastructural level. The cnidome of Exaiptasia may be more complex than what is currently understood. Moreover, cnidarian cells, including some types of cnidocytes, phagocytize cells other than endosymbionts. Finally, our findings shed light on morphologic complexity of cell-associated microbial aggregates and their intimate intracellular associations. The tools described here could be useful for other cnidaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, PO Box 50187, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA
| | - Chutimon Singhakarn
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, PO Box 50187, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA
| | - Tina M Weatherby
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Biological Electron Microscope Facility, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Aalam SW, Ahanger AB, Masoodi TA, Bhat AA, Akil ASAS, Khan MA, Assad A, Macha MA, Bhat MR. Deep learning-based identification of esophageal cancer subtypes through analysis of high-resolution histopathology images. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1346242. [PMID: 38567100 PMCID: PMC10985197 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1346242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains a significant health challenge globally, with increasing incidence and high mortality rates. Despite advances in treatment, there remains a need for improved diagnostic methods and understanding of disease progression. This study addresses the significant challenges in the automatic classification of EC, particularly in distinguishing its primary subtypes: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, using histopathology images. Traditional histopathological diagnosis, while being the gold standard, is subject to subjectivity and human error and imposes a substantial burden on pathologists. This study proposes a binary class classification system for detecting EC subtypes in response to these challenges. The system leverages deep learning techniques and tissue-level labels for enhanced accuracy. We utilized 59 high-resolution histopathological images from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Esophageal Carcinoma dataset (TCGA-ESCA). These images were preprocessed, segmented into patches, and analyzed using a pre-trained ResNet101 model for feature extraction. For classification, we employed five machine learning classifiers: Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), AdaBoost (AD), Random Forest (RF), and a Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN). The classifiers were evaluated based on their prediction accuracy on the test dataset, yielding results of 0.88 (SVC and LR), 0.64 (DT and AD), 0.82 (RF), and 0.94 (FFNN). Notably, the FFNN classifier achieved the highest Area Under the Curve (AUC) score of 0.92, indicating its superior performance, followed closely by SVC and LR, with a score of 0.87. This suggested approach holds promising potential as a decision-support tool for pathologists, particularly in regions with limited resources and expertise. The timely and precise detection of EC subtypes through this system can substantially enhance the likelihood of successful treatment, ultimately leading to reduced mortality rates in patients with this aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wajid Aalam
- Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, India
| | - Abdul Basit Ahanger
- Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, India
| | - Tariq A. Masoodi
- Human Immunology Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A. Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammira S. Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Assif Assad
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, India
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, India
| | - Muzafar Rasool Bhat
- Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, India
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Kim J, Dwivedi G, Boughton BA, Sharma A, Lee S. Advances in cellular and tissue-based imaging techniques for sarcoid granulomas. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C10-C26. [PMID: 37955119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00507.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis embodies a complex inflammatory disorder spanning multiple systems, with its origin remaining elusive. It manifests as the infiltration of inflammatory cells that coalesce into distinctive noncaseous granulomas within afflicted organs. Unraveling this disease necessitates the utilization of cellular or tissue-based imaging methods to both visualize and characterize the biochemistry of these sarcoid granulomas. Although hematoxylin and eosin stain, standard in routine use alongside cytological stains have found utility in diagnosis within clinical contexts, special stains such as Masson's trichrome, reticulin, methenamine silver, and Ziehl-Neelsen provide additional varied perspectives of sarcoid granuloma imaging. Immunohistochemistry aids in pinpointing specific proteins and gene expressions further characterizing these granulomas. Finally, recent advances in spatial transcriptomics promise to divulge profound insights into their spatial orientation and three-dimensional (3-D) molecular mapping. This review focuses on a range of preexisting imaging methods employed for visualizing sarcoid granulomas at the cellular level while also exploring the potential of the latest cutting-edge approaches like spatial transcriptomics and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), with the overarching goal of shedding light on the trajectory of sarcoidosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwoo Kim
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Girish Dwivedi
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Onco-Fetal Ecosystem Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Silvia Lee
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Di Gianfrancesco L, Crestani A, Amodeo A, Corsi P, De Marchi D, Miglioranza E, Lista G, Simonetti F, Busetto GM, Maggi M, Pierconti F, Martini M, Montagner IM, Tormen D, Scapinello A, Marino F, Porreca A. The Role of Checkpoint Inhibitor Expression Directly on Exfoliated Cells from Bladder Cancer: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3119. [PMID: 37835862 PMCID: PMC10572290 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common type of cancer that affects the urinary bladder. The early detection and management of BCa is critical for successful treatment and patient outcomes. In recent years, researchers have been exploring the use of biomarkers as a non-invasive and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of BCa. One such biomarker is programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed on the surface of cancer cells and plays a crucial role in the evasion of the immune system. Studies have shown that the PD-L1 expression is higher in BCa tumors than in healthy bladder tissue. Additionally, PD-L1 expression might even be detected in urine samples in BCa patients, in addition to the examination of a histological sample. The technique is being standardized and optimized. We reported how BCa patients had higher urinary PD-L1 levels than controls by considering BCa tumors expressing PD-L1 in the tissue specimen. The expression of PD-L1 in urinary BCa cells might represent both a diagnostic and a prognostic tool, with the perspective that the PD-L1 expression of exfoliate urinary cells might reveal and anticipate eventual BCa recurrence or progression. Further prospective and longitudinal studies are needed to assess the expression of PD-L1 as a biomarker for the monitoring of BCa patients. The use of PD-L1 as a biomarker for the detection and monitoring of BCa has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes by allowing for earlier detection and more effective management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Gianfrancesco
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Crestani
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Amodeo
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Paolo Corsi
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Davide De Marchi
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Eugenio Miglioranza
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuliana Lista
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Francesca Simonetti
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Urology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Pierconti
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Pathology, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Isabella Monia Montagner
- Anatomy and Pathological Histology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy; (I.M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Debora Tormen
- Anatomy and Pathological Histology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy; (I.M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Scapinello
- Anatomy and Pathological Histology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy; (I.M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Filippo Marino
- Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angelo Porreca
- Department of Urology, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)—IRCCS, Headquarter of Castelfranco Veneto, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (P.C.); (D.D.M.); (E.M.); (G.L.); (F.S.); (A.P.)
