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For: Thalaivirithan BM, Sethu M, Ramachandran DK, Kandasamy M, Janardhanam J. Application of embryonic equivalents in male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Indian J Plast Surg 2019;51:155-166. [PMID: 30505085 PMCID: PMC6219371 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_62_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open

For:	Thalaivirithan BM, Sethu M, Ramachandran DK, Kandasamy M, Janardhanam J. Application of embryonic equivalents in male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Indian J Plast Surg 2019;51:155-166. [PMID: 30505085 PMCID: PMC6219371 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.ijps_62_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries ALC, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MAA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TLD, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BPC, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2022;23:S1-S259. [PMID: 36238954 PMCID: PMC9553112 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]

Abstract

Background: Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and visibility of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people seeking support and gender-affirming medical treatment in parallel with a significant rise in the scientific literature in this area. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international, multidisciplinary, professional association whose mission is to promote evidence-based care, education, research, public policy, and respect in transgender health. One of the main functions of WPATH is to promote the highest standards of health care for TGD people through the Standards of Care (SOC). The SOC was initially developed in 1979 and the last version (SOC-7) was published in 2012. In view of the increasing scientific evidence, WPATH commissioned a new version of the Standards of Care, the SOC-8. Aim: The overall goal of SOC-8 is to provide health care professionals (HCPs) with clinical guidance to assist TGD people in accessing safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves with the aim of optimizing their overall physical health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. Methods: The SOC-8 is based on the best available science and expert professional consensus in transgender health. International professionals and stakeholders were selected to serve on the SOC-8 committee. Recommendation statements were developed based on data derived from independent systematic literature reviews, where available, background reviews and expert opinions. Grading of recommendations was based on the available evidence supporting interventions, a discussion of risks and harms, as well as the feasibility and acceptability within different contexts and country settings. Results: A total of 18 chapters were developed as part of the SOC-8. They contain recommendations for health care professionals who provide care and treatment for TGD people. Each of the recommendations is followed by explanatory text with relevant references. General areas related to transgender health are covered in the chapters Terminology, Global Applicability, Population Estimates, and Education. The chapters developed for the diverse population of TGD people include Assessment of Adults, Adolescents, Children, Nonbinary, Eunuchs, and Intersex Individuals, and people living in Institutional Environments. Finally, the chapters related to gender-affirming treatment are Hormone Therapy, Surgery and Postoperative Care, Voice and Communication, Primary Care, Reproductive Health, Sexual Health, and Mental Health. Conclusions: The SOC-8 guidelines are intended to be flexible to meet the diverse health care needs of TGD people globally. While adaptable, they offer standards for promoting optimal health care and guidance for the treatment of people experiencing gender incongruence. As in all previous versions of the SOC, the criteria set forth in this document for gender-affirming medical interventions are clinical guidelines; individual health care professionals and programs may modify these in consultation with the TGD person.

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Affiliation(s)

