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Scicchitano P, Iacoviello M, Massari A, De Palo M, Potenza A, Landriscina R, Abruzzese S, Tangorra M, Guida P, Ciccone MM, Caldarola P, Massari F. Anaemia and Congestion in Heart Failure: Correlations and Prognostic Role. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030972. [PMID: 36979951 PMCID: PMC10046168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anaemia and biomarkers of central/peripheral congestion in heart failure (HF) and the impact on mortality. We retrospectively evaluated 434 acute/chronic HF (AHF/CHF) patients. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin levels <12 g/dL (women) or <13 g/dL (men). The brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and hydration index (HI) were measured. The endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality. Anaemia occurred in 59% of patients with AHF and in 35% with CHF (p < 0.001) and showed a significant correlation with the NYHA functional class and renal function. BNP and HI were significantly higher in patients with anaemia than in those without anaemia. Independent predictors of anaemia included BNP, estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCL), and HI. The all-cause mortality rate was 21%, which was significantly higher in patients with anaemia than in those without anaemia (30% vs. 14%, p < 0.001; hazard ratio: 2.6). At multivariate Cox regression analysis, BNP, eCrCL, and HI were independent predictors for mortality (Hazard ratios: 1.0002, 0.97, and 1.05, respectively), while anaemia was not. Anaemia correlates with HF status, functional class, renal function, BNP, and HI. Anaemia was not an independent predictor for mortality, acting as a disease severity marker in congestive patients rather than as a predictor of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Scicchitano
- Cardiology Section, Hospital "F. Perinei" Altamura, 70022 Altamura, Italy
| | - Massimo Iacoviello
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Micaela De Palo
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Policlinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Potenza
- Cardiology Section, Hospital "F. Perinei" Altamura, 70022 Altamura, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Abruzzese
- Cardiology Section, Hospital "F. Perinei" Altamura, 70022 Altamura, Italy
| | - Maria Tangorra
- Cardiology Section, Hospital "F. Perinei" Altamura, 70022 Altamura, Italy
| | - Piero Guida
- Ospedale Generale Regionale "F. Miulli", 70021 Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Cardiology Unit, Policlinic University Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Massari
- Cardiology Section, Hospital "F. Perinei" Altamura, 70022 Altamura, Italy
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Szklarz M, Gontarz-Nowak K, Matuszewski W, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E. Can Iron Play a Crucial Role in Maintaining Cardiovascular Health in the 21st Century? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11990. [PMID: 36231287 PMCID: PMC9565681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century the heart is facing more and more challenges so it should be brave and iron to meet these challenges. We are living in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, population aging, prevalent obesity, diabetes and autoimmune diseases, environmental pollution, mass migrations and new potential pandemic threats. In our article we showed sophisticated and complex regulations of iron metabolism. We discussed the impact of iron metabolism on heart diseases, treatment of heart failure, diabetes and obesity. We faced the problems of constant stress, climate change, environmental pollution, migrations and epidemics and showed that iron is really essential for heart metabolism in the 21st century.
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