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Kannan N, Ramani P. Comparative Analysis of Cytomorphology in Adolescent and Geriatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e44753. [PMID: 37809272 PMCID: PMC10556376 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exfoliation of the surface cells of the normal epithelium occurs as a result of physiological turnover. Epithelial cells are constantly renewed, and they are exfoliated or shed as they migrate from the basal layer to the uppermost layer of the epithelium. Oral exfoliative cytology involves the collection and microscopic evaluation of these shed cells or scraped epithelial cells, quantitatively and qualitatively. The objective of the present study was to analyze and compare the cytomorphometric features like cellular area, nuclear area, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio from buccal mucosal smears of adolescent and geriatric patients. This study highlights the changes in cell morphology in different age groups (adolescent and pediatric), which could be attributed to hormonal, habitual, and aging factors. Material and methods Buccal smear sample was collected from a total of 60 individuals belonging to the age groups of 11-19 years and above 60 years. The smears were stained with H&E and PAP (Papanicolaou) stain. Photomicrographs were taken in 40x, and measurements were calculated using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States). Cellular size, nuclear size, and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio were analyzed and compared between the two age groups using independent t-tests using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (Released 2013; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results A significant difference was observed in the cellular area and nuclear area between the two age groups with a p-value of 0.00. No significant findings were present in the nucleo-cytoplasmic area of the two age groups. Conclusion Cytomorphometric analysis has shown that there were variations in the cytoplasmic and nuclear areas among different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kannan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Chennai, IND
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Chennai, IND
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Dwivedi P, Lohiya A, Bahuguna P, Singh A, Sulaiman D, Singh MK, Rajsekar K, Rizwan SA. Cost-effectiveness of population-based screening for oral cancer in India: an economic modelling study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 16:100224. [PMID: 37694179 PMCID: PMC10485781 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Oral cancer screening reduces mortality associated with oral cancer. The current study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of commonly used screening techniques, namely conventional oral examination (COE), toluidine blue staining (TBS), oral cytology (OC), and light-based detection (LBD) in the Indian scenario. Methods The study used a Markov modelling approach to estimate the cost and health outcomes of four different approaches (COE, TBS, OC, and LBD) for screening oral cancer over time from a societal perspective. The discount rate was assumed as 3%. The outcomes estimated were oral cancer incident cases, deaths averted, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). To address the high burden of risk factors (tobacco and/or alcohol) in India, two Markov models were developed: Model A adopted a mass-screening strategy, whereas Model B adopted a high-risk screening strategy versus no screening. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was undertaken to address any parameter uncertainty. Findings Mass-screening using LBD at three years had the least incident cases (3271.68) and averted the maximum number of oral cancer deaths (459.76). High-risk screening using COE at ten years interval incurred the least lifetime cost of 2,292,816.21 US$ (182,794,468.26 INR). The high-risk strategies (US$/QALY), namely COE 5 years (-29.21), COE 10 years (-90.68), TBS 10 years (-60.54), and LBD 10 years (-13.51), were dominant over no-screening. Interpretation The most cost-saving approach was the conventional oral examination at an interval of 10 years for oral screening in high-risk populations above 30 years of age. Funding Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dwivedi
- Department of Public Health, Health Technology Assessment, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ayush Lohiya
- Department of Public Health, Health Technology Assessment, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Bahuguna
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Public Health, Health Technology Assessment, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Dahy Sulaiman
- Department of Public Health, Health Technology Assessment, Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manish Kumar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Kavitha Rajsekar
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Family and Health Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
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Poon IK, Chan RCK, Choi JSH, Ng JKM, Tang KT, Wong YYH, Chan KP, Yip WH, Tse GM, Li JJX. A comparative study of diagnostic accuracy in 3026 pleural biopsies and matched pleural effusion cytology with clinical correlation. Cancer Med 2023; 12:1471-1481. [PMID: 35848750 PMCID: PMC9883572 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleural effusion can be caused by a wide range of benign and malignant conditions. Pleural biopsy and effusion cytology represent two key methods of pathological diagnosis. To compare the performance these two methods, a large cohort of matched pleural biopsy and effusion cytology with clinical follow-up was reviewed. METHODS Pleural biopsies and effusion cytology specimens over a period of 18 years were retrieved. Cytology specimens collected within 7 days of pleural biopsy were matched. Reports were reviewed, and the cause for pleural effusion was determined by hospital disease coding and clinical data. RESULTS Totally, 3026 cases were included. The leading cause of benign effusion was tuberculosis (n = 650). Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) was more common in older females (p < 0.001) and mostly due to lung cancer (n = 959), breast cancer (n = 64), and mesothelioma (n = 48). The inadequate/insufficient (B1/C1) rate of biopsy was higher than cytology (15.6% vs. 0.3%) but the rates for other diagnostic categories were similar. Biopsy and cytology showed a correlation coefficient of 0.315, improving to 0.449 when inadequate/insufficient (B1/C1) cases were excluded. The ROM for benign cytology (C2) was lower than biopsy (B2) (p < 0.001). Compared with biopsy, the diagnostic accuracy was higher in cytology overall and for metastatic carcinomas (p < 0.001) but lower for hematolymphoid malignancies (p = 0.014) and mesotheliomas (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that effusion cytology may be better for confirming benignity and diagnosing carcinomatous MPE. In these cases, pleural biopsy may be withheld to reduce procedural risks. However, for suspected hematolymphoid malignancies and mesothelioma, biopsy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Poon
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald C K Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph S H Choi
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Joanna K M Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Katsie T Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yolanda Y H Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Pang Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Ho Yip
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua J X Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Cytology Smears: An Enhanced Alternative Method for Colorectal Cancer pN Stage-A Multicentre Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246072. [PMID: 36551559 PMCID: PMC9775901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence remains a clinical problem. Some of these patients are true stage III CRC with a pN0 pathology stage. This large prospective multicentre cohort study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic ability of lymph node (LN) cytology smears to perform the pN stage and compare it with the conventional haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) pathology pN stage. Additionally, we used the One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA), a high-sensitive molecular method of LN staging. A total of 3936 fresh LNs from 217 CRC surgical specimens were examined by three methods, H&E, LN cytology smears, and OSNA. H&E detected 29% of patients with positive LNs, cytology smears 35%, and OSNA 33.2% (p < 0.0001). H&E and cytology concordantly classified 92.2% of tumours, and 88.5% between OSNA and H&E. Cytology had 96.8% sensitivity and 90.3% specificity to discriminate positive/negative patients compared to H&E (p = 0.004), and 87.3% sensitivity and 89% specificity when compared to OSNA (p = 0.56). Patients with positive LNs detected by any of the three methods had significantly worse disease-free and overall survival. We conclude that pN stage accuracy for detecting positive LNs is superior with LN cytological smears than with conventional H&E, which would enable a better pN stage and management of early-stage CRC patients.