E Coleman Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
A E Radix Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
W P Bouman Nottingham Centre for Transgender Health, Nottingham, UK School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
G R Brown James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA James H. Quillen VAMC, Johnson City, TN, USA
A L C de Vries Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
M B Deutsch Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA UCSF Gender Affirming Health Program, San Francisco, CA, USA
R Ettner New Health Foundation Worldwide, Evanston, IL, USA Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
L Fraser Independent Practice, San Francisco, CA, USA
M Goodman Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
J Green Independent Scholar, Vancouver, WA, USA
A B Hancock The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
T W Johnson Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
D H Karasic University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Independent Practice at dankarasic.com
G A Knudson University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
S F Leibowitz Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
H F L Meyer-Bahlburg New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
S J Monstrey Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
J Motmans Transgender Infopunt, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Centre for Research on Culture and Gender, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
L Nahata Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA Endocrinology and Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
T O Nieder University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Center Hamburg, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Hamburg, Germany
S L Reisner Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
C Richards Regents University London, UK Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
L S Schechter Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
V Tangpricha Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
A C Tishelman Boston College, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
M A A Van Trotsenburg Bureau GenderPRO, Vienna, Austria University Hospital Lilienfeld-St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
S Winter School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
K Ducheny Howard Brown Health, Chicago, IL, USA
N J Adams University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, Canada Transgender Professional Association for Transgender Health (TPATH)
T M Adrián Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Diverlex Diversidad e Igualdad a Través de la Ley, Caracas, Venezuela
L R Allen University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
D Azul La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
H Bagga Monash Health Gender Clinic, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
K Başar Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
D S Bathory Independent Practice at Bathory International PLLC, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
J J Belinky Durand Hospital, Guemes Clinic and Urological Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
D R Berg National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
J U Berli Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
R O Bluebond-Langner NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York, NY, USA
M-B Bouman Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
M L Bowers Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA, USA
P J Brassard GrS Montreal, Complexe CMC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
J Byrne University of Waikato/Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, Hamilton/Kirikiriroa, New Zealand/Aotearoa
L Capitán The Facialteam Group, Marbella International Hospital, Marbella, Spain
C J Cargill Independent Scholar
J M Carswell Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
S C Chang Independent Practice, Oakland, CA, USA
G Chelvakumar Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
T Corneil School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
K B Dalke Penn State Health, PA, USA Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
G De Cuypere Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
E de Vries Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
M Den Heijer Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
A H Devor University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
C Dhejne ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
A D'Marco UCTRANS-United Caribbean Trans Network, Nassau, The Bahamas D M A R C O Organization, Nassau, The Bahamas
E K Edmiston University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
L Edwards-Leeper Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA Independent Practice, Beaverton, OR, USA
R Ehrbar Whitman Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA Independent Practice, Maryland, USA
D Ehrensaft University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
J Eisfeld Transvisie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
E Elaut Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Department of Clinical Experimental and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
L Erickson-Schroth The Jed Foundation, New York, NY, USA Hetrick-Martin Institute, New York, NY, USA
J L Feldman Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
A D Fisher Andrology, Women Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
M M Garcia Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Departments of Urology and Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
L Gijs Institute of Family and Sexuality Studies, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
S E Green Mermaids, London/Leeds, UK
B P Hall Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Duke Adult Gender Medicine Clinic, Durham, NC, USA
T L D Hardy Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
M S Irwig Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
L A Jacobs Independent Practice, New York, NY, USA
A C Janssen Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
K Johnson RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
D T Klink Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
B P C Kreukels Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
L E Kuper Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Endocrinology, Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
E J Kvach Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
M A Malouf Malouf Counseling and Consulting, Baltimore, MD, USA
R Massey WPATH Global Education Institute Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
T Mazur Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
C McLachlan Professional Association for Transgender Health, South Africa Gender DynamiX, Cape Town, South Africa
S D Morrison Division of Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
S W Mosser Gender Confirmation Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Saint Francis Memorial Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
P M Neira Johns Hopkins Center for Transgender Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Johns Hopkins Medicine Office of Diversity, Inclusion and Health Equity, Baltimore, MD, USA
U Nygren Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Speech and Language Pathology, Medical Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
J M Oates La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Melbourne Voice Analysis Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
J Obedin-Maliver Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palo Alto, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford, CA, USA
G Pagkalos Independent PracticeThessaloniki, Greece Military Community Mental Health Center, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
J Patton Talkspace, New York, NY, USA CytiPsychological LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
N Phanuphak Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
K Rachlin Independent Practice, New York, NY, USA
T Reed Gender Identity Research and Education Society, Leatherhead, UK
G N Rider National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
J Ristori Andrology, Women Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
S Robbins-Cherry Nottingham Centre for Transgender Health, Nottingham, UK
S A Roberts Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Endocrinology, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
K A Rodriguez-Wallberg Department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
S M Rosenthal Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA UCSF Child and Adolescent Gender Center
K Sabir FtM Phoenix Group, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
J D Safer Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Mount Sinai Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, New York, NY, USA
A I Scheim Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Ontario, Canada
L J Seal Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
T J Sehoole Iranti, Johannesburg, South Africa
K Spencer National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
C St Amand University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
T D Steensma Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
J F Strang Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
G B Taylor Atrium Health Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Charlotte, NC, USA
K Tilleman Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
G G T'Sjoen Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
L N Vala Independent Practice, Campbell, CA, USA
N M Van Mello Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
J F Veale School of Psychology, University of Waikato/Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, Hamilton/Kirikiriroa, New Zealand/Aotearoa
J A Vencill Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
B Vincent Trans Learning Partnership at https://spectra-london.org.uk/trans-learning-partnership, UK
L M Wesp College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukee, WI, USA Health Connections Inc., Glendale, WI, USA
M A West North Memorial Health Hospital, Robbinsdale, MN, USA University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
J Arcelus School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Javier C, Crimston CR, Barlow FK. Surgical satisfaction and quality of life outcomes reported by transgender men and women at least one year post gender-affirming surgery: A systematic literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2022;23:255-273. [PMID: 35799954 PMCID: PMC9255096 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2038334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Many transgender women and men undergo gender-affirming surgeries. Existing work shows that early surgery outcomes are generally positive, suggesting high surgical satisfaction and positive quality of life outcomes. Less work, however, examines these outcomes in the longer-term.