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Sulaiman D, Lohiya A, Rizwan SA, Singh A, Dwivedi P, Bahuguna P, Dixit J, Verma A, Kumar V. Diagnostic Accuracy of Screening of Lip and Oral Cavity Cancers or Potentially Malignant Disorders (PMD) by Frontline Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3983-3991. [PMID: 36579978 PMCID: PMC9971487 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.12.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer screening strategies help reduce associated mortality and could be performed by a trained frontline health worker (FHW). The present review aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of commonly used screening modalities for oral cancer performed by FHW in apparently healthy individuals. METHODS Electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, were searched. The review included studies conducted where apparently healthy adult individuals were screened by the FHW for cancer or PMD of the lip and oral cavity by any of the four commonly used techniques - Conventional Oral Examination (COE), toluidine blue staining (TBS), Oral Cytology (OC), and Chemiluminescent Illumination (CLI). FINDINGS A total of 2,413 potentially relevant articles were retrieved from the search, among which five studies for COE were included in the review. Four out of those five studies were done before the year 2000. None of the studies fitted the inclusion criteria for TBS, OC, and CLI. Pooled sensitivity of oral screening by COE performed by an FHW (n=5) was 88.8% (95% CI: 71.6-96.1), whereas pooled specificity was 91.9% (95% CI: 78.3-97.3). On subgroup analysis, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of studies where the prevalence of disease was <50% (n=4) was 84.5% (95% CI: 62.6 - 94.7) and 94.1% (95% CI: 82.2 - 98.2), respectively. INTERPRETATION COE by trained FHW had high pooled sensitivity and specificity for screening of oral cancer and PMDs. The screening techniques TBS, OC, and CLI, were not studied for mass screening by trained FHW. COE by trained FHW could be utilized for oral screening in limited-resource settings. However, the FHW should be sufficiently trained to get the desired benefits of early detection. FUNDING Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahy Sulaiman
- Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ayush Lohiya
- Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - S A Rizwan
- ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pooja Dwivedi
- Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Bahuguna
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyoti Dixit
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Verma
- Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijendra Kumar
- Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India
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Man Ng JK, Chow C, Kin Chan RC, Pang Chan K, Xi Li JJ, Ching Li MS, To KF. EGFR testing in paraffin-embedded cell block cytology material is reliable with increased detection for effusion fluid. Lung Cancer 2022; 174:97-103. [PMID: 36356494 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytology is integral to lung cancer diagnosis. Aspiration and exfoliative fluid specimens represent valuable tumor material for molecular testing. In this study, a large retrospective cohort of EGFR tests was reviewed to address the adequacy, detection and discrepancy rate in tests performed with cytology material. METHODS EGFR tests performed from 2013 to 2022 were reviewed and classified by the modality of obtaining tissue and by tissue type. EGFR tests for tissue specimens were performed on unstained sections of paraffin-embedded material on glass slides. Adequacy and types of mutation(s) detected were analysed. Cases where multiple EGFR testing was performed on the same patient were reviewed for discordance. RESULTS There were 5,504 tests retrieved, with 1,855, 3,607 and 42 performed on cytology, surgical and blood specimens. Lung and excision specimens were more often adequate (p < 0.001). Cytology material showed lower adequacy rates (p < 0.01). EGFR detection (positive) rate was higher in pleural fluid compared to biopsy (59.8 % vs 50.7 %, p = 0.022), but similar between lung and lymph node cytology and non-cytology specimens. Effusion fluid specimens had the highest adequacy (81.5 %) and detection rate (59.3 %) among cytology specimens (p < 0.001). Four (4.4 %) cases showed discordant results in cytology specimens. Two were false negatives in the non-cytology material. Only in one case was cytology material genuinely discrepant. The remaining discordance was attributed to the interval treatment effect. CONCLUSION The findings support that EGFR testing in cell block is reliable and complements tissue material. In addition, pleural fluid appears to be superior to pleural biopsies for molecular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ka Man Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chit Chow
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald Cheong Kin Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Pang Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua Jing Xi Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Molly Siu Ching Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Thakur N, Alam MR, Abdul-Ghafar J, Chong Y. Recent Application of Artificial Intelligence in Non-Gynecological Cancer Cytopathology: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143529. [PMID: 35884593 PMCID: PMC9316753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted significant interest in the healthcare sector due to its promising results. Cytological examination is a critical step in the initial diagnosis of cancer. Here, we conducted a systematic review with quantitative analysis to understand the current status of AI applications in non-gynecological (non-GYN) cancer cytology. In our analysis, we found that most of the studies focused on classification and segmentation tasks. Overall, AI showed promising results for non-GYN cancer cytopathology analysis. However, the lack of well-annotated, large-scale datasets with Z-stacking and external cross-validation was the major limitation across all studies. Abstract State-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) has recently gained considerable interest in the healthcare sector and has provided solutions to problems through automated diagnosis. Cytological examination is a crucial step in the initial diagnosis of cancer, although it shows limited diagnostic efficacy. Recently, AI applications in the processing of cytopathological images have shown promising results despite the elementary level of the technology. Here, we performed a systematic review with a quantitative analysis of recent AI applications in non-gynecological (non-GYN) cancer cytology to understand the current technical status. We searched the major online databases, including MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, for relevant English articles published from January 2010 to January 2021. The searched query terms were: “artificial intelligence”, “image processing”, “deep learning”, “cytopathology”, and “fine-needle aspiration cytology.” Out of 17,000 studies, only 26 studies (26 models) were included in the full-text review, whereas 13 studies were included for quantitative analysis. There were eight classes of AI models treated of according to target organs: thyroid (n = 11, 39%), urinary bladder (n = 6, 21%), lung (n = 4, 14%), breast (n = 2, 7%), pleural effusion (n = 2, 7%), ovary (n = 1, 4%), pancreas (n = 1, 4%), and prostate (n = 1, 4). Most of the studies focused on classification and segmentation tasks. Although most of the studies showed impressive results, the sizes of the training and validation datasets were limited. Overall, AI is also promising for non-GYN cancer cytopathology analysis, such as pathology or gynecological cytology. However, the lack of well-annotated, large-scale datasets with Z-stacking and external cross-validation was the major limitation found across all studies. Future studies with larger datasets with high-quality annotations and external validation are required.
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Yaprak Bayrak B, Paksoy N. Geographic Distribution, Number, and Types of Papers Published in International Cytopathology Journals in the Last 5.5 Years: A Preliminary Study. Acta Cytol 2022; 66:228-234. [PMID: 35249008 DOI: 10.1159/000522271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the geographic distribution and number of papers published in international and Science Citation Index (SCI)-indexed cytology journals based on their country of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A country-based geographic analysis of studies published over a 5.5-year period from January 2016 to June 2021 in 5 cytopathology journals indexed as SCI and SCI-E with an impact factor higher than 1 (Cancer Cytopathology, Cytopathology, Diagnostic Cytopathology, Acta Cytologica, and CytoJournal) and papers categorized as "original" and "other" was performed. RESULTS A total of 3,063 papers were found, with 1,466 (47.8%) categorized as "original" papers and 1,597 (52.1%) designated as "other" papers. These papers were submitted from 62 different countries. The five countries with the greatest number of papers were the USA (38.4%), India (16.8%), Japan (7.4%), Italy (5.5%), and Brazil (3.1%). A general subgroup analysis was also performed on the original studies without a country breakdown. Cytomorphological, cytomorphological-immunohistochemical, and molecular assessments compose 38.5%, 45.7%, and 15% of the subgroups, respectively. CONCLUSION The number of academic papers originating from developing countries in the field of cytopathology has increased in recent years. Although most scientific papers are produced in developed countries, the rate in these countries is much lower than that in some developing countries as the rate of academic growth in developed countries has stabilized. Despite the widespread and sophisticated implementation of cytology in daily practice in Western European countries outside the UK, such as Germany and the Netherlands, and in Scandinavian countries and other developed countries, such as Australia and Canada, these countries rank in the middle to lower end of countries producing cytology papers. Meanwhile, there has been an increase in the number of cytology papers published by authors from Southern European countries, such as Italy (ranked 4th) and Spain (ranked 6th), and Turkey (ranked 8th). There is a remarkable increase in cytology papers originating from Asia, particularly India, Japan, and China. SUMMARY We aimed to present a basic survey of the geographic distribution of manuscript submissions to high-impact cytopathology journals and to point out emerging trends in cytology utilization and basic research. However, our results show that the landscape of cytology is changing and suggest geographic regions that are ripe for the production of novel "points of view" and new research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yaprak Bayrak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey
| | - Nadir Paksoy
- Cytopathology/FNA Private Practice, Izmit, Turkey
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Sood A, Mishra D, Yadav R, Bhatt K, Priya H. The Application of the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology to Oral Cytology: An Institutional Study. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/ziarrasua5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ali MM, Ahmed K, Bui FM, Paul BK, Ibrahim SM, Quinn JMW, Moni MA. Machine learning-based statistical analysis for early stage detection of cervical cancer. Comput Biol Med 2021; 139:104985. [PMID: 34735942 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common type of cancer in women and remains a significant cause of mortality, particularly in less developed countries, although it can be effectively treated if detected at an early stage. This study aimed to find efficient machine-learning-based classifying models to detect early stage CC using clinical data. We obtained a Kaggle data repository CC dataset which contained four classes of attributes including biopsy, cytology, Hinselmann, and Schiller. This dataset was split into four categories based on these class attributes. Three feature transformation methods, including log, sine function, and Z-score were applied to these datasets. Several supervised machine learning algorithms were assessed for their performance in classification. A Random Tree (RT) algorithm provided the best classification accuracy for the biopsy (98.33%) and cytology (98.65%) data, whereas Random Forest (RF) and Instance-Based K-nearest neighbor (IBk) provided the best performance for Hinselmann (99.16%), and Schiller (98.58%) respectively. Among the feature transformation methods, logarithmic gave the best performance for biopsy datasets whereas sine function was superior for cytology. Both logarithmic and sine functions performed the best for the Hinselmann dataset, while Z-score was best for the Schiller dataset. Various Feature Selection Techniques (FST) methods were applied to the transformed datasets to identify and prioritize important risk factors. The outcomes of this study indicate that appropriate system design and tuning, machine learning methods and classification are able to detect CC accurately and efficiently in its early stages using clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mamun Ali
- Department of Software Engineering (SWE), Daffodil International University (DIU), Sukrabad, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada; Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh.
| | - Francis M Bui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Bikash Kumar Paul
- Department of Software Engineering (SWE), Daffodil International University (DIU), Sukrabad, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh; Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Sobhy M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Zhou F, Shum E, Moreira AL. Molecular cytology of the respiratory tract and pleura. Cytopathology 2021; 33:14-22. [PMID: 34333812 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that molecular testing is feasible on all types of cytological preparation, which is fortunate as more diagnostic markers and biomarkers for targeted therapies are discovered for use in pulmonary and pleural malignancies. In this article we will discuss the pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic (interpretive) considerations for successful implementation of molecular tests for diagnostic and predictive markers in respiratory and pleural cytology. The vast majority of laboratories are familiar with, and have validated their molecular protocols for, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded surgical specimens, which are not directly applicable to cytology specimens. Thus, rigorous validation must be performed for each type of fixative and cytology preparation before it is implemented in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Shum
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Ryan L, Wong Y, Dwyer KM, Clarke D, Kyprian L, Craig JM. Coprocytobiology: A Technical Review of Cytological Colorectal Cancer Screening in Fecal Samples. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:591-604. [PMID: 34219541 DOI: 10.1177/24726303211024562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Ryan
- Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - YenTing Wong
- Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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Wang H, Zhang H, Da B, Lu D, Tamura R, Goto K, Watanabe I, Fujita D, Hanagata N, Kano J, Nakagawa T, Noguchi M. Mechanomics Biomarker for Cancer Cells Unidentifiable through Morphology and Elastic Modulus. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1538-1545. [PMID: 33476166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties are potential cancer biomarkers used for objective cytology to replace the current subjective method relying on cytomorphology. However, heterogeneity among intra/intercellular mechanics and the interplay between cytoskeletal prestress and elastic modulus obscured the difference detectable between malignant and benign cells. In this work, we collected high density nanoscale prestress and elastic modulus data from a single cell by AFM indentation to generate a cellular mechanome. Such high dimensional mechanome data was used to train a malignancy classifier through machine learning. The classifier was tested on 340 single cells of various origins, malignancy, and degrees of similarity in morphology and elastic modulus. The classifier showed instrument-independent robustness and classification accuracy of 89% with an AUC-ROC value of 93%. A signal-to-noise ratio 8 times that of the human-cytologist-based morphological method was also demonstrated, in differentiating precancerous hyperplasia cells from normal cells derived from the same lung cancer patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Wang