AIMS

To conduct a systematic literature review into the longer-term (i.e., ≥ 1 year) surgical satisfaction and quality of outcomes following various forms of gender-affirming surgery in transgender populations. Specifically, we aim to examine research on such outcomes at least one-year post gender-affirming chest, genital, facial, vocal cord, and Adam's apple removal surgeries.

METHODS

Studies were identified through Google Scholar, PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed databases, as well as through Google Scholar search alerts. We considered all studies published until October 2021. Two reviewers extracted data from suitable studies using Covidence. Both reviewers also independently assessed the identified studies' risk of bias and strength of evidence.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine low quality (e.g., small sample sizes, lack of control/comparison groups) studies suggest that most transgender patients are satisfied with surgical outcomes when assessed at least one-year post-surgery. Low quality research also indicates that transgender women and men typically report positive psychological and sexual wellbeing post-surgery, and similar wellbeing outcomes as those who have not had surgery.

DISCUSSION

To the best of our knowledge, this literature review is the first to critically summarize and evaluate all published studies on the longer-term quality of life outcomes following chest, genital, facial, voice and Adam's apple removal surgeries for transgender women and men. While the results suggest promising surgical satisfaction and quality of life outcomes following surgery, many studies only draw on small samples, and most studies do not allow for causal conclusions. Further, few studies have compared surgical outcomes between transgender women and men. We conclude by offering concrete suggestions for future research.

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Özer M, Toulabi SP, Fisher AD, T'Sjoen G, Buncamper ME, Monstrey S, Bizic MR, Djordjevic M, Falcone M, Christopher NA, Simon D, Capitán L, Motmans J. ESSM Position Statement "Sexual Wellbeing After Gender Affirming Surgery". Sex Med 2021;10:100471. [PMID: 34971864 PMCID: PMC8847816 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open

Abstract

Introduction

Much has been published on the surgical and functional results following Gender Affirming Surgery (‘GAS’) in trans individuals. Comprehensive results regarding sexual wellbeing following GAS, however, are generally lacking.

Aim

To review the impact of various GAS on sexual wellbeing in treatment seeking trans individuals, and provide a comprehensive list of clinical recommendations regarding the various surgical options of GAS on behalf of the European Society for Sexual Medicine.

Methods

The Medline, Cochrane Library and Embase databases were reviewed on the results of sexual wellbeing after GAS.