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Han Zhang
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bo Da
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dabao Lu
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamura
- International Center for Materials Architectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenta Goto
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikumu Watanabe
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Kano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakagawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Mondal K, Mandal R, Chakrabarti I. Cytological Evaluation of Palpebral Lesions: An Insight into its Limitations Aided with Histopathological Corroboration. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2020; 9:12-17. [PMID: 33850707 PMCID: PMC8030541 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_58_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Eyelids by virtue of its unique histomorphology give rise to multitudes of different pathological conditions. Appropriate preoperative cytological diagnoses of these cases are necessary to determine their optimal therapy. Aims: The aims of this study were to evaluate the utility of various cytological techniques in diagnosing the definite pathology for palpebral lesions and thereby to highlight the drawbacks associated with cytology in this context. Materials and Methods: Fine-needle cytology with or without applying the aspiration was the preferable method. Ulcerated lesions were sampled through scrapings. Results: Totally 62 cases were examined. Cytologically, 22 lesions were diagnosed as nonneoplastic, 38 lesions were neoplastic, and nondiagnostic material was obtained twice. Malignant tumors predominated among the neoplastic cases. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the most common malignancy observed. On histopathological corroboration, benign skin adnexal tumor was found to be the most frequently misinterpreted entity. Two (out of four cases) of those tumors were confirmed as melanocytic nevus and BCC. A single case of squamous cell carcinoma was also cytodiagnostically erred into sebaceous carcinoma. Conclusions: Cytologically palpebral pathologies, including the neoplastic ones, are at times vulnerable to misinterpretation. To avert such dilemma, it is better to readily excise any recurrent lesion, basaloid neoplasm, or any necrohemorrhagic lesion presumptive of overshadowing the neoplastic pathology underneath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Mondal
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Mandal
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Pérez-de-Oliveira ME, Petersen Wagner V, do Amaral-Silva GK, Almeida Leite A, Ajudarte Lopes M, Santos-Silva AR, Jorge Júnior J, de Almeida OP, Agustin Vargas P. An audit of cytopathology in the oral and maxillofacial region: 18 years of experience. Cytopathology 2020; 31:555-563. [PMID: 32681691 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to perform an audit of oral and maxillofacial specimens submitted for cytological diagnosis to verify the importance of this complementary examination. METHODS A retrospective analysis of our institutional cytopathology database was performed over an 18-year period. Clinical information and cytological data were collected. Associations between independent variables and outcomes were assessed using the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's test, with a 5% significance level. When available, the histological diagnosis was compared with cytological diagnosis to identify the percentage of agreement and the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of cytology in identifying malignant neoplasms. RESULTS A total of 1082 cases were identified, which included 65 different cytological diagnoses. Exfoliative cytology (EC) was performed in 312 cases (29.1%) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in 770 cases (70.9%). EC was mainly employed to diagnose oral infectious diseases (P < 0.001) and FNAC to diagnose neoplasms, cystic, reactive and miscellaneous lesions (P < 0.001). Cell-block was performed in 555 FNAC cases (51.3%). Panoptic, Papanicolaou and haematoxylin-eosin staining were performed in FNAC and periodic acid-Schiff in EC (P < 0.001). In 211 cases (19.5%), the histological diagnosis was available and the percentage agreement with the cytological diagnosis was 41.2%. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy to identify malignant neoplasms were 84.6%, 100%, 100%, 77.8% and 90.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS EC was mainly performed for diagnosis of infectious diseases and FNAC for diagnosis of salivary gland tumours, odontogenic lesions, reactive lesions and cervical metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Pérez-de-Oliveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Vivian Petersen Wagner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Gleyson Kleber do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Amanda Almeida Leite
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Alan Roger Santos-Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Jacks Jorge Júnior
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology and Semiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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25
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Patel U, Shah R, Patel A, Shah S, Patel D, Patel A. Effect of tobacco in human oral leukoplakia: a cytomorphometric analysis. Med Pharm Rep 2020; 93:273-279. [PMID: 32832892 PMCID: PMC7418830 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tobacco use is one of the most critical risk factors for different oral diseases. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of tobacco on oral mucosa by cytomorphometric analysis of cells with the help of exfoliative cytology and to find out the improvement in diagnostic sensitivity of exfoliative cytology in the detection of dysplastic changes and early oral malignancy. Methods The nuclear area (NA) and cytoplasmic area (CA) of cells were measured within cytological smear obtained from leukoplakia lesions of buccal mucosa of 90 tobacco users, 30 smokers (TS), 30 chewers (TC) and 30 with combined habit of smoking and chewing (TSC) and from normal buccal mucosa of 30 non users (NU) of tobacco. Each habit group consisted of 30 tobacco users with oral leukoplakia lesion with mild epithelial dysplasia only. The 30 non-users of tobacco served as controls. The mean values of the CA and NA were obtained for each case, and the nuclear/cytoplasmic area (NA/CA) ratio was calculated. Results The results showed a statistically significant increase (P<0.001) in mean NA and a statistically significant decrease (P<0.001) in mean CA values of tobacco users with leukoplakia as compared to non-users, hence NA/CA ratio value was significantly higher in tobacco users with the lesion. Conclusion The changes in cellular morphology caused by tobacco use can be visualized by use of exfoliative cytology with the help of cytomorphometric analysis. The evaluation of parameters (NA, CA and NA/CA ratio) may increase the sensitivity of exfoliative cytology for the early diagnosis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Patel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rina Shah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Index College of Dental Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Alpesh Patel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shreyas Shah
- Department of Oral Pathology, K.M. Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhruva Patel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anil Patel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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26
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Broadband Electrical Sensing of a Live Biological Cell with In Situ Single-Connection Calibration. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143844. [PMID: 32660152 PMCID: PMC7412152 DOI: 10.3390/s20143844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Single-connection in situ calibration using biocompatible solutions is demonstrated in single-cell sensing from 0.5 to 9 GHz. The sensing is based on quickly trapping and releasing a live cell by dielectrophoresis on a coplanar transmission line with a little protrusion in one of its ground electrodes. The same transmission line is used as the calibration standard when covered by various solutions of known permittivities. The results show that the calibration technique may be precise enough to differentiate cells of different nucleus sizes, despite the measured difference being less than 0.01 dB in the deembedded scattering parameters. With better accuracy and throughput, the calibration technique may allow broadband electrical sensing of live cells in a high-throughput cytometer.
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Sood A, Mishra D, Yadav R, Bhatt K, Priya H, Kaur H. Establishing the accuracy of a new and cheaper sample collection tool: Oral cytology versus oral histopathology. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:52-56. [PMID: 32508448 PMCID: PMC7269294 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_273_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: High cost of tools used for the collection of oral cytology sample; deters their use as mass screening tool in the developing countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new, cheaper sample collection tool in the field of oral exfoliative cytology through comparison with histopathology. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven patients out of 394 cases were selected for the study in whom the cytological examination was performed using the wooden end of a sterile cotton swab followed by biopsy. The cytological smear classified in accordance with the Pap classification was compared with the histopathological diagnosis. Results: The study recruited 11 cases of oral potentially malignant disorders, 33 cases of oral carcinomas, and 13 cases of other lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of the cytology test using the wooden end of a sterile cotton swab was 75.0% and 61.5%, respectively. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.618, with the P < 0.01. Conclusion: Our study proves that the use of wooden end of a sterile cotton swab stick offers a low cost and fairly effective solution which is not only easily available but can be potentially applied as a mass screening tool at primary health-care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhuti Sood
- Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Mishra
- Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krushna Bhatt
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Priya
- Division of Public Health Dentistry, Center for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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28
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Ried K, Tamanna T, Matthews S, Eng P, Sali A. New Screening Test Improves Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Circulating Tumor Cells and Prostate-Specific Markers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:582. [PMID: 32391268 PMCID: PMC7192049 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current screening-test for prostate cancer, affecting 10% of men worldwide, has a high false negative rate and a low true positive rate. A more reliable screening test is needed. Circulating-Tumor-Cells (CTC) provide a biomarker for early carcinogenesis, cancer progression and treatment effectiveness. The cytology-based ISET®-CTC Test is a clinically validated blood test with high sensitivity and specificity. This study aimed to evaluate the ISET®-CTC test combined with prostate-specific-marker staining as a screening test for the detection of prostate cancer. We selected a group of 47 men from our ongoing CTC screening study involving 2,000 patient-tests from Sep-2014 to July-2019, who also underwent standard diagnostic cancer testing before or after CTC testing. While 20 of the 47 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer before the ISET®-CTC test, 27 men underwent screening. We studied the CTC identified in 45 CTC-positive men by Immuno-Cyto-Chemistry (ICC) assays with the prostate-specific-marker PSA. CTC were ICC-PSA-marker positive in all men diagnosed with primary prostate cancer (n = 20). Secondary cancers were detected in 63% (n = 7/11) of men with mixed CTC-population (ICC-PSA-positive/ICC-PSA-negative). Of the 27 men screened, 25 had CTC, and 84% of those (n = 20) were positive for the prostate-specific-PSA-marker. Follow-up testing suggested suspected prostate cancer in 20/20 men by a positive PSMA-PET scan, and biopsies performed in 45% (n = 9/20) men confirmed the diagnosis of early prostate cancer. Kidney cancer or B-cell lymphoma were detected in two men with ICC-PSA-marker negative CTC. Our study suggests that the combination of ISET®-CTC and ICC-PSA-marker-testing has an estimated positive-predictive-value (PPV) of 99% and a negative-predictive-value (NPV) of 97%, providing a more reliable screening test for prostate cancer than the standard PSA-blood-test (PPV = 25%; NPV = 15.5%). Our findings warrant further studies to evaluate the new test's potential for prostate cancer screening on a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ried
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Health, Torrens University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Discipline of General Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tasnuva Tamanna
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonja Matthews
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Eng
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Avni Sali
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Ghani KA, Sudik S, Omar AF, Mail MH, Seeni A. VIS-NIR spectral signature and quantitative analysis of HeLa and DU145 cell line. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117241. [PMID: 31216502 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is increasing in incidence and the leading cause of death worldwide. Controlling and reducing cancer requires early detection and technique to accurately detect and quantify predictive biomarkers. Optical spectroscopy has shown promising non-destructive ability to display distinctive spectral characteristics between cancerous and normal tissues from different part of human organ. Nonetheless, not many information is available on spectroscopic properties of cancer cell lines. In this research, the visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) absorbance spectroscopy measurement of cultured cervical cancer (HeLa) and prostate cancer cells (DU145) lines has been performed to develop spectral signature of cancer cells and to generate algorithm to quantify cancer cells. Spectroscopic measurement on mouse skin fibroblast (L929) was also taken for comparative purposes. In visible region, the raw cells' spectra do not produce any noticeable peak absorbance that provides information on color because the medium used for cells is colorless and transparent. NIR wavelength between 950 and 975 nm exhibit significant peak due to water absorbance by the medium. Development of spectral signature for the cells through the application of regression technique significantly enhances the diverse characteristics between L929, HeLa and DU145. The application of multiple linear regression allows high measurement accuracy of the cells with coefficient of determination above 0.94.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhainah Sudik
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fairuz Omar
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hafiz Mail
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, 11700 Penang, Malaysia; Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Azman Seeni
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, 11700 Penang, Malaysia; Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Nonconformities in Veterinary Cytopathological Examinations: A Retrospective Study of Unsuitable Samples for Analysis. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the main nonconformities that result in cytopathological samples inappropriate for diagnosis in veterinary medicine. All cytopathological samples, obtained from different canine and feline tissues/lesions, included in the study were received and classified as inconclusive by a single public laboratory of veterinary pathology, located in Pernambuco State, Brazil, between 2012 and 2016. Nonconformities regarding the smear quality, cellularity, presence or absence of hemorrhage, cellular overlapping, desiccation, and presence or absence of necrotic debris and/or artifacts were evaluated. Data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel 2007; absolute and relative frequencies were calculated using EPIINFO 3.5.2. From the 3268 cases received between 2012 and 2016, 190 cases were selected and comprised 514 inconclusive slides. The most frequent nonconformities detected were insufficient/absence of cellularity in 100% (514/514), inadequate submacroscopic presentation in 87% (446/514), and hemorrhage in 69% (356/514) of samples. Other features identified were cellular overlapping in 34% (175/514), inadequate staining in 31% (175/514), artifacts in 30% (154/514), desiccation in 28% (145/514), and necrotic debris in 26% (133/514) of samples. The implementation of laboratory standard operational procedures aimed at maintaining quality is essential. It is necessary to initially identify the main errors occurring in the processing stages as a way to guide and design strategies to avoid them.