Main Outcomes Measure

The task force established consensus statements regarding the somatic and general requirements before GAS and of GAS: orchiectomy-only, vaginoplasty, breast augmentation, vocal feminization surgery, facial feminization surgery, mastectomy, removal of the female sexual organs, metaidoioplasty, and phalloplasty. Outcomes pertaining to sexual wellbeing- sexual satisfaction, sexual relationship, sexual response, sexual activity, enacted sexual script, sexuality, sexual function, genital function, quality of sex life and sexual pleasure- are provided for each statement separately.

Results

The present position paper provides clinicians with statements and recommendations for clinical practice, regarding GAS and their effects on sexual wellbeing in trans individuals. These data, are limited and may not be sufficient to make evidence-based recommendations for every surgical option. Findings regarding sexual wellbeing following GAS were mainly positive. There was no data on sexual wellbeing following orchiectomy-only, vocal feminization surgery, facial feminization surgery or the removal of the female sexual organs. The choice for GAS is dependent on patient preference, anatomy and health status, and the surgeon's skills. Trans individuals may benefit from studies focusing exclusively on the effects of GAS on sexual wellbeing.

Conclusion

The available evidence suggests positive results regarding sexual wellbeing following GAS. We advise more studies that underline the evidence regarding sexual wellbeing following GAS. This position statement may aid both clinicians and patients in decision-making process regarding the choice for GAS. Özer M, Toulabi SP, Fisher AD, et al. ESSM Position Statement “Sexual Wellbeing After Gender Affirming Surgery”. Sex Med 2022;10:100471.

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Kloer C, Parker A, Blasdel G, Kaplan S, Zhao L, Bluebond-Langner R. Sexual health after vaginoplasty: A systematic review. Andrology 2021;9:1744-1764. [PMID: 33882193 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Vaginoplasty is a gender-affirming procedure for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients who experience gender incongruence. This procedure reduces mental health concerns and enhances patients' quality of life. A systematic review investigating the sexual health outcomes of vaginoplasty has not been performed.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate sexual health after gender-affirming vaginoplasty for TGD patients.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases were searched, unrestricted by dates or study design.

METHODS

We included primary literature that incorporated TGD patients, reported sexual health outcomes after vaginoplasty intervention and were available in English. Outcomes included at least one of these sexual health parameters: sexual desire, arousal, sensation, activity, secretions, satisfaction, pleasure, orgasm, interferences, or aids.

RESULTS

Our search yielded 140 studies with 12 different vaginoplasty surgical techniques and 6,953 patients. The majority of these studies were cross-section or retrospective cohort observational studies (66%). 17.4%-100% (median 79.7%) of patients (n = 2,384) were able to orgasm postoperatively regardless of revision or primary vaginoplasty techniques. Female Sexual Function Index was the most used standardized questionnaire (17 studies, ranging from 16.9 to 28.6). 64%-98% (median 81%) of patients were satisfied with their general sexual satisfaction. The most common interference of sexual activity was dyspareunia.

CONCLUSIONS

The heterogenous methods of measuring sexual outcomes reflect the difficulty in comparing single-center surgical outcomes, encouraging the need for a standardized and validated metric for reporting sexual health after vaginoplasty for TGD patients. The most common sexual health parameter reported is sexual activity while therapeutic aids and pleasure were the least reported parameters. Future studies are needed to improve and expand methods of measuring sexual health, including prospective studies, validated questionnaires, and inclusive metrics. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO 01/01/2021: CRD42021224014.

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Complications and Patient-reported Outcomes in Transfemale Vaginoplasty: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021;9:e3510. [PMID: 33767943 PMCID: PMC7984836 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]

Balakrishnan TM, Nagarajan S, Jaganmohan J. Retrospective Study of Prosthetic Augmentation Mammoplasty in Transwomen. Indian J Plast Surg 2020;53:42-50. [PMID: 32367917 PMCID: PMC7192691 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open