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31
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Traynor D, Duraipandian S, Bhatia R, Cuschieri K, Martin CM, O'Leary JJ, Lyng FM. The potential of biobanked liquid based cytology samples for cervical cancer screening using Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800377. [PMID: 30653819 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Patient samples are unique and often irreplaceable. This allows biobanks to be a valuable source of material. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Raman spectroscopy to screen for histologically confirmed cases of Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using biobanked liquid based cytology (LBC) samples. Two temperatures for long term storage were assessed; 80°C and -25°C. The utility of Raman spectroscopy for the detection of CIN was compared for fresh LBC samples and biobanked LBC samples. Two groups of samples were used for the study with one group associated with disease (CIN 3) and the other associated with no disease (cytology negative). The data indicates that samples stored at -80°C are not suitable for assessment by Raman spectroscopy due to a lack of cellular material and the presence of cellular debris. However, the technology can be applied to fresh LBC samples and those stored at -25°C and is, moreover, effective in the discrimination of negative samples from those where CIN 3 has been confirmed. Pooled fresh and biobanked samples are also amenable to the technology and achieve a similar sensitivity and specificity for CIN 3. This study demonstrates that cervical cytology samples stored within biobanks at temperatures that preclude cell lysis can act as a useful resource for Raman spectroscopy and will facilitate research and translational studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Traynor
- DIT Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shiyamala Duraipandian
- DIT Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ramya Bhatia
- HPV Research Group, Division of Pathology, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- HPV Research Group, Division of Pathology, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cara M Martin
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- DIT Centre for Radiation and Environmental Science, Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), Dublin, Ireland
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Mohammed MEA, Brima EI. Cytological changes in oral mucosa induced by smokeless
tobacco. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:46. [PMID: 31516489 PMCID: PMC6662786 DOI: 10.18332/tid/109544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the cellular changes in the mouth of smokeless tobacco (shamma) users among Saudi citizens from the Najran region. METHODS Healthy 61 shamma users and healthy 61 non-users participated in this study after informed consent. A mouth swap was taken from each study subject and investigated for cellular changes using a Papanicolaou stain. The results were analyzed using the t-test per cent of the StatPac statistical program. RESULTS Keratinization, binucleation and combined results were associated with shamma use. The number of shamma users with abnormal histology was 14 (22.9%) (p≤0.0001). The shamma types associated with the abnormal cytology were: Suhaily (9/36; p=0.0014), black (2/9; p=0.08), white (2/6; p=0.41), and red (1/1; p=1.00). The percentage of the tissues with abnormal histology decreased with the increase in the duration and frequency of smokeless tobacco use, except for the white shamma which increased with the increase in the frequency. CONCLUSIONS Shamma use affected the mouth epithelial cytology of 22.9% of its users. The histological changes were inflammation, keratinization, binucleation, and atypia. The Suhaily smokeless tobacco was associated with the highest percentage of the abnormal cytology results, while the duration and frequency of smokeless tobacco use decreased the number of tissues with abnormal histology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eid I. Brima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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33
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Ding Y, Vanselow DJ, Yakovlev MA, Katz SR, Lin AY, Clark DP, Vargas P, Xin X, Copper JE, Canfield VA, Ang KC, Wang Y, Xiao X, De Carlo F, van Rossum DB, La Riviere P, Cheng KC. Computational 3D histological phenotyping of whole zebrafish by X-ray histotomography. eLife 2019; 8:44898. [PMID: 31063133 PMCID: PMC6559789 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal phenotypes frequently involve multiple organ systems. Histology is a powerful way to detect cellular and tissue phenotypes, but is largely descriptive and subjective. To determine how synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography (micro-CT) can yield 3-dimensional whole-organism images suitable for quantitative histological phenotyping, we scanned whole zebrafish, a small vertebrate model with diverse tissues, at ~1 micron voxel resolutions. Micro-CT optimized for cellular characterization (histotomography) allows brain nuclei to be computationally segmented and assigned to brain regions, and cell shapes and volumes to be computed for motor neurons and red blood cells. Striking individual phenotypic variation was apparent from color maps of computed densities of brain nuclei. Unlike histology, the histotomography also allows the study of 3-dimensional structures of millimeter scale that cross multiple tissue planes. We expect the computational and visual insights into 3D cell and tissue architecture provided by histotomography to be useful for reference atlases, hypothesis generation, comprehensive organismal screens, and diagnostics. Diagnosing diseases, such as cancer, requires scientists and doctors to understand how cells respond to different medical conditions. A common way of studying these microscopic cell changes is by an approach called histology: thin slices of centimeter-sized samples of tissues are taken from patients, stained to distinguish cellular components, and examined for abnormal features. This powerful technique has revolutionized biology and medicine. But despite its frequent use, histology comes with limitations. To allow individual cells to be distinguished, tissues are cut into slices less than 1/20th of a millimeter thick. Histology’s dependence upon such thin slices makes it impossible to see the entirety of cells and structures that are thicker than the slice, or to accurately measure three-dimensional features such as shape or volume. Larger internal structures within the human body are routinely visualized using a technique known as computerized tomography, CT for short – whereby dozens of x-ray images are compiled together to generate a three-dimensional image. This technique has also been applied to image smaller structures. However, the resolution (the ability to distinguish between objects) and tissue contrast of these images has been insufficient for histology-based diagnosis across all cell types. Now, Ding et al. have developed a new method, by optimizing multiple components of CT scanning, that begins to provide the higher resolution and contrast needed to make diagnoses that require histological detail. To test their modified CT system, Ding et al. created three-dimensional images of whole zebrafish, measuring three millimeters to about a centimeter in length. Adjusting imaging parameters and views of these images made it possible to study features of larger-scale structures, such as the gills and the gut, that are normally inaccessible to histology. As a result of this unprecedented combination of high resolution and scale, computer analysis of these images allowed Ding et al. to measure cellular features such as size and shape, and to determine which cells belong to different brain regions, all from single reconstructions. Surprisingly, visualization of how tightly the brain cells are packed revealed striking differences between the brains of sibling zebrafish that were born the same day. This new method could be used to study changes across hundreds of cell types in any millimeter to centimetre-sized organism or tissue sample. In the future, the accurate measurements of microscopic features made possible by this new tool may help us to make drugs safer, improve tissue diagnostics, and care for our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Ding
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Maksim A Yakovlev
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Spencer R Katz
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Alex Y Lin
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Darin P Clark
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Phillip Vargas
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Xuying Xin
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Jean E Copper
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Khai C Ang
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Imaging Group, Omnivision Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, United States
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, United States
| | - Francesco De Carlo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, United States
| | - Damian B van Rossum
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Patrick La Riviere
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Keith C Cheng
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
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Bonsembiante F, Bonfanti U, Cian F, Cavicchioli L, Zattoni B, Gelain ME. Diagnostic Validation of a Whole-Slide Imaging Scanner in Cytological Samples: Diagnostic Accuracy and Comparison With Light Microscopy. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:429-434. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818825128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Digital slides created by whole-slide imaging scanners can be evaluated by pathologists located in remote sites, but the process must be validated before this technology can be applied to routine cytological diagnosis. The aim of this study was to validate a whole-slide imaging scanner for cytological samples. Sixty cytological samples, whose diagnoses were confirmed by gold-standard examinations (histology or flow cytometry), were digitalized using a whole-slide imaging scanner. Digital slides and glass slides were examined by 3 observers with different levels of cytopathological expertise. No significant differences were noted between digital and glass slides in regard to the number of cases correctly diagnosed, or the sensitivity, specificity, or diagnostic accuracy, irrespective of the observers’ expertise. The agreements between the digital slides and the gold-standard examinations were moderate to substantial, while the agreements between the glass slides and the gold-standard examinations were substantial for all 3 observers. The intraobserver agreements between digital and glass slides were substantial to almost perfect. The interobserver agreements when evaluating digital slides were moderate between observers 1 and 2 and between observers 1 and 3 while they were substantial between observers 2 and 3. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the digital slides produced by the whole-slide imaging scanner are adequate to diagnose cytological samples and are similar among clinical pathologists with differing levels of expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ugo Bonfanti
- La Vallonèa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Passirana di Rho (MI), Italy
| | | | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Beatrice Zattoni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Ståhlberg A, El-Heliebi A, Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T. Unravelling the biological secrets of microchimerism by single-cell analysis. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:255-264. [PMID: 29028900 PMCID: PMC6063264 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of microchimeric cells is known for >100 years and well documented since decades. Earlier, microchimeric cells were mainly used for cell-based non-invasive prenatal diagnostics during early pregnancy. Microchimeric cells are also present beyond delivery and are associated to various autoimmune diseases, tissue repair, cancer and immune tolerance. All these findings were based on low complexity studies and occasionally accompanied by artefacts not allowing the biological functions of microchimerism to be determined. However, with the recent developments in single-cell analysis, new means to identify and characterize microchimeric cells are available. Cell labelling techniques in combination with single-cell analysis provide a new toolbox to decipher the biology of microchimeric cells at molecular and cellular level. In this review, we discuss how recent developments in single-cell analysis can be applied to determine the role and function of microchimeric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Sedlmayr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
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Ilie M, Juco J, Huang L, Hofman V, Khambata-Ford S, Hofman P. Use of the 22C3 anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody to determine programmed death-ligand 1 expression in cytology samples obtained from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Cytopathol 2018; 126:264-274. [PMID: 29411536 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pembrolizumab monotherapy is a standard-of-care treatment for the first- and second-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) values ≥ 50% and ≥ 1%, respectively. PD-L1 testing with the PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 22C3 pharmDx companion assay has been validated on tumor tissue with the Dako Autostainer Link 48 (ASL48). 22C3 anti-PD-L1 antibody-based laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) compatible with other autostainers and cytology samples are essential to support pembrolizumab treatment decisions across institutions globally. METHODS ASL48 and BenchMark Ultra LDTs were optimized for the evaluation of cytology samples through comparisons with cell lines with known PD-L1 expression levels (strong, moderate, and negative). The PD-L1 TPS was then evaluated for 70 paired biopsy and cytology samples (bronchial washes, n = 40; pleural effusions, n = 30) with these LDTs. Biopsy and cytology LDT TPS values were also compared with a subset of biopsy samples (n = 37) evaluated with the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay on the ASL48. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.884 to 0.898 were observed for biopsy samples versus cytology samples with the ASL48 and BenchMark Ultra LDTs. Concordance was high, regardless of the TPS cut point (<1% vs ≥ 1% and <50% vs ≥ 50%), sample type (pleural effusion vs bronchial wash), or tumor histology (adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma). Concordance was high for each LDT versus the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay. CONCLUSIONS ASL48 and BenchMark Ultra 22C3 antibody concentrate-based LDTs have been validated for PD-L1 testing in cytology samples, and they will support reliable, high-quality PD-L1 testing across regions globally. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:264-74. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ilie
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, Hospital University Federation OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1081 and National Center of Scientific Research Joint Research Unit 7284), Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Pasteur Hospital, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Veronique Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, Hospital University Federation OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1081 and National Center of Scientific Research Joint Research Unit 7284), Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Pasteur Hospital, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France
| | | | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, Hospital University Federation OncoAge, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (National Institute of Health and Medical Research Unit 1081 and National Center of Scientific Research Joint Research Unit 7284), Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France.,Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Pasteur Hospital, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France
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Khuroo MS, Mushtaq S, Farooq S, Beigh A, Nazir N, Reshi R. Role of Scrape Cytology as an Adjunct to Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Diagnosis of Thyroid Lesions. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:EC13-EC17. [PMID: 27891344 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21929.8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scrape cytology is an important diagnostic tool. It has been used in many tissue types as an adjunct or replacement for frozen section/ intra operative consultation. AIM This study was done to evaluate the role of scrape cytology in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions, its role as an adjunct to Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and application of this technique for intra-operative consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study on 50 thyroid neoplasms received over a period of 18 months (Nov 2014- March 2016) was conducted. Scrapings obtained from the fresh cut surface of thyroid specimens before formalin fixation, were smeared uniformly on to glass slides, and immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol for rapid Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Cytological findings were compared with pre-operative FNAC findings and histopathological diagnosis. Variables taken in to consideration while assessing the smears included cellularity, nuclear, cytological details and amount of colloid. RESULTS There were total of 50 patients. Out of the 50 patients, 15 were diagnosed as benign on scrape; of which 100% of cases were true negative for malignancy and five malignant cases were diagnosed as benign-false negative rate of 16.1%; four (8%) were deferred (non-diagnostic) with a true positive rate of 83.3%. Histopathological correlation was available in all cases. The overall diagnostic accuracy of scrape cytology was 89.1% with sensitivity and specificity of 83.87% (C.I.; 66.27% to 94.55%) and 100% (C.I; 76.84% to 100.00%) respectively. Fine Needle Aspiration results were available in 41 cases of which 2 were non-diagnostic. Of the remaining 39 cases 19 were benign and 20 were malignant with false negative rate of 40% and true positive rate of 60%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was 64.1% with sensitivity and specificity of 60% (C.I.; 40.6% to77.3 %) and 77.78% (C.I; 39.9% to 97.1%) respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that scrape cytology can act as a useful adjunct to FNAC and is a good procedure for intra-operative consultation. It is especially helpful in neoplasms diagnosed as suspicious for papillary carcinoma on aspiration and may obviate the need for a second procedure for completion thyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehnaaz Sultan Khuroo
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shaista Mushtaq
- Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Summyia Farooq
- Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ambreen Beigh
- Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Naila Nazir
- Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruby Reshi
- Professor and Head Department of Pathology, Government Medical College , Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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